Project Cost Estimation

The Project for the Planning of the Nadi River Flood Control Structures in the Republic of Fiji
YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD./ CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. JV
Chapter 19 Project Cost Estimation

19.1 Project Cost Estimation System
The following items were considered in the project cost estimation:
1. Direct construction cost
2. Consulting service(CS) cost (cumulative)
3. Work site compensation cost (cumulative)
4. Administrative cost (5% of total project cost)
5. Price increase (foreign currency:1.8%, domestic currency:0.2%)
6. Contingency (5%)
7. Taxes (VAT: 9%)
(1) Direct Construction Cost (Direct Cost, Base Cost for Construction)
National standards for estimating costs do not exist in Fiji, so direct construction costs were calculated
based on work item in Chapter 18.7 Construction Figures and on the unit prices in Chapter 19.2. The
unit price for each type of construction was set based on bidding prices pf past projects implemented
by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transportation (MoIT1) and Fiji Road Authority2, reference
documents (Australian Construction Handbook 20153, Study on The Transportation and Hydropower
Projects for The Mining Development in Waisoi Area, The Republic of Fiji4), and on market price of
recent constructions within Fiji and Public works multiplication standard unit price in Japan5.
According to interviews with the Ministry of Agriculture and local construction workers, most of
required materials, equipment and workforce can be produced from within Fiji.
(2) Consulting Service Cost

The consulting service consists of the following and calculated by multiplying the cost per engineer by
the required man-month (MM).
1) Detailed design of river improvement and bidding preparation for it
The consultancy consists of the following services, and the cost is calculated by multiplying the cost
per engineer by the required man-month (MM).
2) Detailed design of river improvement and non-structural measures and bidding
preparation
Detailed design work items such as detail designs for river structures and auxiliary structures (drainage
flap gate, land lock and so on), supplemental surveys, drawing preparation, quantity estimation,
construction plan and the project will be conducted. Also, tender documents will be prepared and
assistance will be provided for bidding based on the results of detailed design.
Development of flood disaster prevention (Development of Meteor-Hydrological Observation
Network) is implemented as non-structural measures. Organization strengthening and capability
development are planned and detailed design is produced.
Bidding document is prepared and bidding is supported based on detailed design results by consultant.
1 Ministry of Infrastructure and Transportation (MoIT)

2 Fiji Road Authority
3 Australian Construction Handbook 2015
4 Study on The Transportation and Hydropower Projects for The Mining Development in Waisoi Area, The
Republic of Fiji
5 Public works multiplication standard unit price in Japan
Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

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3) Construction management in Each packages.

Schedule control, quality control, performance management, environmental management, health and
safety management, and handling of complaints from constructor are performed in the following 4
packages:.
Package-1: Rebuilding of Bridges, River Widening, Non-structure Measures
Package-2: Retarding Basin A, B
Package-3: Ring Dike
Package-4: Surrounding Dike, Shortcut of tributaries
(3) Component Cost

1) Site Acquistion Cost
To acquire work sites for improvement the Nadi River, site acquisition cost was calculated based on
the design resultant of this study. It is not common to trade and to lease Landownership in Fiji.
Therefore, the site acquisition cost was calculated in cooperation with MOL.
2) House Compensation Cost
House compensation cost estimated from the number of relocated houses for Nadi River
improvement is included in project cost.
(4) Administrative Cost

Administrative cost is set at 5% of the project cost.
(5) Inflation Costs (annual rate)

Annual rate of Inflation Cost is set at 1.8% and 4.8% for foreign and domestic and foreign currencies,
respectively. This rate is recommended by JICA.
(6) Contingency
Five percent of the project was added as a contingency allowance to the costs both in foreign and domestic
currencies.
(7) Tariff or Taxes

Value Added Tax (VAT) is set as 9%. The customs duties, however, were neglected because the
duty-paid value is applied.
(8) Exchange Rate and Others

a. Exchange rate : US$1=2.17F$, 1F$=¥54.5
b. Currency configuration: Local Currency Portion, Foreign Currency Portion
c. Interest rate: 0.60% for construction, 0.01% for consultant service
d. Front-end-fee: 0.2%
(9) Project Taking-over and Defect Liability

The Project shall be taken over at the completion of construction.
As for the bond, the term of the performance security (bond) shall be valid until the

19-2
construction completion and defect correction, and thus covers the defect liability period.
(Standard Bidding Documents under Japanese ODA Loans, Procurement of Works, JICA,
October 2012)
19.2 Project Cost Unit Price Estimation

(1) Unit Price for Structure Measurement
Table 19-1 shows the unit prices used to calculate the cost of the project. Sources of unit prices are
mentioned in Table 19-2
The ratio of foreign currency (FC) and local currency (LC) of each unit price is estimated as shown in
Table 19-1 based on interviews with building/construction contractors.
Table 19-1 Ratio of foreign currency (FC) and local currency (LC) of unit prices
Direct construction cost

Item
Ratio
FC LC
Excavation 60% 40%
Bckfill 60% 40%
Banking from Excavated Materials 60% 40%
Banking from Borrow Materials 60% 40%
Earth work Banking 60% 40%
Trimming of slope (Cuting) 60% 40%
Trimming of slope (Banking) 60% 40%
Stripping topsoil 60% 40%
Tree trimming 40% 60%
Concrete 25MPa 80% 20%
Concrete work Form work 20% 80%
Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete 80% 20%
Work Gavion mattress 60% 40%
Item Geotextiles 80% 20%
Revetment work Concrete blocks for bank protection 80% 20%
Concrete pavement for revetment crest 80% 20%
Formed of cast-in-place concrete 80% 20%
Prevent of Crown of levee 20% 80%
Dike work
Sodding work 20% 80%
Coffering work (embankment made of earth) 60% 40%
Temporary work
Temporary road work 60% 40%
Dozing and Loading 60% 40%
Removal of Surplus
Filling ,aterials transport (≦5.5km) 20% 80%
Soil work
Banking 60% 40%
Steel bridge breaking work 20% 80%
removal work
Concrete breaking work 20% 80%

19-3
Table 19-2 Unit Prices for river work project cost estimation
Refer to Direct construction cost 10)
Sorce of cost Fiji Japan
Item Direct construction cost
Interviewed MOIT1) Interviewed FRA 2) Reference Reference Reference
Reference documents 6)
(2014) (2014) documents 3) documents 4) documents 5)
item
Region Application Cost 11) Setting basis and Ratio 9) Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji Fiji Tokyo
Remarks
Unit Currency FJD Reference documents FC LC FJD FJD YEN YEN YEN YEN
Excavation m3 6.61 Interviewed MOIT1) 60% 40% 11.86 12.21 736 5,305 245 270.0
Back fill7) m3 5.24 Interviewed MOIT1) 60% 40% 4.36 - 5,407 5,246 289 454.9
Banking from Excavated Materials m3 13.81 Interviewed FRA 2), include material cost 60% 40% 11.51 - - - -
Banking from Borrow Materials m3 48.13 Interviewed FRA 2), include material cost 60% 40% 40.11 4,948 4,346 - -
Earth work Banking m3 5.15 Reference documents5) 60% 40% - - - 234 281.4 Leveling and Compaction
Trimming of slope (Cuting) m2 7.07 Reference documents 3) 60% 40% - 322 2,268 376 815.9
Trimming of slope (Banking) m2 4.21 Reference documents 4) 60% 40% - 322 - 191 673.3
Stripping topsoil m2 1.08 Interviewed FRA 2) 60% 40% 0.9 1,701 1,701 - 120.9 Leveling of ground
Tree trimming m2 6.08 Interviewed FRA 2) 40% 60% 20.28/a tree - - - 277.0 Tree trimming and Transfer
(2m ×2m:FJD5.07/m2)
Concrete 25MPa m3 479.76 Interviewed MOIT1) 80% 20% 399.79 1293.7 21,173 36,540 16,051 19350
Concrete work Form work m2 114.32 Interviewed MOIT1) 20% 80% 95.27 include avobe 4,633 9,227 1,463 7789
Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 4,016.81 Interviewed MOIT1) 80% 20% 3347.34 6652.08 163,500 556,970 139,725 150,000 Labor cost and Material cost
Work Gavion mattress m2 331.60 Interviewed MOIT1) 60% 40% 276.33 - - - - 12320
Item 6)
Geotextiles m2 15.41 Reference documents 80% 20% - - - - 693.1
Revetment work Concrete blocks for bank protection m2 220.18 Reference documents 6) 80% 20% - - - - 9529
Concrete pavement for revetment crest m3 479.76 Interviewed MOIT1) 80% 20% 398.76 - - - - 41530
Formed of cast-in-place concrete m3 479.76 Interviewed MOIT 1) 80% 20% 398.76 - - - - 53980
Prevent of Crown of levee m2 6.61 Reference documents 6) 20% 80% - - - - 286.0 Road upper subbase
Dike work
Sodding work m2 4.73 Interviewed FRA 2) 20% 80% 3.96 - - -
Coffering work (embankment made of earth) m3 5.06 Reference documents 6) 60% 40% - - - - 222.9 Leveling and Compaction
Temporary work
Temporary road work m2 3.30 Reference documents 6) 60% 40% - - - - 141.0 Unevenness correction
Removal of Dozing and Loading m3 6.61 Reference documents 6) 60% 40% - - - - 291.2 Dozing and Loading
Surplus Filling ,aterials transport (≦5.5km) m3 17.61 Reference documents5) 20% 80% - - - 725 876.6 ≦5.5ｋｍ
Soil work Banking m3 5.15 Reference documents5) 60% 40% - - - 234 222.9 Leveling and Compaction
Steel bridge breaking work ton 330.28 Past implemented projects in Japan 20% 80% 122946.11/a Bridge - - - 15,000
removal work
Concrete breaking work m2 115.07 Interviewed FRA 2) 20% 80% 96.13 - - - 6903
1) Unit price used by Ministry of Infrastructure and Transportation (MoIT)
2) Interviewed Fiji Road Authority
3) Australian Construction Handbook 2015
4) Interveiwed Flecher Construction Company
5) Study on The Transportation and Hydropower Projects for The Mining Development in Waisoi Area, The Republic of Fiji
6) Public works multiplication standard unit price in Japan
7) Include purchasing soil by Australian Construction Handbook 2015
8) Include purchasing soil by Australian Construction Handbook 2015
9) Based on information interviewed MoIT, FRA, Rocal contructors
10) Shaded sells in the table is application cost
*) Exchange Rate(2016.4 JICA)
1 FJD= 54.5
1 YEN= 0.0183
11) According to information Interviewed FRA

19-4
Table 19-3 Unit Prices for bridge work project cost estimation (1)
Quantity FC & LC
Old Ratio (%)
No. item unit
Nadi Town Queens
Foreign Local
Bridge Road
Currency Currency
Bridge
0000 Earth work
0001 Excavation(soil) m3 15,457 14,646 60 40
0005 Backfill(clean sand) m3 4,718 4,649 60 40
0007 Banking m3 1,414 990 60 40
0009 Cutting (soil) m3 3,890 0 60 40
0010 Trimming of slope (Cutting) m2 148 211 60 40
0011 Trimming of slope (Banking) m2 318 193 60 40
0100 Foudation Work
0103 casing cast-in-place pile(φ1.0m) m 682 630 80 20
0200 Substructure Work
0201 cobble foundation of structure excavation(t=0.2m) m2 277 485 60 40
0202 levelling concrete(t=0.1m) m2 277 485 80 20
0210 abutment/pier base concrete m3 1,458 2,108 80 20
0220 form (for wall, pier) m2 1,380 1,738 80 20
0221 form (for levelling concrete) m2 15 21 20 80
0230 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 209 301 80 20
0300 Superstructure Work
0301 produce,transport & erection of main beam(PC I-Beam, L=32m)
unit 0 21 80 20
0302 produce,transport & erection of main beam(PC T-Beam, L=36m)
unit 21 0 80 20
0350 Steel Girder Bridge (Through Bridge)L=96m(3@32m) m2 0 691 80 20
0400 Floor Slab Work
0402 floor slab concrete c=400kg m3 555 298 80 20
0403 form (for slab) m2 704 969 20 80
0404 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 56 30 80 20
0405 supporting (for slab) m2 1,771 1,286 60 40
0500 Bridge Attachment Work
0501 bearing unit 42 50 80 20
0502 expansion joint m 26 34 80 20
0600 Bridge Surface Work
0604 Guard fence m 216 192 80 20
0605 Waterproofing m2 1,404 960 80 20
0606 Asphalt pavement for bridge 50thick m2 1,404 960 80 20

19-5
Table 19-4 Unit Prices for Bridge work project cost estimation (2)
Quantity FC & LC
Old Ratio (%)
No. item unit
Nadi Town Queens
Foreign Local
Bridge Road
Currency Currency
Bridge
0700 Removal of Existing Bridge Work
0701 concrete bridge breaking work m3 563 294 20 80
0702 concrete waste disposition m3 611 335 20 80
0703 steel bridge breaking work ton 92 146 20 80
0704 Removal of Existing Pile m 400 460 20 80
0800 Pavement Work
0801 road upper subbase m2 1,756 3,092 60 40
0803 Asphalt pavement for approach m2 1,756 1,200 60 40
0850 Tramline Orbit ton 0 17 80 20
0900 Temporary Work
0901 Temporary bridge with H beam m2 576 576 80 20
0902 Pile with H Beam(H=350) m 35 35 80 20
0904 Big sandbag unit 750 420 60 40
0905 temporary construction road m2 2,000 2,840 60 40
0906 Hume Pipe (φ1.0m) m 0 150 80 20
0907 Coffeing Works m3 8,515 3,720 60 40
1000 Concrete Work
1011 Concrete 18Mpa m3 632 447 80 20
1020 Form m2 1,275 951 20 80
1040 Crushed Stone (t=0.2m) m2 538 406 60 40
1100 Dike Works
1101 Pavement of Crown of levee m2 264 376 20 80
1102 Plant spraying m2 148 211 20 80
1200 Revetment Work
1203 Concrete blocks for bank protection m2 918 1,776 80 20
1300 Removal of Surplus Soil Works
1301 Dozing and Loading m3 4,700 5,287 100 0
1302 Filling materials transport (≦5.5km) m3 4,700 5,287 20 80
1303 Banking m3 4,700 5,287 100 0
2000 Other Work
2001 removal / relocation of utility pole unit 6 2 80 20

19-6
(2) Cost for Consulting Service

Cost for Consulting Service is shown below.
Table 19-5 Cost for Consulting Service

Consultant Billing Rate Remarks
JPY F$
Professional A 3,049,000 74,004 JICA
Professional B 381,500 7,000 Refer to salary of government
Supporting Staff 65,400~163,500 1,200～3,000 worker
US$1=2.17 F$, 1F$= ¥ 54.5
19.3 Quantity of Each Work Item

Quantity of each work item, area of site acquisition and number of houses to be relocated, are shown below.
They are used to estimate project cost.
Table 19-6 Quantity of Each Work Item of River Improvement

Package-1 Package-2 Package-3 Package-4
Total
Item Main Works Description Unit River Widening Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike Surrounding Dike Short cut of tributaries
Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity

Ⅰ. Approximate Construction Quantity
Quantity of Main Works
Earth Work Excavation m3 3,928,181.0 1,257,034.5 6,446.0 290,737.0 23,431.0 5,505,829.5
Backfill m3 868,327.0 21,606.0 34,398.0 924,331.0
Embankment m3 328,936.0 1,159,681.3 57,364.0 251,216.0 27,725.0 1,824,922.3
Trimming of slope (Cuting) m2 349,832.7 168,133.6 61,321.0 7,568.0 586,855.3
Stripping topsoil m2 1,375,000.0 305,000.0 37,387.0 222,240.0 12,092.0 1,951,719.0
Bank Protection Gabion m2 - 1,878.8 - - - 1,878.8
Embankment Prevent of Crown of levee m2 110,000.0 5,141.9 7,084.0 19,000.0 - 141,225.9
Planting m2 95,760.0 410,498.1 30,807.0 94,236.0 - 631,301.1
Structures Overflow Dike LS - 2 - - - 2
Drainage Sluice Gate LS - 2 - - - 2
Flap Gate LS 8 2 1 1 - 12
Flood Wall Gate LS - - - 1 - 1
Disposal Dozing and Loading m3 2,659,223.0 97,353.2 - - - 2,756,576.2
Transportation m3 2,659,223.0 97,353.2 - - - 2,756,576.2
Embankment m3 2,659,223.0 97,353.2 - - - 2,756,576.2
Quantity of Temporary Works

Temporary Coffer Dam m3 752,000.0 - - - - 752,000.0
Work
Temporary Road m2 84,000.0 - - - - 84,000.0
Compensation Works
Pavement pavement (t=0.4m) m² - 6,724.0 - - - 6,724.0

19-7
Table 19-7 Quantity of Each Work Item of Bridge work

No. unit
Quantity
No. item unit Nadi Town Bridge Old Queens Road Bridge
0000 Earth work

0001 Excavation(soil) m3 15,457 14,646
0005 Backfill(clean sand) m3 4,718 4,649
0007 Banking m3 1,414 990
0009 Cutting (soil) m3 3,890 0
0010 Trimming of slope (Cutting) m2 148 211
0011 Trimming of slope (Banking) m2 318 193
0100 Foudation Work

0103 casing cast-in-place pile(φ1.0m) m 682 630
0200 Substructure Work
0201 cobble foundation of structure excavation(t=0.2m) m2 277 485
0202 levelling concrete(t=0.1m) m2 277 485
0210 abutment/pier base concrete m3 1,458 2,108
0220 form (for wall, pier) m2 1,380 1,738
0221 form (for levelling concrete) m2 15 21
0230 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 209 301
0300 Superstructure Work

unit 0 21
unit 21 0
0350 Steel Girder Bridge (Through Bridge)L=96m(3@32m) m2 0 691
0400 Floor Slab Work
0402 floor slab concrete c=400kg m3 555 298
0403 form (for slab) m2 704 969
0404 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 56 30
0405 supporting (for slab) m2 1,771 1,286
0500 Bridge Attachment Work
0501 bearing unit 42 50
0502 expansion joint m 26 34
0600 Bridge Surface Work

0604 Guard fence m 216 192
0605 Waterproofing m2 1,404 960
0606 Asphalt pavement for bridge 50thick m2 1,404 960
0700 Removal of Existing Bridge Work

0701 concrete bridge breaking work m3 563 294
0702 concrete waste disposition m3 611 335
0703 steel bridge breaking work ton 92 146
0704 Removal of Existing Pile m 400 460
0800 Pavement Work

0801 road upper subbase m2 1,756 3,092
0803 Asphalt pavement for approach m2 1,756 1,200
0850 Tramline Orbit ton 0 17
0900 Temporary Work

0901 Temporary bridge with H beam m2 576 576
0902 Pile with H Beam(H=350) m 35 35
0904 Big sandbag unit 750 420
0905 temporary construction road m2 2,000 2,840
0906 Hume Pipe (φ1.0m) m 0 150
0907 Coffeing Works m3 8,515 3,720
1000 Concrete Work

1011 Concrete 18Mpa m3 632 447
1020 Form m2 1,275 951
1040 Crushed Stone (t=0.2m) m2 538 406
1100 Dike Works

1101 Pavement of Crown of levee m2 264 376
1102 Plant spraying m2 148 211
1200 Revetment Work

1203 Concrete blocks for bank protection m2 918 1,776
1300 Removal of Surplus Soil Works

1301 Dozing and Loading m3 4,700 5,287
1302 Filling materials transport (≦5.5km) m3 4,700 5,287
1303 Banking m3 4,700 5,287
2000 Other Work

2001 removal / relocation of utility pole unit 6 2

19-8
Table 19-8 Quantity of Each Work Item of Site acquisition

Item Main Works Description Unit
River Widening Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike Surrounding Dike Short cut of tributaries
Land Acquisition
Breakdown by Land Freehold Land ha 18.66 - - - -
ownership State Land ha 20.14 - - - -
Native Land ha 39.96 - - - -
Breakdown by LanduseAgricultural ha - 243.50 1.40 6.69 4.26
Commercial ha - - - 0.36 -
Residential ha - - - 0.21 -
Others ha - - - 0.04 -
Total ha 78.76 243.50 1.40 7.31 4.26
Source: Department of Land, Fiji

In river widening, the low land and depression behind bank are considered to be filled; however, the possibility of back fill
will depend on the land owner. Therefore, the land acquisition cost of the area of back fill is not included in the table.
Table 19-9 Number of houses to be affected and relocated by the project

Section House Relocation and Affected House
Package-1 River widening 6 houses (relocated）
Package-2 Retarding Basin 11 houses（relocated）
Retarding Basin in Lower area 17 houses（affected）
19.4 Project Cost Estimation

As the Project Cost Estimation below shows, the total cost of the project is ¥21 billion (F$385 million).

19-9
Table 19-10 Project Cost

Total
FC LC Total
Item
million million million million
(Yen) (F$) (Yen) (F$)
A. ELIGIBLE PORTION
Ⅰ) Procurement / Construction 6,778 134 14,074 258
Package 1 River Widening, Rebuilding of Bridge 4,213 77 8,432 155
Package 2 Retarding Basin 1,281 19 2,299 42
Package 3 Ring Dike 40 1 76 1
Package 4 Surrounding Dike 392 5 657 12
Base cost for JICA financing 5,926 102 11,464 210
Price escalation 529 26 1,940 36
Physical contingency 323 6 670 12
Ⅱ) Consulting services 933 18 1,893 35
Base cost 828 14 1,579 29
Price escalation 60 3 223 4
Total (Ⅰ+Ⅱ) 7,711 151 15,967 293
B. NON ELIGIBLE PORTION
a Procurement / Construction 0 0 0 0
Base cost for JICA financing 0 0 0 0

b Land Acquisition 0 38 2,093 38
Base cost 0 34 1,845 34
c Administration cost 0 17 903 17
d VAT 0 30 1,625 30
e Import Tax 0 0 0 0
Total (a+b+c+d+e) 0 85 4,621 85
TOTAL (A+B) 7,711 236 20,588 378
0
C. Interest during Construction 351 0 351 6
Interest during Construction(Const.) 350 0 350 6
Interest during Construction (Consul.) 1 0 1 0
D. Front End Fee 32 0 32 1
GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,094 236 20,971 385
E. JICA finance portion (A) 7,711 151 15,967 293

US$1=2.17 F$, 1F$= JPY 54.5

19-10
Table 19-11 Base Cost of Each Package

Package 1 River Widening
Unit Price Cost
Total
item unit Quantity Foreign Local Foreign Local
million (Yen) million (F$) million (Yen) million (F$) million (Yen) million (F$)
River Widening LS 1 3,115 70 6,952 128
Rebuilding of Bridges LS 1 1,098 7 1,480 27
Total 4,213 77 8,432 155
Package 2 Retarding Basin

Unit Price Cost
Total Total
Retarding Basin A, B LS 1 1,281 19 2,299 42
Total 1,281 19 2,299 42
Package 3 Ring Dike

Unit Price Cost
Total Total
Ring Dike LS 1 40 1 76 1.4
Total 40 1 76 1.4
Package 4 Surrounding Dike

Unit Price Cost
Total Total
Surrounding Dike LS 1 376 5 630 11.6
Short cut of Tributaries LS 1 16 0 27 0.5
Total 392 5 657 12.0
US$1=2.17 F$, 1F$= JPY 54.5
Table 19-12 Construction Cost (Package-1: River Widening)

Package-1: River Widening
Cost
Item Main Works Description Unit Quantity Foreign Local Total
million (YEN) million (F$) million (YEN) million (F$)
Ⅰ. Construction Cost（Ａ） 6,952 127.6
Main Works Cost① 2,800 66.2 6,409 117.6
Earth Work Excavation Set 1 848 10.4 1,414 25.9
Backfill Set 1 149 1.8 248 4.6
Banking Set 1 55 0.7 92 1.7
Trimming of slope (Cuting) Set 1 81 1.0 135 2.5
Stripping topsoil Set 1 49 0.6 81 1.5
Dike Work Pavement of Crown of levee Set 1 8 0.6 40 0.7
Sodding work Set 1 9 0.7 47 0.9
Flap Gate Set 1 67 0.5 96 1.8
Land rock Set 1
Temporary Cost② 134 1.6 223 4.1
Temporary Work Set 1
Compensantion Cost③ 192 2.4 320 5.9
Compensantion Cost Set 1 192 0.0 320 5.9
Sub Total（Construction Cost（Ａ）） 3,125 70.2 6,952 127.6
Source: JICA Study Team

19-11
Table 19-13 Construction Cost (Package-1: Rebuilding of Bridges)

Nadi Town Bridge Old Queens Road Bridge TOTAL
Cost Cost
No. item unit Quantity Foreign Local
Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total
Thousands (Yen) Thousands (F$) Thousands (Yen) Thousands (F$) Thousands (Yen) Thousands (F$) Thousands (Yen) Thousands (F$) Thousands (Yen) Thousands (Yen)
0000 Earth work 0 0
0001 Excavation(soil) m3 1 8,191 100 13,650 250 7,760 95 12,933 237 26,583 488
0005 Backfill(clean sand) m3 1 18,367 225 30,613 562 18,098 221 30,165 553 60,779 1,115
0007 Banking m3 1 5,038 62 8,395 154 3,527 43 5,878 108 14,273 262
0009 Cutting (soil) m3 1 3,173 39 5,288 97 0 0 0 0 5,288 97
0010 Trimming of slope (Cutting) m2 1 35 0 58 1 49 1 82 2 140 3
0011 Trimming of slope (Banking) m2 1 73 1 122 2 44 1 74 1 197 4
34,877 427 58,127 1,067 29,479 361 49,133 902 107,260 1,968
0100 Foudation Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0103 casing cast-in-place pile(φ1.0m) m 1 50,939 234 63,673 1,168 47,054 216 58,818 1,079 122,491 2,248
0200 Substructure Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0201 cobble foundation of structure excavation(t=0.2m) m2 1 232 3 387 7 407 5 678 12 1,065 20
0202 levelling concrete(t=0.1m) m2 1 5,021 23 6,276 115 8,794 40 10,992 202 17,268 317
0210 abutment/pier base concrete m3 1 29,635 136 37,044 680 42,847 197 53,559 983 90,603 1,662
0220 form (for wall, pier) m2 1 6,138 28 7,672 141 7,730 35 9,663 177 17,335 318
0221 form (for levelling concrete) m2 1 16 1 80 1 22 2 109 2 189 3
0230 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 1 32,773 150 40,967 752 47,245 217 59,056 1,084 100,023 1,835
73,814 341 92,425 1,696 107,045 496 134,058 2,460 226,484 4,156
0300 Superstructure Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
unit 1 0 0 0 0 107,290 492 134,112 2,461 134,112 2,461
unit 1 149,404 685 186,755 3,427 0 0 0 0 186,755 3,427
0350 Steel Girder Bridge (Through Bridge)L=96m(3@32m) m2 1 0 0 0 0 139,969 642 174,961 3,210 174,961 3,210
0400 Floor Slab Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0402 floor slab concrete c=400kg m3 1 15,055 69 18,819 345 8,084 37 10,105 185 28,924 531
0403 form (for slab) m2 1 829 61 4,144 76 1,141 84 5,704 105 9,848 181
0404 Rebar for the reinforcement of concrete ton 1 8,790 40 10,987 202 4,709 22 5,886 108 16,873 310
0405 supporting (for slab) m2 1 9,362 115 15,604 286 6,798 83 11,330 208 26,934 494
0500 Bridge Attachment Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0501 bearing unit 1 3,738 17 4,673 86 4,451 20 5,563 102 10,236 188
0502 expansion joint m 1 2,386 11 2,982 55 3,120 14 3,900 72 6,882 126
189,564 998 243,964 4,476 275,562 1,395 351,563 6,451 595,527 10,927
0600 Bridge Surface Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0604 Guard fence m 1 8,854 41 11,067 203 7,871 36 9,839 181 20,906 384
0605 Waterproofing m2 1 2,645 12 3,306 61 1,808 8 2,260 41 5,566 102
0606 Asphalt pavement for bridge 50thick m2 1 2,719 12 3,399 62 1,859 9 2,323 43 5,722 105
14,218 65 17,772 326 11,538 53 14,422 265 32,194 591
0700 Removal of Existing Bridge Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0701 concrete bridge breaking work m3 1 2,563 188 12,814 235 1,338 98 6,691 123 19,505 358
0702 concrete waste disposition m3 1 1,583 116 7,912 145 868 64 4,338 80 12,250 225
0703 steel bridge breaking work ton 1 3,312 243 16,560 304 5,256 386 26,279 482 42,840 786
0704 Removal of Existing Pile m 1 712 52 3,558 65 818 60 4,092 75 7,649 140
8,170 600 40,844 749 8,280 608 41,400 760 82,244 1,509
0800 Pavement Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0801 road upper subbase m2 1 1,103 13 1,838 34 1,942 24 3,236 59 5,074 93
0803 Asphalt pavement for approach m2 1 2,068 25 3,446 63 1,412 17 2,354 43 5,800 106
0850 Tramline Orbit ton 1 0 0 0 0 9,841 45 12,302 226 12,302 226
1 3,170 39 5,283 97 13,195 86 17,892 328 23,175 425
0900 Temporary Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0901 Temporary bridge with H beam m2 1 48,368 222 60,461 1,109 48,368 222 60,461 1,109 120,922 2,219
0902 Pile with H Beam(H=350) m 1 623 3 778 14 623 3 778 14 1,557 29
0904 Big sandbag unit 1 4,915 60 8,192 150 2,753 34 4,588 84 12,780 234
0905 temporary construction road m2 1 216 3 360 7 307 4 511 9 871 16
0906 Hume Pipe (φ1.0m) m 1 0 0 0 0 5,477 25 6,851 126 6,851 126
0907 Coffeing Works m3 1 1,410 17 2,350 43 617 8 1,028 19 3,377 62
55,532 305 72,141 1,324 58,145 295 74,217 1,362 146,357 2,685
1000 Concrete Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1011 Concrete 18Mpa m3 1 12,838 59 16,047 294 9,085 42 11,357 208 27,404 503
1020 Form m2 1 1,418 104 7,091 130 1,057 78 5,287 97 12,377 227
1040 Crushed Stone (t=0.2m) m2 1 451 6 752 14 341 4 568 10 1,320 24
14,707 168 23,890 438 10,483 123 17,211 316 41,101 754
1100 Dike Works 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1101 Pavement of Crown of levee m2 1 19 1 95 2 28 2 136 2 231 4
1102 Plant spraying m2 1 7 1 37 1 11 1 54 1 91 2
26 2 132 2 38 3 190 3 322 6
1200 Revetment Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1203 Concrete blocks for bank protection m2 1 8,813 40 11,016 202 17,050 78 21,312 391 32,328 593
8,813 40 11,016 202 17,050 78 21,312 391 32,328 593
1300 Removal of Surplus Soil Works 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1301 Dozing and Loading m3 1 1,692 0 1,692 31 1,903 0 1,903 35 3,595 66
1302 Filling materials transport (≦5.5km) m3 1 384 28 1,916 35 432 32 2,155 40 4,071 75
1303 Banking m3 1 27,907 0 27,907 512 31,392 0 31,392 576 59,299 1,088
29,983 28 31,515 578 33,727 32 35,450 650 66,965 1,229
2000 Other Work 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2001 removal / relocation of utility pole unit 1 2,197 10 2,747 50 732 3 915 17 3,662 67
2,197 10 2,747 50 732 3 915 17 3,662 67
TOTAL 486,011 3,257 663,531 12,175 612,329 3,748 816,581 14,983 1,480,111 27,158

19-12
Table 19-14 Construction Cost (Package-2: Retarding Basin A,B)

Package-2: Retarding Basin A
Cost
Ⅰ. Construction Cost（Ａ） 2,299 42.2
Main Works Cost① 960 14.7 1,764 32.4
Earth Work Excavation Set 1 272 3.3 453 8.3
Backfill Set 1
Banking Set 1 195 2.4 326 6.0
Stripping topsoil Set 1 11 0.1 18 0.3
Dike Work Pavement of Crown of levee Set 1 0.4 0.0 2 0.0
Sodding work Set 1 40 2.9 200 3.7
Flap Gate Set 1 17 0.1 24 0.4
Land rock Set 1
Temporary Work Set 1
Compensantion Cost Set 1 3 0.0 5 0.1
Sub Total（Construction Cost（Ａ）） 1,281 18.7 2,299 42.2
Table 19-15 Construction Cost (Package-3: Ring Dike)

Package-3: Ring Dike
Cost
Ⅰ. Construction Cost（Ａ） 76.1 1.4
Main Works Cost① 28.0 0.52 56.4 1.0
Earth Work Excavation Set 1 1.4 0.02 2.3 0.0
Backfill Set 1 3.7 0.05 6.2 0.1
Banking Set 1 9.7 0.12 16.1 0.3
Trimming of slope (Cuting) Set 1
Stripping topsoil Set 1 1.3 0.02 2.2 0.0
Dike Work Pavement of Crown of levee Set 1 0.5 0.04 2.6 0.0
Sodding work Set 1 3.0 0.22 15.0 0.3
Flap Gate Set 1 8.4 0.07 12.0 0.2
Land rock Set 1
Temporary Cost② 10.1 0.12 16.9 0.3
Temporary Work Set 1 10.1 0.12 16.9 0.3
Compensantion Cost③ 1.7 0.02 2.8 0.1
Compensantion Cost Set 1 1.7 0.02 2.8 0.1
Sub Total（Construction Cost（Ａ）） 39.8 0.67 76.1 1.4
Table 19-16 Construction Cost (Package-4: Surrounding Dike)

Package-4: Surrounding Dike
Cost
Ⅰ. Construction Cost（Ａ） 630 11.6
Main Works Cost① 278 3 466 8.6
Earth Work Excavation Set 1 63 1 105 1.9
Backfill Set 1 6 0 10 0.2
Banking Set 1 42 1 71 1.3
Trimming of slope (Cuting) Set 1 14 0 24 0.4
Stripping topsoil Set 1 8 0 13 0.2
Dike Work Pavement of Crown of levee Set 1 1 0 7 0.1
Sodding work Set 1 9 1 46 0.8
Flap Gate Set 1 8 0 12 0.2
Land rock Set 1 126 1 180 3.3
Temporary Cost② 84 1 140 2.6
Temporary Work Set 1 84 1.0 140 2.6
Compensantion Cost Set 1 14 0.2 23.3 0.4
Sub Total（Construction Cost（Ａ）） 376 5 630 11.6

