Teachers Guide 10

ul0ft
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
sIff—!)
पाठ्यक्रम �वकास के
सानो�ठमी,भ�पुर
नेपाल
�व.सं. २०६९
ul0ft
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
T
AF
sIff—!)
R
D
1 ;d"x (Set)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L -tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;Ddsf]_ ;d"xx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d"x ;DaGwL
zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L -tLgcf]6f ;Ddsf]_ ;d"xx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d"x ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:ofx¿
xn ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
6]k, s}“rL, Go"h lk|G6 jf rf6{ k]k/df Pp6f ;d"x b]vfOPsf] jf j[Q sf]l/Psf] Ps yfg, b'O{cf]6f rf6{
k]k/sf j[Q B gfdfs/0f ug]{ .
(i)
b'O{cf]6f ;d"x vlK6Psf] lrqfls+t rf6{ k]k/ jf Go"h lk|G6 Pp6f C cl+st rf6{k]k/sf] j[Q Pp6f
(ii)
#= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
1. k'g/fjnf]sg M ;d"x kf7df k|of]u x'g] zAbfjnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M
(i) cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿
1 ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf

Pp6f dfq ;d"x b]vfOPsf] rf6{ k]k/ jf Go"h lk|G6nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf 6f“:g] Pp6f j[Q B nfO{ rf6{
k]k/sf] vfnL 7fp“df /fvL oL ;d"xx¿ s:tf eP < of] ¿kdf ePsf ;d'xx¿df n(A) = 4 /
n(B) = 3 eP n(A∪B) a/fa/ slt x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“, n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 4 + 3 = 7 x'G5 .
(ii) k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{cf]6f cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;d"xx¿åf/f

n(A∪B) sf] dfg lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿
rf6{ k]k/df ;d"x B nfO{ ;d"x A sf] ghLs nUb} s]xL efu vK6\ofpg'xf];\ . oL s:tf ;d"xx¿
x'g\ < 5nkmn ub}{ k|To]snfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0f agfpg lbg'xf];\ / n(A∪B) sf] dfgaf/] 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M A = {a, e, i, o, u} / B = {a, b, c, d, e, f} eP,
A∪B = {a, e, i, o, u}∪{a, b, c, d, e, f}
= {a, e, i, o, u, b, c, d, f}
∴ n(A∪B) = 9 x'G5 .
t/ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 5 + 6 = 11 x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ A∩B = {a, e} ePsf]n]

n(A∩B) = 2 nfO{ n(A) + n(B) af6 Psk6s 36fpg'k5{ .
∴ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) x'G5 .
1= olb ∪ 0 5 eg] n(U) = n(A∪B) x'G5 / ∪ ≠ 0 ePdf

n(U) = n(A∪B) + ∪ x'G5 .
ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf 2
2= olb A / B ;d"xx¿ vlK6Psf eP vlK6Psf] efu afx]ssf A sf ;b:ox¿ A dfqsf
;b:ox¿ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ n0 (A) elgG5, To;}u/L vlK6Psf] efu afx]sdf B sf
;b:ox¿ B sf dfq ;b:o x'G5g\ h;nfO{ n0 (B) elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
n(A∪B) = n0 (A) + n0 (B) + n(A∩B) x'G5 .
2. o;/L ;b:ox¿ hgfO{ b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿sf] u0fgfTdstf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df cEo:t agfO;s]kl5
o; ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:ofx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M
(i) s'g} ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;+uLt jf v]ns'b dWo] s'g} Psdf dfq efu lng'kg]{ lgod /x]5 .
olb ;f] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿dWo] 180 hgfn] ;+uLt / 170 hgfn] v]ns'b dgk/fP eg]
n(A∪B) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 180 +170 = 350 x'G5 .
gf]6M lsg oL ;d"xx¿ cnUuLPsf] ;d"xx¿ ePsf] xf] ;f] af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(ii) Pp6f ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ elnan jf km'6an jf b'a} v]n v]Nb5g\ . 300 hgf km'6an,
250 hgf elnan / 110 hgfn] b'a} v]n v]Nb5g\ eg] e]g lrq lv“rL lgsfNg'xf];\ .
s_ km'6an dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
v_ elnan dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
u_ hDdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
gf]6 M of] ;d:ofdf lbOPsf] ;d"xx¿ cnUuLPsf jf vlK6Psf] s:tf] ;d'xx¿ x'g\ < s] oxf“
∪ lbOPsf] 5 jf 5}g < 5nkmn ub}{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . oxf“ b'a} v]n dgk/fpg]
ePsfn] ;d"xx¿ vlK6Psf 5g\ . t/ b'a} v]n dg gk/fpg] ljBfyL{ gePsfn] ∪
oxf“ lbOPsf 5}g .
s_
olb km'6an v]n dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ A / elnan v]n dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ B dfGbf n(A) –
n(A∩B) = n0(A) cyf{t ;d"x A af6 vlK6Psf] efu 36fp“bf ;d"x A sf dfq ;b:ox¿
/xG5g\ . ctM n0(A) = 300 – 110 = 190 x'G5 . To;}u/L n0(B) = 250 – 110 = 140
v_ To:t} n(U) = n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
= 300 +250 -110 = 440 x'G5 .
u_ oxf“, n(U) = n0(A∪B) = n0(A) + n(A∩B) + n0(B)

= 190 +110 + 140
= 440 x'G5 .
gf]6 M dfly pNn]lvt ;"qx¿ k|of]u u/L ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ dWo] n(A∩B) jf n(A) jf
n(B) jf n0(A) jf n0(B) dfq kQf nufpg' kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ qmdzM pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg
nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M Pp6f ufp“df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 85% dflg;x¿n] bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] / 60% n] ltxf/
rf8 dgk/fpg] kfOof] . b'a} rf8 dg gk/fpg] 5% dflg;x¿ lyP eg]
s_ bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <
v_ ltxf/ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <
u_ dflysf tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
gf]6M of] ;d:ofdf s'g s'g tYox¿ lbOPsf 5g\ < 5nkmn ub}{ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgdf ;f]lwPsf tYox¿ kQf nufpg d'Vo s'g tYo kQf nufpg} kg]{ x'G5 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“, bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ D / ltxf/ rf8 dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ T n] hgfp“bf,
n(D) = 85%
n(T) = 60%
/ ∪ = 5% x'G5 . t/ oxf“ n(U) = 100% dfGg}k5{ .
ctM bz}“ dfq jf ltxf/ dfq dgk/fpg] k|ltzt kQf nufpg b'a} rf8 dgk/fpg] k|ltzt
lgsfNg} kg]{ x'G5 .
n(U) = n(D∪T) + ∪
= n(D) + n(T) – n(D∩T) + ∪
∴ n(D∩T) = n(D) + n(T) - n(U) + ∪
= 85% + 60% - 100% + 5% = 50% x'G5 .
∴n0(D) = n(D) – n(D∩T) = 85% - 50% = 35%
/ n0(T) = n(T) - n(D∩T) = 60% - 50% = 10% x'G5 .

e]g lrqdf k|:t't ubf{,
3. tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;lDdlnt ePsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿sf] xn
dfly z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] g+= (ii) df pNn]v ul/Psf] rf6{ k]k/nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf 6f“:g'xf];\ . j[Q C lnP/
tn lrqdf lbPem}“ u/L qmdzM aGg] ;d"xx¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ agfpg JolQmut jf ;d"x sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .
gf]6M agfOPsf -s_ / -v_ :j¿ksf pbfx/0fx¿ ;dfwfg :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ :j¿ksf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0fx¿ qmdzM 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) olb n(A) = 65, n(B = 50, n(C) = 35, n(A∩B) = 25, n(B∩C) = 20, n(C∩A) = 15,
n(A∩B∩C) = 5 / n(U) = 100 eP, sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' cufl8 k|Zgdf ;d"xx¿ s;/L vlK6Psf 5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
vlK6Psf ;Dk"0f{ efux¿sf] ;+s]t ;d'x ;+s]tåf/f hgfpg nufpg' xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿ vlK6Pdf k|of]u ul/g] ;"qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ k/:k/
vlK6Pdf x'g] ;"qsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf,
n(U) = n(A∪B) + ∪
= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) + ∪
tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf
n(U) = n(A∪B∪C) + ∪ ∪

= n(A) + n(B) + n(C)– n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(C∩A) +
n(A∩B∩C) + ∪ ∪
gf]6M tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ k/:k/ vlK6Pdf n(A∩B∩C) sf] dfg kQf nufpg,
n(A), n(B), n(C) sf] hf]8kmnaf6 vlK6Psf efux¿ n(A∩B), n(B∩C), n(C∩A) 36fpg]
t/ l7s aLr efusf] n(A∩B∩C) klg 36]sf]n] of] efu Psk6s hf]8\g'kb{5 .
ctM lbOPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ubf{,
100 = 65 +50 +35 -25 -20 -15 +5 + ∪ ∪
∴ ∪ ∪ = 5 x'G5 .
(ii) 60 hgf ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] Pp6f sIffdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 32 hgfn] ul0ft, 24 hgfn] lj1fg,
23 hgfn] cu|]hL dgk/fpg] atfP . ul0ft / lj1fg dgk/fpg] 8 hgf, lj1fg / c+u|]hL dgk/fpg]
9 hgf, ul0ft / c+u|]hL dgk/fpg] 12 hgf / 7 hgfn] tLgcf]6} ljifo dg gk/fpg] ljrf/ JoQm
u/] eg]
s_ tLgcf]6} ljifo dgk/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
v_ ul0ft dfq dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
3_ tL tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug'{ cufl8 ;d"x ;+s]tdf a'“bfx¿ n]Vg cEo:t u/fpg' xf];\ . h:t} M
ul0ft, lj1fg, c+u|]hL ljifo dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM M, S / E n] hgfp“bf
n(U) = 60, n(M) =32 cflb .
s_ oxf“ tLgcf]6f vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿ ePsf]n],
n(U) = n(M∪S∪E) + ∪ ∪
n(U) = n(M) + n(S) + n(E) – n(M∩S) - n(S∩E) – n(M∩E) +

n(M∩S∩E) + ∪ ∪
60 = 32 +24 +23 - 8 - 9 – 12 + n(M∩S∩E) + 7

n(M∩S∩E) = 3
ctM ;a} ljifo dg k/fpg] 3 hgf /x]5 .
v_ ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] kQf nufpg
n(M) af6 n(M∩S) / n(M∩E) 36fO{ n(M∩S∩E) hf]8\g'k5{ .
n0(M) = n(M) - n(M∩S) - n(M∩E) + n(M∩S∩E)
= 32 – 8 – 12 + 3 = 15
ctM ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] 15 hgf /x]5 .
u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo eGgfn] s] a'‰g'k5{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
n0(M) + n0(S) + n0(E) = 15 +10 + 5 = 30
ctM Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] 30 hgf /x]5 .
3_ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ubf{
(iii) s'g} k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{x¿dWo] ul0ftdf 40%, lj1fgdf 45%, :jf:Yodf 55%
k/LIffyL{ pQL0f{ eP . ul0ft / lj1fgdf 10% , lj1fg / :jf:Yodf 20% / :jf:Yo / ul0ftdf
15% ljBfyL{x¿ pQL0f{ ePsf /x]5g\, eg]
s_ pQm hfgsf/LnfO{ e]glrqdf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v_ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg'xf];\ .
gf]6M o; k|sf/sf] k|ltzt ;dfj]z ePsf] ;d:ofdf n(U) = 100% dfGg'kg]{ af/] 5nkmn
ug'[xf];\ . o; ;d:ofdf ∪ ∪ sf] dfg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“,
klxnf e]glrq k|:t't ug{ nufO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{

nufpg'xf];\ .

%= d"Nofª\sg
1. Pp6f ;d'bfodf ePsf 215 dflg;x¿df ;j]{If0f ubf{ 115 hgfn] c+u|]hL efiff af]Ng ;Sg], 119 hgfn]
lxGbL efiff af]Ng ;Sg] / 15 hgfn] b'a} efiff af]Ng g;Sg] kfOof] eg],
s_ b'a} efiff af]Ng ;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ x dfgL dflysf] tYonfO{ e]glrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v_ x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
u_ lxGbL efiff dfq af]Ng ;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. k|yd q}dfl;s k/LIffdf 50% ljBfyL{ ul0ftdf dfq / 20% ljBfyL{ c+u|]hLdf dfq pQL0f{ eP . olb
15% ljBfyL{ b'a} ljifodf cg'QL0f{ eP eg],
s_ b'a} ljifodf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP
v_ ul0ftdf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP
u_ k|fKt gtLhfnfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
3. olb n(A) = 15, n(C) = 9, n(A∩B) = 5, n(B∩C) = 4, n(A∩C) = 3, n(A∪B∪C) = 20,

n(A ∩B∩C) = 2 eP n(B) kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f ;j]{If0fdf 70 hgf dflg;nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf 40 hgfn] g]kfnL, 50 hgfn] g]jf/L / 25 hgfn]
c+u|]hL, 15 hgfn] g]kfnL / g]jf/L, 20 hgfn] g]jf/L / c+u|]hL, 12 hgfn] g]kfnL / c+u|]hL af]Ng ;Sg]
atfP eg] tLg cf}6} efiff af]Ng ;Sg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿
1. ;d"x cWoog cWofkg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿df ;"q 3f]Sg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;"q 3f]Sg]
eGbf klg lrqåf/f :ki6 x'g] pbfx/0fx¿ lbg] ug'{kb{5 .
2. ;d"x ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df dfq zAbsf] k|of]un] ;d:ofx¿df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] x'gfn] ;f] sf] lglZrt
klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M ul0ftdf 50 hgf ljBfyL{ / ul0ftdf dfq 50 hgf ljBfyL{df 7"nf] cGt/
5.