19-13
Table 19-17 Construction Cost (Package-4: Shortcut of Tributaries)

Package-4: Surrounding Dike
Cost
Ⅰ. Construction Cost（Ａ） 27 0.5
Main Works Cost① 12 0 20 0.4
Earth Work Excavation Set 1 5 0.1 8 0.2
Backfill Set 1
Banking Set 1 5 0.06 8 0.1
Stripping topsoil Set 1 0 0.005 0.7 0.0
Dike Work Pavement of Crown of levee Set 1
Sodding work Set 1
Flap Gate Set 1
Land rock Set 1
Temporary Work Set 1 4 0.04 6 0.1
Compensantion Cost③ 0.6 0.01 1.0 0.0
Compensantion Cost Set 1 0.6 0.01 1.0 0.0
Sub Total（Construction Cost（Ａ）） 16 0.2 27 0.5
Table 19-18 Land Acquisition Cost

Total
Item River Widening, Bridges Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike Surrounding Dike, Shortcut
Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY)
LA Cost 7,865,000 428,642,500 19,506,171 1,063,086,320 149,566 8,151,373 4,243,448 231,267,937 31,764,186 1,731,148,129
Source: Department of Land, Fiji, for further details see Data Book
Table 19-19 House Compensation Cost

Package-1 Package-2 Package-3
Unit Price Total
Item Main Works Description Unit River Widening Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike
(FJD)
Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY)
Ⅲ ． Compensation Cost
Quantity
House Relocation Concrete Building nos 90,636.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
Affected House Wooden Building nos 61,292.0 6.0 367,752 20,042,484 11 674,212 36,744,554 17 1,041,964 56,787,038 2,083,928 113,574,076
Tin Shack nos 36,396.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

19-14
Chapter 20 Project Implementation Plan

20.1 Purpose of the Project
The Project is to improve flood control measures in the Nadi River basin, which has been seriously flooded,
through infrastructure improvement including river improvement, and thus contribute to the reduction of
flood damage and the improvement of the living environment of the local residents.
20.2 Target Area

Purpose of the Priority Project is preferentially to mitigate inundation of Important Protected Area.
Figure 20-1 shows the components of structure measures of the priority project.
②Retarding Basin A: A=35ha
④Ring Dike: ⑥Rebuilding of Bridge:
Bridge ①River Widening: L=13km Retarding Basin B: A=178ha
L=1.8km L=108m (Water Surface Area in flooding)
⑦Rebuilding of Bridge: L=96m

③Surrounding Dike: L=4.5km
⑤Shortcuts:SL=0.5km
Component
① River Widening
② Retarding Basin A, B
③ Surrounding Dike
④ Ring Dike
⑤ Shortcut of tributaries
⑥ Rebuilding of Bridge (Nadi town bridge)
Malakua River
⑦ Rebuilding of Bridge (Old Queens Road bridge)
Figure 20-1 Components of structure measures of the priority project
20.3 Project Overview

20.3.1Overview of the Overall Project Plan
The Priority Project is carrying out river improvement works to prevent inundation damage in Flood
protection prioritized areas.
Summary of flood control measurement is shown in 20.3.2. Design flood is 2,450m3/s in Backroad Bridge,
is regulated by 590m3/s in the retarding basin A,B. After control, Discharge in Backroad Bridge is
1,800m3/s (shown in Figure 20-2).
20.3.2 Contents of Construction Works

For the Nadi River projects, sufficient cross-sectional area has been secured for the design flow of
1,800m3/s with a design scale based on the return period of 50 years in condition of full flow1 in the
1
When the Master Plan will be completed, since the upstream dam will be constructed, the discharge of 1,800 m3/s can flow
down in the cross section considered free-board. In the Priority Project the discharge is permitted to flow down with water

20-1
section at the Back Road Bridge. The structural measures of the Priority Project are river improvements
(levee construction and river-bed excavation) necessary for the design flow, construction of two retarding
basins for storage of design flood discharge, construction of ring dike for protecting the downstream
community, construction of surrounding dike for protecting Nadi town, and shortcut in Malakua River for
reducing negative impact,. These components are included in the Master Plan as the Priority Project to be
implemented in advance. Two bridges exist in the river widening section, and they have to be rebuilt.
[Upper]： Flood Discharge before Flood Control ※Flow volume after the priority project include natural
Lower： Target Flood Discharge after the Priority Project flood volume at outside section of Important Protected Area
V=7,200 thousand m3
NaditownBridge BackroadBridge
B
Votualevu
-510
[3,650] [3,650] [2,450] [2,450] NadiRiver [2,450] [1,750]

1,000 2,950 1,800 1,800 2,450 1,740
-80
[1,450] [900]
A
1,130 730
V=1,000 thousand m3
NawakaRiver NamosiRiver
Figure 20-2 Design Flood Discharge of The Priority Project
⑦Rebuilding of Bridge: L=108m ②Retarding Basin A: A=178ha

①River Widening: L=13km Retarding Basin B: A= 35ha
④Ring Dike: L=1.8km (water surface area)
Nadi Town

Nalakua River ⑤Shortcut: L=0.5km
Figure 20-3 Target Area of Structure Measurement on the Priority Project
level between HWL and top of dike.

20-2
Table 20-1 Summary of Structure Measures in the Priority Project

River Improvement Works Rebuilding of Bridge
Main ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦
Classification Description Unit
Works Retarding Basin Short cut of
River Widening Surrounding Dike Ring Dike Nadi Town B. Old Queens Road B.
A, B tributaries
A: 178 ha
Outline Profile L=13 km L=4.5 km L=1.8 km L=0.5 km L=108 m L=96 m
B: 35 ha
Earth Excavation m3 3,928,181 1,257,035 290,737 6,446 23,431 ― ―

Main Works
Work Embankment m3 328,936 1,159,681 251,216 57,364 27,725 ― ―
20.3.3 Contents of Consulting Services

Consulting services are for overall project management, detailed design (D/D), assistance in preparation of
bidding documents (tender assistance), construction supervision, environmental/ social impact monitoring.
The consulting services are also for planning for the above-described river improvements, construction of
retarding basins and rebuilding bridge. Details of the consulting services are shown in the attached Terms
of Reference (TOR) for the consultant services concerning the Project. The following table shows the
outline of the staff members and man-months required for the consulting services. The total man-months
required will be 702 (255 for Professional A and 447 for Professional B).
Table 20-2 Outline of the Consulting Service Team
No. Position for Professional Required Expertise for Consulting Service Total M/M
Experiences (Months)
Detailed Design and Construction Supervision Team
A-1 Team Leader/Project Management 15 years Overall Project Management 58
2 River Engineer 12 Review of basic concept, design 27
criteria and river facility plan,
Superintend of DD
D/D of river improvement works,
river facilities
3 River Structure Engineer 10 D/D of river improvement works, 9
river facilities, Calculation of
quantities
Supervise of River Survey
4 Bridge Engineer (1) 12 D/D of bridge works and calculation 6
of quantities
5 Bridge Engineer (2) 7 Ditto 3
6 Mechanical Engineer 10 D/D of Machine such as gate and 3
calculation of quantities
7 Hydrologist 12 Hydrological analysis for river 3
improvement and prepare manuals for
river management
8 Hydraulic Engineer 7 Hydraulic analysis for river 3
improvement and specifying the
profile of retarding basins
9 Geotechnical Engineer 12 Survey & Geotechnical investigations 4
10 Construction Planner & Cost Estimator (1) 12 Construction plan & cost estimate for 3
river works
11 Construction Planner & Cost Estimator (2) 7 Construction plan & cost estimate for 3
bridge works
12 Environment & Social Environment 10 Monitor social & environmental 6
Specialist consideration in the project area
13 Spec Writer & Bid Specialist 12 Prepare tender documents 12
14 Construction Engineer (1) 12 Construction supervision of civil 46
works
15 Construction Engineer (2) 7 Ditto 46
Sub Total M/M for Professional A 232
B-1 Co-Team Leader/River Engineer 15 Support Team Leader 72

D/D of civil works
2 Design Engineer B-1 10 D/D of river improvement works and 9

20-3
3 Design Engineer B-2 10 Ditto 9

4 Design Engineer B-3 10 Ditto 9
5 Design Engineer B-4 10 D/D of bridge works and calculation 6
of quantities
6 Survey Engineer 10 Survey and Investigation 6
7 GIS Specialist 5 Analysis of Lidar data and survey 6
data
8 Geotechnical Engineer 7 Survey & Geotechnical investigations 4
9 Mechanical Engineer 10 D/D of Machine such as gate and 3
10 Hydrology & Hydraulic Engineer B-1 7 Hydrologic & hydraulic analysis for 3
river and dam
11 Hydrology & Hydraulic Engineer B-2 5 Ditto 3
12 Construction Planner & Cost Estimator B-1 7 Construction plan & cost estimate for 5
river works
13 Construction Planner & Cost Estimator B-2 5 Construction plan & cost estimate for 3
bridge works
14 Social Environmentalist 7 Environmental consideration/ 4
Monitoring selected environment
items
15 Spec Writer & Bid Specialist B-1 7 Tender documents & bid assistance 12
16 Spec Writer & Bid Specialist B-2 5 Tender documents & bid assistance 12
17 Construction Engineer B-1 7 Construction supervision of civil 50
works
18 Construction Engineer B-2 7 Ditto 26
Sub Total M/M for Professional B 313
Project Management Unit Supporting Team

A-16 Deputy Team Leader/Project Management 15 Coordination for the smooth project 23
implementation among MOA, Project
Management Unit (PMU), JCC and
other agencies
Organize Consultant's team to provide
efficient assistance to the PMU
Sub Total M/M for Professional A 23
B-21 Co-Team Leader/Project Management 10 Assist PMU to conduct the smooth 84
Specialist Project management, expediting
project implementation. Assist PMU
to monitor the progress of consulting
services, construction works, and
prepare the solution for problems
encountered during project
22 River Engineer / Quality Inspector 5 Assist PMU to evaluate construction 50
works and inspect quality of
construction
Sub Total M/M for Professional B 134
Total
Total M/M for Professional A 255
Total M/M for Professional B 447
Grand Total for Professional (A+B) 702
20.4 Project Cost and Financial Planning

20.4.1 Calculation of Project Cost
The project cost is ¥21 billion (F$385 million), including a foreign currency portion of ¥8 billion (F$ 149
million) and a domestic currency portion of ¥13 billion (F$236 million). Yen loan is to cover ¥16 billion
(F$294 million) (76.1%) of the project cost in case of yen loan project.

20-4
Table 20-3 Total Cost of the Project

(FC&Total: Million JPY, LC: Million FJD)
Total
FC LC Total
Item
million million million million
(Yen) (F$) (Yen) (F$)
A. ELIGIBLE PORTION
Ⅰ) Procurement / Construction 6,778 134 14,074 258
Package 1 River Widening, Rebuilding of Bridge 4,213 77 8,432 155
Package 2 Retarding Basin 1,281 19 2,299 42
Package 3 Ring Dike 40 1 76 1
Package 4 Surrounding Dike 392 5 657 12
Base cost for JICA financing 5,926 102 11,464 210
Price escalation 529 26 1,940 36
Ⅱ) Consulting services 933 18 1,893 35
Base cost 828 14 1,579 29
Total (Ⅰ+Ⅱ) 7,711 151 15,967 293
a Procurement / Construction 0 0 0 0
Base cost for JICA financing 0 0 0 0

b Land Acquisition 0 38 2,093 38
Base cost 0 34 1,845 34
c Administration cost 0 17 903 17
d VAT 0 30 1,625 30
e Import Tax 0 0 0 0
Total (a+b+c+d+e) 0 85 4,621 85
TOTAL (A+B) 7,711 236 20,588 378
0
C. Interest during Construction 351 0 351 6
Interest during Construction(Const.) 350 0 350 6
Interest during Construction (Consul.) 1 0 1 0
D. Front End Fee 32 0 32 1
GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,094 236 20,971 385
E. JICA finance portion (A) 7,711 151 15,967 293

US$1=2.17 F$, 1F$= JPY 54.5
Source: Calculation Result for Annual Fund Requirement based on the Cost Estimate Kit (JICA Study Team)
The project cost has been calculated under the following conditions:
a. Base for unit prices: Apr. 2016
b. Exchange rate: US$1 = ¥118.3, 1 US$1 =F$2.17, F$1=¥54.5
c. Combination of currency: Local currency portion , Foreign currency portion
d. Inflation rate: 1.8 % for Foreign currency portion, 4.8% for Local currency portion
e. Consultant labor cost:

20-5
International consultants: 3,049,000 yen/M (FC)

Local consultants: 7,000 FJ$/M (LC)
Local support staff: 1,200~3,000 FJ$/M (LC)
f. Contingency: 5.0% both for consultants and main construction
g. Tax: 9% VAT
h. Office administration cost at project implementing organization: 5.0% of the total project cost
i. Interest during construction: 0.6% for main construction, 0.01% for consultant
j. Commitment charge rate: 0.2%
20.4.2 Financial Plan

Of the total project cost of ¥21 billion (F$385 million), ¥16 billion (F$294 million) will be covered by this
yen loan in case of yen loan project and the remaining ¥5 billion (F$92 million) will be covered by the
national budget of Fiji. Below is the financial plan of the Project.
Table 20-4 Financial Plan of the Project
Source Amount (million yen) Amount (million FJD) Proportion (%)
Yen loan (FC) 15,967 293.6 76.1
National budget (LC) 5,004 91.8 23.9
Total 20,971 384.8 100
Annual fund requirements are planned as below.
Table 20-5 Annual Fund Requirements and Breakdown (M JPY (& Million F$))
in case of yen loan project
Breakdown of million (Yen) million (F$)
Cost Total JICA Portion Others Total JICA Portion Others
2016 252 0 252 4.6 0.0 4.6
2017 966 123 843 17.7 2.3 15.5
2018 1,266 381 885 23.2 7.0 16.2
2019 4,525 3,507 1,019 83.0 64.3 18.7
2020 3,901 3,389 513 71.6 62.2 9.4
2021 3,808 3,291 517 69.9 60.4 9.5
2022 3,035 2,601 434 55.7 47.7 8.0
2023 2,750 2,339 410 50.4 42.9 7.5
2024 467 336 132 8.6 6.2 2.4
Total 20,971 15,967 5,004 384.8 293.0 91.8
※ Year in above table shows the fiscal year of Fiji (August 1st to July 31th of following year)
As shown in the table above, the project cost from the start of constructions in fiscal year 2019 to fiscal
year 2023 in Fiji is 2.8 ~ 4.5 billion yen. The following table shows the breakdown of the annual fund
requirements into the foreign currency portions (JICA portion) and the local currency portion.

20-6
Table 20-6 Breakdown of Annual Fund Requirements (2015-2025, FC: M JPY, LC: M FJD)
Item Total 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total FC LC Total
A. ELIGIBLE PORTION
Ⅰ) Procurement / Construction 6,778 134 14,074 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,601 30 3,244 1,536 29 3,097 1,450 28 2,985 1,079 23 2,310 973 21 2,127 139 3 311 0 0 0
Package 1 River Widening 4,213 77 8,432 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,024 19 2,049 784 14 1,568 784 14 1,568 784 14 1,568 733 13 1,467 105 2 211 0 0 0
Package 2 Retarding Basin 1,281 19 2,299 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 421 6 756 458 7 822 370 5 663 32 0 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Package 3 Ring Dike 40 1 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 25 14 0 27 11 0 22 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Package 4 Surrounding Dike 392 5 657 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 1 179 96 1 161 96 1 161 84 1 140 10 0 16 0 0 0
Base cost for JICA financing 5,926 102 11,464 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,445 25 2,805 1,362 23 2,594 1,263 21 2,419 923 16 1,809 818 15 1,609 115 2 227 0 0 0
Price escalation 529 26 1,940 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 4 285 101 5 355 118 6 423 104 5 392 109 6 416 18 1 69 0 0 0
Physical contingency 323 6 670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 1 154 73 1 147 69 1 142 51 1 110 46 1 101 7 0 15 0 0 0
Ⅱ) Consulting services 933 18 1,893 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 1 123 214 3 381 136 2 262 133 3 292 136 3 307 137 3 290 100 2 213 8 0 25 0 0 0
Base cost 828 14 1,579 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 1 114 197 3 342 123 2 227 118 2 243 118 2 247 117 2 227 84 1 161 7 0 18 0 0 0
Price escalation 60 3 223 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 7 0 21 7 0 23 9 0 35 11 1 45 13 1 49 11 1 41 1 0 6 0 0 0
Total (Ⅰ+Ⅱ) 7,711 151 15,967 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 1 123 214 3 381 1,737 32 3,507 1,669 32 3,389 1,586 31 3,291 1,216 25 2,601 1,073 23 2,339 148 3 336 0 0 0
a Procurement / Construction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Base cost for JICA financing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b Land Acquisition 0 38 2,093 0 0 0 0 4 221 0 13 696 0 13 729 0 8 446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Base cost 0 34 1,845 0 0 0 0 4 211 0 12 632 0 12 632 0 7 369 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c Administration cost 0 17 903 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 41 0 1 56 0 4 198 0 3 169 0 3 165 0 2 130 0 2 117 0 0 17 0 0 0
d VAT 0 30 1,625 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 1 74 0 2 100 0 7 356 0 6 305 0 5 296 0 4 234 0 4 211 0 1 30 0 0 0
e Import Tax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total (a+b+c+d+e) 0 85 4,621 0 0 0 0 5 252 0 15 811 0 16 885 0 18 999 0 9 474 0 8 461 0 7 364 0 6 327 0 1 47 0 0 0
TOTAL (A+B) 7,711 236 20,588 0 0 0 0 5 252 69 16 934 214 19 1,266 1,737 51 4,506 1,669 40 3,863 1,586 40 3,752 1,216 32 2,965 1,073 29 2,667 148 4 383 0 0 0
C. Interest during Construction 351 0 351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 20 38 0 38 56 0 56 70 0 70 83 0 83 85 0 85 0 0 0

Interest during Construction(Const.) 350 0 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 19 38 0 38 56 0 56 70 0 70 83 0 83 84 0 84 0 0 0
Interest during Construction (Consul.) 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D. Front End Fee 32 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C+D) 8,094 236 20,971 0 0 0 0 5 252 101 16 966 214 19 1,266 1,757 51 4,525 1,707 40 3,901 1,642 40 3,808 1,286 32 3,035 1,156 29 2,750 232 4 467 0 0 0
E. JICA finance portion (A) 7,711 151 15,967 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 1 123 214 3 381 1,737 32 3,507 1,669 32 3,389 1,586 31 3,291 1,216 25 2,601 1,073 23 2,339 148 3 336 0 0 0

20-7
20.5 Project Implementing Schedule

We set the project implementation schedule after considering the major processes. Table 20-7 shows the
processes and times required for each process. In addition, we assumed that the pledge will be made in
March 2017 and 25 months will be required for the selection of the consultant.
Table 20-7 Time Periods Required for Major Processes and their Contents
No. Process Required Contents
time period
1 Yen loan procedures - Mar 2017 Pledge
2 Land acquisition 35 months After Pledge and before the start of construction
3 Selection of consultants 12 months Creation of RFP and short list and consent of JICA
Invitation and submission of proposal
Evaluation of the proposal and consent of JICA
Contract negotiation
Preparation and conclusion of contract
Consent of JICA on contract and notice to commence
4 Detailed design 12 months Location survey and research
Detailed design related to river improvement, bridges and river
structures
Volume calculation and estimation of accumulation
Preparation of bidding documents
5 Selection of contractors 12 months Prequalification of bidders, creation of bidding documents and
consent of JICA
Bidding
Bidding evaluation
Consent of JICA
Negotiation and conclusion of contract
JICA’s consent to contract, opening of L/C and issue of L/Com
6 Implementation of main 48 months River improvement, Rebuilding of Bridge, Retarding basins,
construction works Ring dike, Surrounding dike, Shortcut
7 Completion of - Completion of construction and delivery
construction and delivery
Note: The time period required for JICA’s consent on procurement differs depending on the type (consultant or
contractor) and the amount.
Table 20-8 below shows the implementation schedule of the Project under the above-described conditions.
Land acquisition has to be completed before the initiation of the Project.

20-8
Table 20-8 Implementation Schedule of the Project

Implementation Schedule
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Month
8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
1
Pledge 1
1
Signing of Loan Agreement 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Selection of Consultant (12 months) 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tender Assistance (12 months) 12
1 1 1
Preparation of Bid Document & JICA Concurrence (3 months) 3
1 1
Tender Period (2 months) 2
1 1
Evaluation of Bids (2months) 2
1
JICA Concurrence of Bid Evaluation (1 month) 1
1 1
Contract Negotiation (2 months) 2
1
JICA Approval of Contract (1 month) 1
1
Opening of L/C and Ussurance of L/Com (1 month) 1
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Consulting Services (84 months) 84
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Detailed Design (12 months) 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tender Assistance (12 months) 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Construction Supervision (50 months) 50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Project Management Unit Supporting (84 months) 84
0
0 4 12 12 7 0 0 0 0 0
Land Acquisition 35
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 6 12 12 12 8 0 50
Package 1 River Widening 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Defect Liability Period
0 0 0 0 6 12 8 0 0 0 26
Package 2 Retarding Basin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Defect Liability Period
0 0 0 0 0 6 12 8 0 0 26
Package 3 Ring Dike 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Defect Liability Period
0 0 0 0 0 6 12 12 8 0 38
Package 4 Surrounding Dike 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Defect Liability Period

20-9
20.6 Procurement Method

20.6.1 Procurement of Consultants
When the implementing organization employs consultants, they shall take the procedures prescribed by the
Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under JBIC ODA Loans (JICA) in a fair and proper manner.
For consulting services, shortlist method (S/L method) shall be employed so that the most appropriate and
high-quality consultants will be selected, and the process of prequalification of bidders shall be conducted.
All the bidders who meet the prequalification may participate in bidding.
20.6.2 Procurement of Contractors
International competitive bidding (ICB) shall be carried out from the size and contents since estimated
project cost exceeds 10 Billion Yen. We shall carry out prequalification (PQ) to examine the ability of
candidate bidders to carry out the Project in an satisfactory manner in terms of experience and
achievements in similar contracts, capabilities concerning human resources, devices, and recent financial
conditions and to select the most appropriate and high-quality contractors. All the bidders who meet the
prequalification may participate in bidding.
The Project shall be carried out under contract with construction supervision by consultants. The main
construction works shall be separated into the following four (4) procurement packages and the
procurement shall be carried out according to the Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under
JBIC ODA Loans (JICA).
Table 20-9 Procurement Methods for the Main Construction Works of the Project
Package Target zone Approximate Outline of the construction Procurement method
construction
cost
Package-1 River Improvement 8.43 B yen River improvement (levee, excavation, International
(155MF$) disposal of waste soil) competitive bidding
Rebuilding bridge
(ICB) with
Rebuilding bridge
prequalification
Package-2 Retarding basinA,B 2.30 B yen Constructing retarding basins
(42MF$)
Overflow weir facilities
Package-3 Ring dike 0.076Byen Levee, Installation of river structures
(1.4MF$)
Package-4 Surrounding dike 0.66 Byen River improvements (levee, excavation,
Shortcut (12MF$) disposal of waste soil)
US$1=F$2.17, F$1=¥54.5

20-10
20.7 Project Implementing Structure

20.7.1 Borrower
For the implementation of the Project, Strategic Planning Office (SPO) shall be the borrower on behalf of
the Fijian government.
20.7.2 Project Implementing Organization

Land and Water Resource Management (LWRM) Division of the Ministry of Agriculture shall be the
implementing organization of the Project.
Although LWRM assumes official positions of the 28 people in the new regime, In 2015, it has carry out
work by still 15 people. It is not enough number of people.
Table 20-10 Organization of LWRM in 2015
Department Position Number
General Affairs Head 1
Department Secretary 1
Typist 1
Driver 2
River Technical Principal Engineer: River Engineer 1
Department Senior Engineer: River Engineer 1
Senior Technical Engineer: Operation and Maintenance 1
Engineer 1
Senior Engineer Assistant 1
Typist 1
Environment Environment 1
Hydrology Engineer 2
Assistant 1
Total 15
Source: Land and Water Resources Management Division internal document, 2014, MoA
Therefore, we propose Project Management Unit ( PMU) will launch. Draft project implementing structure
is shown below.
Government of Fiji Support &

Assistance Fund
Executing Agency (Borrower) Project Steering

Support &
Ministry of Finance (MOF) Committee
Assistance
MSPNDS:(co-chair) *1)
MOF (co-chai)
Implementation Agency
MOIT *2)
MOL
MOA
Government PMU (newly establish)

Coordination
,
,
Project Management Coodination Agencies

Consulting Services
Members:
1) Project Management Assistance - Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (MOIT)
2) Detailed Design Team - Fiji Roads Authority (FRA)
3) Tendering Assistance Team - iTaukei Land Trust Board (TLTB)
4) Constrution Superv ision Team
- Nadi Tow n Council
- Other Agencies
Supervision
Contractors
*1) : MSPNDS: Ministry of Strategic Planning, National Development & Statistics

*2) : MOIT: Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Figure 20-4 Draft project implementing structure

20-11
20.7.3 Project Management Unit (PMU)

Project Management Unit (PMU) shall be established for the implementation of the Project. PMU shall be
an administrative organization under the Ministry of Agriculture, the implementing organization of the
Project. Establishment and operation of the PMU are as follows;
J ICA Ministry of Finance (MOF)

L / A
F u n ds Tur n Over
Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
G overnment PMU (MOA)

J ICA Assistance
1) Chairman
2) Secretary 1) Long-term Expert
3) Administration Coodinator 2) Short Term Expert x 2
4) Technical Of f icer
5) Inspection Of f icer
P r o j ect Ma nagement Assistance
E m p loyment of Internation al Consultants (short

l i st method)
Project Management Consulting Services (one Package, 4 Teams)
1) PMU Assistance Team 2) Detailed Design Team
3) Tendering Assistance Team
4) Constrution Supervision Team
S e l ection of Contractors S u p e rvisio n
,
Contractors ,
Im p l ementatio n of Works
Construction of River improvment
Figure 20-5 PMU Organizations and Functions in Execution of Yen Loan and Technical
Cooperation Project
It is desirable that the PMU is consisted 1) Chairman, 2) Secretary, 3) Administration Coordinator, 4)

Technical Officer and 4) Inspection Officer.
PMU is mainly to implement the following items during the implementation period.
 Annual Action Program including financial plan
 Monitoring of RAP and EIA Process
 Procurement of the Consultants and Contractors
 Monthly /or Quarterly Monitoring Meeting between JICA and Executing Agency
 ODA Disbursement Acceleration Meeting
 Daily Discussion with Executing Agency
 Analysis of the Monthly and Quarterly Progress Reports
 Site Visit with Executing Agency
 Exchange of letters
20.8 Operation and Maintenance System

Only Western Division in MOA is carrying out Maintenance. After the project, MOA need to carry out
Operation and Maintenance. So it is necessary to expand the personnel structure and budget.

20-12
20.9 Performance Indicator

The annual maximum flow amount is selected as operation index, and the annual maximum flood area and
annual maximum number of flooded houses due to dike breakage or overflow is selected as effect index for
evaluating the operational effect of this project quantitatively and qualitatively. A reference value and target
value of two (2) years after the completion of project are shown in Table 20-11.
Table 20-11 Operation and Effect Indicators of the Project
Operation and effect indicator Reference level 2027 target
(50-year flood) (2 years after the

project completion)
(50-year flood)
Operation Annual maximum water level (m) *1 2,450 m3/s 1,800 m3/s
indicator (Calculated flood (Channel Full
discharge before Flow)
flood control) (Design Discharge:
Q50)
Effect indicator Annual maximum inundation area (km2) *2 9,137 ha 0 km2
Annual maximum flood damage 10,975 houses 0 houses
(houses) *2
*1:Discharge in Nadi Town Bridge
*2: Due to destruction or overflow of dike (river water inundation) except inland inundation by rainfall

20-13
YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD./CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO.,LTD. JV
Chapter 21 Economic Feasibility of the Project

21.1 Purpose of economic evaluation
The purpose of the economic evaluation is to consider an economic efficiency of the project by using
cost-benefit analysis.
EIRR, NPV and B/C ratio are used as indicator for evaluate the project based on the differences when the
particular project is carried (With Project) and not carried (Without Project).
EIRR is a discount rate to make an equal NPV of both benefit and cost. If EIRR is higher than an
opportunity cost of the project, such investment plan is usually justified as valid.
NPV is the net value of the project that is the difference of the PV of benefits and PV of costs during the
project period.
a. With Project : The river rehabilitation/improvement project is implemented through the survey of JICA
study team.
b. Without Project: The river rehabilitation/improvement project is not implemented (current condition).
21.2 Preconditions
Preconditions applied for the evaluation are stated below.
21.2.1 Evaluation Period

The evaluation period for the project is 50 years from 2026 to 2075. Expected schedule of the
project implementation is as follows:
2016 - 2017: land acquisition

2018 - 2023: construction
2024: residual payment
2026 - 2075: evaluation period
The year means here the fiscal year of Fiji, from August 1 to July 30 of next year
21.2.2 Price level, price escalation

Economic value is set at 2015 price level. Foreign exchange rate is set as follows, using JICA
rate of April 2016:
1JPY=0.01835FJD, 1FJD=JPY54.50
Forecasting the long-term inflation rate involves many uncertainties and not reliable. Price
escalation of benefit and cost will balance out if the escalation rate is the same for the both of
them in this investment plan.
And it is necessary to avoid introduction of assumption which is price escalation rate during
long project period, and to secure the logical consistency the EIRR estimated by the present
value and capital opportunity cost. Therefore, the analysis is based on 2015 price, and price
escalation in evaluation period is not considered.
21-1
21.2.3 Economic Price
Market price is converted to economic price for the project valuation. The following items are
considered in calculating the economic price of the project.
1) Tax and public dues
Tax and public dues are not included in the economic price. Value added tax that is 9% is not included
in the calculation of the benefits and costs.
2) Land price
Land price is calculated through deducting the cash flows from land usage when there is a big gap
between market and economic price. Market price of land is used for the project valuation as such
price gap does not exist in project area.
3) Standard Conversion Factor (SCF)
SCF is used to convert domestic price to market price. The SCR used by ADB for development
projects in Fiji is 0.986, which shows very small difference between domestic and market prices.
Therefore, SCF of 1.0 is used for this project.
21.2.4 Social Discount Rate (SDR)
Social Discount Rate (SDR) is set at cut off line of 10–12% level in the economic analysis
guidelines of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Inter-American Development
Bank. The discount rate applied to the project is set at 10% as this rate is often applied to Fiji
aid projects by Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and other international aid
agencies.
21.3 Project Cost
The total project cost used in this study for the economic evaluation is ¥16.4 billion
(F$ 301million). This cost does not include tax, price escalations and public dues. Operational
and maintenance cost is set at 0.5% of the capital expenditure in reference to the cases of
other countries.
21.4 Benefits
21.4.1 Method for calculating benefits
Benefit of the flood control project is the economic value of damage and loss that can be reduced through
the implementation of the project (With Project).
A practical method for calculating benefits is as follows.
a) Organize the assets within the expected inundation area.
b) Calculate the amount of flood damage/loss without the project for the probability of flooding
( 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/30,1 / 50 Years).
21-2
c) The expected yearly average damage reduction amount is calculated based on the flood
damage/loss with the project and the flood damage/loss amount without project shown in b).
21.4.2 Asset data gathering and organizing
Collect and arrange the following asset data within the expected inundation area.
1) Number and value of the house building

House building price and the average price are referenced from the survey “Post-Disaster Needs
Assessment (PDNA)” conducted by the Government of Fiji 2012.
House building price is adjusted to the consumer price index and converted to 2015 value (2012 value x
1.08 is applied based on Fiji consumer inflation rate in the World Bank publication).
Total value and number of house building in Viti Levu Island in Fiji is stated in the Table 21-1
Table 21-1 Total appraised value and number of houses in Viti Levu Island in Fiji
Average Number of Total Value of houses
House material prices Ratio JPY(,000)
House (FJD)
(FJD)
Concrete 90,189 68,111 39.27% 6,173,304,597 336,445,101
Wood 60,989 41,765 24.08% 2,559,844,438 139,511,522
Tin, or iron 36,216 58,453 33.70% 2,127,440,896 115,945,529
Thatched wood 431 3,152 1.82% 1,365,707 74,431
Makeshift 593,597 32,351
539 1,096
materials 0.63%
Other 323 880 0.51% 285,967 15,585
Total 173,457 100.00% 10,862,835,203 592,024,519
Source: JICA Study team based of PDNA data
2) Average valuation of house building

Average house price is stated in the Table 21-2
Table 21-2 Average house price in expected inundation area in Viti Levu Island
Average house building price（weighted average、FJD） 62,626
Source: JICA Study team
3) Value of household goods

Value of household goods is picked up from the survey PDNA. Value of household good is adjusted to the
consumer price index and converted to 2015 value (2012 value x 1.08 is applied based on Fiji consumer
inflation rate in the World Bank publication). In addition, the value of household goods including
evaluation value of passenger car is as shown in Table 21-3. The average ownership ratio is 0.56 for each
household based on the data from Fiji Bureau of Statics. The ownership ratio of passenger car is assumed
0.9 for concrete house, 0.7 for wood house, 0.12 for tin and iron house, and the percentage of each type of

21-3
house is 39% for concrete, 24% for wood and 34% for tin and iron, therefore the average ownership is
calculated as 0.56 (=0.39x 0.9+0.24x0.7+0.34x0.12). The value of passenger car is set at FJD7, 000.001
Total value of household goods plus the car is stated in Table 21-3.
Table 21-3 Appraised value of household goods（including passenger car）

House material Value of Household goods Number of house Total value of household goods (FJD)
Concrete 8,339 68,111 567,953,736
Wood 6,502 41,765 271,547,229
Tin, or iron 2,442 58,453 142,729,909
Thatched wood 726 3,152 2,288,352
Makeshift materials 390 1,096 427,440
Other 390 880 343,200
Total 173,457 985,289,866
4) Average appraise Value of household goods per each household

Average apprise value of household goods per each household is stated the Table 21-4
Table 21-4 Average appraised value of household goods（including passenger car）
Value of household goods per each household（Weighted average、FJD） 5,680
5) Commercial depreciable property and stocks per each worker

Unit Prices and Deflators for Various Asset Evaluation, Flood Control Economic Research Manual (Draft)
(revised in February 2015, River Planning Division, Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) is applied as statistical data that contain the depreciable
property and stocks do not exist in Fiji. These unit prices are converted to Fiji dollar prices based on GNI
ratio between Japan and Fiji.
Table 21-5 Depreciable property and stocks per each worker in expected inundation area
Industrial Sector Depreciable Commercial Number of Depreciable Depreciable
property per stocks per workers in property property and
worker(FJD) worker(FJD) the possible and stocks stocks by
flood area by sector(JPY,
sector(FJD) thousand)
Agriculture, Fishing 3,113 713 580 2,219,608 120,969
Agricultural processing 3,113 713 18 68,884 3,754
Mining, Quarrying 20,149 4,727 21 522,390 28,470
Processed foods products 4,671 2,389 25 176,495 9,619
Tobacco, Beverages、Feed 21,218 11,986 22 730,470 39,811
Products
1
Value of general secondhand sedan car obtained by hearing from car dealer in Nadi
21-4
Textile 4,509 3,926 87 733,773 39,991

Lumber and wood product 7,197 6,281 13 175,211 9,549
Petroleum products , 84,581 146,157 9 2,076,636 113,177
manufacturing industry
Metal products 6,504 4,593 16 177,551 9,677
Electricity, Gas & Water 175,753 8,590 90 16,590,873 904,203
Construction 2,188 4,367 536 3,513,457 191,483
Wholesale & Retail 2,980 2,948 4,140 24,539,810 1,337,420
Hotel & Restaurant 2,761 260 3,949 11,930,234 650,198
Transport & Communication 8,358 1,569 1,548 15,366,061 837,450
Finance, Insurance 1,650 449 140 293,858 16,015
Real Estate & Renting 33,985 12,021 31 1,426,178 77,727
Public Administration & 1,650 449 791 1,660,299 90,486
Defense
Education 1,752 470 214 475,425 25,911
Health & Social Worker 2,109 186 110 252,436 13,758
Community, Social & 1,650 449 2,325 4,880,146 265,968
Personal Service
Total 409,367 87,809,796 4,785,634
6) Crops
Table 21-6 shows planting acreage, yield, and gates price of major crops. Planting acreage for each crop
is calculated from the division map of planting acreage of major crops (GIS data, refer to Figure 21-1).
Each crop prices are obtained from the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture, Fiji Bureau of Statistics and the PDNA.
Table 21-6 Planting acreage, yield and gate price of major crops in expected inundation area
Type of crops Crop type for Planting Yield per Crop Gate price Total Total
damage ratio acreage（ha) hectare yield per ton shipment shipment
value value
(FJD) (JPY, 000）
Field crops 1,457.21 42.4 61,742.0 84 5,186,327 282,655
Sugarcane
Cassava Field crops 89.87 7.8 704.6 755 531,959 28,992
Eggplant Gourd 21.76 8.1 176.3 1,100 193,882 10,567
Okra Vegetables 32.79 5.9 192.5 1,000 192,477 10,490
Papaya(paw paw) Field crops 5.72 8.4 48.3 2,500 120,692 6,578
French beans Beans 13.40 7.0 93.9 1,000 93,934 5,119
Rice Rice paddy 5.60 14.4 80.8 1,000 80,808 4,404
Maize Field crops 21.72 3.1 66.9 800 53,518 2,917
Moca Vegetables 2.97 6.6 19.7 755 14,867 810

Root 1.66 6.8 11.4 1,200 13,625 743
Kumala
vegetables
Tomato Gourd 1.63 6.8 11.1 1,078 12,019 655

21-5
Banana Field crops 1.83 5.6 10.2 431 4,393 239
Bele Vegetables 0.58 5.4 3.1 1,000 3,109 169
Peanut Beans 0.84 2.5 2.1 1,000 2,100 114

Root 0.12 6.8 0.8 1,078 885 48
Uvi
vegetables
Pineapple Field crops 0.01 12.1 0.1 1,078 131 7
Cucumber Gourd 0.02 6.6 0.1 1,000 133 7

Total 6,504,858 354,515
Source: JICA Study team based on data of MOA, Bureau of Statistics and PDNA
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fiji
Figure 21-1 Division Map of Planting Acreage of Major Crops
21.5 Damage and loss calculation
21.5.1 Method of damage and loss calculation
Summary of Assets that are objected for the damage and loss calculation is listed in the Table 21-7. These
items will be separated in damage and loss categories and calculated respectively.