2 ;do / sfd (Time and Work)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfO cGtu{t xfdL lglZrt ;dodf s'g} sfdsf] slt efu l;Wofpg ;lsG5 jf tf]lsPsf] sfd
slt ;dodf l;Wofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ug]{ tl/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f}“ .
o;df sfdbf/ tyf sfd ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] cg'dfg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. b'O{ jf tLg hgf sfdbf/n] b'O{ 5'§f5'§} ;dodf, ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd ubf{ nfUg] ;do cf+sng tyf
tT;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfsf] k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
rf6{ g+= 1
5 lbgdf 1 sfd
1 lbgdf sfd
2 lbgdf sfd
3 lbgdf sfd
4 lbgdf sfd
5 lbgdf sfd
rf6{ g+= 2
A n] 1 sfd
lbgdf

B n] 1 sfd
lbgdf
A / B n] 1
lbgdf
sfd
$= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
1. Pshgf HofdLn] s'g} sfd ug{ 5 lbg nufp“5 eg] 1 lbgdf slt sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] ul0ftLo
wf/0ff lbg rf6{ g+= 1 sf] k|of]u ub}{ lgDgfg';f/sf] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
HofdLn] 5 lbgsf 1 sfd ug{ ;S5 .
HofdLn] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
2. s'g} sfd ug{ b'O{ hgf sfdbf/nfO{ nfUg] 5'§f5'§} ;do lbPdf b'a}n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;f]xL sfd ug{ nfUg]
;do lgsfNg] af/] rf6{ g+= 2 k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 5 lbg / B nfO{ ;f]xL sfd ug{ 20 lbg nfU5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ug{ slt
;do nfUnf <
A n] 5 lbgdf 1 sfd u5{ .
A n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .
To:t},
B n] 20 lbgdf 1 sfd u5{ .
B n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .
ca,
A / B n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .

∴ A / B b'a} ldnL sfd 1 lbgdf u5{ .
A / B b'a} ldnL 1 sfd lbgdf l;Wofp“5g\ .
3. o; lqmofsnfk kl5 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

(i) A n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ 3 lbg nufp“5 . B n] ;f]xL sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ 10
lbg nufp“5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ug{ slt lbg nufpnfg\ <
(ii) A n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ lbg / B nfO{ ;f]xL sfdsf] efu sfd ug{
lbg nfU5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ubf{ slt ;dodf k"/f unf{g <
(iii) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 3 lbg, B nfO{ 4 lbg / C nfO{ 6 lbg nfU5 eg] tLg}hgf ldnL ;f] sfd
ubf{ slt lbgdf ;lsPnf <
(iv) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ B sf] bf]Aa/ / C sf] t]Aa/ ;do nfU5 . olb A nfO{ s'g} sfd
l;Wofpg 6 lbg nfU5 eg] ;a} ldnL ;f] sfd slt lbgdf l;Wofpnfg\ <
(v) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ B sf] cfwf / C sf] PsltxfO{ ;do nfU5 . olb A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 6
lbg nfU5 eg] ;a} ldnL ;f] sfd slt lbgdf l;Wofpnfg\ <
ca Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}“ M
gf]6 M olb B n] 10 lbgdf s'g} sfdsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 eg]
p;n] (B n]_ 1 lbgdf efu sfd ug{ ;S5 .
oxf“ 1 lbgdf yf]/} sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] efu lqmof u/]sf] xf] .
To:t}, olb C n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd 1 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eg]
p;n] (C n]_ 1 sfd lbgdf ug{ ;S5 .

gf]6 M oxf“ 1 eGbf yf]/} kl/df0faf6 1 kl/df0f lgsfNg (1 eGbf ;fgf] ePsf]n]_ u'0fg lqmof gu/L
efu lqmof u/]sf] xf] .
4. b'O{ hgf sfdbf/n] s'g} sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do / s'g} Pshgfn] dfq ug{ nfUg] ;do lbOPdf af“sL
Pshgfn] ug{ nfUg] ;do kQf nufpg klg rf6{ g+= 2 s} k|of]u u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
b'a} hgfn] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
A n] ;f]xL sfd 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] ;f]xL sfd slt lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eGg] kQf nufpg b'a}n] ug]{ sfdaf6 A n] ug]{ sfd
36fpg'k{5 .
To;}n], B n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] sfd 1 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eg]
B n] 1 sfd 20 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 .
5. To;}u/L a'“bf g+= 4 sf] cfwf/df tLg hgf sfdbf/x¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf s'g} sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do /
;f]xL dWo] s'g} b'O{ hgfn] ;f] sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do lbOPdf af“sL Pshgfn] pQm sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do
kQf nufpg] af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
6. dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf eGbf km/s k|sf/sf lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
A / B n] s'g} sfd 12 lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ . A PSn]n] ;f] sfd 21 lbgdf l;Wofpg ;S5 . olb b'a}
ldnL 4 lbg;Dd sfd u/]kl5 A n] sfd ug{ 5f]85
] eg] B nfO{ af“sL sfd l;Wofpg slt lbg nfUnf
<
oxf“, b'a} hgfn] sfd ug{ l;Wofpg] ;do / PshgfnfO{ sfd ug{ l;Wofpg nfUg] ;do lbOPsf]n]
csf]{n] sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd u/]/ sfd 5f]8\bf slt
sfd ;lsg] / slt sfd ug{ af“sL /xG5 eGg] af/]df :ki6 x'g'kg]{5 .
oxf“ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf 4 lbg;Dd sfd u/]sf]n] sfd ;lsof] .

To;}n] af“sL sfd = x'G5 .
A / B ldnL 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
A n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
∴B nfO{ 1 sfd ug{ 28 lbg nfU5 .
B nfO{ sfd ug{ lbg nfU5 .
gf]6 M oxf“ ePsf]n] yf]/} kl/df0f lgsfNg u'0fg lqmof ul/Psf] xf] .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yf]/} sfd ug{ yf]/} ;do -lbg_ / w]/} sfd ug{ w]/} ;do -lbg_ nfUg] af/] atfpg'xf];\ /
s;/L w]/} / yf]/} lbg lg:sG5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
7. s'g} sfd ug{ A nfO{ 10 lbg, B nfO{ 15 lbg / C nfO{ 30 lbg nfU5 . ;a} ldnL 2 lbg;Dd sfd
u/]kl5 A n] 5f]8]5 . B n] sfd ;dfKt x'g'eGbf 3 lbg cl3 sfd ug{ 5f]8]5 . C PSn}n] af“sL sfd
l;WofP5 eg] ;f] sfd slt lbgdf ;lsof] xf]nf <
dfgf}“ pQm sfd x lbgdf ;lsG5 .
oxf“, A n] 2 lbgdf sfd u/]5 .
B n] (x – 3) lbgdf sfd u/]5 .
C n] x lbgdf sfd u/]5 .

∴ [ oxf“ A n] , B n] / C n] sfd ubf{ k"/} sfd ;lsPsf]
af/] atfpg'xf];\ .]
or, x = 10 lbg
∴ pQm sfd k'/f x'g 10 lbg nfU5 .
8. tT;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df gnx¿åf/f kfgL eg{ nfUg] ;dox¿sf] k|lt PsfO{ ;dodf slt efu 6\of“sL
e5{ ;f] kQf nufO{ olb 6of“sL eg]{ gnx¿ lbOPdf hf]8\g] / Pp6f gnn] eg]{ tyf csf]{ gnn] vfnL
ug] ePdf 36fpg'k5{ .
h:t} M
(i) A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ . B gnn] ;f] 6of“sL eg{ 3 306f nfU5 . olb 6of“sL
vfnL ePdf b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL slt ;eodf enf{ <
oxf,“ A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
A gnn] 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
B gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
B gnn] 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
b'a} gn vf]Nbf 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
∴ b'a} gn vf]Nbf 6of“sL kfgL 1 306fdf e5{ .
b'a} gn vf]Nbf 1 6of“sL kfgL 306fdf e5{ .
(ii) A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ . B gnn] 3 306fdf ;f] 6of“sL vfnL u5{ . olb 6of“sL
vfnL 5 eg] b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL slt ;dodf enf{ <
oxf“, A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .

B gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL vfnL u5{ .
B gnn] 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL vfnL u5{ .
b'a} gn vf]Nbf 1 6of“sL kfgL 6 306fdf e5{ .
gf]6 M oxf“ 6of“sL vfnL ug]{ gneGbf eg]{ gn df]6f] ePsf]n] 6of“sL eg{ pQm ;do nfUof] eGg]
af/] hfgsf/L lbg] .
(iii) A gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL vfnL u5{ . B gnn] 2 306fdf ;f] 6of“sL eg{ ;S5 . olb
6of“sL el/Psf] 5 eg] b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL vfnL xf]nf <
oxf“, B gn eGbf A gn df]6f] ePsf]n] 6of“sL s]xL ;dokl5 vfnL x'g hfG5 .
To;}n], b'a} gnnfO{ vf]Nbf 1 306fdf 6of“sL vfnL x'G5 .
∴ b'a} gn vf]Nbf 6 306fdf 1 6of“sL vfnL x'G5 .
gf]6 M To;}u/L tLgcf]6f gnx¿ ePdf vfnL ug]{ gnn] eGbf eg]{ gnx¿sf] ;do yf]/} ePdf ;f]
6of“sL e5{ . olb eg]{ gnx¿ eGbf vfnL ug]{ gnx¿sf] ;do yf]/} ePdf s]xL ;dokl5 6of“sL
vfnL x'G5 .
9. 60 lbgdf l;Wofpg] u/L Pshgf 7]s]bf/n] Pp6f k|of]uzfnf agfpg] 7]Ssf lnof] . 40 lbgkl5 30
sfdbf/n] cfwf dfq l;WofP5 eg] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfd l;Wofpg slt sfdbf/ yKg'knf{ <
;j{k|yd, Pp6f v];|f tof/ ug]{ .
sfdbf/ sfd ;do -lbg_

klxnf] r/0f 30 40
bf];|f] r/0f 30 + x 60 – 40 = 20
oxf“,
40 lbgdf sfd 30 sfdbf/n] l;WofP5 .
1 lbgdf sfd l;Wofpg 30 × 40 sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
20 lbgdf sfd l;Wofpg sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
k|Zgcg';f/,
30 + x = 60
or, x = 60 – 30 = 30
∴ kl5 yk ePsf] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof 30 x'G5 .
gf]6 M of] ;d:ofdf ;lsPsf] sfd ½ ePsf]n] af“sL sfd klg ½ g} eof] . To;} u/L ;lsPsf] sfd
km/s ePdf af“sL sfdsf] klg lx;fa ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M
sfd ug{ 30 sfdbf/ rflxG5 eg]
1 sfd ug{ 30 × 3 sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
sfd ug{ 30 × 3 × sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg

1. A / B n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 12 / 18 lbgdf ;S5g\ . b'a}n] sfd z'¿ u/]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 A n]
5f]8]5 . af“sL sfd B n] 6 lbgdf k'/f ub{5 eg] A n] slt lbgdf ;“u} sfd u/]/ 5f]8]sf] lyof] <
2. A, B / C n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 30, 40 / 60 lbgdf k'/f ug{ ;S5g\ . tLg}hgf ldn]/ sfd z'¿ u/]sf]
10 lbgkl5 B n] 5f]8]5 . B n] 5f]8]sf] 4 lbgkl5 A n] 5f]8]5 / af“sL sfd C n] k'/f ub{5 eg] C n]
hDdf slt lbg sfd u¥of] xf]nf <
3. Pshgf 7]s]bf/n] s'g} sfd ug{ 40 sfdbf/ v6fP5 . p;n] 20 lbgdf pQm sfd l;Wofpg'k5{ . 16
lbgkl5 b'O{ ltxfO sfd dfq k'/f eP5 . slt sfdbf/ yKbf pQm sfd lgwf{l/t ;dodf k'/f xf]nf <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿
1. of] cWofo sfNklgs tYodf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sl7g dx;';
x'g ;s5 . ctM xfdL lzIfsn] To:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ r/0fx¿ s;/L ;DalGwt agfpg] eGg]
tYox¿ ;fwf/0f pbfx/0fx¿åf/f :ki6 ul/lbg' kb{5 .
2. dfly lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf aLraLrdf g} kf7;“u ;DalGwt cEof;x¿ u/fpg' pko'Qm x'g]5 .

3 gfkmf / gf]S;fg (Profit and Loss)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf k|ltztdf cfwfl/t gfkmf gf]S;fg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fy} 5'6 tyf d"No clej[l4 s/
;lxtsf b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f}“ .
@= p2]Zo
1. gfkmf / gf]S;fg ;DaGwL ;d:of -c+lst d"No, 5'6, d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t_ x¿ ;dfwfg ug]{
tl/sf k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgDg ;"q n]lvPsf] rf6{
lj=d" / gfkmf% lbOPdf qm=d" =
lj=d" / gf]S;fg% lbOPdf qm=d" =
qm=d'= / gfkmf% lbOPdf lj=d" =
qm=d'= / gf]S;fg% lbOPdf lj=d" =
jf:tljs 5'6 = c+lst d"Nosf] 5'6 %
5'6 kl5sf] d"No = c+lst d"No – 5'6 d"No÷ /sd
jf:tljs d"No clej[l4 s/ = 5'6 kl5sf] d"Nosf] d"No clej[l4 s/ %
d"No clej[l4 s/ ;lxtsf] d"No = 5'6 kl5sf] d"No + jf:tljs d"No clej[l4 s/