21-6
Table 21-7 Summary of assets and damage/loss calculation method

Damage Reference information・Data Method of damage and loss calculation
/Loss Item Reference information・Data
1. Damage Eligible assets
Residential house and Appraised value of house and Value of houses and commercial buildings
commercial buildings commercial buildings based on PDNA x damage ratio
data. [H17 flood control economic evaluation
Number of house/buildings in the manual]
possible flood area is picked up from
GIS data from Fiji government.
Household goods ： Appraised value of household goods Value of household goods x damage ratio
Furniture, home based on PDNA data. [H17 flood control economic evaluation
appliances 、 passenger Number of house in expected manual]
vehicle inundation area is picked up from GIS
data from Fiji government.
Depreciable commercial Depreciable property per worker [H17 Value of commercial depreciable property
property and stocks： flood control economic evaluation x damage ratio
Machine tools, office manual] adjusted by GNI ratio [H17 flood control economic evaluation
equipment and stocks of between Japan and Fiji. manual]
commercial products. Number of workers in each industrial
sector in expected inundation area is
picked up from GIS data from Fiji
government.
Commercial stocks per worker [H17 Value of commercial stock assets x damage
flood control economic evaluation ratio
manual] adjusted by GNI ratio [H17 flood control economic evaluation
between Japan and Fiji. manual]
Number of workers in each industrial
sector in expected inundation area is
picked up from GIS data from Fiji
government.
Depreciable Depreciable property per Value of agricultural/fishing depreciable
Agricultural and agricultural/fishing worker [H17 flood property x damage ratio
Fishing property and control economic evaluation manual] [H17 flood control economic evaluation
stocks： agricultural and adjusted by GNI ratio between Japan manual]
fishing machinery and Fiji.
Number of workers in agricultural and
fishing sector in expected inundation
area is picked up from GIS data from
Fiji government.
Stocks per agricultural/fishing worker
[H17 flood control economic Value of agricultural/fishing stock assets
evaluation manual] adjusted by GNI x damage ratio
ratio between Japan and Fiji. [H17 flood control economic evaluation
Number of workers in agricultural and manual]
fishing sector in expected inundation
area is picked up from GIS data from
Fiji government.
Damage of crops Gate price of Fijian crops Agricultural crops in a mesh of possible
are supplied from Fiji government and flood area x damage ratio in each
PDNA inundation depth
[H17 flood control economic evaluation
manual]
Damage of live stocks Livestock in expected inundation area Actual damage on live stocks caused by
flood 2009, published by the Fiji
government report.
Damage of public Road, Bridges, Drainage, Water, Actual damage by 2009 flood that is
utilities and Sewage, Electricity, Education, published by Fiji government report.
infrastructures Communication, Firming land and

21-7
Firming facility
2．Loss Business loss due to Loss estimation of each business size, Business loss per day x number of days of
the suspended and data supplied from PDNA. business suspension/disruption
disrupted business Number of business in the possible
activities(Excluding flood area is picked up from GIS data
tourism sector) from Fiji government.
Number of days of business
suspension and disruption is
calculated based on the interview and
[H17 flood control economic
evaluation manual] is also referenced.
Tourism business loss Tourism business data in the possible Tourism business loss per day x number of
due to the business flood area are supplied from FBOS days of business suspension/disruption
suspension and and PDNA.
disruption Number of business suspension and
disruption is calculated based on the
interview and [H17 flood control
economic evaluation manual] is also
referenced.
Business opportunity Annual number of visitors supplied Annual Tourism Income x reduction rate
loss in tourism due to from FBOS. of visitors
the reduction of annual
visitors after the flood.
Cost for emergency Number of household and business Number of households in a mesh of the
measure in household entity in expected inundation area is possible inundation zone x total number of
picked up from GIS data from Fiji days of cleaning per household by
government. inundation depth x cleaning cost per day
Cleaning cost per day in household is Increased expense of alternative activities
set at FJD30 based on the daily in household x number of household in
allowance of unskilled labour in Nadi expected inundation area.
Total number of days of cleaning per
household is set base on the interview
by the Study team.
Increased expense of alternative
activities in household is based on
evaluation manual] adjusted by GNI
ratio between Japan and Fiji
Cost for emergency Number of household and business Number of business entity in expected
measures in business entity in expected inundation area is inundation area x Cost for emergency
picked up from GIS data from Fiji measures in business.
government.
Increased expense of alternative
activities in business entity is based on
evaluation manual] adjusted by GNI
ratio between Japan and Fiji.
Public utilities and Loss and expense for restoration of Loss and restoration expense for the flood
infrastructures public services after the flood. 2012 that is published by NDMO is used.
Airport cleaning expense is set based
on the interview with Airport Fiji.

21-8
21.5.2 Damage
The damage of the following assets in the estimated inundation area is estimated as an example of the
flood with occurrence probability of once in 50 years (1/50).
1) Damage to residential house and commercial buildings

The amount of damage to residential house and commercial buildings in the possible inundation zone shall
be calculated with the following formula.
Damage to residential house and commercial buildings = value of residential and commercial buildings in a
mesh of the possible inundation zone x damage rate by inundation depth
For the damage rate by inundation depth, we used the following values from the Flood Control Economic
Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism),
Table 21-8 Damage Rate by Inundation Depth
Inundation depth 0.5m or less 0.5m～0.99m 1.0m～1.99m 2.0m～2.99m 3.0m or over
Damage rate 0.092 0.119 0.266 0.580 0.834
Source: Rate of damage to residential buildings by inundation depth for the group of ground slope A (below 1/1,000), Flood Control
Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
2) Damage to household goods

Damage to household goods in the possible inundation zone shall be calculated with the following formula.
Damage to household goods = value of household goods in a mesh of the possible inundation zone x
damage rate by inundation depth
For the damage rate by inundation depth, the following values are used from the Flood Control Economic
Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism).
Table 21-9 Damage ratio in each inundation depth
Inundations depth 0.5m or less 0.5m～0.99m 1.0m～1.99m 2.0m～2.99m 3.0m or more
Damage ratio 0.145 0.326 0.508 0.928 0.991
Source: Rate of damage to household effects by inundation depth for the group of ground slope A (below 1/1,000), Flood Control Economic
Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
3) Damage to assets of business entity

Damage to assets of business entity in the possible inundation zone shall be calculated with the following
formula.
Damage to depreciable assets and stock inventories of business entities = amounts of depreciable assets and
stock inventories of business establishments in a mesh of the possible inundation zone x damage rate by
inundation depth
For the damage rate by inundation depth, we used the following Table 21-10 from the Flood Control
Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism),

21-9

Inundation depth 0.5m or less 0.5m～0.99m 1.0m～1.99m 2.0m～2.99m 3.0m or more
Damage rate 0.232 0.453 0.789 0.966 0.995
(Depreciable assets) 0.128 0.267 0.586 0.897 0.982
Source: Rate of damage to assets of business establishments by inundation depth for the group of ground slope A (below 1/1,000), Flood
Control Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
4) Damage to assets of farmers and fishermen

Damage to assets of farmers and fishermen in the possible inundation zone shall be calculated with the
following formula. Damage to depreciable assets and stock inventories of farmers and fishermen = amounts
of depreciable assets and stock inventories of farmers and fishermen in a mesh of the possible inundation
zone x damage rate by inundation depth. For the damage rate by inundation depth, the following Table
21-11 is used from the Flood Control Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism),
Inundation depth 0.5m or less 0.5m～0.99m 1.0m～1.99m 2.0m～2.99m 3.0m or more
Damage rate(assets) 0.156 0.237 0.297 0.651 0.698
Damage rate(stocks) 0.199 0.370 0.491 0.767 0.831
Source: Rate of damage to assets of farmers and fishermen by inundation depth for the group of ground slope A (below 1/1,000), Flood
Control Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
5) Damage to Agricultural Crops

Damage to agricultural crops in the possible inundation zone shall be calculated with the following formula.
Damage to agricultural crops = value of crop production in a mesh of the possible inundation zone x
damage rate by inundation depth. For the damage rate by inundation depth, the following Table 21-12 is
used from the Flood Control Economic Research Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism),
Table 21-12 Crops Damage Rate by Inundation Depth
Items Inundation depth Burial by dirt and sand
Inundation depth 0.5m or less 0,5m 〜 0.99m 1.0m or over Burial depth from the
ground
Inundation No. of １〜３〜５〜 7 or １〜３〜５〜７or １〜３〜５〜７or 0.5m 0.5〜 1.0m
days ２４６ over ２４６ over ２４６ over or 0.99m or
less over
Crop Paddy rice 21 30 36 50 24 44 50 71 37 54 64 74 70 100 100
Type
Rice 20 34 47 60 31 40 50 60 44 60 72 82
Sweet 11 30 50 50 27 40 75 88 38 63 95 100
potato
Cabbage 42 50 70 83 58 70 83 97 47 75 100 100
Vegetables 19 33 46 59 20 44 48 75 44 38 71 84
Root 32 46 59 62 43 57 100 100 73 87 100 100

vegetables
Gourd 22 30 42 56 31 38 51 100 40 50 63 100
Beans 23 41 54 67 30 44 60 73 40 50 68 81
Farmland 27 42 54 67 35 48 67 74 51 67 81 91 68 81 100
crops
Source: Rate of damage to agricultural crops by inundation depth (average per unit area of farmland, Flood Control Economic Research
Manual (Draft) (April 2005, River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
21-10
6) Damage to livestock
Following table 22-13 indicates the damage of livestock with flooding expected in 1 / 50 probability. The
damage amount is based on the Government announcement with flood damage report in 2009. The
number is adjusted by the consumer price index by the year 2015 converted into (2009 value x 1.20).
Table 21-13 Damage of livestock in the expected inundation area (1/50 probability)
Damage（FJD） Damage（JPY,000）
Livestock 4,794,959 261,325
Source: JICA Study team based of the Fiji Government report
7) Damage to public utilities and infrastructures

The following table 21-14 shows damage of public utilities and infrastructures in the expected flood area in
1 / 50 probability. The damage amount is based on Fiji government report in 2009. The number is adjusted
by the consumer price index by the year 2015 (2009 value x 1.20).
Table 21-14 Damage of public utilities and infrastructures（1/50 probability)
Public utilities and infrastructures Damage（FJD） Damage (JPY, 000)
Farmland, Agricultural facility 48,681,600 2,653,147
Roads 18,207,600 992,314

Drainage 19,036,800 1,037,506
Water and Sewerage 8,340,000 454,530
Electricity 1,099,152 59,904
Education 156,000 8,502
Communication 3,600,000 196,200
Health 1,560,000 85,020
Total 100,681,152 5,487,123
Source: JICA Study team based of the Fiji Government report
21.5.3 Loss
1) Loss for business activity

Business entities (excluding tourism related business) in the possible flood area are objected for business
loss. The main road in the west side of Viti Levu Island was blocked and disturbed for the duration of
three weeks in 2009 and 2012 flood, based on the interview with Fiji Road Authority (Main roads were
blocked by one week by the flood and road usage is restricted for two weeks for cleaning dirt and debris).
Also, flood control economic studies manual (draft) (4/2005 River Bureau, Ministry of land, infrastructure
and) is referenced that indicate 20.6days of business disruption/suspension for the inundation depth of 1.0
m ~ 1.99 m. For these reason, number of 20 days is used for the calculating loss of business entities in the
1 / 50 probabilities. The following formula is used to calculate the amount of loss.
Loss for business =Business loss per day x number of days of business suspension and disruption
21-11
Loss amount per day is referenced from Fiji Bureau of Statistics and the PDNA in each categories of
business entity size. (Micro: less than five people, Small/Medium: 6-20 people, Medium/Large: more than
21 people).
Table 21-15 Loss for business in the expected inundation area (1 / 50 probability, except
tourism)
Size of commercial entity Micro Small/Medium Medium/Large Total
(1～5 people） (6～20 people） (more than 20 people）
Number of business entity in a 688 241 119 1,048
possible flood area
Loss per business entity in a day 166 422 1,080
Expected number of business 20 20 20
disruption
Total loss Amount 2,288,563 2,035,390 2,570,400 6,894,353
2) Loss for Tourism Industry

Revenue from tourism around Nadi and Yasawa-Mamanuca area is 37% and 24% respectively of total
tourism revenue in Fiji based on Fiji Bureau Statistics and PDNA data.
Loss for tourism is calculated based on number of days for suspension and stagnation in Nadi and Yasawa -
Mamanuca area (Figure 21-2below). Many tourists move to Yasawa-Mamanuca area through Nadi airport
and Denarau marina
Yasawa
Mamanuca
Source: Google Map/ JICA Study team
Figure 21-2 Viti-Levu and Yasawa-Mamanuca islands in Fjji
Number of days for suspension and stagnation for tourism in the Nadi area is set at 20 days2 referring to the
flood disaster in 2009 and 2012. Number of days for suspension and stagnation in Yasawa-Mamanuca

21-12
Islands is set at 7 days as most tourists move from Denarau Marina via Nadi Airportconsdering close of
airport, marina and road.
2
It took 20days for the restoration and cleaning of road and 7days for business suspension and stagnation
due to close of airport, marina and road in flood damage in 2009 and 2012 from the hearing with FRA.
The following formula is used for calculation of the loss for tourism.
Loss for tourism = Tourism profit per year x numbers of days of business suspension and stagnation /365
Table 21-16 Loss for tourism in the expected inundation area (1 / 50 probability)
Annual tourism profit in Fiji (FJD）2 1,488,900,000
3
Annual l tourism profit in Nadi area (FJD） 550,893,000
Annual l tourism profit in Yasawa-Mamanuca Islands (FJD） 357,336,000
Number of days of business suspension and stagnation in Nadi 20
Loss of tourism in Nadi（FJD） 30,185,918
Number of days of business suspension and stagnation in Yasawa-Mamanuca 7
Loss of tourism in Yasawa-Mamanuca （FJD） 6,853,019
Total loss of tourism in Nadi and Yasawa-Mamanuca （FJD） 37,038,937
Loss of tourism in Yasawa-Mamanuca （JPY, 000） 2,018,622
Decrease in the number of tourists is seen throughout Fiji in case of the massive flood damage occurred,
according to the Fiji Bureau of statistics. Rate of tourist arrivals in 2009 decreased 7.3% in 2009 and 2.1
percent in 2012. Decrease of number of tourism is set at 2.0% with probability of 1/50 flood in the
following formula.
Loss from the decreased number of tourist = Annual tourism income x reduction rate of visitors
Table 21-17 below indicates the opportunity loss due to decrease in tourist visitors.
Table 21-17 Loss for tourism in reduction of tourist arrivals (1 / 50 probability)
Annual tourism profits in Fiji3（FJD） 1,488,900,000
Reduction rate of tourists 2.0%
Loss from the decreased number of tourist（FJD） 29,778,000
Loss from the decreased number of tourist（JPY, 000） 1,622,901
Source：JICA Study team
Following table 21-18 shows the total loss of tourism in the expected inundation area
Table 21-18 Total loss for tourism
Loss （FJD） Loss（JPY,000）
Total loss for tourism 66,816,937 3,641,523
2
Expected profits in 2015 based of Fiji Bureau of Statistics
3
2015 tourism industry revenue is expected by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics
21-13
3) Loss for public utilities and infrastructures

The following table 21-19 shows amount of loss for public utilities and infrastructures by flooding in 1 / 50
probability. Loss for public service facilities and electricity is based on recovery cost reported from NDMO
2012. Costs associated with the airport facilities are obtained from interview with Airport Fiji by the Study
team. Loss is converted in to 2015 price level adjusted by the consumer price index (2012 values x 1.08).
Table 21-19 Loss for public utilities and infrastructures (1 / 50 probability)
Loss（FJD） Loss（JPY,000）
Public utilities 2,563,596 139,716
Electric power facilities 324,000 17,658
Airport facilities 179,280 9,771
Total 3,066,876 167,145
Source：JICA Study team and NDMO flood report
4) Emergency cost of the household

The following table 21-20 shows emergency costs for the household in the expected flood of 1 / 50
probability. Number of households in the expected inundated area is calculated by using GIS data.
Household cleaning expenses for one day is set at FJD30.00 based on the interview by the Study team and
average number of days for cleaning is set at 10 days.
Expense associated with the alternative activity for the flood is calculated based on “flood control
economic studies manual (draft) of asset valuation and deflator (2/2015 amendment land, infrastructure and
Transport Ministry of water management and land conservation Bureau)” and converted into price level of
2015 based on general price index (flood deflator) and converted to FJD based on GNI ratio of Fiji and
Japan4.
Table 21-20 Emergency Cost for household (1 / 50 probability)
Emergency Cost of household
Cost for cleaning
Number of household in expected inundated area 9,646
Cost for cleaning per household (FJD) 30
Number of days for cleaning 10
Total cost for cleaning in expected inundated area（FJD) 2,893,800
Additional cost for alternative activity for the flood
Cost for alternative activity per household (FJD) 440
Number of household in expected inundated area 9,108
Total cost for alternative activity in expected inundated area（FJD) 4,007,317
Emergency Cost for household（FJD） 6,901,117
Emergency Cost for household（JPY, 000） 376,111
4
No unit cost of standard cost of alternative activity in Fiji. The unit cost in Japan converted to that in Fiji is FJD 440 which
is approximately JPY 25,000 and 1/10 of Japanese cost. The cost seems to be reasonable from hearing of unskilled labor in
Nadi of which daily allowance is approximately JPY 1,600.
21-14
5) Emergency Cost for business entity

The following table 21-21 shows emergency cost of business entity in the expected flood of 1 / 50
probability. A number of entities in the expected flood area are calculated by using GIS data.
Emergency cost per entity is based on "flood control economic studies manual (draft) of asset valuation and
deflator (2/2015 amendment land, infrastructure and Transport Ministry of water management and land
conservation Bureau)" by 2015 price level and converted in FJD based on GNI ratio of Fiji and Japan5.
Table 21-21 Emergency Cost for business entity in the expected inundated area (1 / 50
probability)
Emergency cost per business entity (FJD) 6,000
Number of entity in the expected inundated area 1,048
Total emergency Cost（FJD) 6,288,000
Total emergency Cost（JPY, 000) 342,696
6) Total amount of damage and loss

Total amount of damage and loss by the flood in1/50 probability is calculated as follows.
 Total amount of damage and loss: FJD293 million、JPY16.0 billion, of which:
 Damage: FJD204million、JPY11.1 billion
 Loss: FJD89 million、JPY4.8 billion
Ratio of damage and loss is stated in the Figure 21-3.
Figure 21-3 Damage and Loss ratio
Items of damage and loss are listed in the table 21-22 and table 21-23 respectively.
Table 21-22 Items of Damage (Without Project, 1/50 probability）
Damage
FJD (000) JPY (000)
Value of Residential house and commercial buildings FJD 601,148 ¥32,762,586
Damage to house and building FJD 62,500 ¥3,406,243
5
FJD 6,000 is likely to be reasonable which is converted from damage in Japan to Damage in Fiji in proportion to GNI and
checked by comparing with data obtained from hearing with trader in Nadi such as car dealer, spare parts trader, restaurant
business
21-15
Value of household goods FJD 49,142 ¥2,678,224

Damage to household goods FJD 9,842 ¥536,379
Value of commercial assets FJD 62,211 ¥3,390,516
Damage to commercial assets FJD 13,915 ¥758,385
Value of commercial stocks FJD 22,778 ¥1,241,380
Damage to commercial stocks FJD 7,606 ¥414,525
Value of agricultural and fishing property FJD 1,806 ¥98,402
Damage to agricultural and fishing property FJD 388 ¥21,123
Value of agricultural and fishing stocks FJD 414 ¥22,538
Damage to agricultural and fishing stocks FJD 126 ¥6,893
Value of crops FJD 6,326 ¥344,764
Damage to crops FJD 4,056 ¥221,041
Damage to live stocks FJD 4,795 ¥261,325
Damage to public utilities and infrastructures FJD 100,681 ¥5,487,123
Total amount of damage FJD 203,909 ¥11,113,037
Table 21-23 Items of Loss (Without Project, 1/50 probability)

Loss
FJD (000) JPY (000)
Loss for business entity (Excluding tourism) FJD 5,610 ¥305,746
Loss for tourism FJD 66,817 ¥3,641,523
Loss for public utilities and infrastructures FJD 3,067 ¥167,145
Emergency cost for household FJD 6,901 ¥376,111
Emergency cost for business entity FJD 6,288 ¥342,696
Total amount of loss FJD 88,683 ¥4,833,221
Figure 21-4 Ratio of damage by category
Figure 21-5 Ratio of loss by category

21-16
7) Comparison to the other floods in the past

Following table 21-24 shows comparison between the floods in recent years. The amount of damage and
loss is adjusted to price level of 2015.
Total amount of economic damage and loss in this project is JPY16.0 billion, not having big difference
with the report of GSD-SPC by 2009 and the report of Fiji government/GSD in 2012.
Table 21-24 Comparison between the floods in recent years.
Year Type of Report by Amount of damage and loss
disaster FJD JPY
January 2009 Flood Fiji government FJD 136 million JPY 8.1 billion
January 2009 Flood GSD-SPC FJD 277 million JPY 16.6 billion
January 2012 Flood NDMO FJD 55 million JPY 3.3 billion
December 2012 Cyclone Fiji government・ FJD211 million JPY 13.0 billion
GSD-SPC
8) Expected annual average reduction of damage and loss

The annual average damage and loss amount by recurrence interval (the annual damage amount by
recurrence interval multiplied by the probability of flood according to the flow volume) and the expected
annual average reduction of damage and loss are estimated. The result is around JPY1.9 billion as shown in
the following Table 21-25.
Table 21-25 Expected amount of average annual damage and loss reduction with the priority
project (Unit: JPY, 100 million)
Average Amount of damage Sectional Sectional Amount Expected
annual excess average probability of amount of
probability ①Without ②With ③ damage average average
project project Damage annual annual
reduction damage damage
(①-②） reduction
1/2 10 5.33 4 8 0.167 1 1
1/3 18 7.50 11
30 0.133 4 5
1/5 65 16.43 49
61 0.100 6 11
1/10 102 28.33 74
86 0.050 4 16
1/20 136 37.68 98
106 0.017 2 17
1/30 159 45.89 113
108 0.013 1 18.8
1/50 159 55.53 104
Source: JICA study team

21-17
21.6 Economic evaluation
The result of the economic evaluation is shown in Table 21-26.

The result confirms the cost-effectiveness and the positive economic effect of the project.
Table 21-26 Result of Economic Evaluation
Economic indicator Result Evaluation
Economic internal rate of Since EIRR is well over 10%, a rate applied to the development
12.0%
return (EIRR) assistance project in Fiji, the economic effectiveness is high.
Benefit-cost (B/C) ratio 1.20 Since the B/C ratio is over 1.0, the cost-effectiveness is high.
JPY 1.8
Net present value (NPV) billion(FJD33 Since the value is plus, the cost-effectiveness is high.
million)
Source: JICA study team
(Formula)
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡
B/C Ratio = ∑𝑟𝑡=0 ÷ ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (r: discount rate)
(1+𝑟)𝑡 (1+𝑟)𝑡
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡
NPV = ∑𝑟𝑡=0 − ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (r: discount rate)
(1+𝑟)𝑡 (1+𝑟)𝑡
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡
EIRR = discount rate when NPV = ∑𝑟𝑡=0 − ∑𝑟𝑡=0 =0
(1+𝑟)𝑡 (1+𝑟)𝑡
Cash flow with the priority project is stated in the following Table 21-27.
Table 21-27 Cash flow with the priority project (JPY, 100 million)
Construction Maintenance Total cost Benefit Net
Total period Period after
cost (JPY100 cost (JPY100 (JPY100 (JPY100 （JPY100
(year) construction (year)
million) million) million) million) million）
1 2.32 0.00 2.32 0.00 -2.32
2 8.23 0.00 8.23 0.00 -8.23
3 10.74 0.00 10.74 0.00 -10.74
4 37.50 0.00 37.50 5.04 -32.46
5 Construction Period 31.29 0.00 31.29 9.24 -22.04
6 29.40 0.00 29.40 13.19 -16.20
7 22.44 0.00 22.44 16.21 -6.24
8 19.52 0.00 19.52 18.83 -0.69
9 2.70 0.00 2.70 18.83 16.13
10 1 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
11 2 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
12 3 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
13 4 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
14 5 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
15 6 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
16 7 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
17 8 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25

21-18
18 9 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25

19 10 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
20 11 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
21 12 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
22 13 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
23 14 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
24 15 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
25 16 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
26 17 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
27 18 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
28 19 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
29 20 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
30 21 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
31 22 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
32 23 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
33 24 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
34 25 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
35 26 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
36 27 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
37 28 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
38 29 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
39 30 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
40 31 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
41 32 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
42 33 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
43 34 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
44 35 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
45 36 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
46 37 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
47 38 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
48 39 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
49 40 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
50 41 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
51 42 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
52 43 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
53 44 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
54 45 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
55 46 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
56 47 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
57 48 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
58 49 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
59 50 0.58 0.58 18.83 18.25
Source：JICA study team

21-19
(Calculation)
B/C Ratio (r: discount rate =0.1 (10%) )
𝐵𝑡 0 0 0 5.04 18.83 18.83

Here, ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 = (1+0.1)1 + (1+0.1)2 + (1+0.1)3 + (1+0.1)4 + ・・・ + (1+0.1)58 + (1+0.1)59
= 120.90
𝐶𝑡 2.32 8.23 10.74 37.50 0.58 0.58

∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 = (1+0.1)1 + (1+0.1)2 + (1+0.1)3 + (1+0.1)4 + ・・・ + (1+0.1)58 + (1+0.1)59
= 102.82
Hence, B/C Ratio = 120.90 ÷ 102.82 ≒ 1.2
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡
NPV = ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 − ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 = 120.90 − 102.82 = 18.08
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡
EIRR is discount rate in case NPV = ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 − ∑𝑟𝑡=0 (1+𝑟)𝑡 = 0
Here,
𝑟 𝑟
𝐵𝑡 𝐶𝑡 0 0 0 5.04 18.83 18.83
∑ − ∑ ={ + + + + ・・・ + + }
(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡 (1 + 𝑟)1 (1 + 𝑟)2 (1 + 𝑟)3 (1 + 𝑟)4 (1 + 𝑟)58 (1 + 𝑟)59
𝑡=0 𝑡=0
2.32 8.23 10.74 37.50 0.58 0.58

−{ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ・・・ + 58 + 59 }
(1+𝑟) (1+𝑟) (1+𝑟) (1+𝑟) (1+𝑟) (1+𝑟)
Here, in case r=0.11965 (11.965%≒12%), above formula, 93.657-93.657=0

Hence, EIRR=12%

21-20
21.7 Sensitivity analysis
21.7.1 Purpose of sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis shall be conducted to deal with future uncertainties caused by fluctuation of social and
economic circumstances. For cost-benefit analysis, we need to predict future costs and benefits concerning
the project to be evaluated. However, as public work projects, characterized by a long period from planning
to start of service as well as a long service period, they have a large number of uncertain factors that have a
great impact on the future costs and benefits and it is impossible to accurately predict such costs and
benefits. Therefore, pre-defined premises and assumptions often lose touch with the reality and therefore
the result of cost-benefit analysis can differ from the reality.
Therefore, the result of the cost-benefit analysis involving such uncertainties should be calculated and
presented as a range rather than something absolute based on a single scenario. One of the methods for this
is sensitivity analysis.
By conducting sensitivity analysis and presenting the result of cost-benefit analysis with some margin, we
will improve accuracy and reliability of the project evaluation as well as fulfilling our responsibility for
appropriate supervision of the project and accountability to the public.
21.7.2 Considerations for sensitivity analysis
The method of factorial sensitivity analysis is conducted, which is generally used in public work projects.
The following cases shall be subject to sensitivity analysis.
Table 21-28 Cases subject to sensitivity analysis
Indicator Range of factors
Cost Cases where the cost increases by 5%, 10% and 15%
Benefit Cases where the benefit decreases by 5%, 10% and 15%
21.7.3 Result of sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis is conducted with fluctuating benefits and costs for analyzing changes of EIRR. As
shown in Table 21-29, the EIRR of Case 1 (5% benefit decrease and 5% cost increase) is 10.7%, 9.60%
for Case 2 (10% benefit decrease and 10% cost increase), and 8.5% for Case 3(15% benefit decrease and
55% cost increase). Although, these EIRR results of Case 2 and Case 3 are slightly below the target rate of
10%, their possibility possibilities are estimated to be low based on the prospect of increase of the benefits
by economic growth in Nadi area.
Table 21-29 Result of sensitivity analysis
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Benefit -5% -10% -15%
Cost +5% +10% +15%
EIRR 10.7% 9.6% 8.5%

21-21
CHAPTER22 Environmental and Social Considerations

22.1 Project Descriptions
22.1.1 Project Area
The project area is located in the Nadi River Basin, which is situated in the Western Division, Fiji. Location
map of the Project Area is shown in Figure 22-1.
⑥Rebuilding of Bridge ①River Widening: L=13km
Malakua River
Figure 22-1 Nadi River Basin and the Project Area
22.1.2 Project Components

Among the proposed measures in the Master Plan Study in the JICA Study (the Planning of the Nadi River
Flood Control Structures in the Republic of Fiji), the following measures were selected as the priority
project which should be implemented in a short-term to mitigate flood risk in the Nadi River Basin. These
components are set as target project components (here in after referred to as the Project Component”) in
this study.
22.1.3 Outline of Flood Control Measures （Structural Measures)

The project components for structural measures are shown below:
(1) River Widening
(2) Retarding Basins
(3) Surrounding Dike
(4) Ring Dike
(5) River Short cutting
(6) Reconstruction of the Bridges

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22.1.4 Outline of Flood Control Measures （Non-Structural Measures)

The project component for structural measures is shown below:
(1) Enhancement of Flood Estimation Capacity (Improvement of Hydro-meteorological monitoring)
22.1.5 Examination of Alternatives

For each project component, the following alternatives are exanimated to mitigate the environmental and
social impacts.
Table 22-1 The Alternatives in Project Components

Item Case 1 Case 2 Case3 Zero-Option
Elevation of Retarding Basins
To secure the Zero option for
storage capacity, elevation of
No excavation, dredging is Retarding Basin is
Type/outline of
keep the current conducted. － Case 1.
alternative
ground level. (removal of
surface layer and
land leveling)
Impact: Small Impact: Middle
Topography is not Because of
changed by the dredging works,
Project. So, the impacts of air
impacts of air pollution, noise
Pollution
pollution, noise etc. are
etc. are comparatively
comparatively larger than other
smaller than other case.
case.
No major changes The natural
are happen. So, environment will
impacts for natural be changed
environment are because of
Impacts small. dredging work.
However, this area
Natural
is used as
Environmen －
farmland, the
t
impacts can be
mitigated by
conservation of
surface layer and
leveling by the
removed soil.