1. lbOPsf] /sdsf] k|ltztnfO{ /sddf kl/0ft ug]{
(i) ¿ 2500 df lsg]sf] ;fdfg 10% gfkmf lnO{ a]Rbf lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs gfkmf = ¿ 2500 sf] 10%
= ¿ 2500 × = ¿ 250
∴ lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 + ¿ 250 = ¿ 2750
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 × 110% -qm=d"= = 100% x'G5_
= ¿ 2500 × = ¿ 2750
(ii) ¿ 5000 kg]{ ;fdfg a]Rbf 15% gf]S;fg eP5 eg] lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs gf]S;fg = ¿ 5000 × = ¿ 750
∴ lj=d"= = ¿ 5000 - ¿ 750 = ¿ 4250
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 5000 × 85% -qm=d"= = 100% x'G5_
= ¿ 5000 × = ¿ 4250
(iii) ¿ 6000 kg]{ ;fdfgdf 8% 5'6 lbO{ a]Rbf lj=d"= slt xf]nf <

jf:tljs 5'6 = ¿ 6000 × = ¿ 480
∴ lj=d"= -5'6 kl5sf] d"No_ = ¿ 6000 - ¿ 480 = ¿ 5520
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 6000 × 92%
-c+lst d"No 100% dfGbf 5'6 8% x'g] ePsf]n] lj=d"= = 100% - 8% = 92% x'G5 _
= ¿ 6000 × = ¿ 5520
(iv) ¿ 4000 kg]{ ;fdfgdf 13% s/ lnO;s]kl5 lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs s/ = ¿ 4000 × = ¿ 520
∴ lj=d"= -s/ lnPkl5sf] d"No_ = ¿ 4000 + ¿ 520 = ¿ 4520
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 4000 × 113% -qm=d'= 100% df s/ 13% hf]8\g'k5{_
= ¿ 4000 × = ¿ 4520
(v) 10% gfkmf lnO{ s'g} ;fdfg ¿ 550 df a]Rbf To; ;fdfgsf] qm=d"= slt xf]nf <
olb lj=d"= ¿ 100 + ¿ 10 = ¿ 110 eP qm=d'= ¿ 100 x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 1 eP qm=d"= ¿ x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 550 eP qm=d"= ¿ = ¿ 500 x'G5 .

csf]{ tl/sf,
qm=d"= =
= = = ¿ 500
(vi) 5% 3f6fdf s'g} ;fdfg ¿ 475 df a]r]5 eg] To; ;fdfgsf] qm=d"= slt xf]nf <
olb lj=d"= ¿ 100 - ¿ 5 = ¿ 95 eP qm=d'= ¿ 100 x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 1 eP qm=d"= ¿ x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 475 eP qm=d"= ¿ = ¿ 500 x'G5 .
csf]{ tl/sf,
qm=d"= =
= = = ¿ 500
2. b'O{cf]6f k|ltzt ;dfj]z ePsf] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] lgDgfg';f/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) Pp6f ;fOsn 10% 5'6 kl5 ¿ 2250 df lslgP5 . olb k;n]n] 15% 5'6 lbPsf] eP slt
d"No ltg'{knf{ <
oxf“ qm]tfn] 10% 5'6 kl5 ¿ 2250 ltl/Psf]n] z'¿sf] d"No -c+lst d"No_ kQf nufpg'
cfjZos 5 lsgeg] ;f] d"Nodf km]/L 15% 5'6 lbg'k5{ .
ctM z'¿sf] d"No = 100% x'g] ePsf]n] ¿ 2250 df lsg]sf]n],
100% - 10% = 90% = ¿ 2250

1% = ¿
100% = ¿
= ¿ 2500
∴ z'¿sf] d"No = ¿ 2500 x'G5 .
km]/L c+lst d"No -z'¿sf] d"No_ sf] 15% 5'6 lbPsf]n],
100% = ¿ 2500
1% =¿
100% - 15% = 85% = ¿
= ¿ 2125
csf]{ tl/sf,
dfgf}“ z'¿sf] d"No = ¿ x
x – x sf] 10% = ¿ 2250
x- x× = ¿ 2250
x- = ¿ 2250
= ¿ 2250
x =¿

= ¿ 2500
km]/L ¿ 2500 df 15% 5'6 lb“bf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 – 2500 sf] 15%
= ¿ 2500 – 2500 ×
= ¿ 2500 – 375
= ¿ 2125
ctM 15% 5'6 lbPsf] eP ¿ 2125 df pQm ;fOsn lslgGYof] .
(ii) Pshgf k;n]n] 5% gf]S;fgdf Pp6f 38L a]r]5 . olb ¿ 300 a9L lnP/ a]r]sf] eP 10% gfkmf
x'g] lyof] eg] k;n]n] pQm 38L sltdf lsg]sf] xf]nf <
oxf“ k|ltzt lbOPsf] cg';f/ b'O{cf]6f lj=d"= b]lvG5 .
ctM qm=d" = 100% 5 eg],
klxnf] lj=d"= = 100% - 5% = 95% -5% gf]S;fg ePsf]n]_
bf];|f] lj=d"= = 100% + 10% = 110% -10% gfkmf ePsf]n]_
k|Zg cg';f/ klxnf] lj=d"= / bf];|f] lj=d"= sf] km/s = ¿ 300 ePsf]n],
110% - 95% = ¿ 300
jf, 15% = ¿ 300
jf, 1% = ¿
jf, 100% = ¿
= ¿ 2000
∴pQm 38Lsf] qmod"No = ¿ 2000 x'G5 .

(iii) Pshgf k;n]n] Pp6f /]l8of] c+lst d"Nodf ljqmL ubf{ 20% gfkmf x'G5 t/ c+lst d"Nodf
10% 5'6 lbO{ a]Rbf ¿ 400 gfkmf x'G5 eg] k;n]n] pQm /]l8of] slt /sddf lsg]sf] xf]nf <
oxf“ tLgyl/sf d"Nox¿ c+lst d"No, ljqmod"No / qmod"No ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
;dLs/0fx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf ljqmL ubf{ qm=d'= sf] 20% gfkmf x'G5 .
ctM o;nfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf JoQm ubf{,
lj=d"= – qm=d"= = gfkmf
jf, c+lst d"No – qm=d"= = qm=d"= × 20%
jf, 5 c+lst d"No – 5 qm=d"= = qm=d"=
jf, 5 c+lst d"No – 6 qm=d"= = 0 ..........................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf 10% 5'6 lbP/ a]Rbf ¿ 400 gfkmf x'G5 .
c+lst d"Nosf] 90% - qm=d'= = ¿ 400
90 c+l+st d"No – 100 qm=d"= = ¿ 40000...............(ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
90 c+lst d"No – 108 qm=d'= = 0 -;dLs/0f (i) nfO{ 18 n] u'0ff u/]sf]_
-90cl+st d"No - 100 qm=d"= = ¿ 40000
-8 qm=d'= = - ¿ 40000
∴ qm=d'= = ¿ 5000
ctM pQm 38Lsf] qm=d"= ¿ 5000 x'G5 .
gf]6 M
1= s'g} zt{df gf]S;fg lbPsf] eP qm=d" – lj=d"= = gf]S;fg x'G5 .