No major changes The construction
Social
are happen. So, work makes
Environmen －
impacts for social temporary impacts
t
environment are to crops.
small.
This case is
Selection and
－ selected. －
mitigation measures
To secure the

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storage volume of
retarding basin,
scale of
construction work
in downstream has
been reduced.
Surface layer must
be conserved and
original soil
environment
would be
regenerated after
construction.
Structure Type of Over Flow Dike of Retarding Basin
Type/outline of Concrete block Over flow dike is
Gabion facing －
alternative facing necessary facility
No major for retarding
difference is －－ basin. Therefore,
Pollution
anticipated for zero option cannot
both cases. be selected.
New vegetation Relatively broad
Natural will be created in area by artificial
－
Impacts Environmen the void of material is created.
t mattress and it
may work for new
habitat.
Social No major impacts Relatively broad
Environmen are anticipated. area by artificial －
t material causes an
impact for scenery.
This case is
selected.
The structure is
required to be
stand from the
water power
during over flow.
So, considering
safeness for the
structure, this case
Selection and
－ is selected. To －
mitigation measures
mitigate the
impact, affable
communication
with
residents/communi
ties will be
conducted to
promote the
necessity of the
structure.
River Short-cutting
Type/outline of Back –filling is Back –filling is No-implementatio
－
alternative conducted not conducted n the river shot

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cutting
No major Not changed from
difference is current situation
Pollution anticipated for －
both cases.
Impact: Middle Impact: Middle Impact: Small
Natural Habitats in old Habitats in old Not changed from
Environmen rivers are changed rivers are － current situation
t and habitats are conserved.
Impacts disappeared.
Impact: Middle Impact: Small Impact: Large
Behind the bank Not major impacts Flow capacity will
of newly created are anticipated. not be changed
Social river will be and inundation
Environmen structurally weak － risk also will not
t point be mitigated.
Increasing of
social impact is
anticipated.
This case is
selected.
From the point of
view of safeness
against flood,.
This case is
Selection and selected.
－－－
mitigation measures However, not to
back-fill all old
rivers, but to
conserve a river
without
structurally weak
points.
Type of Bridge（Nadi Town Bridge）
Steel 3span Zero option is not
PC-3span Continuous PC-3span Continuous
Type/outline of Continuous selectable for
Post-Tension T-Girder Component Girder
alternative Non-Composite Girder examination of
Bridge Bridge
Bridge type of bridge
Required area for construction yard is smaller in Case 1 and
2. So, reduction of generation of turbid water etc. is
Pollution anticipated. However, the magnitude of difference is small, so
no major difference in pollution for 3 cases are anticipated.
Required area for construction yard is Required area for
smaller than case 3, so it leads reduction construction yard
Natural of area to be changed for construction. is larger than case
Environmen 1&2, so area to be
Impacts changed for
t
construction is
large.
Required area for construction yard is Required area for
smaller than case 3, so it leads reduction construction yard
Social
of area to be acquired for construction. is larger than case
Environmen
1&2, so area to be
t acquired for
construction is

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large.
This case is
selected.
No major
difference is
anticipated in
environmental and
Selection and
social impacts. －－
mitigation measures
Based on the
experience in Fiji
and cost
efficiency, the
case has been
selected.
Type of Foundation Structure（Nadi Town Bridge）
Type/outline of Cast in place Zero option is not
H Bearing Pile Anchor Pile
alternative Concrete Pile selectable for
Regarding foundation, concrete pile is examination of
selected due to the depth of bearing type of foundation
Impacts layer. There is probably no major structure
difference in environmental and social
impacts.
This case is
selected based on
Selection and load of bridge,
－－
mitigation measures condition of the
ground and ability
of local contractor.
Type of Bridge（Old Queens Road Bridge）
PC-3span Continuous PC-3span Continuous Steel 3span Continuous Zero option is not
Type/outline of
Post-Tension T-Girder Component Girder Non-Composite Girder selectable for
alternative
Bridge Bridge Bridge examination of
Same kind of examination of Nadi Town Bridge case. PC-3span Continuous type of bridge
Post-Tension T-Girder Bridge is selected by the same reason as Nadi Town Bridge.
Type of Bridge（Tramline Bridge）
PC-3span Continuous Zero option is not
Type/outline of PC-3span Continuous Steel 3span Continuous
Post-Tension I-Girder selectable for
alternative Through-Bridge Through-Bridge
Bridge examination of
For installation, This case, weight For installation, type of bridge
slab of road bridge of bridge is slab of road bridge
can be used. So, heavier than case can be used. So,
construction is 1&3. Difficulties construction is
easier than case 2 of construction easier than case 2
Pollution and also impact gives higher load and also impact
for pollution is to pollution. for pollution is
smaller. smaller. The
Impacts bridge in this case
is lightest bridge.
Natural No major difference for natural environment is anticipated.
Environmen
t
Social No major difference for social environment is anticipated.
Environmen
t

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This case is
selected based on
Selection and load of bridge,
－－
mitigation measures condition of the
ground and ability
of local contractor.
Type of Foundation Structure（Old Queens Road Bridge）
Type/outline of Cast in place Concrete Zero option is not
H Bearing Pile Anchor Pile selectable for
alternative Pile
Same kind of examination of Nadi Town Bridge case. Concrete Pile is selected by examination of
the same reason as Nadi Town Bridge. type of foundation
structure
Type of Foundation Structure（Nadi Town Bridge）
Type/outline of Cast in place Concrete Zero option is not
H Bearing Pile Anchor Pile
alternative Pile selectable for
examination of
Same kind of examination of Nadi Town Bridge case. Concrete Pile is selected by
type of foundation
the same reason as Nadi Town Bridge.
structure
22.1.6 Construction Plan and Schedule

(1) Basic Conditions of Construction Plan
1) Main Work Items of Construction Works
Main construction works of river works of the Priority Project is as mentioned in Table 22-2.
Table 22-2 Main works of river works of the Priority Project

Construction Work Item Work Break down
1.Preparatory Work ・Equipment Yard
・Construction management office, Worker dormitory, electricity,
Water and sewerage
2.Temporary Work ・Temporary Road, Slope
・ Coffer dam, Temporary relocation of water path, Large
sandbags Temporary relocation of water path, Large sandbags
3.Earth Work, Excavation ・Remove trees/roots, demolish existing structures, scrape topsoil,
Excavation, disposal of waste soil
4.River Facilities
4.1 Embankment ・Embankment, Compaction
4.2 Overflow dike, Drainage Sluice, Outlet, Flood ・Main overflow dike work, front aprons, bed protection work
Gate, etc. ・Sidewall protection, crest concrete
・Main sluiceway work, flap gate work
4.3Bank Protection ・Concrete block bank protection
・Gabion protection
5. Subsidiary work ・Flood Water Gate

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2) Disposal Site
According to the site survey, confirmed candidates of dumping area are the following nine (9) locations.
Topsoil stripping soil occurred in excavation of river bank is transported to disposal sites and general soil is
diverted to materials for embankment and backfilling, and surplus soil is transported to disposal sites.
Transportation distance is about 5km from each site to the nearest disposal site.
Though approx. 2.7 million m3 surplus soils are generated in this project, it is acceptable by these disposal
sites since total amount of acceptable volume becomes approx. 2.4 million m3 (h=2.0m) except proposed
town boundary area, approx. 3.0 million m3 (h=2.0m) including proposed town boundary area and approx.
3.5 million m3 (h=3.0m).
However, it is required that possibility for use as disposal site shall be reviewed with related agencies and
land owner during detailed design stage.
Upstream G Upstream I
Middle stream E
Middle stream D
Middle stream C
Middle stream H
Downstream A
Downstream B Middle stream F

Figure 22-2 Proposal Area for disposal sites
(2) Labor, Equipment and Material for Construction
1) Labor
All necessary labors can be found in Nadi Town and surrounding areas.
2) Equipmen
Major construction equipment required in this project can be found in Nadi Town and surrounding areas.
3) Material
Most of the material can be procured in Fiji. However, part of the materials is not produced in Fiji. Hence,
such materials and related tools will be procured and transported from Japan or the third countries.

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22.2 Survey Results on Environmental and Social Considerations

22.2.1 Air quality
(1) Base line Environment
1) Survey Method
For the survey relating to the air quality, there are no existing data in Fiji (results of DOE hearing). In
addition, it is difficult to prepare observation equipment for air quality. Therefore, qualitative evaluation by
the social and other conditions had been conducted in this study.
2) Survey Results
In the target area (Nadi River Basin), there are no large scale of factory, high traffic roads existed. In
addition, there are no environment where particularly high concentrate for pollutant by topographical,
structural layout etc. In general, the air quality in the area is evaluated as good.
(2) Potential Impacts

Possible impacts by the project implementation are follows;
Air pollution by emission gas due to the operation of construction equipment and vehicles
Air pollution by dust due to earth works for dike and excavation, etc.
The locations of cause of these impacts are limited in the construction sites and route of soil transportation
to the dumping sites. These impacts will continue during construction phase and give the impacts against
current good air condition.
The construction equipment for the project is mainly backhoe (1.4m3 and 0.8m3) and bulldozer (32t size).
For earth work and river excavation work, six (6) pare of them in right and left bank respectively may be
placed and work 210 days/year.
On the other hand, as an example for useful reference of same type of impact, there are results of impact
evaluation for the construction equipment in the Central High Speed Maglev Railway development in
Japan. This construction work includes bridge construction, station development, tunnel, facilities for
maintenance etc. The contribution rate of working of construction equipment against air quality is 50% of
Japanese standard in most severe location. In the results, selection of low emission type equipment is the
mitigation measures for the Maglev Railway project. Table 22-3 shows the result of impact assessment for
the Maglev Railway project in Japan.
Table 22-3 Result of Impact Assessment for Construction of Central High Speed Railway in
Japan (Air Pollution)
Item Condition/Target Results of Estimation (daily average)
Work of vehicle nitrogen dioxide 0.00332 ～ 0.03076 (ppm)
concentration
airborne particulate matter 0.00043 ～ 0.01060 (mg/m3)
Transportation for caring Number of Annual 20,135 ～ 135,213 (cars)
materials and machines working cars
nitrogen dioxide 0.00004 ～ 0.00046 (ppm)
concentration
airborne particulate matter 0.00001 ～ 0.00006 (mg/m3)
Source: EIA report of Central High Speed Railway (Yamanashi Prefecture) (written in Japanese)

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Table 22-4 Standard for Air Quality in Japan

Item Environmental Condition
Nitrogen dioxide concentration Day average of hourly data is in the zone of 0.04ppm to 0.006ppm or
less.
Airborne particulate matter Day average of hourly data is less than 0.10mg/m3 and hourly data is
less than 0.20mg/m3
Source: Standard for Air Quality in Japan, Ministry of Environment-Japan
In Fiji, there is no standards for air quality, but the impact to air quality by the construction work in the
Project, the situation which exceeding the Japanese standard (see Table 22-4) is not anticipated.
(3) Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures for the impact to air quality are follows;
[For Air pollution by dust due to earth works for dike and excavation, etc.]
Excavation materials must be properly stockpiled and properly disposed of immediately from the
construction site when not needed.
Provision of covers to stockpiles that will be left idle for a long time,
Dust generation will be mitigated with watering at dusty place and covering the load of trucks by
tarpaulin,
Periodical and timely cleaning of the spilled materials on road or other public space along the
transportation route of construction materials and spoil materials
[For Air pollution by emission gas due to the operation of construction equipment and vehicles]
Using a low emission type construction equipment and vehicles,
Regular maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles,
Consideration of operation manner of the equipment due to the regular education to the operators.

22-9
22.2.2 Water Pollution

1) Survey Method
a) Survey Method
Water samples were collected between 6am and 10am along the Nadi River on 29th September, 2015 in dry
weather condition. For chemical analysis, water samples were collected in glass bottles and once collected;
they were placed in an ice chilled cooler box to the appropriate temperature and were transported by air to
the laboratory within the 24 hour timeframe. Analysis of the sample was conducted by the Chemical
Laboratory of the Institute of Applied Science (IAS) at the University of the South Pacific in Suva.
Analysis of water samples were mainly for physical and chemical parameters. Water samples were
analyzed for Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Phosphorus, Nitrates, Conductivity, pH,
Temperature, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen (DO).
Figure 22-3 Situation of water sampling (sampling for lab test and in site measurement)
b) Survey Locations
Locations of sampling five (5) sites are shown in Figure 22-4.
Site4
Site5
Site3
Site 1 Downstream close to the river mouth

Site 2 Downstream Nadi STP discharge point
Site2 Site 3 Downstream existing Cement Factory and Old Queens

Road Bridge
Site 4 Upstream of Nadi Back Road Bridge near Novotel Hotel
Site1 Site 5 Upstream dammed pool (public recreational spot)
Figure 22-4 Water Sampling Sites along the Nadi River

22-10
2) Survey Results
The Results of water quality test are shown in Table 22-5. Salinity and Conductive are high in Site1 and 2
due to these sites are located in the tidal area. In addition, the value of Phosphors and Nitrate are also high
in Site1 and 2. The possible reason of high value is influence of drainage from Water Treatment Plant at
upstream of Site2. In Site 3,4 and 5, the Total Suspended Solids are relatively high, however, the water
quality in these area are in good condition.
Table 22-5 Results of Water Quality Test

Water Quality
Unit Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Guidelines
Parameters
Temperature °C 26.3 26.9 27 27.3 27.4 15-35*
pH - 9.9 10.3 8.2 8.3 8.4 6.0-8.0*
Salinity ppt 28.9 21.5 0.2 0 0 0.0128-0.16*
Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 8.4 8.2 8.7 8.8 8.9 <6*
Turbidity NTU 14.6 8 41.3 19 34.4 2-15*
Conductivity mS/cm 45.4 35.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.02-0.25*

Total Suspended mg/L 11 10 22 17 15 30**
Solids
Total Dissolved mg/L 27.7 21.7 0.5 0.15 0.14 1000**
Solids
Total Phosphorus mg/L 0.11 0.33 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.01*
Nitrate mg/L 0.22 0.31 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.15*
BOD mg/L <18 <18 <18 <18 <18 40**
COD mg/L 100 74 <28 <28 <28 8***
*ANZECC (2000) Guidelines for Lowland River in in tropical Australia. Levels above these values may lead to adverse effects
on the ecosystem
** Fiji Concentration Standard for General Ecological Zone, National Liquid Waste Standards, Schedule 3, Waste Disposal &
Recycling Regulations (2007)
*** Japanese Environmental Standard for sea area

Water pollution of the river water due to earth works near the river bank, excavation and dredging
works in the river
Water pollution by waste water (effluent and used oil) from construction yards and offices, and
accidental oil spill
These impacts may occur due to the inflow of turbid water generated by soil transportation between site
and disposal sites. These impacts may continue during construction period and give an impact to current
river environment.

Mitigation measures for the impact to water quality are follows;
[for Water pollution of the river water due to earth works near the river bank, excavation and dredging

22-11
works in the river]

Installation of temporary embankment and drainage at the boundary of periphery of project site,
Installation of sedimentation pond at appropriate location to avoid the turbid water discharge
Selection of less agitation method of dredging and its proper implementation.
[for Water pollution by waste water (effluent and used oil) from construction yards and offices, and
accidental oil spill]
To ensure not to directly drain the waste water from construction yard and offices to the river,
Waste water is to be properly treated and disposed using septic tank or other appropriate treatment
method
Provision of portable toilet for the workers at the construction work sites.
To ensure not to cause accidental oil spill and other chemicals.
22.2.3 Wastes (including excavated materials)

In Fiji, based on the Environmental Management Law and Regulation, Department of Environment (DOE)
administrates of registration of waste business operator. In each municipality, there are own regulations for
waste management.
Regarding General Wastes, Ministry of Health and Medical Services provides the service/supervise for
collection, transportation and disposal. Regarding Construction Wastes, in existing construction projects, on
site recycle or disposal by the private waste business operators are conducted.
In addition, the waste soil from public construction project, land owners (LOU: Land Owning Unit) who
accept waste soil from construction site, can sell the soil based on a permission from Department of
Mineral Resources. Regarding the benefit from selling the soil, a LOU can use it for the public purposes.

Waste generation associated with demolition of buildings and structures
Dredged material generation associated with dredging and excavating
These impacts occur only during the construction period. However, quantity of waste soil which generated
from the project is large, so proper management of soil is required.

Mitigation measures for the impact are follows;
[for Waste generation associated with demolition of buildings and structures]
Reduction of wastes generation by segregation, re-use and recycle of the materials used in the
demolished buildings and structures in the affected areas.
Appropriate treatment and disposal of the wastes from demolished structures by delegating to the
accredited waste contractor.
[Dredged material generation associated with dredging and excavating]
Dredged material can be facilitated through the DMR (Department of Mineral Resources) direction.
Temporary disposal area for dredged materials can be prepared through the coordination among native
land owners (LOU: Land Owning Unit). Received dredged materials by a landowner can be sold based
on the permission from DMR. Gain on sale of dredged material can be used for public purpose in LOU
by landowners.

22-12
22.2.4 Soil Contamination (Riverbed materials)

1) Survey Method
a) Survey Method
Water samples were collected between 6am and 10am along the Nadi River on 29th September, 2015 in dry
weather condition. For chemical analysis, water samples were collected in glass bottles and once collected;
they were placed in an ice chilled cooler box to the appropriate temperature and were transported by air to
the laboratory within the 24 hour timeframe. Analysis of the sample was conducted by Hills Labs in New
Zealand. In Fiji, there is no capacity to analyze the parameters for this chemical analysis in reasonable way.
Analysis parameters are pH, Organic Matter, Dry Matter, Ash, Manganese, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and
Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg).
b) Survey Locations
Locations of sampling five (5) sites are shown in Figure 22-5.
Site4
Site5
Site3
Site 1 Downstream close to the river mouth

Site 2 Downstream Nadi STP discharge point
Site2 Site 3 Downstream existing Cement Factory and Old Queens

Road Bridge
Site 4 Upstream of Nadi Back Road Bridge near Novotel Hotel
Site1 Site 5 Upstream dammed pool (public recreational spot)
Figure 22-5 Riverbed Material Sampling Sites along the Nadi River

22-13
Figure 22-6 Example of samples (Site2)
2) Survey Results
Results of riverbed survey are shown in Table 22-6 and Table 22-7. The conditions of river bed are almost
same in all stations and no extensive accumulation of heavy metals are observed.
Table 22-6 Result of Riverbed (General Conditions)
Sediment Analysis Unit
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Parameters
pH unit 8.0 7.5 7.4 7.6 8.0
Organic Matter g/100g 2.4 5.6 1.43 1.33 1.78
Dry Matter g/100g 76 55 86 79 82
Ash g/100g 98 94 99 99 98
Manganese mg/kg 420 520 840 570 500
Phosphorous mg/kg 370 610 750 350 380
Nitrite + Nitrate mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
Table 22-7 Result of Riverbed (heavy metal)

Sediment
Analysis
Unit Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Guidelines*
Parameters –
Heavy metals
Arsenic (As) mg/kg 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.9 20
Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 0.082 0.100 0.060 0.054 0.063 1.5
Chromium (Cr) mg/kg 30 35 29 28 32 80
Copper (Cu) mg/kg 27 47 22 22 23 65
Lead (Pb) mg/kg 1.62 2.5 1.27 1.00 0.82 50
Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.026 0.025 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.15

22-14
Sediment
Analysis
Unit Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Guidelines*
Parameters –
Heavy metals
Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 22 28 23 25 28 21
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 58 68 39 39 37 200
*ANZECC (2000) recommended guideline values, tabulated as Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (ISQG) – Low (Trigger
value).

Riverbed contaminations may cause the distribution of contaminated matters by excavation work. However,
as shown in the results, riverbed material is in good condition and no extensive accumulation of heavy
metals and organic matters. Therefore, utilization of riverbed materials in Nadi River may not cause the
environmental and social impacts.
22.2.5 Noise and Vibration

1) Survey Method
For the survey relating to the noise and vibration, there are no existing data in Fiji (results of DOE hearing).
In addition, it is difficult to prepare observation equipment for air quality. Therefore, qualitative evaluation
by the social and other conditions had been conducted in this study.
2) Survey Results
In the Project area (Nadi River Basin), there are no large factories and high traffic load is not identified.
The noise and vibration environment in the area is evaluated as good condition.

Noise and vibration during construction works due to operation of construction equipment and vehicles
These impacts occur only during the construction period. However, construction work will conduct in
broader area along the Nadi River, so proper management of noise and vibration is required.
In Fiji, there are no standards for noise and vibration. Therefore, Japanese standards for noise and standards
are referred. The Japanese environmental standard for background noise is shown in Table 22-8. Especially
for specified construction work, the other region based regulations are established. The regulated values are
different from regions, but in case of large city such as Tokyo, Osaka and so on, 85dB in noise and 75dB in
vibration. In addition, limited hours per day, continues days for work, prohibited day for work etc. are also
regulated.
Table 22-8 Japanese Environment Quality Standard for Background Noise
Standard value
Type of area Explanation of region Daytime Nighttime
(6AM～10PM) (22PM～6AM)
Quietness is specially required, such as those Less than 50dB Less than 40dB
AA where convalescent facilities and welfare
institutions are concentrated.

22-15
General Area Less than 55dB Less than 45dB

A
Area facing to a road with more than 2 lanes Less than 60dB Less than 55dB

B

C
Source: Environmental Quality Standards in Japan
The major construction equipment utilized in the project is backhoe for excavation. The distance depression
of noise and vibration are reported as shown in Figure 22-7 and Figure 22-8. Noise and vibration level
may be affected depend on the ground and weather conditions, but the noise and vibration levels are
decrease enough by the distance. Therefore, in this project, generation of noise and vibration exceedance
standards may not be anticipated.
Noise Level (dB)
Distance from source (m)
Source: Results of Noise and Vibration to Construction Works

Figure 22-7 Distance Depression level in Noise in Tokyo (Backhoe)
Vibration Level (dB)
Distance from source (m)
Source: Results of Noise and Vibration to Construction Works

Figure 22-8 Distance Depression level in Vibration in Tokyo (Backhoe)

22-16

[for Noise and vibration during construction works due to operation of construction equipment and
vehicles]
Using a low noise and vibration type construction equipment and vehicles,
Regular maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles,
Consideration of operation manner of the equipment due to the regular education to the operators.
Regular communication with local residents about the methodology and implementation schedule of
construction works.
Monitor a noise and vibration on the border of construction site and distribute the results to the public.
The monitoring data during absence of construction work will be utilized as baseline data.
Adjustments in the operation time of construction equipment and dump trucks, transportation route, etc.
Installation of sound abatement wall during construction work in the vicinity of residents and sensitive
facilities such as schools or settlement areas, if necessary.
22.2.6 Offensive Odor

1) Survey Method
The sources of offensive odor such as accumulation of slime, abrupt increase of algae, condition of wastes
etc. are identified through the natural environmental survey (water/riverbed quality, habitat survey).
2) Survey Results
During the riverbed survey, limited algae accumulation is identified. However, the area and quantity are
relatively small in the Nadi River environment. The possibility of occurrence of offensive odor caused by
these algae is not anticipated.
Figure 22-9 Condition of Algae in Namosi River which Identified during Water and Riverbed
Survey
22.2.7 Hydrological Situation (River flow)


22-17
1) Survey Method
The hydrological situation of Nadi River is estimated through the non-uniform flow calculation. Therefore,
by using the results of non-uniform calculation, variation of water level in major sections are confirmed.
2) Survey Results
The section average water level is decreased, however, to generate initial water-route even in just after the
excavation, required water depth in normal condition may be secured.

Variation of river water flow by temporary closure works
Reduction of average water depth by river widening.
The impact by temporary closure is occurred only during the construction period. However, water depth
decreasing due to river widening may be occurring continuously after the construction work finished. The
impact mitigation measures are required.

[for Variation of river water flow by temporary closure works]
To mitigate turbid water generation from closure works by steel sheet pile.
Transfer/rescue of aquatic organism from closed water area before dredging.
[for Reduction of average water depth by river widening]

To consider the water route for initial condition of cross sections. After operation, initial water route
can be helped to create original the river flow by river power.
Regular maintenance cross section survey to inspect the condition of river bed maintained adequately.

22-18
22.2.8 Fresh Water Ecology

1) Survey Method
a) Survey Method
To evaluate the current situation and to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the projects,
freshwater inventory survey has been conducted. In Fiji, there are two seasons, dry and rainy season, but
the variation of average temperature is stable and poor in seasonal variation. Therefore, in this study, only
the dry season survey was conducted.
During survey, brail net (1.2m*0.8m in size and 1mm mesh) for benthos and small fish, hand net
(15cm*10cm, 1mm mesh) were used. For larger fish, 10m gill net was used. Benthos identification was
conducted in University South Pacific.
b) Survey Locations and physical environmental conditions
The locations of survey are show in Figure 22-10. In addition, physical conditions of the survey sites are
shown in Table 22-9.
Site3
Site2
Site1
Site4
Site7 Site5
Site6
Freshwater survey sites
Figure 22-10 Survey Locations for Freshwater Inventory Survey
Table 22-9 Physical Condition of Survey Sites

Active Width (m) Active Width with Flood Plain Average Depth Water Velocity
(m) (m) (m/s)
Site 1 6 15 1.2 0.37
Site 2 15.5 22.3 1.5 0.39
Site 3 20.5 40 0.5 0.23
Site 4 23.5 24.0 1.5 0.16
Site 5 3 30 0.5 0.21
Site 6 50 50 2 0.27
Site 7 60 60 2.5 0.29

22-19
2) Survey Results
The result of inventory survey for benthos and fish are shown in Table 22-10 and Table 22-11 respectively.
Table 22-10 Results of Inventory Survey (Benthos)

Scientific order Species Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Total
Trichoptera Triaenodes
2 1 - 1 - - - 4
fijianus
Decapoda Macrobrachium
5 10 12 6 - - - 33
equidens
Macrobrachium
3 2 4 2 - - - 11
lar
Sorbeoconch Melanoides
tuberculata - - 10 5 - - - 15
Thiaridae
Total 10 13 26 14 63
Table 22-11 Results of Inventory Survey (Fish)
Family Species Status Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Gobiidae Stenogobius Native - 1 - - - - - 1
genivitattus
Glossogobius Native - - - - 3 - - 3
aureus
Anguillidae Anguilla Native 2 1 1 - - - - 4
marmorata
Syngnathidae Microphis retzi Native 2 - - - - - - 2
(Ragged tail
pipe-fish)
Ambassidae Ambasis miops Native - - - - 8 - - 8
Hemiramphida Zenarchopterus Native - - - 1 - - -
e dispar 1
Leiognathidae Leiognathus Native - - - - - 1 -
equlus 1
Carangidae Caranx Native - - - - - 1 - 1
papuensis
Cichlidae Oreochromis Introduc 4 3 2 1 - - - 10
mossambicus ed
Oreochromis Introduc 2 3 1 2 - - - 8
niloticus ed
Poeciliidae Gambusia Introduc 6 5 4 3 - - - 18
affinis ed

Potential impacts by the project are discussed in 22.2.10 Ecosystem.
Mitigation measures for environmental impact are discussed in 22.2.10 Ecosystem.

22-20
22.2.9 Land Area Ecology and Vegetation

1) Survey Method
a) Survey Method
To evaluate the current situation and to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the projects, land are
and vegetation inventory survey has been conducted. In Fiji, there are two seasons, dry and rainy season,
but the variation of average temperature is stable and poor in seasonal variation. Therefore, in this study,
only the dry season survey was conducted. The survey was conducted during 28 October 2015 – 2nd
November 2015.
b) Survey Locations
During survey, the areas shown in Figure22-11 were surveyed and the appeared plants, animals, insects and
birds are recorded.
Figure 22-11 Survey Locations for Land Area Ecological Inventory Survey

22-21
2) Survey Results
The result of inventory survey for plants and animals are shown in Table 22-12 and Table 22-13
respectively.
Table 22-12 Results of Inventory Survey (Plants)

22-22

22-23

22-24
Table 22-13 Results of Inventory Survey (Insects, Birds and Mammals)

Potential impacts by the project are discussed in22.2.10 Ecosystem.
Mitigation measures for environmental impact are discussed in 22.2.10 Ecosystem.

22-25
22.2.10 Ecosystem
Loss of vegetation cover and change of habitat of wildlife
Change of frequency of flood and river velocity
The impact changes of ecosystem by the loss of vegetation during the construction period. However,
changes of ecosystem due to implementation of project may be occurring continuously after the
construction work finished.

[for Loss of vegetation cover and change of habitat of wildlife]
Limiting land and vegetation clearance as much as possible by considering the construction method.
Appropriate plant species for greening and compensation should be planted.
[for Change of frequency of flood and river velocity]

Cross section design should consider the creation and maintenance of habitat of wild life by river power.
22.2.11 Topography
1) Survey Method
Based on the topographical map and visual inspection, the current condition of the river has been grasped.
In addition, long term variation of riverbed has been grasped by riverbed fluctuation calculation.
2) Survey Results
Results of the riverbed fluctuation analysis, the riverbed is stable during 50 years (calculation period), there
are not expected major variation of riverbed. But in the local erosion and accumulation will occur.
Therefore, to conduct countermeasures based on the monitoring results.

Loss of vegetation and generation of turbid water due to the excavation and construction of dike
Accumulation of sand and soil will cause the medium and long term variation of riverbed topography
The impact changes of ecosystem by the loss of vegetation during the construction period. However,
riverbed variation by erosion and sand accumulation due to implementation of project may be occurring
continuously after the construction work finished.

22-26

[for Loss of vegetation cover and change of habitat of wildlife]
To minimize the magnitude and area of change by considering the location and scale of temporary path
for construction and construction yards.
To prevent the inflow of extensive turbid water to the river, a silt fence may be prepared.
[for Accumulation of sand and soil will cause the medium and long term variation of riverbed topography]
To grasp the variation of riverbed topography, regular survey may be conducted.
Based on the results of survey, necessary measures such as installation of riverbed girdle, riverbed
protection work, riverbank protection, dredging etc. will be exanimated.
22.2.12 Involuntary Resettlement

1) Survey Method
a) Survey Method
Through the social economic survey to the project affected area and condition of life of living, incomes etc.
were grasped.
b) Target Group
The social and economic survey in the project area has conducted in the area shown in Figure 22-12. The
survey target are randomly selected from households inside the survey area. The households which located
inside the project area by basic design level are included as target. In addition, Moala village where ring
dike will be constructed are included for all households in the village.
The distributions of survey target community are shown in Table 22-14. The survey was conducted during
2nd March 2016 to 3rd March.

22-27
Figure 22-12 The Survey Target of Social Economic Survey
Table 22-14 Number of Target Households by Community

Survey Area No. of Households % of Total Survey Area
Votualevu 14 12%
Moala Rd 16 13%
Moala Village 76 63%
Saunaka Village 5 4%
Nawaka Village 1 1%
Yavusania Village 1 1%
Nadi town entrance 3 2%
Off Nadi Back Road (Old 5 4%
Queen’s Road single lane
bridge)
Total 121
2) Survey Results
a) Number of Households for Resettlement
Table 22-15 shows the number of household which need to be relocated. As a result, household with
residents are 6 households. All of them are located in the project area for river widening. Regarding land
tenure, 4 households are Native Land, other 2 households are located in the Free Hold Land.

22-28
Table 22-15 Number of Households for Resettlement by Community

Flood Controls/River No. of Properties Area Land Tenure
Upgrading Works Affected
Required for Displacement
River widening 6* Yavusania village (x2) Native
Saunaka village (x1)
Nadi Town (x1)
Off Nadi Back Road (old Freehold
single lane bridge) (x2)
Not required for displacement
Retarding basin 14 Votualevu Freehold
Ring dike 85 Moala village Native
Riverbank 17 Moala Road Freehold
improvements
Total HH 122*
*The resident who lives in Yavusania village has 2 households. Therefore, the target households re 121 but results of survey
is 122.

22-29
Table 22-16 Detail of Resettlement Target Households

Location Structure No. of structures Tenure Area (m2)
Owner
Required for displacement

Yavusania Timber/ Iron 2 Native 4,910.2
Paula
Village
Nadi Town Vinal Naidu Concrete/ Timber 1 460.53
Saunaka Concrete 1 55
Josateki Sovau
Village
Off Nadi Back Razia Bibi Concrete/ Timber 1 Freehold 2,244.33
Road
Timber 1 4,415.6
Kulaia
Results of survey that are target of resettlement are shown below.
Table 22-17 Detail of Households to be Relocated

General Information Total No.
Gender Male 2
Female 3
Total 5
Ethnicity Indigenous (iTaukei) 3
Indo-Fijian 2
Total 5
Marital Status Married 4
Not disclosed 1
Total 5
Land Use Residential 4
Commercial 1
Total 5
No. of years 2 – 5 years 3
living/operating in area
6 – 10 years 2
Total 5
Age Late 20’s 2
Mid-40’s 1
Late 50’s 1
Not disclosed 1
Total 5
b) Condition of Moala Village

In Moala village, there are 85 households. 76 out of 85 are used for living house. The others are used for
community hall, vacant, etc.

22-30

Regarding involuntary resettlement are shown in RAP.

Based on the JICA guidelines and Resettlement Action Plan, compensation and resettlement of affected
persons shall be implemented under the prepared legal framework for land acquisition and payment for
compensation.
22.2.13 Poverty Group

1) Survey Method
Condition of income was surveyed through the social and economic survey.
2) Survey Results
The household income of randomly selected 121 households (including 6 household need to be relocated)
around the project area are shown in Table 22-18. 41 % of households answer annual income is lower than
5,000 FJD. Poverty Line by the World Bank is 1.90 USD/day. In case of 4 person family, annual amount
become 5,880 FJD (rate: 1 USD = 2.12 FJD). Therefore 5,000 FJD is lower than the poverty line.
Table 22-18 Survey Results on Income of Households around the Project area
House Holds Total No. %
Amount of Income Native State Free Not specified
35,001 - 40,000FJD 1 - - - 1 1%
30,001 - 35,000FJD 1 - - - 1 1%
25,001 - 30,000FJD 1 - - - 1 1%
20,001 - 25,000FJD 1 1 2 - 4 3%
15,001 - 20,000FJD 2 - - - 2 2%
10,001 - 15,000FJD 9 1 1 1 12 10%
5,001 - 10,000FJD 13 1 2 - 16 13%
Less than 5,000 FJD 34 6 7 3 50 41%
Not specified 28 2 3 1 34 28%

Increasing of vulnerability of poverty group
These impacts occur during the construction and also operation period.

To improve the income of affected persons belongs to poverty group, necessary assistance such as job
22-31
training, job offering, health support etc. may be provided if any.
22.2.14 Indigenous groups

1) Survey Method
Condition of indigenous groups was surveyed through the social and economic survey.
2) Survey Results
The indigenous groups are not identified.
22.2.15 Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood

1) Survey Method
Condition of local economy such as employment and livelihood was surveyed through the social and
economic survey.
2) Survey Results
The household livelihood of randomly selected 121 households (including 6 household need to be
relocated) around the project area are shown in Table 22-19. The majority is Tourism sector and Farming
sector.
Table 22-19 Survey Results on Type of Livelihood of households near the Project Area
Sector No. of People Sector No. of People
Tourism 37 Marketeer 2
Farming 16 Manufacturing 1
Government 11 Construction 1
Sales & Retail 7 Management 1
Tradesman 6 Professional 1
Aviation 5 Services 1
Education 5 Domestic Services 1
Security Services 5 Administration 1
Fisheries 3 Civic (Religious) 1

Decreasing of agricultural area and impact to business operation of other sectors
This impact will occur during construction period.

Regarding decreasing of agricultural area, the proper compensations shall be provided as shown in RAP

22-32
Regarding discontinuance of business, the proper compensations shall be provided as shown in RAP
22.2.16 Land Use and Utilization of Local Resources

1) Survey Method
Condition of land use and utilization of local resources was surveyed through the social and economic
survey.
2) Survey Results
According to the interview survey for randomly selected 121 households (including six (6) project affected
households) in the Project area, project affected areas are used only for route of walking and small scale
vegetable garden.

Limitation in land and natural resources utilization
Changes of land use in the newly management area such as dike, retarding basins etc.

Regarding limitation of land use due to construction, the proper compensations shall be provided as
shown in RAP
Daily utilization of river is not affected by the construction work, therefore compensation for utilization
outside the construction area is not target for the compensation.
22.2.17 Water Utilization

1) Survey Method
Condition of water utilization was surveyed through the social and economic survey.
2) Survey Results
The household livelihood of randomly selected 121 households (including 6 household need to be
relocated) around the project area, many households answered that they utilize the river to collect the
firewood, farming (may be not permitted), water bath ect. In addition, 41% of community answered as
fishing is most important river use.

Limitation of access due to the construction work, limitation of daily use of water such as fishing and
playing
Increasing of water amenity are also required for the project
These impacts will occur during construction.

22-33

[for Limitation of access due to the construction work, limitation of daily use of water such as fishing and
playing]
Regular opportunity of communication to share the proper information regarding schedule and method
of construction may be conducted to build consensus among stakeholders.
[for Increasing of water amenity for the facilities to be developed]

During detailed design phase, measures to increase the water amenity will consider based on the
condition of water utilization of local residents.
22.2.18 Existing Social Infrastructures and Services

1) Survey Method
Condition of social infrastructures was surveyed through the social and economic survey.
2) Survey Results
The energy use of randomly selected 121 households (including 6 household need to be relocated) around
the project area are shown in Table 22-20
Table 22-20 Survey Results for Energy Use around the Project Area
Housing on
Type of Electricity
Native State Free Undisclosed
Main Supply 67 10 30 14
Solar Lighting 1 - - -
Kerosene 3 2 1 -
Battery 1 - - -
Non - 1 1 1
94% of household connected to Fiji Water Authority water supply system. 84% out of 94% answer that the
water is clean.
The example of condition of traffic infrastructure, schooling mode has been surveyed. The Results of
schooling mode. 36 % of kids are used micro-bus.
Table 22-21 Schooling Capacity in Relate Education system,

Number of Mode of Travel to School
Name of the School Location
Students Walk Bus
Moala 39 22*
Relate Primary School 61
Village
*22 student using bus is coming from outside of Moala village.

22-34

Influence for the access to school or commercial facilities due to the construction work
Decreasing of accessibility due to the existence of dike

Regular opportunity of communication to share the proper information regarding type of limitation
and timing may be conducted to build consensus among stakeholders.
During detailed design phase, measures to increase the accessibility to affected facilities will be
considered.
22.2.19 Misdistribution of Benefits and Damage

1) Survey Method
Quantitative Condition was surveyed through the social and economic survey.
2) Survey Results
Issues on misdistribution of benefits and damage are not found. However, there is possibility to submerge
potential issues. Therefore, monitoring is important.

Misdistribution of benefit will be occur between entitled person and non-entitled person for
compensation based on the RAP
Misdistribution of benefit will be occurring between developed and non-developed area.

[for Misdistribution of benefit will be occur between entitled person and non-entitled person for
compensation based on the RAP]
During calculation of compensation based on the RAP, to make opportunity for communication among
stakeholders, to provide integrated assistance not only pay compensation but also provide job training
etc.
[for Misdistribution of benefit will be occurring between developed and non-developed area.]
To make an opportunity of communication among stakeholders about the components, area and
benefit of the project, and build consensus among stakeholders.
22.2.20 Cultural Heritage

1) Survey Method

22-35
Condition of existing cultural heritage was surveyed through the social and economic survey and existing
reports.
2) Survey Results
The important cultural heritage is not identified through the survey. 74% of households answered that there
is no important cultural heritage along the Nadi River. On the other hand, 22% of households answered that
they have an experience to bury in/near the Nadi River. Therefore, the monitoring for construction, the
consideration to the site for bury is important.

Detection of new location of cultural heritage such as burial site during construction.
This impact will occur during construction.

If a new cultural heritage is detected, information may be distributed to related organizations as soon
as possible and exam the countermeasures.
22.2.21 Landscape
There are no la structures in the project area. There is only low-height residence or commercial facilities.

Impact to landscape due to the generation of bare land and operation of construction equipment and
vehicle.
Decreasing of visibility due to the construction of dike and other river facilities
The impact will occur during construction and operation, respectively.

[For Impact to landscape due to the generation of bare land and operation of construction equipment and
vehicle.]
Regarding impact land scape due to the construction work, to mitigate the impact by organization of
construction site.
[For Decreasing of visibility due to the construction of dike and other river facilities]
To exam the mitigation measures for the impacts
To maintain the facilities adequacy to prevent decreasing of visibility and landscape quality

22-36
22.2.22 Gender/Children’s rights

1) Survey Method
Based on the interview survey through the social and economic survey, situation/condition of children
headed household, single parent household etc.
2) Survey Results
according to the results of interview survey, there are no subjected household. Only one (1) household has
disabled family member.
22.2.23 Infectious Diseases such as HIV/AIDS

According to UNAIDS, in Fiji, number of newly infected people of HIV in 2014 is estimated 500-1000
persons. Morbidity prevalence rate of HIV in 15-49 years are 01-0.2%. This numbers are not so high but
now are under the increasing trend.

Occurrence of infection among the construction labors.

Implementation of education for infection disease such as HIV/AIDS to construction labors
22.2.24 Labor Environment (Including Occupational Safety) / Accident

In Fiji, labor environment is administrated by Ministry of Employment, Productivity and Industrial
Relations. The National Labor Law is fundamentals for this matter.

Decreasing working environment quality

Implementation of education for enhancement of quality of working environment, awareness for safety,
etc. to construction labors.
Compliance of related laws for labor.

22-37
22.3 Impact Assessment

22.3.1 Comparison of Scoping and Impact Assessment based on Survey Results
Based on the survey on baseline environmental conditions, impact prediction as well as the mitigation
measures to be incorporated in the project, the environmental and social impacts of the project are
evaluated as listed in Table 22-22.

22-38
Table 22-22 Comparison of Scoping and Impact Assessment based on Survey Results
River Widening / River short cutting / Construction of Bridges Surrounding Dike Ring Dike Retarding Basin
Assessment Assessment Assessment Assessment
Assessment at Assessment at Assessment at Assessment at
based on based on survey based on survey based on survey
Environmental Components scoping
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
Explanation for the evaluation Explanation for the evaluation Explanation for the evaluation Explanation for the evaluation
Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period
I & II III I & II III I & II III I & II III I & II III I & II III I & II III I & II III
[Construction] Air pollution due to dust [Construction] Air pollution due to dust [Construction] Air pollution due to dust [Construction] Air pollution due to dust
and emission gas by construction and emission gas by construction and emission gas by construction and emission gas by construction
equipment and vehicles as well as earth equipment and vehicles as well as earth equipment and vehicles as well as earth equipment and vehicles as well as earth
Air works will occur. works will occur. works will occur. works will occur.
1 B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D
Pollution
[Operation] No air pollution which is [Operation] No air pollution which is [Operation] No air pollution which is [Operation] No air pollution which is
attributed to the project components will attributed to the project components will attributed to the project components will attributed to the project components will
occur because the project facilities are occur because the project facilities are occur because the project facilities are occur because the project facilities are
not pollution source. not pollution source. not pollution source. not pollution source.
[Construction] Suspension of sediments
[Construction] Suspension of sediments
and release of sediment pollutants will
and release of sediment pollutants will
occur as a result of excavation/dredging
[Construction] Creation of bare land and [Construction] Creation of bare land and occur as a result of construction a
for river widening, river short cutting
waste water from contractor base camp waste water from contractor base camp facilities and excavation/dredging in the
and construction of bridges. Creation of
Water and/or office would also cause water and/or office would also cause water river. Creation of bare land and waste
2 B- D B- D bare land and waste water from B- D B- D pollution in the river. B- D B- D pollution in the river. B- D B- D water from contractor base camp and/or
Pollution
contractor base camp and/or office
office would also cause water pollution
would also cause water pollution in the [Operation] There will be no pollution [Operation] There will be no pollution
source of water. source of water. in the river.
river.
Physical-Chemical Environment (Pollution)
[Operation] There will be no pollution

[Operation] There will be no pollution source of water.
source of water.
[Construction] Dredged material would
be generated as a result of river [Construction] Dredged material would
widening, river short cutting and bridge [Construction] General wastes from [Construction] General wastes from be generated. Part of the dredged
construction. Part of the dredged contractor office and base camp and contractor office and base camp and material would be use as material for
Wastes
(including material would be use as material for demolished structures would be demolished structures would be dikes. General wastes from contractor
3 A- D B- D dikes. General wastes from contractor B- D B- D generated. B- D B- D generated. B- D A- D office and base camp and demolished
Dredged
Material) office and base camp and demolished structures would be generated.
[Operation] There will be no wastes from [Operation] There will be no wastes from
structures would be generated. flood control facilities. flood control facilities. [Operation] There will be no wastes from
[Operation] There will be no wastes from flood control facilities.
flood control facilities.
[Construction] Survey results of the
water and riverbed sediment quality
indicate that the riverbed sediment is [Construction] Spilled oil from [Construction] Spilled oil from [Construction] Spilled oil from
non-hazardous materials, and hazardous construction equipment would also cause construction equipment would also cause construction equipment would also cause
Soil
level of heavy metals is not detected. soil contamination. soil contamination.
4 Contamina B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D soil contamination.
Spilled oil from construction equipment
tion
would also cause soil contamination. [Operation] There will be no pollution [Operation] There will be no pollution [Operation] There will be no pollution
source of soil contamination. source of soil contamination. source of soil contamination.
[Operation] There will be no pollution
source of soil contamination.
[Construction] Noise and vibration [Construction] Noise and vibration [Construction] Noise and vibration [Construction] Noise and vibration
caused by construction activities and caused by construction activities and caused by construction activities and caused by construction activities and
Noise and transportation will occur. transportation will occur. transportation will occur. transportation will occur.
5 B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D
Vibration
[Operation] There will be no source of [Operation] There will be no source of [Operation] There will be no source of [Operation] There will be no source of
noise or vibration from the project noise or vibration from the project noise or vibration from the project noise or vibration from the project
facilities. facilities. facilities. facilities.

22-39
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
No land subsidence is anticipated during No land subsidence is anticipated during No land subsidence is anticipated during No land subsidence is anticipated during
both construction and operation stage both construction and operation stage both construction and operation stage both construction and operation stage
Land
6 D D D D because pumping of groundwater, deep D D D D because pumping of groundwater, deep D D D D because pumping of groundwater, deep D D D D because pumping of groundwater, deep
Subsidence
excavation work, or tunneling work is excavation work, or tunneling work is excavation work, or tunneling work is excavation work, or tunneling work is
not included in the project activities. not included in the project activities. not included in the project activities. not included in the project activities.
[Construction] Offensive odor during
construction work will be minimal
because the sludge or other cases of odor
accumulation is not recognized based on
Offensive the field survey results. No occurrence of offensive odor is No occurrence of offensive odor is No occurrence of offensive odor is
7 B- B- D D D D D D anticipated during both construction and D D D D anticipated during both construction and D D D D anticipated during both construction and
Odor
[Operation] Generation of offensive odor operation stage operation stage operation stage
is not anticipated because there is no
possibility of generation of closed water
area which cause a blooming of algae in
the river area.
No riverbed sediment contamination is No riverbed sediment contamination is No riverbed sediment contamination is No riverbed sediment contamination is
Riverbed anticipated during both construction and anticipated during both construction and anticipated during both construction and anticipated during both construction and
Sediment operation stage because survey results of operation stage because survey results of operation stage because survey results of operation stage because survey results of
8 D D D D the riverbed sediment quality indicate D D D D the riverbed sediment quality indicate D D D D the riverbed sediment quality indicate D D D D the riverbed sediment quality indicate
Contamina that the river sediment is non-hazardous that the river sediment is non-hazardous that the river sediment is non-hazardous that the river sediment is non-hazardous
tion materials, and hazardous level of heavy materials, and hazardous level of heavy materials, and hazardous level of heavy materials, and hazardous level of heavy
metals is not detected. metals is not detected. metals is not detected. metals is not detected.
Protected There is no protected area in and around There is no protected area in and around There is no protected area in and around There is no protected area in and around
9 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Area the presumed project area. the presumed project area. the presumed project area. the presumed project area.
[Construction] Changing of river flow
would occur as a result of temporally
river closure works.
Hydrologic
al [Operation] Result of the Project, river
C discharge capacity will increase and the No impact to hydrological situation No impact to hydrological situation No impact to hydrological situation
10 Situation B- B- B- flood risk will be mitigated. On the other D D D D (river flow) is anticipated during both D D D D (river flow) is anticipated during both D D D D (river flow) is anticipated during both
+/- construction and operation stage construction and operation stage construction and operation stage
hand, result of widening of the river,
(River water depth will be decrease in a
flow) non-flood situation. But the impact of
decreasing of water depth is not
significant and can be mitigated by a
Natural Environment
ingenuity of cross section design.

No pumping of groundwater, deep No pumping of groundwater, deep No pumping of groundwater, deep No pumping of groundwater, deep
Groundwat
11 D D D D excavation work, or tunneling work is D D D D excavation work, or tunneling work is D D D D excavation work, or tunneling work is D D D D excavation work, or tunneling work is
er
included in the Project. included in the Project. included in the Project. included in the Project.
[Construction] Construction works in
Nadi River would cause the temporary
clearing of vegetation and changing of [Construction] Construction works [Construction] Construction works [Construction] Construction works
topographical features. would cause the clearing of vegetation would cause the clearing of vegetation would cause the clearing of vegetation
and changing of topographical features. and changing of topographical features. and changing of topographical features.
B B [Operation] Changing of river B B B
12 Ecosystem B- B- topography, would cause the variation of B- B+/- B- B- B+/- B- B- B+/- B-
+/- +/- frequency of inundation, flow velocity +/- [Operation] On the dike slope and crown +/- [Operation] On the dike slope and crown +/- [Operation] On the dike slope and crown
surface, new grass land habitat will be surface, new grass land habitat will be surface, new grass land habitat will be
etc. These changes would cause change appeared. It is required to maintain the appeared. It is required to maintain the appeared. It is required to maintain the
of river ecosystems. However, creation area properly. area properly. area properly.
of new habitats will be the mitigation
measures for the impact and it helps to
increase of environmental value as well.
13 Mangrove D C D D [Construction] The mangrove forest are D D D D There is no mangrove forest in the D D D D There is no mangrove forest in the D D D D There is no mangrove forest in the

22-40
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
Forest +/- located in Nadi River mouth, however, project site. No impact to mangrove project site. No impact to mangrove project site. No impact to mangrove
the project area is upstream form forest is anticipated. forest is anticipated. forest is anticipated.
5.75km. There is no direct impact to the
mangrove forest. There is possibility to
generate turbid water from the
construction sites. However, the
possibility of reaching turbid water from
construction site to mangrove forest is
quite small. The impact of construction
works for mangrove forest is not
anticipated.
[Operation] In case of flood situation,
mangrove forests located in Nadi River
mouse would be inundated, however, this
phenomenon is also observed in this area
before the project. So, the impact of the
project is not anticipated.
[Construction] River widening would
[Construction] Construction of dike [Construction] Construction of dike [Construction] Construction of dike
Topograph cause the change of topographical
would cause the change of topographical would cause the change of topographical would cause the change of topographical
y and features along the Nadi River.
features. features. features.
14 Geographi B- C+/- B- B+/- [Operation] From the long term point of B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D
cal view, sand accumulation and bank
erosion will occur. Adequate monitoring [Operation] No impact to topography [Operation] No impact to topography [Operation] No impact to topography
Features activities will be needed to grasp and geographical features is anticipated. and geographical features is anticipated. and geographical features is anticipated.
accurate conditions.
[Pre-Construction / Construction] There
will be a total of 6 households of
involuntary resettlement required by
river widening. Resettlement of the [Pre-Construction / Construction] No [Pre-Construction / Construction] No [Pre-Construction / Construction] No
Involuntar
affected households needs to be involuntary resettlement is anticipated in involuntary resettlement is anticipated in involuntary resettlement is anticipated in
y
15 B- D B- D completed before construction is B- D D D the surrounding dike construction area. B- D D D the surrounding dike construction area. B- D D D the surrounding dike construction area.
Resettleme commenced.
nt [Operation] There is no impact to [Operation] There is no impact to [Operation] There is no impact to
involuntary resettlement. involuntary resettlement. involuntary resettlement.
[Operation] There is no impact to

involuntary resettlement.
Social Environment
[Pre-Construction/Construction] As the
[Pre-Construction/Construction] As the [Pre-Construction/Construction] As the [Pre-Construction/Construction] As the
result of survey, 41% of households (4
result of survey, 41% of households are result of survey, 41% of households are result of survey, 41% of households are
households are required for involuntary
living with less than 5,000FJD income living with less than 5,000FJD income living with less than 5,000FJD income
resettlement) are living with less than
per annum. Measures aimed to per annum. Measures aimed to per annum. Measures aimed to
5,000FJD income per annum.
Poverty improving standard of living need to be improving standard of living need to be improving standard of living need to be
16 C- C- B- B- Measures aimed to improving standard C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B-
Group provided to project affected households provided to project affected households provided to project affected households
of living need to be provided to project
before construction begins. before construction begins. before construction begins.
affected households before construction
begins. [Operation] There is possibility of [Operation] There is possibility of inflow [Operation] There is possibility of inflow
inflow of informal settlers to Nadi River of informal settlers to outside of ring of informal settlers to inside of retarding
[Operation] There is possibility of inflow side and dike side. dike. basins..
of informal settlers to Nadi River side.
Fiji’s indigenous people, Fijian is one of Fiji’s indigenous people, Fijian is one of Fiji’s indigenous people, Fijian is one of Fiji’s indigenous people, Fijian is one of
Indigenous the major ethnic group in Fiji. There is the major ethnic group in Fiji. There is the major ethnic group in Fiji. There is the major ethnic group in Fiji. There is
17 C+/- C+/- D D C+/- C+/- D D C+/- C+/- D D C+/- C+/- D D
Peoples no indigenous groups are observed in the no indigenous groups are observed in the no indigenous groups are observed in the no indigenous groups are observed in the
project area. project area. project area. project area.

22-41
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
[Pre-Construction/Construction] [Pre-Construction/Construction] [Pre-Construction/Construction] [Pre-Construction/Construction]

Agricultural production might be Agricultural production might be Agricultural production might be Agricultural production might be
Local affected by construction works. affected by construction works. affected by construction works. affected by construction works.
Economy However, the project would contribute However, the project would contribute However, the project would contribute However, the project would contribute
such as for temporary job creation and accelerate for temporary job creation and accelerate for temporary job creation and accelerate for temporary job creation and accelerate
local economy such as tourism industry. local economy such as tourism industry. local economy such as tourism industry. local economy such as tourism industry.
18 Employme C+/- A+ B+/- A+ C+/- A+ B+/- A+ C+/- A+ B+/- A+ C+/- A+ B+/- A+
nt The result of type of employment shows The result of type of employment shows The result of type of employment shows The result of type of employment shows
farming in 15 %, tourism in 35%. farming in 15 %, tourism in 35%. farming in 15 %, tourism in 35%. farming in 15 %, tourism in 35%.
and
Livelihood [Operation] Development of flood [Operation] Development of flood [Operation] Development of flood [Operation] Development of flood
control facilities would decrease a control facilities would decrease a control facilities would decrease a control facilities would decrease a
vulnerability of flood and contribute for vulnerability of flood and contribute for vulnerability of flood and contribute for vulnerability of flood and contribute for
developing of industries. developing of industries. developing of industries. developing of industries.
[Pre-Construction / Construction] Land [Pre-Construction / Construction] Land
[Pre-Construction / Construction] Land [Pre-Construction / Construction] Land
use and utilization of local resources will use and utilization of local resources will
use and utilization of local resources will use and utilization of local resources will
be changed as a result of land be changed as a result of land
be changed as a result of land be changed as a result of land
Land Use reformation by the project. However, the reformation by the project. However, the reformation by the project. However, the reformation by the project.
and affected area is limited for along the affected area is limited for along the affected area is limited for along the
19 Utilization B- C+/- B- B- river. B- C+/- B- B- dyke. B- C+/- B- B- dyke. B- C+/- B- B- [Operation] Regarding retarding basin,
of Local use as farmland for normal situation and
[Operation] New administration area will [Operation] New administration area will [Operation] New administration area will
Resources be created and current land use will be as flood water storage for flood situation.
be created and current land use will be be created and current land use will be
changed by the construction of Utilization of land will be different from
changed by the river widening. It is changed by the construction of
surrounding dike. It is needed to have current condition. It is needed to have
needed to have agreement among land surrounding dike. It is needed to have
agreement among land owners and users. agreement among land owners and users.
owners and users. agreement among land owners and users.
[Construction] Nadi river is used as area

for fishing, playing etc. During [Construction] Nadi river is used as area [Construction] Nadi river is used as area [Construction] Nadi river is used as area
construction, restriction of access and for fishing, playing etc. During for fishing, playing etc. During for fishing, playing etc. During
occurrence of turbid water would be construction, restriction of access and construction, restriction of access and construction, restriction of access and
occur. occurrence of turbid water would be occurrence of turbid water would be occurrence of turbid water would be
Water occur. occur. occur.
20 B- B+ B- B+ B- C+/- B- D B- C+/- B- D B- C+/- B- D
Usage
[Operation] There is no possibility for [Operation] Existing of dike will be [Operation] Existing of dike will be [Operation] Existing of dike will be
negative impact for water usage since change the accessibility to the river. change the accessibility to the river. change the accessibility to the river.
flow amount will not be changed. However, existence of dyke will not However, existence of dyke will not However, existence of dyke will not
Moreover, is possible to increase disturb the utilization of Nadi river. disturb the utilization of Nadi river. disturb the utilization of Nadi river.
accessibility to the river by the project.
[Construction] The access to school and
commercial facilities would be affected
Existing by construction works. Usage and
Social [Construction] Usage and operation of [Construction] Usage and operation of [Construction] Usage and operation of
operation of these facilities would be
these facilities would be affected by these facilities would be affected by these facilities would be affected by
Infrastruct affected by noise, change of
noise, change of car/pedestrian’s route noise, change of car/pedestrian’s route noise, change of car/pedestrian’s route
21 ures and B- B+/- B- B+/- car/pedestrian’s route etc. B- B- B- B+/- etc. B- B- B- B+/- etc. B- B- B- B+/- etc.
Services [Operation] Increasing of traffic
(Sensitive [Operation] Existing of dike will be [Operation] Existing of dike will be [Operation] Existing of dike will be
convenience in the region by rebuilding
change the accessibility to the river. change the accessibility to the river. change the accessibility to the river.
Facilities) of bridges. On the other hand, existing of
dike will be change the accessibility to
the river.
Social This Project aims at flood risk mitigation This Project aims at flood risk mitigation This Project aims at flood risk mitigation This Project aims at flood risk mitigation
Institutions done by Fiji government. Thus, it is not done by Fiji government. Thus, it is not done by Fiji government. Thus, it is not done by Fiji government. Thus, it is not
22 such as D D D D expected that this Project is affected to D D D D expected that this Project is affected to D D D D expected that this Project is affected to D D D D expected that this Project is affected to
Social the social infrastructure and Local the social infrastructure and Local the social infrastructure and Local the social infrastructure and Local
Infrastruct Decision-making Institutions. Decision-making Institutions. Decision-making Institutions. Decision-making Institutions.
ure and

22-42
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
Local
Decision -
making
Institutions
[Pre-Construction] Misdistribution of
benefits and damage could be observed [Pre-Construction] Misdistribution of [Pre-Construction] Misdistribution of [Pre-Construction] Misdistribution of
among the people who need resettlement benefits and damage could be observed benefits and damage could be observed benefits and damage could be observed
Misdistrib and those who do not need along the among land owners who are targeted of among land owners who are targeted of among land owners who are targeted of
ution of river when land acquisition is required land acquisition and not. land acquisition and not. land acquisition and not.
23 Benefits C- C- B- B- for the project facilities. C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B-
and [Operation] There is possibility of [Operation] There is possibility of [Operation] There is possibility of
[Operation] There is possibility of generation of misdistribution of generation of misdistribution of generation of misdistribution of
Damage generation of misdistribution of benefits and damage between priority benefits and damage between priority benefits and damage between priority
benefits and damage between priority project area and other areas, inside and project area and other areas, inside and project area and other areas, inside and
project area and other areas, inside and outside of dykes etc. outside of dykes etc. outside of dykes etc.
outside of dykes etc.
[Pre-Construction] Local conflicts of
Interest could be observed among the [Pre-Construction] Local conflicts of [Pre-Construction] Local conflicts of [Pre-Construction] Local conflicts of
people who need resettlement and those Interest could be observed among land Interest could be observed among land Interest could be observed among land
who do not need along the river when owners who are targeted of land owners who are targeted of land owners who are targeted of land
Local land acquisition is required for the acquisition and not. acquisition and not. acquisition and not.
24 Conflicts C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B- C- C- B- B-
project facilities.
of Interest [Operation] There is possibility of [Operation] There is possibility of [Operation] There is possibility of
[Operation] There is possibility of generation of local conflicts of interest generation of local conflicts of interest generation of local conflicts of interest
generation of local conflicts of interest between priority project area and other between priority project area and other between priority project area and other
between priority project area and other areas, inside and outside of dykes etc. areas, inside and outside of dykes etc. areas, inside and outside of dykes etc.
areas, inside and outside of dykes etc.
[Pre-Construction/Construction] As the [Pre-Construction/Construction] As the [Pre-Construction/Construction] As the [Pre-Construction/Construction] As the
result of the survey, there is no cultural result of the survey, there is no cultural result of the survey, there is no cultural result of the survey, there is no cultural
facilities, sensitive facilities such as facilities, sensitive facilities such as facilities, sensitive facilities such as facilities, sensitive facilities such as
grave site, shrine etc. in the project area. grave site, shrine etc. in the project area. grave site, shrine etc. in the project area. grave site, shrine etc. in the project area.
Cultural
25 C- D D D However, during project implementation, C- D C- D However, during project implementation, C- D C- D However, during project implementation, C- D C- D However, during project implementation,
Heritage
it is required to observe the actual it is required to observe the actual it is required to observe the actual it is required to observe the actual
situations. situations. situations. situations.
[Operation] There is no possibility of [Operation] There is no possibility of [Operation] There is no possibility of [Operation] There is no possibility of
influence for cultural heritage. influence for cultural heritage. influence for cultural heritage. influence for cultural heritage.
[Construction] Change of landscape is
evaluated by the generation of bare lands
and movement of construction [Construction] Change of landscape is [Construction] Change of landscape is [Construction] Change of landscape is
equipment during construction works. evaluated by the situation of after evaluated by the situation of after evaluated by the situation of after
construction phase. construction phase. construction phase.
26 Landscape C- B+/- B- B- [Operation] River widening would be C- B- B- B- C- B- B- B- C- B- B- B-
changed. However, river itself is part of [Operation] Existence of dyke would [Operation] Existence of dyke would [Operation] Existence of dyke would
nature scenery. So that negative impact cause obstruction to landscape views cause obstruction to landscape views cause obstruction to landscape views
to social and economy is limited. In especially at the vicinity where the dike especially at the vicinity where the dike especially at the vicinity where the dike
addition, there is positive impact for is relatively high. is relatively high. is relatively high.
urban design by re-construction of
bridges.
Negative impact for gender is not Negative impact for gender is not Negative impact for gender is not Negative impact for gender is not
Gender / anticipated in this project. The rsults of anticipated in this project. Results of anticipated in this project. Results of anticipated in this project. Results of
Socially survey indicate that very few number of survey indicate that very few number of survey indicate that very few number of survey indicate that very few number of
27 C- C+/- D D C- C+/- D D C- C+/- D D C- C+/- D D
Vulnerable disability persons are identified, and they disability persons are identified, and they disability persons are identified, and they disability persons are identified, and they
Groups are not included to resettlement are not included to resettlement are not included to resettlement are not included to resettlement
households. households. households. households.

22-43
survey results
scoping
results
scoping
results
scoping
results
Negative impact to the children rights is Negative impact to the children rights is Negative impact to the children rights is Negative impact to the children rights is
Rights of not anticipated by the project. The results not anticipated by the project. The results not anticipated by the project. The results not anticipated by the project. The results
28 C- D D D C- D D D C- D D D C- D D D
Children of survey did not find the any issues of survey did not find the any issues of survey did not find the any issues of survey did not find the any issues
regarding children’s rights. regarding children’s rights. regarding children’s rights. regarding children’s rights.
[Construction] Number of infected [Construction] Number of infected [Construction] Number of infected [Construction] Number of infected
Infectious
person in Fiji is increasing. So that there person in Fiji is increasing. So that there person in Fiji is increasing. So that there person in Fiji is increasing. So that there
Diseases
29 C- D B- D is possibility of HIV infected worker C- D B- D is possibility of HIV infected worker C- D B- D is possibility of HIV infected worker C- D B- D is possibility of HIV infected worker
such as
would participate to the construction would participate to the construction would participate to the construction would participate to the construction
HIV/AIDS
works. works. works. works.
Labor
Environme
nt [Pre-Construction/ Construction] The [Pre-Construction/ Construction] The [Pre-Construction/ Construction] The [Pre-Construction/ Construction] The
construction works of the Project is in a construction works of the Project is in a construction works of the Project is in a construction works of the Project is in a
30 (Including B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D B- D
certain scale. So that it is required to certain scale. So that it is required to certain scale. So that it is required to certain scale. So that it is required to
Occupatio consider safety and work environment. consider safety and work environment. consider safety and work environment. consider safety and work environment.
nal
Safety)
[Construction] Construction related [Construction] Construction related [Construction] Construction related [Construction] Construction related
accidents by heavy equipment and accidents by heavy equipment and accidents by heavy equipment and accidents by heavy equipment and
transportation vehicles might occur. transportation vehicles might occur. transportation vehicles might occur. transportation vehicles might occur.
31 Accidents B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B-
[Operation] There is a possibility to [Operation] There is a possibility to [Operation] There is a possibility to [Operation] There is a possibility to
occur of accidents in the maintenance occur of accidents in the maintenance occur of accidents in the maintenance occur of accidents in the maintenance
road along the river. road along the river. road along the river. road along the river.
The scale of changes are large. However, The scale of changes are large. However, The scale of changes are large. However, The scale of changes are large. However,
the project will be conducted in the river the project will be conducted in the river the project will be conducted in the river the project will be conducted in the river
Global
32 D D D D area. The impact will not exceeding the D D D D area. The impact will not exceeding the D D D D area. The impact will not exceeding the D D D D area. The impact will not exceeding the
Warming
area. In addition, no impact for global area. In addition, no impact for global area. In addition, no impact for global area. In addition, no impact for global
warming is anticipated. warming is anticipated. warming is anticipated. warming is anticipated.
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact is expected.