2= dflysf] k|Zgdf c+lst d"No kQf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf tL b'O{ ;dLs/0fx¿ xn ubf{ qm=d"= x¿
x6fO{ xn ug'{k5{ .
3. d"No clej[l4 s/ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) Pp6f 38Lsf] c+lst d"No ¿ 4200 /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] 38Ldf 10% 5'6 lbO{ 10% d"No clej[l4
s/ (VAT) nufp“bf ljqmod"No slt x'G5 xf]nf <
oxf“,
c+lst d"No = 100% = ¿ 4200
5'6 = 10%
ctM 5'6 kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 4200 × 90% = ¿ 3780
VAT = 10% nufO;s]kl5
VAT nufPkl5sf] d"No = ¿ 3780 × 110% = ¿ 4158
∴ ;f] 38Lsf] ljqmod"No = ¿ 4158 x'G5 .
gf]6 M
1= 10% 5'6 / 10% s/ nufp“bf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ eGg] unt wf/0ff d]6\g of] pbfx/0fåf/f k|i6
x'G5 .
2= 5'6 / d"=c=s= ;dfj]z ePdf klxn] 5'6 kl5sf] d"No lgsfnL;s]kl5 dfq d"=c=s/=
lng'kb{5 .
(ii) 20% 5'6 lbO{ 13% VAT nufO{;s]kl5 Pp6f l6eLsf] d"No ¿ 9040 k¥of] eg] z'¿df pQm
l6eLsf] d"No slt /flvPsf] /x]5 <
oxf“,
z'¿sf] c+lst d"No kQf nufpg'5 . To;}n],
c+lst d"No = ¿ x dfgf}“ .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf 20% 5'6 lbO;s]kl5,
c+lst d"No = ¿ x = 100%

ctM 20% 5'6 kl5sf] d"No = ¿ x sf] 80% = ¿
VAT 13% ePsf]n] / 5'6 kl5sf] /sdnfO{ 100% dfGbf,
VAT kl5sf] d"No = ¿
k|Zg cg';f/,
VAT kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 9040 ePsf]n],
= ¿ 9040
jf, 80x =
jf, x = = ¿ 10,000
∴pQm l6eLsf] c+lst d"No = ¿ 10,000 lyof] .
gf]6 M o:t} k|Zgx¿df olb 5'6 /sd jf VAT /sd kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf c+lst d"Noaf6
kQf nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
(iii) Pp6f ;fOsnsf] ljqmL d"No ¿ 6102 sfod ul/Psf] 5 . of] d"No c+lst d"No ¿ 6000 df
10% 5'6 / s]xL k|ltzt VAT nufO{ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] eg] VAT k|ltzt kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“, c+lst d"No / 5'6 lbOPsf]n] c+lst d"No = 100% dfGbf
5'6kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 6000 × 90% = ¿ 5400
dfgf}“ VAT = x%
VAT kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 5400 × (100 + x)%
k|Zgcg';f/,

¿ 5400 × (100 + x)% = ¿ 6102
jf, 5400 × = ¿ 6102
jf, 100 + x =
jf, x = 113 – 100 = 13
To;}n] pQm ;fOsndf 13% VAT nufOPsf] /x]5 .
gf]6M oxL tl/sfn] 5'6% lgsfNg'kg]{ k|Zgx¿ klg xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ¿ 450 df Pp6f Sofns'n]6/ a]Rbf ljqm]tfn] 10% gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{ k¥of] . olb 10% gfkmf lng' 5
eg] ;f] 38L sltdf a]Rg'knf{ <
2. ljhon] ¿ 30000 df b'O{cf]6f sDKo'6/ a]r]5 . p;n] Pp6fdf 10% gfkmf kfof] / csf]{df 10%
3f6f ;xg'k/]5 . p;nfO{ s'n sf/f]af/df gfkmf jf gf]S;fgf s] eof] k|ltztdf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
3. Pshgf ljqm]tfn] b'O{cf]6f /]l8of] ¿ 5000 df lsg]5 . p;n] Pp6f /]l8of]df 12% gf]S;fg / csf]{
/]l8of]df 8% gfkmf lnP/ a]Rbf p;nfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s] eP5 < / k|To]s /]l8of] slt sltdf
lsg]sf] xf]nf <
4. Pp6f /]l8of]sf] c+lst d"No ¿ 8000 /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] /]l8of]df 15% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufOof]
eg] ljqmod"No slt xf]nf <
5. Pp6f 38Lsf] d"Nodf 20% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufP/ ¿ 2376 df a]r]5 . ;f] 38Lsf] c+lst
d"No kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;fOsnsf] c+lst d"Nodf 15% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufp“bf ;fOsnsf] d"No ¿ 4488
sfod ePsf] lyof] eg] slt /sd VAT nufOPsf] lyof] <
7. Pp6f ;fdfgsf] c+lst d"Nodf 5% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufp“bf ;f] ;fdfgsf] d"No ¿ 1672 sfod
ePsf] lyof] eg] slt /sd 5'6 lbOPsf] lyof] <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿

of] cWofo lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;"qx¿ 3f]sfpg]lt/ eGbf lbOPsf] tYo / kQf nufpg'kg]{ tYox¿
oyfy{ lrq0f ug{ nufO;s]kl5 ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmofdf pGd'v u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

4 rqmLo Aofh, hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ld>x|f;
(Compound Interest, Population Growth and
Compound Depreciation)
kf7306L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s k|0ffnL cg';f/ a9Ldf 3 jif{;Ddsf] rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg / ;f]xL
cg'¿k ;do, Aofhb/, d"nwg tyf ld>wg kQf nufpg] vfnsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn ug]{ tyf
ldl>t k|lqmof cg';f/ g} hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / x|f; s§L ul/g] vfnsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s k|0ffnL cg';f/ a9Ldf 3 jif{;Ddsf] rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg .
2. rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;do, b/, d"nwg / ld>wg kQf nufpg .
3. ldl>t k|lqmof cg'¿k g} hg;+Vof a9\g] jf 36\g] vfnsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
4. s'g} klg d]zLg/L ;fdfgx¿sf] ld>x|f; cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] jif{ -a9Ldf 3 jif{ cufl8 jf k5fl8_
kl5 jf cl3sf] d"No kQf nufpg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
a}“ssf] jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f jf art u/]sf] ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f (Balance Sheet)
1. ;fwf/0f Aofh ;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/fO{ ;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofh aLrsf] cGt/
af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
2. ;fwf/0f Aofhs} k|lqmof cg'¿k rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] / ;f]xL ;d:ofnfO{ ;"qa4 u/L rqmLo Aofh
k|0ffnL cg'¿k rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] . o;/L k|fKt x'g] pxL glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL rqmLo Aofhsf]
ljlw / dxTjnfO{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
3. rqmLo ld>wg / rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] ;"q ;fwf/0f Aofhaf6 s;/L k|ltkflbt x'G5, 5nkmn ub}{
jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] ;"q kQf nufpg] k|lqmof cEof; u/fpg] .
4. jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL eg]sf] s'g} /sdsf] Aofh k|To]s jif{ d"nwgdf hf]l8b}“ k|fKt /sdsf] k'gM
pxL k|lqmof cGtu{t Aofh lgsfNg] k4lt xf] . o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f ;/n ;d:of lgdf{0f u/L
;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofhsf] ;"q k|of]u u/L ;dfwfg u/]/ wf/0ff :ki6 ul/lbg] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ¿ 2000 sf] jflif{s 20% Aofh b/df tLg jif{df x'g] rqmLo Aofh / ld>wg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;fwf/0f Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof cg';f/,
oxf“,
klxnf] jif{df,
d'nwg (P) = ¿ 2000
;do (T) = 1 year
Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI1) =
= ¿ 400
bf];|f] jif{df,
P1 = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 400
= ¿ 2400
T = 1 year -bf];|f] jif{sf] dfq_
R = 20%
SI2 =
= ¿ 480