B+/-: Positive/negative impact is expected to some extent.
C+/-: Possibility of impact and its magnitude are unknown.
(A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses.)
D: No impact is expected.
Period I: Pre-construction, Period II: Construction, Period III: Operation

22-44
YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD./CTI ENGINEERING CO.,LTD. JV
22.3.2 Conclusion of Environmental Impact Assessment

(1) Pollution
Among eight (8) components of pollution related components, there is no component of which potential
impact is evaluated as A- (Significant negative impact is expected.). Five (5) components are evaluated as
B- (Negative impact is expected to some extent.) based on the survey results, including 1) Air pollution, 2)
Water pollution, 3) Wastes, 4) Soil Contamination, and 5) Noise and vibration. The impacts on these
components are to be caused by the construction works. Regarding the other components, the potential
impacts are evaluated as D (No impact is expected.) during both construction and operation phases.
(2) Natural Environment

Among six (6) components of natural environment components, there is no component of which potential
impact is evaluated as A- (Significant negative impact is expected.). Three (3) components are evaluated as
B- (Negative impact is expected to some extent.) based on the survey results, including 10) Hydrological
Situation, 12) Ecosystem and 14) Topography and Geographical Features. The impacts on these
components are to be caused by the construction works.
As to 12) Ecosystem and 14) Topography and Geographical Features, the conditions will be continuously
changed during operation phase. These components require continuous monitoring and implementation of
countermeasures. Therefore, these components are evaluated as B+/-.
Regarding the other components, the potential impacts are evaluated as D (No impact is expected.) during
both construction and operation phases.
(3) Social Environment

Among the social components, the most considerable impact by the project is in voluntary settlement.
Number of involuntary settlement households by the Project is six (6) based on the social and economic
survey.
During construction phase, the Project gives positive and negative impact to the local society and economy.
Therefore, to monitor and implement mitigation measures adequately, comprehensive management scheme
is required. The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared for the Project to provide a policy and a plan for
the mitigation measures among resettlement and land acquisitions.

22-45
22.4 Environmental Management Plan

22.4.1 Environmental Management Plan during Construction
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during Construction is shown in Table 22-23.
Table 22-23 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during Construction

Potential Impact during Mitigation Measures / Perspective on Implementation Cost
Construction Impact Mitigation Organization /
Responsible
organization
Items for Pollution
1) Air Pollution
Air pollution by dust due Excavation materials must be properly Implementation: Included in
to earth works for dike stockpiled and properly disposed of Contractor, the
and excavation, etc. immediately from the construction site construction
when not needed. Responsible Org.: cost
Proponent ,
Provision of covers to stockpiles that
Consultant and
will be left idle for a long time,
DOE(Department of
Dust generation will be mitigated with Environment)
watering at dusty place and covering the
load of trucks by tarpaulin,
Periodical and timely cleaning of the
spilled materials on road or other public
space along the transportation route of
construction materials and spoil
materials
Air pollution by emission Using a low emission type construction Implementation: Included in
gas due to the operation equipment and vehicles, Contractor, the
of construction equipment construction
Regular maintenance of construction cost
and vehicles Responsible Org.:
equipment and vehicles,
Proponent ,
Consideration of operation manner of the Consultant and
equipment due to the regular education DOE(Department of
to the operators. Environment)
2) Water Pollution
Water pollution of the Installation of temporary embankment Implementation: Included in
river water due to earth and drainage at the boundary of Contractor, the
works near the river bank, periphery of project site, construction
excavation and dredging Responsible Org.: cost
Installation of sedimentation pond at
works in the river Proponent ,
appropriate location to avoid the turbid
Consultant and
water discharge
DOE(Department of
Selection of less agitation method of Environment)
dredging and its proper implementation.
Water pollution by waste To ensure not to directly drain the waste Implementation: Included in
water (effluent and used water from construction yard and offices Contractor, the
oil) from construction to the river, construction
yards and offices, and Responsible Org.: cost
Waste water is to be properly treated and
accidental oil spill Proponent ,
disposed using septic tank or other
Consultant and
appropriate treatment method
DOE(Department of
Provision of portable toilet for the Environment)

22-46

Responsible
organization
workers at the construction work sites.
To ensure not to cause accidental oil spill
and other chemicals.
3) Wastes (including Dredged Material)
Waste generation Reduction of wastes generation by Implementation: Included in
associated with segregation, re-use and recycle of the Contractor, the
demolition of buildings materials used in the demolished construction
and structures buildings and structures in the affected Responsible Org.: cost
areas. Proponent ,
Consultant and
Appropriate treatment and disposal of
DOE(Department of
the wastes from demolished structures by
Environment)
delegating to the accredited waste
contractor.
Dredged material Dredged material can be facilitated Implementation: Included in
generation associated through the DMR (Department of Contractor, the
with dredging and Mineral Resources) direction. construction
excavating Responsible Org.: cost
Temporary disposal area for dredged
Proponent,
materials can be prepared through the
Consultant, DOE
coordination among native land owners
(Department of
(LOU: Land Owning Unit). Received
Environment) and
dredged materials by a landowner can be
DMR (Department
sold based on the permission from DMR.
of Mineral
Gain on sale of dredged material can be
Resources).
used for public purpose in LOU by
landowners.
4) Soil Contamination
Soil contamination at the Regular maintenance of construction Implementation: Included in
construction site by oil equipment and vehicles. Contractor, the
leaking from construction construction
Consideration of operation manner of the cost
equipment and vehicles. Responsible Org.:
equipment due to the regular education
Proponent ,
to the operators.
Consultant and
DOE(Department of
Environment)
5) Noise and Vibration
Noise and vibration Using a low noise and vibration type Implementation: Included in
during construction works construction equipment and vehicles, Contractor, the
due to operation of construction
Regular maintenance of construction cost
construction equipment Responsible Org.:
equipment and vehicles,
and vehicles Proponent ,
Consideration of operation manner of the Consultant and
equipment due to the regular education DOE(Department of
to the operators. Environment)
Regular communication with local
residents about the methodology and
implementation schedule of construction
works.
Monitor a noise and vibration on the
border of construction site and distribute

22-47

Responsible
organization
the results to the public. The monitoring
data during absence of construction work
will be utilized as baseline data.
Adjustments in the operation time of
construction equipment and dump trucks,
transportation route, etc.
Installation of sound abatement wall
during construction work in the vicinity
of residents and sensitive facilities such
as schools or settlement areas, if
necessary.
Items for Natural Environment
10) Hydrological Situation (River flow)
Variation of river water To mitigate turbid water generation from Implementation: Included in
flow by temporary closure works by steel sheet pile. Contractor, the
closure works construction
To save an aquatic organism form the cost
Responsible Org.:
area to be closed by temporary closure
Proponent ,
for construction, after a water level
Consultant and
decreased, aquatic orgasm will be
DOE(Department of
captured by hand net/brail net and
Environment)
released to outside the closure.
12) Ecosystem
Loss of vegetation cover Limiting land and vegetation clearance Implementation: Included in
and change of habitat of as much as possible by considering the Contractor, the
wildlife construction method. construction
Responsible Org.: cost
Appropriate plant species for greening
Proponent ,
and compensation should be planted.
Consultant and
To prevent introducing of invasive DOE(Department of
species in case of conducting a planting. Environment)
14) Topography and Geographical Features
Loss of vegetation and To minimize the magnitude and area of Implementation: Included in
generation of turbid water change by considering the location and Contractor, the
due to the excavation and scale of temporary path for construction construction
construction of dike and construction yards. Responsible Org.: cost
Proponent ,
To prevent the inflow of extensive turbid
Consultant and
water to the river, a silt fence may be
DOE(Department of
prepared.
Environment)
Items for Social Environment
15) Involuntary Resettlement
The number of the Based on the JICA guidelines and Implementation: To be
involuntary resettlement Resettlement Action Plan, compensation Contractor, confirmed
by the project and resettlement of affected persons shall
implementation is 6 be implemented under the prepared legal Responsible Org.:
households. framework for land acquisition and Proponent ,
payment for compensation. Consultant and
DOH(Department of
Housing)
16) Poverty Group

22-48

Responsible
organization
Increasing of To improve the income of affected Implementation: To be
vulnerability of poverty persons belongs to poverty group, Proponent confirmed
group necessary assistance such as job training,
job offering, health support etc. may be Responsible Org.:
provided if any. Proponent ,
DOH(Department of
Housing) and related
government
organizations
18) Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood
Decreasing of agricultural Regarding decreasing of agricultural Implementation: To be
area and impact to area, the proper compensations shall be Proponent confirmed
business operation of provided as shown in RAP
other sectors Responsible Org.:
Regarding discontinuance of business,
Proponent and
the proper compensations shall be
related government
provided as shown in RAP
organizations
19) Land Use and Utilization of Local Resources
Limitation in land and Regarding limitation of land use due to Implementation: To be
natural resources construction, the proper compensations Proponent confirmed
utilization shall be provided as shown in RAP
Responsible Org.:
Daily utilization of river is not affected
Proponent, DOL,
by the construction work, therefore
DMR and related
compensation for utilization outside the
government
construction area is not target for the
organizations
compensation.
20) Water Utilization
Limitation of access due Regular opportunity of communication Implementation: To be
to the construction work, to share the proper information regarding Proponent confirmed
limitation of daily use of schedule and method of construction
water such as fishing and may be conducted to build consensus Responsible Org.:
playing among stakeholders. Proponent ,
Consultant and
DOE(Department of
Environment)
21) Existing Social Infrastructures and Services
Influence for the access to Regular opportunity of communication Implementation: To be
school or commercial to share the proper information regarding Proponent confirmed
facilities due to the type of limitation and timing may be
construction work conducted to build consensus among Responsible Org.:
stakeholders. Proponent ,
Consultant
(supervise)
23) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damage
Misdistribution of benefit During calculation of compensation Implementation: To be
will be occur between based on the RAP, to make opportunity Proponent confirmed
entitled person and for communication among stakeholders,
non-entitled person for to provide integrated assistance not only Responsible Org.:
compensation based on pay compensation but also provide job Proponent ,
the RAP training etc. Consultant
(supervise)
24) Local Conflicts of Interest

22-49

Responsible
organization
Causes of this item is same as “23) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damage”.
25) Cultural Heritage
Detection of new location If a new cultural heritage is detected, Implementation: To be
of cultural heritage such information may be distributed to related Proponent confirmed
as burial site during organizations as soon as possible and
construction. exam the countermeasures. Responsible Org.:
Proponent and
related government
organizations
26) Landscape
Impact to landscape due Regarding impact land scape due to the Implementation: Included in
to the generation of bare construction work, to mitigate the impact Contractor, the
land and operation of by organization of construction site. construction
construction equipment Responsible Org.: cost
and vehicle. Proponent ,
Consultant
(supervise)
29) Infectious Diseases such as HIV/AIDS
Occurrence of infection Implementation of education for Implementation: Included in
among the construction infection disease such as HIV/AIDS to Contractor, the
labors. construction labors construction
Responsible Org.: cost
Proponent ,
Consultant
(supervise)
30) Labor Environment (Including Occupational Safety)
Decreasing working Implementation of education for Implementation: Included in
environment quality enhancement of quality of working Contractor, the
environment, awareness for safety, etc. to construction
construction labors. Responsible Org.: cost
Proponent ,
Compliance of related laws for labor.
Consultant
(supervise)
31) Accident
Accident during Implementation of education for accident Implementation: Included in
construction prevention to construction labors Contractor, the
construction
Intensive implementation of accident cost
Responsible Org.:
prevention measures in the construction
Proponent ,
site.
Consultant
(supervise)
22.4.2 Environmental Management Plan during Operation

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during operation is shown in Table 22-24.
Table 22-24 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during Operation

Operation Impact Mitigation Organization /
Responsible
organization

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Responsible
organization
Items for Pollution
No items are tagged during operation phase
Items for Natural Environment
Decreasing of average To design a cross section considering Implementation: Design is
water depth due to the with water route for initial condition Implementation: included to
river widening. after the construction) to encourage the Proponent detail
self-formation of natural river flow by (maintenance) , design cost
water power its-self. Consultant (Detailed
design) After
Based on a regular river section survey, operation,
to confirm the maintenance condition of the cost
Responsible Org.:
river. included to
Proponent (Detailed
maintenance
design,
cost
maintenance) ,
Consultant (Detailed
design) and DOE
12) Ecosystem
Variation of natural To be maintained a proper habitat by Implementation: Design is
habitat due to the change power of river flow, following measures Proponent included to
of velocity and frequency may be conducted. (maintenance) , detail
of inundation. Consultant (Detailed design cost
To create the difference water
design)
depth area in a section to create After
variety of environment in operation,
Responsible Org.:
inundation frequency. the cost
Proponent (Detailed
included to
To create water course for initial design,
maintenance
section of river, to encourage maintenance) ,
cost
variation of topography by water Consultant (Detailed
power. design) and DOE
14) Topography and Geographical Features
Accumulation of sand To grasp the variation of riverbed Implementation: the cost
and soil will cause the topography, regular survey may be Proponent included to
medium and long term conducted. maintenance
variation of riverbed Responsible Org.: cost
Based on the results of survey, necessary
topography Proponent and DOE
measures such as installation of riverbed
girdle, riverbed protection work,
riverbank protection, dredging etc. will
be exanimated.
Items for Social Environment
15) Involuntary Resettlement
16) Poverty Group
Increasing of To improve the income of affected Implementation: To be
vulnerability of poverty persons belongs to poverty group, Proponent confirmed
group necessary assistance such as job training,
job offering, health support etc. may be Responsible Org.:
provided if any. Proponent ,
DOH(Department of
Housing) and related
government

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Responsible
organization
organizations
18) Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood
The changes of land use To formulate the new operation rules for Implementation: To be
in the newly maintained river facilities to regulate a activities and Proponent confirmed
area such as dike and car availability, and build the consensus
retarding basins. among stakeholders. Responsible Org.:
Proponent, DOL,
DMR and related
government
organizations
The changes of land use To formulate the new operation rules for Implementation: To be
in the planned area of retarding basin during and after Proponent confirmed
retarding basins. activation, and build the consensus
among stakeholders. Responsible Org.:
Proponent, DOL,
DMR and related
government
organizations
20) Water Usage
Increasing of water During detailed design phase, measures Implementation: Design is
amenity for the facilities to increase the water amenity will Proponent included to
to be developed consider based on the condition of water (maintenance) , detail
utilization of local residents. Consultant (Detailed design cost
design)
Responsible Org.:
Proponent
Decreasing of During detailed design phase, measures Implementation: Design is
accessibility due to the to increase the accessibility to affected Proponent included to
existence of dike facilities will be considered. (maintenance) , detail
Consultant (Detailed design cost
design)
Responsible Org.:
Proponent
Misdistribution of benefit To make an opportunity of Implementation: To be
will be occurring between communication among stakeholders Proponent confirmed
developed and about the components, area and benefit
non-developed area. of the project, and build consensus Responsible Org.:
among stakeholders. Proponent ,
Consultant
(supervise)
24) Local Conflicts of Interest
Causes of this item is same as “23) Misdistribution of Benefits and Damage”.
26) Landscape
Decreasing of visibility To exam the mitigation measures for the Implementation: Design is
due to the construction of Proponent included to

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Responsible
organization
dike and other river impacts (maintenance) , detail
facilities Consultant (Detailed design cost
To maintain the facilities adequacy to
design)
prevent decreasing of visibility and After
landscape quality operation,
Responsible Org.:
Proponent (Detailed the cost
design, included to
maintenance) , maintenance
cost
Consultant (Detailed
design) and DOE
29) Infectious Diseases such as HIV/AIDS
30) Labor Environment (Including Occupational Safety)
31) Accident
Occurrence of accident at To formulate the adequate regulation for Implementation: Design is
the developed facilities vehicle traffic on dike and river Proponent included to
facilities. (maintenance) , detail
Consultant (Detailed design cost
To install accident prevention measures
design)
such as fence to prevent access at After
important facilities operation,
Responsible Org.:
Proponent (Detailed the cost
included to
design, maintenance)
maintenance
and Consultant
cost
(Detailed design)

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22.4.3 Organization Chart for Implementation of Environmental Management and Monitoring

The organization structure for the implementation of environmental management and monitoring is shown
below. In the Project Management Unit (PMU) as the proponent of the Project, Environmental and Social
Manager shall be assigned and manage the task related environmental and social considerations.
Regarding the monitoring activities, the monitoring during construction such as turbid water, noise and
vibration etc. shall be conducted by Contractor and the results shall be informed to Proponent. Regarding
environmental and social monitoring such as water and riverbed quality, income recovery after the
resettlement, shall be conducted by Consultant who hired by the PMU.
The report of results of monitoring related environmental and social considerations shall be submitted to
Department of Environment who is administrator for this matter in Fiji. At the same time, the results shall
be informed to JICA.
Grievance and claims from stakeholders shall be accepted and managed by the Environmental and Social
Manager in the PMU.
After the operation of facilities, PMU will continue to monitor, however, the sub-contractor will be hired
for monitoring, if necessary.
JICA Community / Stakeholders
Report Communication
PMU: Project Management Unit

Department of Environment (Proponent)
(DOE) Manager for Environmental
Report
and Social Considerations Complains / Concerns
submission
Report Directions
Report
Project Management
Consultant (PMC)
The Contractor
Construction monitoring Expert for Environmental and
Team Social Considerations
Instructions for
construction works Monitoring Team
Figure 22-13 (1) The Project Implementation Organization (During Construction)

(in case of Japanese Yen Loan)
JICA Community / Stakeholders
Report Communication
(if any)
Department of Environment (Proponent)
(DOE) Manager for Environmental
Report
and Social Considerations Complains / Concerns
submission
Sub‐Contract for
monitoring (if any)
Figure 22-13 (2) The Project Implementation Organization (During Operation)

(in case of Japanese Yen Loan)

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The roles for PMU, Consultant and Contractor are shown below:
PMU: The PMU is proponent of the Project. PMU also proponent for implementation of land
acquisition and EIA study based on the laws and regulations in Fiji before the construction.
Consultant: The Consultant formulates the project supervise group. The Consultant conducts
detailed design, and supervises for environmental and social monitoring based on the decision from the
Proponent (PMU).
Contractor: The Contractor conduct construction works. The contractor conduct neseesary
environmental monitoring based on the environmental monitoring plan.

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22.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan

22.5.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Pollution
Table 22-25 shows the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) on Pollution.
Table 22-25 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Pollution

Parameter Monitoring Method Location of Monitoring Implementation
and Frequency Organization
1) Air Pollution
Condition of Monitoring Method Construction Site The consultant
operation of There are no quantitative results for implements recording
construction air pollution and equipment for based on the
equipment and measurement in Fiji. There for, information from
vehicle monitoring parameter is plan and contractor.
actual performance of construction The Proponent
equipment and vehicle. Through coordinates and
this monitoring, confirming the informs to DOE.
applicability of environmental
consideration for construction
works.
Monitoring Frequency
To record monthly plan and actual

performance by type of work.
Condition of Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
maintenance of To implement and record prepares the
construction maintenance of construction maintenance record
equipment and equipment and vehicle and submits the
vehicle monthly report to the
Monitoring Frequency Proponent.
Coordinating the monthly record. The Proponent
coordinates and
informs to DOE.
2) Water Pollution
On site measurement Monitoring Method Upstream and The Consultant
of water quality Water sampling and analysis. Downstream of conducts sampling and
Parameters are temperature, pH, construction Site analysis. The
salinity, DO, Turbidity, (area) Proponent coordinates
Conductivitiy, SS, TDS, TP, TN and informs to DOE.
and BOD, COD
Monitoring Frequency
Once per Month
Continues turbidity Monitoring Method Downstream of The Consultant
monitoring during Continues monitoring by turbidity construction Site conducts
construction in the meter measurement. The
river Proponent coordinates
Monitoring Frequency and informs to DOE.
Continues monitoring during
construction phase
maintenance of Condition of storage of equipment prepares the
construction and vehicle related oils at the maintenance record
equipment and construction site. (Storage, and submits the

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vehicle Collection of used oil, accidental monthly report to the
leaking) Proponent.
The Proponent
Monitoring Frequency coordinates and
Coordinating the monthly record. informs to DOE.
Visual monitoring of Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
construction site Daily monitoring for accidental prepares the
leaking and occurrence of turbidity monitoring record and
water at the construction site. submits the monthly
report to the
Formulate daily report The Proponent
coordinates and
informs to DOE.
3) Wastes (including Dredged Material)
construction waste Assessment of list of wastes and prepares and submits
such as demolished transportation record, visual the record to the
structure monitoring. Proponent. The
Proponent conducts on
Monitoring Frequency site confirmation and
Constant monitoring based on the submits report to
occurrence of wastes DOE.
Excavated soil from Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
construction works Recording of generated soil and and disposal sites prepares and submits
transportation record to disposal the record to the
site. Visual monitoring. Proponent. The
Proponent conducts on
Monitoring Frequency site confirmation and
Constant monitoring based on the submits report to
occurrence of waste soil. DOE.
4) Soil Contamination
Condition of Monitoring activity of “Condition of maintenance of construction equipment and
maintenance of vehicle” in “2) Water Pollution” is also conducted as monitoring for this parameter.
construction
equipment and
vehicle
Visual monitoring of Monitoring activity of “Visual monitoring of construction site” in “2) Water
construction site Pollution” is also conducted as monitoring for this parameter.
5) Noise and Vibration
Condition of Monitoring activity of “Condition of operation of construction equipment and
operation of vehicle” in “1) Air Pollution” is also conducted as monitoring for this parameter.
construction
equipment and
vehicle
Condition of Monitoring activity of “Condition of maintenance of construction equipment and
maintenance of vehicle” in “1) Air Pollution” is also conducted as monitoring for this parameter.
construction
equipment and
vehicle
Monitoring of Noise Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
and vibration Monitoring the construction work (measurement at the prepares and submits
generated noise and vibration by border of the record to the
noise and vibration meter. construction site) Proponent. The
Proponent submits

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Monitoring Frequency report to DOE.
Any time
Adequate response Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
for claims Record and storage of response prepares and submits
against claims the record to the
Proponent. The
Monitoring Frequency Proponent submits
Any time report to DOE.

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22.5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Natural Environment

Table 22-26 shows the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) on Natural Environment.
Table 22-26 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Natural Environment

Variation of river Monitoring Method:： Construction Site The Consultant
flow due to the Measurement of water level and conducts
construction discharge at the construction site measurement. The
Proponent coordinates
Monitoring Frequency:： and informs to DOE.
Once per month (before
construction)
Once per month (after
construction)
After the development of water
level stations, the monitoring
activity will be transferred to
administrator of water level
station.
2) Ecosystem
Condition of Monitoring Method:： Construction Site The Consultant
changes and Area of changed by the conducts
re-habitation of land construction work and its condition measurement. The
area ecosystem of re-habitation (inventory survey Proponent coordinates
and record the area) and informs to DOE.
Monitoring Frequency:：
Record of original inventory
(once per before the
construction)
Record of after construction
inventory and draw the
vegetation map (twice per year)
Condition of Monitoring Method:： Construction Site The Consultant
changes and Visual monitoring of aquatic conducts
re-habitation of environment in the construction measurement. The
aquatic ecosystem site. Condition of rehabilitation Proponent coordinates
after the construction. and informs to DOE.
Monitoring Frequency:：
Record of aquatic environment
(once per before the
construction)
Record of after construction
inventory and draw the
vegetation map (twice per year)

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22.5.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Social Environment

Table 22-27 shows the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) on Social Environment.
Table 22-27 Environmental Monitoring Plan on Social Environment

1) Involuntary Resettlement, Poverty Group, Local Economy such as Employment and Livelihood
Actual condition of Monitoring Method The location where The Consultant
affected persons Confirmation of the impact of the affected to local conducts
(confirmation of gap Project by field survey and economy by the measurement. The
between RAP and confirmation of compensation by project Proponent coordinates
actual condition) healing survey the results and
discussions with DOL,
Monitoring Frequency DOH, etc.
To conduct the field survey before
construction. To conduct healing
survey to implement the payment
of compensations.
Actual condition of Monitoring Method Questionnaire The Consultant
announcement of To grasp the condition of survey to the conducts
new rules of land use announcement of land use rules by residents along the measurement. The
after the start of questionnaire survey. constructed dike Proponent coordinates
operation the results and
Questionnaire
Monitoring Frequency discussions with DOL
survey to the
Once in before construction and
residents near the
once in after the construction.
constructed retarding
basin
3) Water Utilization
Condition of Monitoring activity of “Visual monitoring of construction site” in “Pollution 2)
occurrence of turbid Water Pollution” is also conducted as monitoring for this parameter.
water issues
Proponent. The
Any time report to DOE.
Condition of social Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
infrastructure and To conduct visual monitoring prepares the
services during about condition of traffic jams monitoring record
construction period and pedestrian road. and submits the
monthly report to the
Any time based on the condition The Proponent
of occurrence coordinates and
informs to DOE.
Condition of social Monitoring Method Located are of The Contractor
infrastructure after To confirm the accessibility of the developed facilities prepares the
the construction infrastructure by questionnaire monitoring record
survey. and submits the
Monitoring Frequency monthly report to the
Once after the start of operation Proponent.

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The Proponent
coordinates the
discussion among
related organizations.
Proponent. The
Any time monitoring based on the report to DOE.
situation of occurrence
To grasp the Monitoring Method Construction Site The Consultant
situation of Grasping actual situation of conducts
occurrence of the compensation through the measurement. The
case communication between local Proponent
residents coordinates the
results and
Monitoring Frequency discussions with
Any time monitoring based on the DOL, DOH, etc.
Confirmation of Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
newly detected Any time monitoring during prepares and submits
cultural heritage construction period the record to the
Proponent. The
Any time monitoring based on the report to DOE.
7) Infection Diseases, Labor Environment, Accident
To conduct Monitoring Method Construction Site The Contractor
education program To record the education to prepares and submits
to construction construction labors the record to the
labors Proponent. The
Monthly record report to DOE.
Condition of Monitoring Method Location of In case of accident
occurrence of To record the occurrence of accident occurred, the
accident accident Contractor inform to
the Proponent
Monitoring Frequency immediately. The
Any time Proponent confirms
the situation of
accident in the site.
The Proponent
coordinates the
record and submits
the report to DOE
and related
organization.

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22.6 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan

The Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for this project will be prepared based on JICA
Environmental and Social Considerations, April 2010 and World Bank Safeguard Policy.
22.6.1 Project Components

Among the proposed measures in the Master Plan Study in the JICA Study (the Planning of the Nadi River
Flood Control Structures in the Republic of Fiji), the following measures were selected as the priority
project which should be implemented in a short-term to mitigate flood risk in the Nadi River Basin. These
components are the target of the Project.
River Widening
Development of Retarding Basins
Surrounding Dyke in Nadi Town
Ring Dyke in Moala Village
River Short cutting
Reconstruction of the Bridges
22.6.2 Objectives of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan

The Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) of the Project is prepared in accordance with the
followings.
The JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April, 2010)
The World Bank Safeguard Policy (Operational Policies (OP) 4.12 Annex A)
The Fiji EIA related laws, regulations
22.6.3 Regal Framework for Land Acquisition and Resettlement

(1) Fiji Laws on Lands and Ownership
88.4% of land in Nadi River Basin is Native Land (NL). Of the remainder, 8.0% is Free Hold Land (FHL)
and 3.6% is State land (SL).
Native Land is communally owned and cannot be bought or sold except to the state for public purpose. The
iTaukei Land Trust Board (TLTB) is the statutory body with the responsibility to administer, develop and
manage this land on behalf of its owners and for their benefit according to the Native Land Trust Board Act.
The TLTB identifies the land required for use by traditional Fijian communities and makes the remainder
available for leasing. The TLTB, not the actual owners, issues the legally binding leases or agreements,
which can be for agricultural, commercial, industrial or other uses.
All farmers of Native Land are either tenants or landowners farming with the permission of the own
landowning unit. Some of these may have formalized their status by leasing the land and so have become
tenants.
The Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act (ALTA) governs all agricultural leases of more than one (1) ha
and the relations between landlords and agricultural tenants. Minimum 30-year and maximum 99-year
leases are allowed with no right of renewal. In practice, most leases are for 30 years.
The maximum annual rental is 6% of the unimproved capital value. In theory, the rental rate is reviewed
every five years. The tenant can claim compensation for all development and improvements of the property
with claims determined by the Agricultural Tribunal.
The ALTA has been supplemented by the 2009 Land Use Decree No.36 (2010) because it was recognized
that the requirement for tenants to vacate land once the fixed lease and grace period have expired, causes
both social and economic hardship. Government therefore amended the land laws to increase the flexibility

22-62
of leases and to facilitate leasing of lands, which are currently idle or unutilized, under terms and conditions
which are meant to be attractive to both the landowners and tenants. The decree provides for longer tenure
leases (up to 99 years) for agricultural and commercial development.
(2) Fiji Laws on Land Acquisition and Compensation

The Constitution of the Republic of Fiji provides for protection of private property against arbitrary
expropriation. The Constitution states that Native Land cannot be permanently alienated except for the
public purpose. It requires compensation for all land or rights acquired by the government.
Land acquisition in Fiji is governed under the State Acquisition of Lands Act (SALA). Under the Act, all
types of land can be acquired for public purposes. The law provides that in cases of land acquired for public
purposes, legal title holders have a right to compensation. The law also provides for the right of land
owners to legal proceedings for solving disputes and grievances. The customary rights of indigenous
peoples without formal title are also protected.
22.6.4 Gaps between JICA Guideline and Fiji’s legal Frameworks

The Table 22-28 provides an analysis of gaps between JICA Guidelines and Fiji Laws and gap filling
measures on land acquisition and resettlement.
Table 22-28 Gaps between Land Acquisition and Resettlement Laws of Fiji and JICA
Guidelines
Gaps Between Laws of Implementation Policy
No. JICA Guidelines Laws of Fiji Fiji and JICA of Resettlement in the
Guidelines Project
1 Involuntary resettlement The Constitution and No explicit reference to Measures on avoiding /

and loss of means of the State Acquisition of the need for minimizing minimizing land
livelihood are to be Land Act set out the resettlement impacts by acquisition and
avoided when feasible conditions under which exploring alternatives. resettlement impacts
by exploring all viable land may be compulsory will be examined in the
alternatives. (JICA GL) acquired. The property study for flood control
can only be acquired for measures.
2 When population the public good, and
displacement is with the payment of
unavoidable, effective reasonable
measures to minimize compensation.
impact and to
compensate for losses
should be taken. (JICA
GL)
3 People who must be General principles of FIJI Laws do not Measures to restore /
resettled involuntarily compensation for land prescribe measures to improve standard of
and people whose and assets are set out in restore/ improve living will be included
means of livelihood will the Constitution and standard of living. in the Abbreviated
be hindered or lost must State Acquisition of Resettlement Action
be sufficiently Land Act. Plan.
compensated and
supported, so that they
can improve or at least
restore their standard of
living, income
opportunities and
production levels to

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pre-project levels. (JICA

GL)
4 Compensation must be State Acquisition of No specific requirement The relocation cost will
based on the full Land Act states that for compensation at be evaluated as
replacement cost as building is compensated replacement cost, replacement cost
much as possible. (JICA by market value with possible.
GL) depreciation.
5 Compensation and other State Acquisition of SALA states within 30 Measures on full
kinds of assistance must Land Act sets timing for days of notification, but payment of
be provided prior to payment of does not specifically compensation for
displacement. (JICA compensation. state before affected assets before
GL) displacement. DOL start of civil works on
Procedure provides for affected land will be
75% before construction included in the
and 25% after Abbreviated
construction. Resettlement Action
Plan.
6 For projects that entail No requirements for a Developing the

large-scale involuntary resettlement action plan. Abbreviated
resettlement, Resettlement Action for
resettlement action － the Project.
plans must be prepared
and made available to
the public. (JICA GL)
7 In preparing a In terms of information No specific Measures on

resettlement action plan, disclosure and requirements for information disclosure
consultations must be consultation process are information disclosure and discussion with
held with the affected included in the State and discussions with communities will be
people and their Acquisition of Land communities before the included in the
communities based on Act. preparation of Abbreviated
sufficient information Resettlement action Resettlement Action
made available to them plan. Plan.
in advance. (JICA GL)
8 When consultations are Land Acquisition and

held, explanations must resettlement policy and
be given in a form, Resettlement Action
manner, and language Plan will be provided
that are understandable with the understandable
to the affected people. language and style for
(JICA GL) displaced persons, for
discussions.
9 Appropriate Measures on encourage

participation of affected of community
people must be participation will be
promoted in planning, included in the
implementation, and Abbreviated
monitoring of Resettlement Action
resettlement action Plan.
plans. (JICA GL)
10 Appropriate and State Acquisition of No requirements for a Measures on
accessible grievance Land Act provides for project-specific project-specific
mechanisms must be appeal against a grievance redress grievance redress
established for the declaration of public mechanism. mechanism will be

22-64
affected people and purpose for compulsory proposed in the

their communities. acquisition and amount Abbreviated
(JICA GL) of compensation. Resettlement Action
Plan.
11 Affected people are to State Acquisition of No specific Survey/census,
be identified and Land Act sets out the requirements for census, assessment of impacts
recorded as early as process for land cut-off date, impact and resettlement
possible in order to investigation which assessment and scoping planning will be stated
establish their eligibility includes identification of resettlement in the Abbreviated
through an initial of affected landowners planning. Resettlement Action
baseline survey and their assets. Plan.
(including population
census that serves as an
eligibility cut-off date,
asset inventory, and
socioeconomic survey),
preferably at the project
identification stage, to
prevent a subsequent
influx of encroachers of
others who wish to take
advance of such
benefits. (WB OP4.12
Para.6)
12 Eligibility of benefits There is nothing in the The entitlement matrix

includes, the PAPs who FIJI Laws to address the for the project provides
have formal legal rights issue of displaced for resettlement
to land (including persons without land assistance and
customary and title or legal land rights. compensation for
traditional land rights non-land assets to
recognized under law), non-titled displaced
the PAPs who don't persons as well.
have formal legal rights － Implementation of
to land at the time of compensation for
census but have a claim non-titled displaced
to such land or assets person will be discussed
and the PAPs who have during detailed design
no recognizable legal phase.
right to the land they are
occupying. (WB OP4.12
Para.15)
13 Preference should be State Acquisition of No specific Measures on giving

given to land-based Land Act sets out the requirements for giving preference for
resettlement strategies process for land preference for land-based resettlement
for displaced persons investigation which land-based resettlement strategies will be
whose livelihoods are includes identification strategies. included in the
land-based. (WB of affected landowners Abbreviated
OP4.12 Para.11) and their assets. Resettlement Action
Plan.
14 Provide support for the No specific Measures on provision

transition period requirements for of support for the
(between displacement provision of support for transition period will be
－
and livelihood the transition period. included in the
restoration). (WB Abbreviated
OP4.12 Para.6) Resettlement Action

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Plan.
15 Particular attention must State Acquisition of No specific provisions Measures on
be paid to the needs of Land Act sets out the for preparing and consultations with
the vulnerable groups process of notification implementing based on displaced persons
among those displaced, of the land acquisition. meaningful including vulnerable
especially those below consultations with groups will be included
the poverty line, displaced person in the Land Acquisition
landless, elderly, women including the poor, the and Resettlement Policy
and children, ethnic landless, elderly, and Abbreviated
minorities etc. (WB women, and other Resettlement Action
OP4.12 Para.8) vulnerable groups Plan.
16 For projects that entail No specific In case of more than

land acquisition or requirements for 200 displaced persons
involuntary resettlement preparation of are concerned, measures
of fewer than 200 Resettlement Action for land acquisition and
people, abbreviated － Plan and its scale resettlement will be
resettlement plan is to requirements examined in the
be prepared. (WB Resettlement Action
OP4.12 Para.25) Plan.