t];|f] jif{df,
P2 = ¿ 2400 + ¿ 480
= ¿ 2880
T = 1 year -t];|f] jif{sf] dfq_
R = 20%
SI3 =
= ¿ 576
hDdf Aofh (SI) = SI1 + SI2 + SI3
= ¿ 400 + ¿ 480 + ¿ 576 = ¿ 1456
ld>wg (A) = P + I = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 1456 = ¿ 3456
gf]6 M kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7 g+= 28 / 29 sf] cWoog Pjd\ 5nkmn u/fO{ rqmLo ld>wg / rqmLo
Aofh lgsfNg] ;"q kQf nufpg] k|lqmof :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/,
oxf“,
P = ¿ 2000
T = 3 years
R = 20%
rqmLo Aofh (CI) =

=
= 2000 ×
= ¿ 1456
rqmLo ld>wg (CA) = P + CI = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 1456 = ¿ 3456
o;/L b'a} ljlwaf6 k|fKt rqmLo Aofh / rqmLo ld>wg Pp6} lglSnPsf] sf/0f ;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmof
klg rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ of] w]/} nfdf] k|lqmof ePsf]n] o;nfO{ 5f]6f] tl/sfn] ;'qa4 u/L
yf]/} ;dodf -l56f] / ;/n_ rqmLo Aofh / rqmLo ld>wg lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmofåf/f tf]lsPsf] cjlw -;do_ nfO{ Ps}k6s k|of]u ug]{ ePsf]n] o;df ;f“jfdf
Aofh hf]8\g] k|lqmof x'“b}g . t/ rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd jflif{s k|0ffnL eP, jif{ jif{
/ cw{ jflif{s k|0ffnL eP 6 -6 dlxgfdf Aofh d"nwgdf hf]l8b} k'gM Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof ePsf]n]
Aofhsf] /sd, ;fwf/0f Aofhdf eGbf jflif{s rqmLo k|0ffnLdf w]/}, To:t} jflif{s rqmLo Aofh
k|0ffnLeGbf cw{ jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf w]/} Aofh /sd x'g hfG5 eGg] tYonfO{ 5nkmn u/L
:ki6 ul/lbg] / o;nfO{ Pp6f pbfx/0f lbO{ jf cEof; u/fO{ :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm} g} :ki6 x'g]
cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ¿ 8000 sf] 2 jif{df jflif{s 20% sf b/n] x'g]
(i) ;fwf/0f Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .

(ii) jflif{s rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(iii) cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg M
oxf“,
d"nwg (P) = ¿ 8000
Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;do (T) = 2 years
(i) ;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = ?
SI =
= ¿ 3200
(ii) jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI) = ?
CI =
= 8000 ×
= 320 × 11
= ¿ 3520
(iii) cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI1) = ?
CI1 =

-cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf, k|To]s 6 -6 dlxgfdf Aofh lgsfnL d"nwgdf yKb} nUg] k|lqmof
x'g] ePsf]n] tf]lsPsf] jif{nfO{ 2 n] u'0fg ul/g]5 cyjf 1 jif{df 2 cf]6f cfwfjif{ x'G5 eg] T
jif{df 2T jif{ x'G5 . To:t} jflif{s Aofhb/ R eP cw{jflif{sdf x'G5 .
= 8000(1.4641 – 1)
= 8000 × 0.4641
= ¿ 3712.80
o;/L pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/lb“bf k|fKt Aofh /sdn] klg dfly pNn]v u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L k'li6 ug]{
ePsf]n] klxnf pbfx/0f lbP/ dfq 5nkmn ug]{ .
5. dflysf] lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofh -jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s_ sf] cGt/nfO{ :ki6
ug{ d2t ub{5 . s] rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ dfg af6 d"nwg lgsfNg ;lsG5 < To:t}
cw{jflif{s / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/n] d"nwg lgsfNg ;lsG5 < o;nfO{ klg Pp6f pbfx/0f
lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:t} M
(i) 3 jif{df jflif{s 10% Aofhb/df s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/
¿ 930 x'G5 eg] d"nwg slt xf]nf <
(ii) 2 jif{df jflif{s 20% Aofhb/df s'g} /sdsf] cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / jflif{s rqmLo
Aofhsf] cGt/ ¿ 482 eP d"nwg slt xf]nf <
;dfwfg M
(i) oxf“,
d"nwg (P) = ¿ x dfgf}“

Aofhb/ (R) = 10%
;do (T) = 3 years
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = ?
SI =
jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI) = ?
CI =
k|Zgcg';f/,
CI – SI = 930

or,
or,
or, x = 30000
∴ d"nwg = ¿ 30000
(ii) oxf“,

Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;do (T) = 2 years
cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI2) = ?
CI2 =
= x(1.4641 – 1)
= 0.4641x

jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI1) = ?
CI1 =
= 0.44x
k|Zgcg';f/,
CI2 – CI1 = 482
0.4641x – 0.44x = 482
or, x(0.4641 – 0.44) = 482
or, 0.0241x = 482
or, x = 20000
∴ d"nwg = ¿ 20000
6. rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf s'g} /sdsf] tf]lsPsf b'O{ leGg leGg ;dodf x'g hfg] rqmLo ld>wgx¿af6
klg d"nwg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;d]t ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:t} M jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ s'g} /sdsf] 3 jif{df ¿ 6655 / 4 jif{df ¿ 7320.50
rqmLo ld>wg k'U5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg M
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
dfgf}“, d'nwg = ¿ P
Aofhb/ = R %
;do (T1) = 3 jif{
rqmLo ld>wg (A1) = ¿ 6655
Pk = = .......................(i) [ ∵ CA = P( ]
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
;do (T2) = 4 jif{
rqmLo ld>wg (A2) = ¿ 7320.50
Pk = = .......................(i)
d"nwg Pp6} x'gfn],
or,
or, = 1.1 – 1
or, R = 10%
Aofhb/ (R) = 10% nfO{ ;dLs/0f (i) df k|lt:yfkg ubf{,