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22.6.5 Scope of Resettlement Impact

(1) Population of Nadi River Basin
The total population in the Nadi River Basin was recorded as 59,485 in the 2007 census. (See Table 22-29).
The iTaukei make up 41.6% of the basin population, and Indo-Fijians 53.1 %, with just a few Rotuman and
others making up the rest. Most of the Indo-Fijians live on leased or freehold land, typically on their farms
or in settlements, while iTaukei live in villages.
Table 22-29 Total population of the Nadi Town and Rural Areas, 2007 Census
Population House Hold (HH)
Population / HH
Person % HH %
Total 59,485 100.0% 12,858 100.0% 4.63
iTaukei 24,759 41.6% 4,542 35.3% 5.45
Indo-Fijian 31,557 53.1% 7,490 58.3% 4.21
Ethnicity
Rotuman 628 1.1% 146 1.1% 4.30
Other 2,541 4.3% 680 5.3% 3.74
Source: Fiji Bureau of Statistics, census 2007
(2) Population in the Project Affected Area

Table 22-30 provides the result of population survey which was conducted in the affected area. The survey
was conducted by JICA Study Team in February 2016. Target of population survey is limited for household
which required for displacement.
Table 22-30 Number of Project Affected Units (PAUs) and Affected Persons (APs)
No. of Number of Family
Location Owner Structure Tenure
structures member
Yavusania 2 5
Paula Timber/ Iron Native
Village
Nadi Town Timber 1 －
Vinal Naidu Native
/Concrete (Commercial Property)
Saunaka Timber 1 9
Josateki Sovau Native
Village /Concrete
Nadi Back Timber 1 2
Razia Bibi Free Hold Land
Road /Concrete
Kulaia Timber 1 6 Free Hold Land
(3) Land Owner Ship

Land owner ship of affected areas is categorized into three (i) Native Land, (ii) State Land and (iii) Free
Hold Land. Areas of these types of lands are shown in Table 22-31 and Figure 22-14.
Table 22-31 Area of Affected Lands

Area (sqm)
Project Components Other
Project Area Free Hold Land State Land Native Land (Existing
River)
River Widening 1,472,773 84,954 155,753 790,012 442,053

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River Widening (NT Bridge) 7,497 0 0 7,497 0

River Widening (OQ Bridge) 11,343 0 615 9,701 1,027
Retarding Basin A (Dike) 106,398 0 15,712 9,042 81,644
Retarding Basin A (Basin) 320,336 0 113,841 19,290 187,206
Retarding Basin B (Dike) 827,575 116,424 24,233 158811.9953 528,106
Retarding Basin B (Basin) 1,392,743 1,144,474 0 78647.86191 169,622
Surrounding Dike 184,696 0 45,627 100946.0663 38,124
Ring Dike 45,373 0 11,450 9,565 24,358
River Shortcut 31,858 0 20,512 11,346 0
Area (sqm)
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000
River Widening
River Widening (NT Bridge)
Free Hold Land
River Widening (OQ Bridge)
State Land
Retarding Basin A (Dike)
Native Land
Retarding Basin A (Basin) Other (Existing River)
Retarding Basin B (Dike)
Retarding Basin B (Basin)
Surrounding Dike
Ring Dike
River Shortcut
Figure 22-14 Area of Affected Lands

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22.6.6 Entitlement Matrix

Type of loss incurred because of the Project implementation, application, eligibility, and entitlements are
summarized in Table 22-32.
Table 22-32 Entitlement Matrix

Compensation Responsible
Type of loss Application Entitled Persons
/Entitlements Organization
(1) Temporary Land used for Landowners (legal) The temporary land use will PMU
use of land temporary storage of and land users. happen only with agreement of (LWRM)
materials, work sites, landowners.
etc. Affected land owners will be paid
rent/benefits on terms negotiated.
The land will be returned to the
owners after its restoration at
completion of the Project.
Any loss of assets or loss of

income will be compensation at
replacement cost.
(2) Permanent Land for the area for Landowners, Compensation at replacement PMU
acquisition of river widening, lessees, or Affected cost. Compensation will be (LWRM)
land retarding basins and persons having user offered but not exceeding the
bridges etc, rights. current market value.
Non-titled
displaced persons
(3) Loss of Loss of structures or Affected p1ersons / Displaced person will be provided PMU
structures / other resources communities and compensation at replacement cost; (LWRM)
property / groups (only having salvaged materials and assistance
community legal title to land) in finding an alternative site.
resources
Replacement or restoration of
community property and
resources.
(4) Need of Affected facilities Owners of facilities A Compensation at replacement PMU
improvements such as fences, wells, cost including the market (LWRM)
outdoor toilets, material, labor, and transportation
animals shed, etc. costs.
(5) Loss of Standing crops, trees, All affected persons Affected persons will be given PMU
crops and trees and other agricultural affected of their notice to harvest crops and trees (LWRM)
products to be legal rights/status before site clearance or removal
affected from required land. If displaced MOFF
person are not able to harvest,
they will be paid cash
compensation at replacement cost.
In case of perennial crops and
trees, the compensation will also
include loss of income for a
period until new crops or trees
produce an equivalent income.
Compensation will be provided
similarly for loss of fishing, etc.
(6) Loss of Land and access to Landowners, Compensation for direct income PMU
income and income generating lessees, displaced loss as applicable. Compensation (LWRM)
livelihood resources persons, right and/or income restoration
holder for resources assistance for indirect losses also
paid, particularly for vulnerable
groups, including women.

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Compensation Responsible
Type of loss Application Entitled Persons
/Entitlements Organization
(7) Impact on Impacts on Vulnerable Vulnerable displaced persons will PMU
vulnerable particularly displaced persons receive additional or priority (LWRM)
groups vulnerable groups identified by social assistance.
survey
(8) Unforeseen All other matters Concerned To be determined as per principles PMU
impacts or displaced persons of the RAP and JICA policy. (LWRM)
losses
22.6.7 Responsible Institutions of Land Acquisition and Resettlement

These are key organizations involved in the land acquisition, resettlement and compensation process,
followed by more detailed explanation of their roles:
I. The PMU (Project Management Unit in Fiji Government) as the Implementing Agency will have
overall responsibility of the Project including safeguards. The LWRM responsibilities are (a)
identification of affected areas; (b) all community liaison; (c) budgetary provision; (d)
supervision of Social Impact Manager to be appointed by PMU.
II. PMU’s social impact manager will ensure that compensation is paid as required under the RAP. If
needed, a top-up resettlement budget will be made available to the safeguards unit to provide the
additional compensation/assistance (if any).
III. The Valuation Division, DOL will be responsible for (a) all initial valuations; (b) identification of
owners and leaseholders and (c) negotiations with land owners.
IV. The TLTB, which represents and negotiates on behalf of the mataqali land owners, will sign
agreements on their behalf and is responsible for securing the consent of mataqali members prior
to making such agreements.
V. Nadi Town Council and Nadi Provincial Council will facilitate discussions around land
acquisition, between the Project’s EIA and RAP specialists and communities.
22.6.8 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Procedures

Land acquisition procedures will be initiated once land surveys are completed, design for Nadi river
widening, two retarding basins and two bridges are done and approved by the PMU. The PMU will forward
outline plans to the DOL, showing the estimated land-take, and request them to acquire the land. The DOL,
on receiving the request, asses the plan to prepare acquisition diagrams and carry out a search on land
owners affected. After this, the plans are forwarded to the Valuation Division, which will determine
compensation and obtain all the land clearances. Once the Valuation Division has received the consent of
the landowners, field inspections are carried out and a valuation report prepared based on an inventory of
losses, taking into account relevant data and sales analysis. In addition, LWRM will calculate the losses on
standing crops by acquisition along with the valuation process by Valuation Division, DOL.
Where Native lands are involved a meeting will be convened with members of the identified mataqali,
arranged by the Valuation Division, DOL, assisted by the Provincial Council, to undertake negotiations to
come to agreed values. The DOL will send the proposal to the TLTB, which will negotiate on behalf of the
landowners. The mataqali owning the land will, however, have finally to accept or reject the TLTB
recommendations.
A Sale and Purchase Agreement is then entered into between the TLTB on behalf of the mataqali, and DOL.
The Sale and Purchase Agreement is forwarded to the TLTB for the Board’s consent, accompanied by the

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relevant fees. Cheques are then processed and paid to the TLTB, based on estimated area, to be adjusted
after the final survey and completion of works.
Leasehold native land follows a similar process, where a field inspection is carried out, a Valuation Report
prepared and a Price Agreement executed. The Agreement is sent to the TLTB with relevant consent fees
for the Board to approve. If the lease is a registered one, then a caveat is lodged in the Titles Office, (as an
interim arrangement to prevent changes before the agreement can be finalized). The price paid for land will
sometimes need to be divided between lessees and owners.
In the case of freehold lands, the Valuation Division, DOL will prepare a Sale and Purchase Agreement and
negotiate the purchase.
When compensation has been paid, a Certificate of Transfer is prepared and sent for execution. The PMU is
then able to begin construction.
Following completion of the construction work, if the land used is found more than the original estimate
then compensation will be adjusted to the exact size of the land used.
PMU will recruit a social impact manager, and PMU will recruit design and supervision consultants, with
international and national environmental and social considerations specialists to implement the
environmental and social considerations tasks, as required by the RAP and Environmental Management and
Monitoring Plan. The environmental and social considerations related staff will work closely with the DOL,
DOH, MoSW and LWRM to ensure environmental and social considerations are implemented as set out in
the RAP for the Project.
(1) Implementation Organization

Implementation organization for land acquisition and resettlement is shown in Figure 22-15.
JICA
Community / Stakeholders
Report
(Proponent)
Manager for Environmental
and Social Considerations
Complains / Concerns
After Preparation of certificate of land transfer,
Construction will be started
Evaluation Division,
Department of Lands
Negotiation Coordination
iTaukei Land Trust Board

Land Owners
(TLTB)
Negotiation
In case of
Free Hold Land Land Owning Unit
In case of Native Land
Figure 22-15 Implementation organization for land acquisition and resettlement

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(2) Responsible Institutions and Mechanism of Grievance Redress

In order to receive and facilitate the resolution of any displaced people’s concerns, complaints, or
grievances about the project’s performance for environmental and social considerations, a Grievance
Redress Mechanism (GRM) is developed for the Project. Table 22-33 sets out the process to resolve any
project related grievances:
Table 22-33 Grievance Redress Process

Stage Process Duration
Displaces person / village head or traditional chief takes
1 Any time
grievance to PMU’s social impact manager
PMU’s social impact manager reviews and finds solution to the
2 problem in consultation with village head or traditional chief 2 weeks
and relevant agencies.
PMU’s social impact manager reports back an outcome to
3 1 week
village/traditional chief/displaced person.
If unresolved or not satisfied with the outcome at PMU’s social impact manager
Displaced person/village head or traditional chief take grievance Within 2 weeks of receipt
4
to PMU of decision in step 3
Head of PMU reviews and find a solution in coordination with
5 4 weeks
relevant agencies.
Head of PMU reports back the solution/decision to DP/village
6 1 week
head or traditional chief.
If unresolved or at any stage if displaced person is not satisfied
Displaced person/village head or traditional chief can take the matter to
As per judicial system
appropriate court.
(3) Resettlement Implementation Schedule

This RAP will be updated based on detailed design of the Project, and detailed inventory of assets lost
(undertaken in consultation and negotiation with displaced and affected persons). An implementation
schedule for land acquisition and resettlement activities is as follows:
Table 22-34 Implementation Schedule

Activities Responsible entity Schedule
Update of RAP
Confirm land requirements based on detailed design of the river widening, Consulting
1 TBD
retarding basins and bridges. engineers
2 Provide plans identifying areas to be acquired to DOL. PMU TBD
3 Determine type of affected land tenure (Native, leased, or freehold) DOL, TLTB TBD

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Determine numbers in mataqali group, land owners and users affected, and
4 PMU, DOL, TLTB TBD
identify any vulnerable households
Conduct follow-up consultations with affected communities and agree on

5 PMU, DOL TBD
land acquisition
Obtain written consents from each landowning unit during consultation

6 DOL TBD
meeting
Cadastral survey of land if not previously done, and submission for land
7 PMU, DOL TBD
registration
Conduct titles/leases search in Government titles registration office for

8 DOL TBD
affected land ownership
9 Determine and mark areas for each land unit required DOL, PMU TBD
Conduct inventory of losses – land, trees, crops and provide valuation for
10 DOL, PMU TBD
compensation
Negotiate compensation with land owners (mataqali) or holders of Native

12 DOL TBD
Leases or freehold landowners
13 DOL and LWRM update the RAP PMU TBD
RAP Implementation
14 Preparation of Sale and Purchase Agreement. Endorsed by TLTB. DOL, TLTB TBD
15 Payment of compensation DOL, PMU TBD
16 DOL completes land transfers & registration DOL TBD
Award of civil works contract, clearance of land, and briefing of contractor

17 PMU TBD
on environmental and social considerations
18 Commencement of civil works (contingent on compensation being paid) PMU TBD
Final survey plan on completion of work; payment of adjusted

19 PMU, DOL TBD
compensation as required
Monitoring
20 PMU starts affected person socio-economic monitoring PMU TBD
21 PMU submit progress report to JICA on implementation of the RAP PMU TBD
PMU conducts post-project survey and submit final monitoring repot to

22 PMU TBD
JICA
(4) Cost and Fund Source of Land Acquisition and Resettlement

To prepare the required financial plan of land acquisition and resettlement. The prepared financial plan
consists of a necessary backup data such as evidence of valuing of compensation for loss assets. The major
cost items in the financial plan are shown in below:
1. Compensation Cost: compensation for land, building etc. including temporary relocation and
replacement cost for public infrastructures;
2. Relocation Cost: cost for transportation, moving, tax and operational cost, placement fee for new

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land and/or house, cost for temporary housing, etc.;
3. Restoring of Living Cost: budget for purchase of asset for alternative income source, occupational
training fee, assistance for farming management, job medication fee, assistance for small business
operation etc.;
4. Management Cost: labor cost, fuel and facility cost, technical assistance fee including training,
monitoring and evaluation fee. etc.; and
5. Contingency for inflation, increasing of population and other incidents.
1) Estimated Cost for Land Acquisition

The initial land acquisition cost survey was conducted to identify the land use and current condition in the
project affected area through the field investigation. The unit cost for land type and location was calculated
by the Valuation Division, MOA. It is noted that the project affected areas were identified, counted and
measured through the Geographic Information System (GIS) and verified on site. Table 22-35 provides the
result of cost estimation by DOL.
Table 22-35 Result of Initial land acquisition cost survey
Total
Item River Widening, Bridges Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike Surrounding Dike, Shortcut
Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY)
LA Cost 7,865,000 428,642,500 19,506,171 1,063,086,320 149,566 8,151,373 4,243,448 231,267,937 31,764,186 1,731,148,129
Source: Department of Land, Fiji
2) Relocation Cost
Cost for relocation is shown below.
Package-1 Package-2 Package-3
Unit Price Total
Item Main Works Description Unit River Widening Retarding Basin A, B Ring Dike
(FJD)
Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Quantity Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY) Cost (FJD) Cost (JPY)
Ⅲ ． Co m pe ns a ti on C o st
Q ua nt i ty
House Relocation Concrete Building nos 90,636.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
Affected House Wooden Building nos 61,292.0 6.0 367,752 20,042,484 11 674,212 36,744,554 17 1,041,964 56,787,038 2,083,928 113,574,076
Tin Shack nos 36,396.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

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(5) Monitoring Framework by Implementation Institutions

The primary purpose of monitoring the RAP is to ensure that resettlement is carried out based on the RAP.
This is also to look into the progress made in terms of comprehensive and timely implementation of RAP
and to identify problems as early as possible to facilitate resettlement and necessary mitigations. Included
in the monitoring are land acquisition, payment of compensation for lost assets, resettlement of people
impacted by the project and release of funds.
Table 22-36 Monitoring Indicators

Type of
Indicator Examples of Variables
Indicator
Process Staffing Recruitment of PMUs social impact manager

indicators
Engagement of staff for environmental and social considerations
and training
No. of other agency officials available for tasks
Consultation, participation, and No. of consultation and participation programs held with various
grievance resolution stakeholders
No. of field visits by PMU
Procedures in operation Effectiveness of compensation/assistance delivery system

Coordination between PMU, DOL and other GoF agencies and
civil society groups
Output Households No. of households affected

indicators
Structures No. of Structure
Land, economic trees & crops No. of households receiving agreed compensation for land, trees
and crops
Assistance to affected persons No. of special assistance programs to vulnerable households
Impact Household earning capacity Employment status of households having a formal job
indicators
Employment status of households being self-employed
Special assistance to women No. of women engaged as waged workers by the Project
Type of Project-related skills women received.
Average wage of women employed on Project compared to that of
men.
Other livelihood indicators Increase in market-based incomes of farmers

Increase in ownership of household assets
Increase in visits by GoF service providers

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22.7 Public Consultations and Stake Holders Meetings

22.7.1 Outline
Three (3) Public Consultations are held to inform the situation of project examination and
collect an opinion and comment from residents. The dates of public consultations are follows;
1st Public Consultation: 2 July, 2015 (Tuesdays)

2nd Public Consultation: 12 September, 2015 (Wednesday)
3rd Public Consultation: 5 April, 2016 (Tuesday)
22.7.2 Participants and major opinions

(1) 1st Public Consultation
The number of participants of 1st Public Consultation is 46. Name and organization of
participants are shown below.
1. IntazHussain (Lands – Lautoka)
2. Neel Chandra (Fiji Police Force)
3. P. Bainivalu (Fiji Military Force)
4. EpineriDalituicama (Ministry of Agriculture)
5. UmendraPratap (Ministry of Agriculture)
6. Mahendra K. (Ministry of Agriculture)
7. Shiri N (Agriculture Department)
8. ViliameMomoivalu (Department of Environment)
9. Vinod Kumar (Min. of Primary Ind.)
10. Albert Queet (SCOPE Pacific)
11. Melissa Toro (SCOPE Pacific)
12. Neela Prasad (JICA)
13. Ifereimi (Nadi Rural Local Authority/Ministry of Health)
14. Robin Anganu (Nadi Town Council)
15. IliesaRakaseta (Housing Authority)
16. JoneMataiqe (Housing Authority)
17. IliesaTaivei (Housing Authority)
18. Sekove Q (Housing Authority)
19. Vishnu (Sheraton Resort)
20. John Ross (Fiji Sun)
21. SaloteQalubau(Fiji Sun)
22. ArujDevia(Devia Bookshop)
23. Pravin (Brij& Co)
24. Yeh Chang Wai (PIL Foodhall Supermarket)
25. ManojJeet(VIB)
26. Charles Dewan(ANZ)
27. R. Sanday (Nadi Sports Council)
28. B. McElrath (McDonalds)
29. Jeff Wang (EMEI)
30. Rapek (Avon Store)
31. Marsh (Jet tex S P L)
32. Sunt Kumar (Farmer)
33. P. Watson (Landowner)
34. Norman Yee (NadiResident)
35. ApenisaVuki (Nadi Resident)
36. TevitaRatu (Nakovacake)
37. IliaseriVano (Nakovacake)
38. TomasiNaulumatua (Natoqocake)

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39. Egi T. Dodd (Businessman)

40. Anil Gounder (Businessman)
41. Ash Yam(Namotourio)
42. Nacanieli V (MH Nadi)
43. Nikan K (Nadi Resident)
44. M. W
45. VilimoniTabuanitoga (Narewa Village)
46. KapilBhagwan (Unknown)
Major opinions from participants are shown below.

What type of embankment are considered along with the river (Resident in Nakovacake)
What kind of impact will be anticipated due to the river widening? In Nakovacake, we are
worry for Landslide. (Resident in Nakovacake)
More than 77 year living in Nadi Basin, a planting in upstream area is needed. (person in
charge of agriculture sector)
Construction of Diversion channel needs huge cost and may it make several impacts to
the area. The idea of river widening is simple and acceptable. (Resident in Namotomoto)
Under the low tide condition, estuary of Nadi river is very shallow. Not to navigate by the
boat. Is there (Resident in Nacovi)
Can house owners which are affected by the river widening receive the proper assistance?
(Nakomorake Development Trust)
(2) 2nd Public Consultation

The number of participants of 2nd Public Consultation is 22. Name and organization of
1. Khin Maung Cho (LWRM/MOA)
2. Josefa Nawai (LWRM/MOA)
3. Jonetani B (LWRM/MOA)
4. Vinesh (LWRM/MOA)
5. Sauri Mitchell (SDC)
6. Netani Qicatabua (Consulting Engineer, Netts Planning & Infrastructure)
7. Peceli Nakavulevu (Min of Lands)
8. Robin Ali (Nadi Town Council)
9. Jone Mataitoga (Housing Authority)
10. IliesaTaivei (Housing Authority)
11. Tevita King (SCOPE Pacific)
12. Nina Sikiti (SCOPE Pacific)
13. Joseva Rokocoko (Yavusania Village)
14. Sakiasi Radibi (Yavusania Village)
15. Ilisoni R (Moala Village)
16. Vuniani L (Moala Village)
17. Takashi Toyoda (JICA Study Team)
18. Hajime Watanabe (JICA Study Team)
19. Metuisela Mua (JICA Study Team)
20. Ashok Kumar (JICA Study Team)
21. Joe Waqavakatoga (JICA Study Team)
22. Amelina Ratubuli (JICA Study Team)

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The examination done by JICA is based on the evaluation which the frequency of flood in
2015 is 1/50. Do you conduct the calculation for the 1/100, 1/25 flood? Can we review the
draft repot? (Civil Engineer)
How many years are needed for completion of the Project? (Housing Authority)
(3) 3rd Public Consultation

The number of participants of 2nd Public Consultation is approximately 30 (this number
including person who are not record the name on attendance list). Name and organization of
1. Rita Pickering (Air New Zealand)
2. Samisoni Vouratukula (Waqadra Residence)
3. Daya Lal - (Waqadra Residence)
4. Palpana Nand (Waqadra Residence)
5. V. Ramani (Unknown)
6. Kamlesh Chandra - (Qeleloa Settlement)
7. Mahesh Khatri (ACME Garments)
8. Jitendra Singh (Deo Street, Namaka)
9. Ana Dugulele (Rustic Pathways)
10. Laupaama (Unknown)
11. Ravin Devia (Devia Bookshop)
12. Jainendra Vikash - (Mega Paper Power)
13. Naseer Khan (Khans Service Station)
14. Roneel Deo (Sharma Design)
15. Aung Yi (MOA)
16. Josefa Nawai (MOA)
17. Sant Pratap (MOA)
18. Filimoni Vananalagi (MOA)
19. Vinesh Kumar (MOA)
20. Hideki Sawada (JICA)
21. Nila Prasad (JICA)
22. Takashi Toyoda (JST)
23. Yoshio Nakagawa (JST)
24. Metuisela Mua (JST)
25. Ashok Kumar (JST)
26. Amelina Ratubuli (JST)

Where is the starting point of river widening? In case of the flood happen in upstream,
the area around Novotel inundated? (Waqadra Residence)
In case of flood in Nadi river, the water going to the sea with out any flooding? (unknown)
After the development of retarding basin and river widening, the amount of water which
flow into the ocean is changed? How to drain the water from retarding basins
(Unknown)
Dam construction is included to the Project? (Khans Service Station)
In case of collaps of Vaturu Dam, what kind of even is anticipated? (Rustic Pathways)

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Chapter 23 Project Evaluation and Recommendations

23.1 Project Evaluation g
23.1.1 Economic Valuation
Total cost of the priority project is ¥21 billion (F$385 million) and the average annual benefit is
¥ 1.88billion (F$34.5 million). These figures lead to EIRR of 12.0%, B/C of 1.2 and NPV ¥1.8 billion
(F$33 million) respectively. This investment rate of return is above the target investment rate of return of
10% in Fiji and show the positive economic effect.
23.1.2 Financial Valuation
Fiji government has to consider external borrowing to secure the fund necessary to implement the project.
The amount of the external borrowing is estimated to be JPY15,967 million (F$ 293million), which is 76%
of the total project cost, in case of Yen loan by Japanese government. The following typical Yen loan
condition is assumed:
 Interest rate 0.6% p.a., repayment period 40 years (of which 10 years is a grace period) as priority
condition for middle income country.
The total repayment amount will be ¥ 17.3 billion (F$318 million). Maximum annual payment will be
¥ 590 million (F$10.8 million) and average annual payment will be ¥ 430 million (F$7.9 million). These
maximum and average payments will be approximately 11.6% and 8.4% of the average external debt
payment of ¥ 5.1 billion (F$94.7 million), respectively, according to the Fiji government plan of medium
term fiscal estimate.
The remaining ¥ 4.7 billion (F$86.2 million), which is accounting for 24% of the total project cost, should
be provided by the Fiji government. However, such funding, which is considered to be provided within the
regular annual budget as annual payment of ¥ 190 million (F$3.5 million) (≒¥ 4.7 billion/25 years), is
estimated only 0.1% of the total expenditure and 0.4% of public investment expenditure of the budget.
Apart from the annual project cost shown in Table Table 20-5 in Chapter 20, VolumeII, Main report, the Fiji
government should provide the additional budget necessary for acquisition and compensation of the private
land.
23.1.3 Environmental Impact Evaluation
By the implementation of the Project, the inundation area and period will be reduced significantly, and as a
result the direct and indirect damages caused by flooding will be reduced. This will have large positive
impacts on the social economic development and peoples’ welfare.
Although the various countermeasures will be able to cope sufficiently with the negative impacts on the
social and natural environment as described in this report, the items which will relatively have important
effect are shown below.
(1) Relocation of housing
Seventeen households have to be relocated in the Priority Project. Sufficient negotiation on land acquisition
and compensation will be required from now on. In addition to the above 17 households, there are other 17
households scattered in the retarding basin area planned in the Master Plan; these households will be
affected by the negative impact of the river channel widening in the middle stream of Nadi River, and as
a result compensation negotiation of will be necessary.
(2) Change of topography and landscape
Since the river width will be widened approximately by 2 times of its present width after implementation of
the Project, the topography and landscape will be change. Therefore, it is desirable to implement the land
use planning and town planning along the river, facilitating such as building parks and walking trails in
parallel with the Project.
(3) Influence on tourism
During implementation of the Project, vehicles and heavy construction equipment may frequently move
here and there including dump trucks transporting soil. Such traffic may pass through main road together
with that of tourism vehicles, and there is some risk that the river channel excavation may cause turbid
water. The reduction of such minus impacts on tourism should be considered by planning adopting a
construction method avoiding such impacts on tourism and environment. However, after completion of the
Project a large plus impact on tourism is expected by reducing remarkably direct and indirect damage of

23-1
flooding.
23.2 Recommendations for the Implementation of the Project

23.2.1 Recommendations for the Implementation of the project
(1) Implementation of the Priority Project
The recommended Priority Project has large economic effect and sufficient financial feasibility. The
implementation of the Project will present a great benefit to social and economic development and peoples’
welfare. Therefore, the Project should be implemented as soon as possible to avoid repeated flood damage.
(2) Consensus building
Consensus should be built among the stakeholders of the government on the implementation of the project.
Moreover, the understanding and consensus of the residents that may be affected by the project are
required.
(3) Commencement of loan procedure for project fund
The major part of the fund for implementation of the Project is likely to be procured by foreign loan. Such
loan process requires long period, and it is necessary to start the loan process as early as possible. Since the
government has to cover part of the cost, the project should be included in the government budget, and the
process necessary to realize this should commence immediately.
(4) Commencement of negotiation for land acquisition and compensation
Since the negotiation of land acquisition and compensation requires generally long time, the explanation to
residents and negotiation should commence as early as possible so that there will be enough time for
discussion after which the agreement of the residents should be obtained.
(5) Commencement of consultant procurement and environmental monitoring
Prior to the construction of flood control counter measures, the detail design is necessary. Therefore, after
the decision of Project implementation, the consultant is procured immediately to prepare the detail design
of the Project.
And in order to assess the natural and social impact of the implementation of the Project, various types of
monitoring of environmental factors should be started.
(6) Establishment of flood control legislation
The legislation of flood control in Fiji is not yet accomplished; it should be established on various items
including definition of river area (boundary of river) and compensation method of retarding basin and so
on.
(7) Establishment of organization responsible for flood control and capacity building
At present the organization responsible for flood control is not clearly defined in the legislation. The
Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), which is a counterpart agency of this Study, is and only responsible for
flood control of agricultural village and land; however flood control of urban area and examination of
influence of climate change and so on are out of its responsibility.
The number of engineers in LWRM of MOA is few and very limited. The establishment and
strengthening of the organization responsible for flood control is urgently required, including increase of
engineers and capacity building, and budget allocating.
(8) Preparation of criteria and standard
The preparation of criteria and standard as well as organization and legislation concerning flood control is
necessary. It is understood from a discussion with LWRM that since there are no specific criteria and
standard in Fiji, at present engineers relay on their own knowledge, experience and information obtained
from internet. The criteria and standard matching to the natural, social and environmental situation of Fiji
should be prepared.
(9) Securing of maintenance budget for flood control
At present, the maintenance budget for flood control is not always secured, and as a result, the maintenance

23-2
of flood control facilities is not carried out sufficiently. The maintenance work of flood control facilities to
be constructed by the Project is inevitable; therefore, yearly budget has to be secured for continuous
maintenance work.
(10) Establishment of flood control master plan for overall Fiji and implementation
The flood control master plan in the Nadi River basin was established in this Study; however, there are 4
large river basins in Viti Levu island in addition to Nadi River, which are Rewa River, Navua River,
Sigatoka River and Ba River, without master plans. Master plans for these rivers is to be established and the
implementation of flood control facilities of it should be implemented step by step.
23.2.2 Recommendations for Inland water Drainage

(1) Present situation and issues of inland water drainage
Although the inundation phenomena by river water is the objective of this study, inundation damage by
inland water occurs often due to insufficient capacity of drainage system for rainfall in the central area of
Nadi town, which is included in the Important Protected Area defined in the Project. Therefore it is
impossible to protect completely the inundation in the city center area by only the counter measures against
river water. Therefore, the improvement of the inland water drainage system is an urgent issue that should
be carried out soon.
Figure 23-1 shows the current situation of the rainfall water (inland water) drainage system. The central
area of Nadi town is often inundated due to slight topography depression and insufficient drainage system.
There is a drainage plan promoted by Nadi town (discussed later in Section (2),2), which is not concrete
plan, but the maintenance of drainage channel is carried out partly limited to removing rubbish.
Nadi Town Bridge Under Nadi Town Council

2015 Present Drainage System of Nadi Town Area
NAMOTOMOTO
Village
Existing Drainage Channel
NAREWA Village
Existing Drainage Route
SUVA <-- Backroad --> Nadi AP
Existing Drainage Channel

Drainage Outlet Channel
Figure 23-1 Drainage system of rainfall water in the central area of Nadi town
(2) Drainage counter measures for inland water

1) Mitigation method of inundation by inland water in the Project
In the Project, the river channel widening is to be implemented. In the flood control plan the design high
water level (HWL) is planned to be equal to or lower than the ground height of the river side land so that
the increase of inundation by inland water is restrained. In addition, depression area besides the dike is
recommended to be filled to the top of bank so that there will be no depression area.
2) Review of Nadi Town Drainage Plan
Nadi Town Drainage Plan was completed for the solution of drainage problems and reduction of flood
damage of Nadi town in August 2000 by the Department of Town and Country Planning, Nadi Town

23-3
Council, LWRM, Western Drainage Board, National Disaster Management Committee, Nadi Rural Local
Authority.
In the plan, present situation and issues were studied, and the long-term, and short- and medium-term plans
were recommended to solve the issues (refer to Table23-1). However, the plan was studied without
demarcation of inland water and river water, without hydraulic analysis and verification, and scientific
ground.
In addition to the above, the plan included the diversion channel and short cut recommended by JICA study
carried out from 1996–1998, titled as [The study on watershed management and flood control for the four
major vitilevu rivers](herein after referred to as Development Study1998)
As the progress of Nadi Town Drainage Plan, although the retention dams are constructed by LWRM
separately, the other facilities are not confirmed remarkable progress in the investigation carried out by
JICA study team in 2016.
Table 23-1 Contents of the 2000 Nadi Town Drainage Plan
Period Contents of Plan
Short and medium term plan Widening drainage channel and review of the alignment
Long term plan Construction of retention dam, embankment, diversion channel, short cut and so on
Source：Nadi Town Drainage Plan (2000)
Source: Nadi Town Council, Department of Town and Country Planning

Figure 23-2 Nadi Town Drainage Plan (2000)
23.2.3 Recommendations for Mitigation and Management of Disaster Risk

The present conditions and issues of flood control and the mitigation measures of disaster damage is as
described in “ Volume II Main Report, Part I: Master Plan Study, Chapter 4 Present Conditions and issues
of Flood control and Basin Management
The flood control and flood damage mitigation measures executed up to now are limited to local river bank
protection works, small scale retention dam construction, and introduction of early flood warning system
and so on, which are not systematic measures for overall river basin. Considering the above situation the
following recommendations are made.
(1) Background of mitigation and management of disaster risk
The inundation analysis was carried out for the maximum flood recorded in the past, and the predicted
inundation area was presented. However, it is necessary to envisage possibility of new disaster risk
resulting from extraordinary flood and different rainfall pattern, and to promote the counter measures by
recognition of occurrence frequency, possible damage, by the government agencies, municipalities and
residents.

23-4
Accurate and comprehensive information on frequency of inundation, risk of loss of human life, capacity
and condition of facilities should be presented by the related agencies using hazard map or other
appropriate means. The measures reducing the disaster risk should be promoted by sharing disaster risk
information among agencies.
(2) Basic concept of implementation of adaptive measures
On the other hand, the increase of impact and risk of frequent and severe disasters of flood, sedimentation,
high tide and drought by climate change has become a major concern in recent years. The importance of
adaptive measures to the adverse effect of the climate change as well as mitigation measures is pointed out
in the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP).
The measures were proposed considering change of future socioeconomic situation and uncertainty of risk
such as climate change and movement of population, economy, and technology level and so on. In order to
mitigate such disaster risk, it is important that adaptive measures are to be applied.
When adaptive measures are implemented as risk mitigation measures, the measures have to be promoted
based on the concept listed below. And the measures have o be implemented adaptively and verified and
reviewed based on the knowledge and experience of not only upgrading the basic technology on the
hydrology, which is based on scientific ground, but also promoting continuous monitoring of climate
change, prediction, investigation and research, technological development of climate change.
The basic concept of implementation of adaptive measures is as follows:
・Adaptive management based on uncertainty
・Coping with existing phenomena
・Consideration of impact on future
・Comprehensive structural and non-structural measures
・Consideration of climate change for each project plan
・Symbiosis with nature and conformity with environment
・Consideration of regional characteristics and promotion of activity in each level
1) Adaptive management based on uncertainty
The prediction of future impact of climate change (timing of occurrence, place, and extent) is accompanied
by uncertainty. When the adaptive measures are to be promoted, adaptive management has to be applied.
Moreover, appropriate measures have to be selected when necessary with continuous monitoring of climate
change, progress of climate change, up-to-date climate data, socio-economic reginal variation, effect of the
existing and new risk reduction measures.
2) Coping with existing phenomena at present
The influence of climate change has not been observed clearly in Nadi River basin, but if the climate
change will be observed and becomes obvious by observation and monitoring, the measures in the Priority
Project in this Study is basically to be adopted and promoted.
3) Consideration of impact on future
Although the extent of impact and time of occurrence of climate change is uncertain, the phenomena at
present may become worse and cause the large disaster in progress of climate change. Therefore, the study
on adaptive measures for various phenomena is to be carried out taking into consideration the change of the
frequency of occurrence of phenomena.
4) Structural and non-structural aspects of measures
The adaptive measures include structural measures such as construction of facilities and non-structural
measures such as early flood warning, town and land use planning based on the disaster risk. The
comprehensive measures have to be implemented immediately by appropriately combining the structural
and non-structural measures.
5) Consideration of adaptive measures and disaster prevention of each project plan
In order to implement the adaptive measures effectively and efficiently, the concept of adaptation to the
impact of climate change and disaster prevention should be involved in each project plan. If necessary,
concept of adaptive measures and disaster prevention should be considered in the design of facilities,

23-5
maintenance, renewal of infrastructure and systems.

6) Prevention and reduction of disaster based on symbiosis with nature, conformity with
environment and ecosystem
It is important to look at nature closely, utilize natural function and conform to nature in the development of
infrastructure. Similarly, in the implementation of adaptive measures and disaster prevention measures, it is
necessary to consider conservation, renewal and creation of natural environment.
The restoration and conservation of water conservation forest by watershed management not only
strengthen the function of water conservation area but also increase regional toughness, and contribute to
the prevention and reduction of disaster in community, and mangrove forest, natural retarding basin and
swamp mitigate flooding. The ecosystem has various functions for prevention and reduction of disaster, and
Eco-DRR (Ecosystem-based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction) is to be promoted.
A forestation in the upstream of Nadi River has been carried out by MOA, and this is expected to conserve
the basin and protect the sediment run off. The downstream area on left bank side of Nadi River is natural
retarding basin where mangroves make their habitat. This area will be planned as an artificial retarding
basin in the future in the Master Plan and will contribute to conservation of natural environment as well as
reduction of disaster.
7) Consideration of regional characteristics and promotion of activity in each level
In promotion of the accomomdated measures, the sinario of measures and implementation timing is
assumed beforehand and the preparation of flexible measures is to be considered. And the Government
is required to assit sufficiently the regions to notice the impact of climate change and the adaptive
measures.
(3) Recommendation for adaptive measures in Nadi River basin
Based on the present situation of Nadi River basin and the Master Plan presented in this Study and the basic
concept of adaptive measures above, the following measures are recommended.
1) Disaster prevention measures for floods with relatively low occurrence probability
a) Immediate implementation of Priority Project
The damage caused by the floods with relatively low occurrence probability such as once in two or three
years will be eliminated by the implementation of the Priority Project targeting flood with occurrence
probability of 1/50. Therefore, the Priority Project has to be implemented immediately.
b) Upgrading function of existing facilities
Upgrading the function of the existing facilities is to be carried out by strengthening drainage facilities and
construction of reservoir for rainfall water.
c) Full execution of maintenance and renewal
The maintenance and renewal of existing facilities are to be fully executed after preparing the inventory of
existing facilities and understanding the present condition of the facilities.
d) Expanding and upgrading hydrological observation network
The hydrological network such as rainfall observation and water level observation is to be expanded and
upgraded and the information on flood and inland water is to be collected and integrated with river basin
management
e) Comprehensive sediment management
In the entire sediment transport system, the target of sustainable sediment management is to be studied, and
comprehensive sediment management is to be promoted for monitoring sediment yield, mitigation of
sediment discharge by watershed conservation like planting in upstream area and planning maintenance
works like dredging.
f) Upgrading of flood forecasting technique for plan and design of facilities
The flood forecasting technique is to be upgraded not only for reduction of disaster risk but also for
reflecting it to the plan and design of facilities.
g) Integrated preparation and operation of river and rainfall drainage systems
Although the flood control is executed by the implementation of the Priority Project and the Master Plan, in

23-6
order to eliminate the inundation damage in Nadi town, rainfall water drainage system should be facilitated;
moreover, an integrated operation of the river and rainfall drainage systems is necessary for inundation
caused by river water and rainfall water. Therefore, a system connecting river and rainfall water drainage
systems is to be established to strengthen their function, and rainfall water reservoirs are to be promoted.
2) Disaster reduction measures for extraordinary floods
a) Enhancement hydrological observation network
The hydrological observation network is to be enhanced not only for rainfall and river water level but also
for inland water level and tide level (high tide) by improvement of observation equipment and promotion of
flood forecasting technique. Assistance to the related organizations and support system should be enhanced
so that the appropriate evacuation recommendation is possible in extraordinary flood situations, and in
normal time the detail information on disaster risk of dangerous location is to be supplied.
b) Evaluation of disaster risk for various external forces
The Master Plan for the external force of the maximum flood recorded in the past was established in this
Study. However, in the long-term, after continuous hydrological observation and monitoring is carried out,
it is necessary to estimate the external force of not only the recorded maximum flood, but also for that of
extraordinary floods that may result from exceptionally different rainfall pattern. And the occurrence
frequency of inundation above floor level and risk of loss of human life, capacity and conditions of
facilities are to be evaluated.
c) Structural inspection of Vaturu Dam
As for the Vaturu Dam located in the most upstream of Nadi River, the study is to be carried out on the
safety such as structural damage and its influence in case the external force exceeds the design capacity of
the dam, and counter measures are to be implemented, if necessary.
d) Restraining inundation area collaborated to town and regional planning
The embankment and rising of road in Back Road is examined to restrain development of the inundation
area collaborated to town and regional planning and respond to extraordinary flood.
e) Drainage of inundation water
It is very important in the large scale flood disaster to drain the inundation water as soon as possible to
prevent the expansion of inundation area, and for early restoration and rehabilitation. Therefore, the
drainage plan is to be examined beforehand and all necessary preparation regarding drainage water gate,
pumping station, secure of access road to supply fuel, reserve power, stock fuel and so on is to be
promoted.
f) Enhancement of emergency evacuation system
The number of the dead and isolated persons including travelers is estimated in case of large scale flood
disaster, based on this assumed damage, the timeline (action plan in time series) will be prepared in
cooperation with related organizations so that the evacuation, first aid service, emergency transportation
will be possible. The emergency evacuation system should include allocating boat, preparing evacuation
place, securing evacuation route, preparing stock of supplies and so on.
g) Presentation of understandable information to urge evacuation
Simple and easily understandable information on the approaching danger, such as flooding and high tide,
should be provided to the public.
Moreover, hazard map which is can be easily understood by residents and travelers has to be prepared, and
the installation of notice board in the town, on which the estimated inundation depth and the elevation at
the place, direction of evacuation, name and distance to the evacuation place are indicated, has to be
promoted.

23-7
Chapter 24 Phasing of the Priority Project (Study for Reference)

24.1 Basic Concept of Phasing
Phasing of the Priority Project is studied considering the effectiveness on the Important Protected Area in
this Chapter
24.2 Phasing
24.2.1 Phasing Case
The components of the Priority Project are as shown in Figure 24-1. In these components, Installation of
Retarding Basin A, B and River widening are directly effective to mitigate the flood damage in the
Important Protected Area. Therefore, phasing case is studied mainly based on these 2 (two) components as
shown in Table 24-1 and Figure 24-2.
②Retarding Basin A: A=35ha

④Ring Dike: ⑥Rebuilding of Bridge
Bridge: ①River Widening: L=13km Retarding Basin B: A=178ha
L=1.8km L=108m (Water Surface Area in flooding)

⑤Shortcuts:SL=0.5km
Component
① River Widening
② Retarding Basin A, B
③ Surrounding Dike
④ Ring Dike
⑤ Shortcut of tributaries
⑥ Rebuilding of Bridge (Nadi town bridge)
Malakua River
⑦ Rebuilding of Bridge (Old Queens Road bridge)
Figure 24-1 The components of the Priority Project (Structural Measures)
Table 24-1 Phasing Case (Structural Measures)

Phasing Case Components Remarks
Case 0 Current situation －
Case 1 Retarding Basin A, B －
Case 2 River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to
18.75km incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring －
Dike
Case 3 River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to Compared to Case2, widening length is
14.0km incl. rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring limited up to minimum effective area in
Dike order to mitigate flood damage in
Important Protected Area in Case3

24-1
：Important Protected Area
【Case1】：Development of Retarding Basin A and B
A
【Case2】：River Widening in the middle stream
from 5.75km to 18.00km incl. rebuilding of 2
bridges and Ring Dike B
【Case3】： River Widening in the middle stream

from 5.75km to 14.00km incl. rebuilding of 1
bridges and Ring Dike
Figure 24-2 Phasing Case of the Priority Project
24.2.2 Effectiveness of Phasing（Flood Analysis Result）

The result of flood analysis in each phases are as shown in the following. Inundation area and average
inundation depth is as shown in Figure 24-3 as summary of the results.
The effectiveness of Case2; Widening from 5.75 to 18.75km is the highest for mitigation of inundation.
With Case1; Retarding Basin A and B, they are not effective to the smaller scale design flood than 10-year
return period in order to mitigate the inundation in the Important Protected Area because of low flood
storage, and rather, they increase flood discharge into the downstream area of Back Road Bridge since
embankment of retarding basin along the Nadi River confine flood water in the river channel which widely
spread before. However, in case that larger scale of flood occurs than 20-year return period, they are
effective to mitigate inundation and 10% of inundation area is reduced compared without Case1.
With Case2; Widening from 5.75 to 18.75km is most effective. About 60% of inundation area is reduced at
the Important Protected Area in case of target flood (50-year design return period). In addition, even in
small scale flood, effectiveness is high and about 80% of inundation area is reduced in case of smaller scale
flood than 5-year return period scale. Average inundation depth is reduced to 30 cm or less.
With Caes3; Widening from 5.75 to 14.0km is effective to smaller scale flood than 5-year return period in
Important Protected Area. On the other hand, in case of larger flood than 10-year return period,
effectiveness is significantly reduced. Flood area mitigation rate remains about 40% in case of 50-year
return period flood.
Flood analysis result of each case are as shown in Figure 24-4 to Figure 24-11.

24-2
Whole River Basin Important Protected Area

Inundation Area Inundation Area
Current Situation 5.00 100.0

60.00 60.0
Case1: Retarding Basin A,B
Case2: River Widening from 5.75km to 18.75km
Case3: River Widening from 5.75km to 14.0km 4.50 Case2 Effectiveness: Large 90.0
50.00 Mitigation Ratio (Case1) 50.0

Mitigation Ratio (Case2) 4.00 80.0
Inundation Area (km2)
Mitigation Ratio （％）

Mitigation Ratio (Case3)
Mitigation Ratio （％）

3.50 70.0

40.00 40.0
3.00 60.0
Case3 Effectiveness: Middle
30.00 30.0 2.50 50.0
2.00 40.0
20.00 20.0
1.50 30.0
1.00 20.0
10.00 10.0
0.50 10.0
0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0

1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2 1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2
Probability Scale Probability Scale Case1 Effectiveness: Small
Average Inundation Depth Average Inundation Depth
1.60 Current Situation 1.60

Current Situation
Average Inundation Depth

1.40 1.40 Case1: Retarding Basin A,B
Average Inundation Depth

1.20 Case3: River Widening from 5.75km to 14.0km 1.20 Case3: River Widening from 5.75km to 14.0km
1.00 1.00 Inundation above floor level

Inundation above床上浸水
floor level
(More than 30cm – less than
床上浸水
(More than 30cm – less than
(m)
0.80 0.80 300cm)

300cm)
In Case3, Average Inundation
(m)
0.60 0.60
Depth is less than 30cm
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
0.00 0.00
1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2 1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2
Probability Scale Probability Scale

Figure 24-3 Summary of Flood Analysis Result after Phasing (Inundation Area, Average Inundation Depth)

24-3
Case0: Current Situation

50-year probability 30-year probability
Legend
Legend Less than 0.5m
Less than 0.5m 0.5m - less than 1.0m
0.5m - less than 1.0m 1.0m - less than 2.0m
3.0m - less than 5.0m More than 5.0m
More than 5.0m
Important Protected Area
Legend Legend
Less than 0.5m Less than 0.5m
More than 5.0m More than 5.0m

Figure 24-4 Flood Analysis Result (Case0: Current Situation）(1/2)
24－4
Case0: Current Situation

Legend
More than 5.0m
2-year probability Inundation Area and Average Inundation Depth
Current Situation Current Situation

Design
Returm Total Area Important Protected Area
Inundation Average Maximum Average Maximum
Period Inundation
Area Inundation Inundation Inundation Inundation
Area （km2 ）
（km2 ） Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m)
1/50 54.83 1.47 8.29 3.61 1.37 4.47
1/30 53.33 1.36 7.64 3.31 1.31 4.32
1/20 51.74 1.27 7.12 2.99 1.25 4.07
1/10 48.61 1.08 6.15 2.71 1.02 3.60
1/5 43.29 0.89 5.49 2.37 0.62 2.98
Legend 1/3 37.42 0.70 4.95 1.96 0.39 2.53
Less than 0.5m 1/2 30.45 0.56 4.22 1.37 0.26 1.93
0.5m - less than 1.0m
3.0m - less than 5.0m ：Inundation above floor level ：Inundation above eaves
More than 5.0m (More than 30cm – less than 300cm) (More than 300cm)
Figure 24-5 Flood Analysis Result (Case0: Current Situation）(2/2)

24-5
Case1: Retarding Basin A, B

Legend
More than 5.0m
Legend Legend

Figure 24-6 Flood Analysis Result (Case1: Retarding Basin A, B）(1/2)

24-6
Case1: Retarding Basin A, B

Legend
More than 5.0m
Current Situation 【Case1】：Development of Retarding Basin A and B

Design Total Area Important Protected Area Total Area Important Protected Area
Returm Average Maximum
Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum Inundation
Period Inundation Inundation
Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation Area
2 2 2 2 Depth Depth
（km ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km ） Depth(m) Depth(m) （km ）
(m) (m)
1/50 54.83 1.47 8.29 3.61 1.37 4.47 50.72 1.27 8.90 3.21 1.12 4.51
1/30 53.33 1.36 7.64 3.31 1.31 4.32 49.20 1.16 8.16 2.99 1.08 4.39
1/20 51.74 1.27 7.12 2.99 1.25 4.07 48.21 1.09 7.78 2.89 1.08 4.21
1/10 48.61 1.08 6.15 2.71 1.02 3.60 45.32 0.96 7.21 2.72 0.98 3.89
1/5 43.29 0.89 5.49 2.37 0.62 2.98 40.85 0.80 6.07 2.38 0.63 3.13
1/3 37.42 0.70 4.95 1.96 0.39 2.53 35.85 0.65 5.07 1.95 0.43 2.54
1/2 30.45 0.56 4.22 1.37 0.26 1.93 28.99 0.50 3.81 1.34 0.27 1.98
：Inundation above floor level ：Inundation above eaves

(More than 30cm – less than 300cm) (More than 300cm)
Effectiveness in Imprtant Protected Area
Legend
Less than 0.5m 5.00 100.0  Case1 is effective to the smaller scale design
Current Situation flood than 10-year return period
0.5m - less than 1.0m 4.50 90.0
4.00 80.0
1.0m - less than 2.0m  Case1 increase flood discharge into the
Mitigation Ratio（％）
3.50 Mitigation Ratio (Inundation Area) 70.0
2.0m - less than 3.0m downstream area of Back Road Bridge since
3.0m - less than 5.0m 3.00 60.0 embankment of retarding basin along the
More than 5.0m 2.50 50.0 Nadi River confine flood water in the river
2.00 40.0 channel which widely spread before.
Important Protected Area 1.50 30.0
1.00 20.0  In case that larger scale of flood occurs than
0.50 10.0 20-year return period, Case1 is effective to
0.00 0.0 mitigate inundation and 10% of inundation
1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2 area is reduced.
Probability scale Effect：small
Figure 24-7 Flood Analysis Result (Case1: Retarding Basin A, B）(2/2)

24-7
Case2: River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to 18.75km incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring Dike
Legend
More than 5.0m
Legend Legend

Figure 24-8 Flood Analysis Result (Case2: River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to 18.75km incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring Dike）(1/2)

24-8
Legend
More than 5.0m

【Case2】：River Widening in the middle stream
Current Situation
from 5.75km to 18.75km
Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum
Period Inundation Inundation Inundation
Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation
2 2 2 Depth Depth Area （km2 ）
（km ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km ） Depth (m) Depth (m)
(m) (m)
1/50 54.83 1.47 8.29 3.61 1.37 4.47 44.90 0.95 7.69 1.59 0.30 2.57
1/30 53.33 1.36 7.64 3.31 1.31 4.32 41.26 0.84 7.15 1.09 0.20 1.93
1/20 51.74 1.27 7.12 2.99 1.25 4.07 37.90 0.75 6.72 0.79 0.15 1.82
1/10 48.61 1.08 6.15 2.71 1.02 3.60 33.26 0.63 5.85 0.58 0.13 1.57
1/5 43.29 0.89 5.49 2.37 0.62 2.98 27.95 0.52 5.25 0.44 0.09 1.33
1/3 37.42 0.70 4.95 1.96 0.39 2.53 23.68 0.41 4.49 0.31 0.04 0.88
1/2 30.45 0.56 4.22 1.37 0.26 1.93 19.04 0.31 3.46 0.21 0.01 0.29


Legend Effect：Large
Less than 0.5m 5.00 Current Situation 100.0  Case2 is the most effective and about 60%
4.50
Mitigation Ratio (Inundation Area)
90.0 of inundation area is reduced at the
4.00 80.0 Important Protected Area in case of target
Mitigation Ratio（％）
1.0m - less than 2.0m 3.50 70.0
flood (50-year design return period).
3.00 60.0
3.0m - less than 5.0m 2.50 50.0  Even in small scale flood, effectiveness is
More than 5.0m 2.00 40.0 high and about 80% of inundation area is
1.50 30.0 reduced in case of smaller scale flood than
Important Protected Area 1.00 20.0 5-year return period scale.
0.50 10.0
0.00 0.0  Average inundation depth is reduced to 30
1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2 cm or less.
Probability scale
Figure 24-9 Flood Analysis Result (Case2: River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to 18.75km incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring Dike）(2/2)

24-9
Case3: River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to 14.0km incl. rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring Dike
Legend
More than 5.0m
Legend Legend

Figure 24-10 Flood Analysis Result (Case3: River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to 14.0km incl. rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring Dike）(1/2)

24-10
Legend
More than 5.0m

【Case3】： River Widening in the middle stream
Current Situation
from 5.75km to 14.00km
Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum Inundation Average Maximum
Period Inundation Inundation Inundation
Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation Area Inundation Inundation
Depth Depth Area （km2 ）
（km2 ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km2 ） Depth (m) Depth (m) （km2 ） Depth (m) Depth (m)
(m) (m)
1/50 54.83 1.47 8.29 3.61 1.37 4.47 46.73 1.07 7.69 2.27 0.60 2.74
1/30 53.33 1.36 7.64 3.31 1.31 4.32 43.36 0.97 7.15 1.89 0.51 2.59
1/20 51.74 1.27 7.12 2.99 1.25 4.07 41.17 0.90 6.72 1.62 0.48 2.46
1/10 48.61 1.08 6.15 2.71 1.02 3.60 37.47 0.76 5.96 1.41 0.39 2.11
1/5 43.29 0.89 5.49 2.37 0.62 2.98 29.47 0.59 5.31 0.67 0.11 1.33
1/3 37.42 0.70 4.95 1.96 0.39 2.53 24.29 0.44 4.64 0.31 0.04 0.88
1/2 30.45 0.56 4.22 1.37 0.26 1.93 19.42 0.33 3.61 0.21 0.01 0.29


Legend
Less than 0.5m Effect：Large  Caes3 is effective to smaller scale flood
0.5m - less than 1.0m 5.00 100.0
4.50
Current Situation
Case2: River Widening from 5.75km to 14.0km 90.0 than 5-year return period.
4.00 80.0
Mitigation Ratio (Inundation Area)
 On the other hand, in case of larger
Mitigation Ration （％）

3.50 Effect：middle 70.0
flood than 10-year return period,
3.00 60.0
More than 5.0m
2.50 50.0
effectiveness is significantly reduced
2.00 40.0
and Flood area mitigation rate
1.50 30.0
remains about 40% in case of 50-year
1.00 20.0 return period flood.
0.50 10.0
0.00 0.0
1/50 1/30 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/3 1/2
Probability scale
Figure 24-11 Flood Analysis Result (Case3: River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to 14.0km incl. rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring Dike）(2/2)

24-11
24.2.3 Project Cost of Phasing Project

Project Cost of Phasing Project is calculated project cost before mentioned in Chapter 19 (Table 19-11) by
adding the project cost of each component on a case-by-case basis. The project cost of each phasing case is
as shown in Table 24-2.
At this time, Case2 and Case3 are proposed to be studied because they are effective to mitigate inundation
at Important Protected Area.
Table 24-2 Project Cost of Phasing Case
Phasing Case Components Project Cost
Case 0 Current situation －
Case 2 River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to 15 (billion YEN)
18.75km incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring 275 (million F$)
Dike 127 (million US$)
Case 3 River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to 11.3 (billion YEN)
14.0km incl. rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring 208 (million F$)
Dike 96 (million US$)
1 FJD= 54.5 YEN
1 USD= 118.3 YEN
1 USD= 2.17 FJD
24.2.4 Benefit of Phasing Project

Benefit of Phasing project is as shown in Table 24-3. Calculation method is the same method as before
mentioned in Chapter 21. Benefit is calculated through expected amount of average annual damage
reduction of each average annual excess probability.
Table 24-3 Expected amount of average annual damage reduction

Amount of damage (100 million YEN) Expected
Sectional Amount of amount of
Average average average annual average annual
③Damage Sectional
annual damage damage damage
①Without project ②With project reduction probability
excess probability (100 million (100 million reduction
(①-②）
YEN) YEN) (100 million
YEN)
1/2 9.67 5.43 4

7 0.167 1.18 1.18
1/3 18.16 8.29 10

28 0.133 3.72 4.89
1/5 65.16 19.26 46
59 0.100 5.86 10.76
1/10 101.99 30.60 71
83 0.050 4.16 14.92
1/20 135.98 40.79 95
103 0.017 1.71 16.63
1/30 158.65 48.73 110
105 0.013 1.40 18.03

1/50 159.46 59.49 100

24-12
Amount of damage (100 million YEN) Expected
Sectional Amount of amount of
Average average average annual average annual
③Damage Sectional
annual damage damage damage
①Without project ②With project reduction probability
excess probability (100 million (100 million reduction
(①-②）
YEN) YEN) (100 million
YEN)
1/2 9.67 5.73 3.95

6.71 0.167 1.12 1.12
1/3 18.16 8.69 9.48

27.40 0.133 3.65 4.77
1/5 65.16 19.83 45.33
57.79 0.100 5.78 10.55
1/10 101.99 31.73 70.26
81.87 0.050 4.09 14.65
1/20 135.98 42.49 93.49
101.00 0.017 1.68 16.33
1/30 158.65 50.14 108.50
103.53 0.013 1.38 17.71

1/50 159.46 60.91 98.55
24.2.5 Economic Evaluation after Phasing

Result of economic evaluation after phasing is as shown in Table 24-4. Calculation method is the same
method as before mentioned in Chapter 21.
Table 24-4 Economic Evaluation after Phasing

Economic Evaluation
Phasing Case Components
EIRR B/C NPV
Case 2 River Widening L=13km form 17.3% 1.6 4.4 (billion YEN)
5.75 to 18.75km incl. 80 (million F$)
rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring 37 (million US$)
Dike
Case 3 River Widening L=8.25km 23.2% 2.1 5.9 (billion YEN)
form 5.75 to 14.0km incl. 108 (million F$)
rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring 50 (million US$)
Dike
1 FJD= 54.5 YEN
1 USD= 118.3 YEN
1 USD= 2.17 FJD
24.3 Summary
Summary of Phasing is as mentioned in Table 24-5 with result of full components of the Priority Project.
In addition, summary of flood analysis of each phase is as shown in Figure 24-12 to Figure 24-14.

24-13
Table 24-5 Summary of Phasing

Project Cost
Recommen Effectiveness against
(Tentative)2)
dation Component Flood (1/50)1) Remarks
(F$)
Ranking in Important Protected Area
(USD)
1 【Full】
【Case0】 Flood damage does not occur
F$ 385million
Full component of the
(US$ 177 million)
－
Priority Project
2 【Case2】 Eliminating fatal inundations (more The remaining
components such
River Widening in the than 300cm depth),
as retarding
middle stream from Decreasing inundation area by 50%, F$ 275 million basins ,
5.75km to 18.00km Decreasing average inundation (US$ 127 million) surrounding dike
(Case2) + Ring Dike depth to about first floor level and so on shall
be carried out as
(30cm)
a priority project.
3 【Case3】 Eliminating fatal inundations (more
River Widening in the than 300cm depth),
middle stream from Decreasing inundation area by more
5.75km to 14.00km than 30% F$ 208 million
(Case3) + Ring Dike Decreasing average inundation (US$ 96 million)
depth by 50%
1) 1/50 Design Return Period is a historical maximum flood scale (2012 Flood Scale).
2) Land Acquisition Cost is reviewed by MOL， 1F$=¥54.5, 1USD=¥118.3, 1USD=2.17F$
Result of Inundation Analysis with the Priority Project (1/50)

Without the Priority Project With the Priority Project
After the completion of
Current Situation 【Case0】： Priority Project (full components)
the Priority Project
Design
Returm
Important Protected Area Important Protected Area (with Case0)…
Period Average Maximum Average Maximum
Inundation Inundation
Inundation Inundation Inundation Inundation
Area （km2 ） Area （km2 ）
Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m)
Even if a historical
1/50 3.61 1.37 4.47 0 0 0
1/50 Design Return Period is a historical maximum flood
maximum flood equivalent
scale (2012 Flood Scale).
with 2012 flood occurs
Inundation Map with the Priority (1/50)…
Project (1/50)
Flood damage does not

occur in the Important
Protected Area where
human life and property
are concentrated.
Legend
Less than 0.5m
More than 5.0m
Figure 24-12 Flood Analysis Result by Full Components of the Priority Project

24-14
Result of Inundation Analysis with Case2 (1/50)

Without Case2 With Case2
Current Situation
【Case2】：River Widening in the middle stream from Case 2…
Design 5.75km to 18.00km
Returm Important Protected Area Important Protected Area
Period Average Maximum Average Maximum
Area （km2 ）
Inundation
Depth (m)
Inundation
Depth (m)
Area （km2 ）
Inundation
Depth (m)
Inundation
Depth (m)
Even if a historical
1/50 3.61 1.37 4.47 1.59 0.30 2.57 maximum flood equivalent
1/50 Design Return Period is a historical maximum flood
with 2012 flood occurs
Inundation Map with Case2 (1/50)…
(1/50)
Eliminating fatal
inundations (more than
300cm depth),
Decreasing inundation
area by 50%,
Decreasing average
Legend
inundation depth to about
Less than 0.5m first floor level (more than
30cm)
3.0m - less than 5.0m in Important Protected Area.
More than 5.0m
Figure 24-13 Flood Analysis Result by Case2: River Widening L=13km form 5.75 to 18.75km
incl. rebuilding 2 bridges and Ring Dike
Result of Inundation Analysis with Case3 (1/50)

Without Case3 With Case3
Current Situation
【Case3】： River Widening in the middle stream from Case 3…
Design 5.75km to 14.00km
Returm Important Protected Area Important Protected Area
Average Maximum Average Maximum
Period Inundation
Area （km2 ）
Inundation
Area （km2 ）
Inundation Inundation Even if a historical
Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m)
1/50 3.61 1.37 4.47 2.27 0.60 2.74

maximum flood equivalent
1/50 Design Return Period is a historical maximum flood with 2012 flood occurs
(1/50)…
Inundation Map with Case3
(1/50)
Eliminating fatal
inundations (more than
300cm depth),
Decreasing inundation
area by more than 30%
Legend
Decreasing average
Less than 0.5m inundation depth by 50%,
1.0m - less than 2.0m in Important Protected Area.
More than 5.0m
Figure 24-14 Flood Analysis Result by River Widening L=8.25km form 5.75 to 14.0km incl.
rebuilding 1 bridges and Ring Dike

24-15

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The Project for the Planning of the Nadi River Flood Control Structures in the Republic of Fiji

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD./ CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. JV

Chapter 19 Project Cost Estimation

(2) Consulting Service Cost

1 Ministry of Infrastructure and Transportation (MoIT)

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

3) Construction management in Each packages.

(3) Component Cost

(4) Administrative Cost

(5) Inflation Costs (annual rate)

(7) Tariff or Taxes

(8) Exchange Rate and Others

(9) Project Taking-over and Defect Liability

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

19.2 Project Cost Unit Price Estimation

Direct construction cost

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

(2) Cost for Consulting Service

Table 19-5 Cost for Consulting Service

19.3 Quantity of Each Work Item

Table 19-6 Quantity of Each Work Item of River Improvement

Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity

Quantity of Temporary Works

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Table 19-7 Quantity of Each Work Item of Bridge work

0000 Earth work

0100 Foudation Work

0300 Superstructure Work

0600 Bridge Surface Work

0700 Removal of Existing Bridge Work

0800 Pavement Work

0900 Temporary Work

1000 Concrete Work

1100 Dike Works

1200 Revetment Work

1300 Removal of Surplus Soil Works

2000 Other Work

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Table 19-8 Quantity of Each Work Item of Site acquisition

Source: Department of Land, Fiji

Table 19-9 Number of houses to be affected and relocated by the project

Package-2 Retarding Basin 11 houses（relocated）

Retarding Basin in Lower area 17 houses（affected）

19.4 Project Cost Estimation

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Table 19-10 Project Cost

Base cost for JICA financing 0 0 0 0

E. JICA finance portion (A) 7,711 151 15,967 293

Final Report, Volume II Main Report, Part II: Feasibility Study

Table 19-11 Base Cost of Each Package

Rebuilding of Bridges LS 1 1,098 7 1,480 27

Total 4,213 77 8,432 155

Package 2 Retarding Basin

Total 1,281 19 2,299 42