P -d"nwg_ = = ¿ 5000
o;/L d"nwg / Aofhb/ qmdzM ¿ 5000 / 10% /x]5 .
7. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] cEof; 4.1 sf ;d:ofx¿ sd ePdf lzIfs :jod\åf/f klg yk cEof;x¿
agfO{ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
%= yk cEof;x¿
1. jflif{s 6% Aofhb/df ¿ 25000 sf] 2 jif{df x'g] ;fwf/0f Aofh, jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / cw{jflif{s
rqmLo Aofh kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. jflif{s 10% Aofhb/df 2 jif{df x'g] jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ ¿ 48.60 x'G5
eg] d"nwg slt xf]nf <
3. 2 jif{df s'g} /sdsf] cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/ 20% sf b/n] ¿
289.20 x'G5 eg] d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ s'g} d"nwg lglZrt Aofhb/df 2 jif{ / 3 jif{df rqmLo ld>wg
qmdzM ¿ 46656 / ¿ 50388.48 k'Ub5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. s'g} /sdsf] lglZrt jflif{s rqmLo Aofhb/df 2 jif{ / 3 jif{df rqmLo Aofh qmdzM ¿ 1050 / ¿
1655 x'G5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ldl>t x|f;
lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cfgf] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof, cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] ljut jif{sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof slt lyof] <
xfn slt 5 < o;/L g} a9\b} jf 36\b} uPdf csf]{ jif{ ;f] ;ª\Vof slt k'Unf < h:tf k|Zgx¿aLr
5nkmn u/fpg] . s'g} lglZrt ;ª\Vof eGg sl7g ePdf, s'g} pbfx/0f lnO{ 5nkmn u/fpg' pko'Qm
x'g]5 . o;/L ;ª\Vof kQf nufp“bf h;/L rqmLo Aofhdf ;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmofn] k|To]s jif{ Aofh
lgsfNb} d"nwgdf hf]8]/ k'gM Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof eP h:t} o;df klg k|ltztsf] k|lqmofaf6 k|To]s
jif{sf] ;ª\Vof lgsfNb} tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Ddsf] hg;ª\Vof lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ ;f] k|lqmof nfdf] /
hl6n x'g] ePsf]n] 5f]6f] / ;/n k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ o;df klg ;"qa4 ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f
pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
h:tf] M
lbJok'/L ufp“sf] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof 25,500 5 . of] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 2% sf b/n] j[l4 ePsf] xf]
eg], l7s Ps jif{ cl3 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof slt lyof] < / l7s Ps jif{kl5 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof
slt k'Unf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 25,500

j[l4 k|ltzt (R) = 2%
Ps jif{ cl3sf] hg;ª\Vof = x dfgf}“ .
k|Zgcg';f/,
x + x sf] 2% = 25500
or, x+ = 25500
or, = 25500

or, x= = 25000
ctM Psjif{ cl3 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof 25000 lyof] . oxL ;d:ofnfO{ ;"qa4 u/]/ ;lhn} lgsfNg
;S5f}“ .
h:tf],
Psjif{ cl3sf] hg;ª\Vof (P0) =
= = 25000
To;/L g},
Psjif{ kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (P1) =
= 25500 × 1.02
= 26010
o;}nfO{ Psjif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof = 25500 + 25500 sf] 2%
= 25500 + 510
= 26010
ljBfyL{x¿n] k"j{ kf7df l;ls;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL gof“ wf/0ff lb“bf Tof] l;sfO ;xh / k|an
x'G5 . h:tf] k|ltzt ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ljBfyL{x¿n] k"j{ sIffdf cWoog ul/;s]sf] x'gfn] To;nfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ ;"qa4 ubf{ Tof] gof“ wf/0ff ePklg u|x0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

dflysf] pbfx/0fn] s]xL ;"qx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:tf] M
xfnsf] -jt{dfg_ hg;ª\Vof = P
ljut -1, 2, 3, ..... T jif{ cl3_ jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof = P0
cfufdL -1, 2, 3, ..... T jif{ cl3_ jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof = P1
jflif{s j[l4 b/ = R%
cjlw -;do_ = T jif{
cyjf
cyjf
;"qnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f jf l7s xf] eGg ;/n pbfx/0f lbP/ 5nkmn u/fpg] k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{ k5{ .
h:tf] M hgHof]lt df=lj= sf] xfnsf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2000 5 . k|To]s jif{ 5% j[l4 x'“b} uPdf 2
jif{sf] cGTodf ;f] ;ª\Vof slt k'Unf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 2000
j[l4 b/ (R) = 5%
;do (T) = 2 jif{
2 jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (PT) =
P2 =
= 2000 × (1.05)2
= 2000 × 1.1025
= ¿ 2205
2. olb ;ª\Vof 36\b} uPdf ,
-xfnsf] ;ª\Vof_ cyjf
-kl5sf] ;ª\Vof_ cyjf
o;nfO{ klg pbfx/0f lbO{ 5nkmn u/fPdf Tof] k|efjsf/L / ;lhn} wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
3. hg;ª\Vof j[l4 h:t} ld>x|f;nfO{ klg pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ;"qa4 ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;df vf; u/L
s'g} klg d]zLg/L ;fdfgx¿ h:tf] df]6/;fOsn, df]6/x¿ -a;, sf/, hLk, :s'6/_, 6fOk/fO6/,
k|];d]l;g cflb hf] k|of]u ubf{ lvOg], k'/fgf] x'g], lvof nfUg] k|lqmofn] ubf{ To;sf] d"No s'g} vf;
lglZrt b/df lglZrt cjlw;Dd 36\b} hfG5 . oxL k|lqmofnfO{ ld>x|f; (Compound
depreciation) elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu
(i) ¿ 90,000 df lslgPsf] Pp6f df]6/;fOsn k|To]s jif{ 5% sf b/n] x|f; s§L x'“b} uPdf 2
jif{kl5 ;f] df]6/;fOsnsf] d"No slt xf]nf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] d"No (V) = 90,000
b'O{ jif{ kl5sf] d"No (V2) = ?
x|f;b/ (R) = 5%
cjlw (T) = 2 jif{
2 jif{ kl5sf] d"No (V2) =

=
= 90000 (0.75)2
= 90000 × 0.9025
= ¿ 81225
(ii) 3 jif{ cl3 lslgPsf] Pp6f sf/ k|To]s jif{ 4% sf b/n] x|f; s§L x'“b} hf“bf xfn ;f] sf] d"No ¿
2211840 sfod x'g k'Uof] eg] ;f] sf/ sltdf lslgPsf] lyof] <
oxf“,
PT = 3 jif{kl5sf] d"No (P3) = ¿ 2211840
x|f; b/ (R) = 4%
sf/sf] d"No (P) = ?
= ¿ 2500000
4. lzIfs ldqx¿, o; lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ :jod\ lgdf{0f u/L a9L eGbf a9L cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 4.2 df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

yk cEof;x¿
1. Pp6f zx/sf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vof 1250000 5 . k|To]s jif{ 2% a9\b} uPdf 3 jif{kl5 ;f] zx/sf]
hg;ª\Vof slt k'Unf <
2. Pp6f ljBfnosf] xfnsf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 4356 5 . ;f] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 10% sf b/n] j[l4 eO{
sfod ePsf] xf] eg] 2 jif{ cl3 ;f] ljBfnodf slt hgf ljBfyL{x¿ lyP <
3. ¿ 1800000 df lslgPsf] Pp6f a; k|To]s jif{ 5% d"No x|f; s§L x'“b} uPdf 3 jif{sf] cGTodf slt
d"No sfod xf]nf <
4. ljgf]bn] ¿ 125000 df lsg]sf] :s'6/ 3 jif{ k|of]u u/L ¿ 103823 df a]r]5g\ eg] ld>x|f; s§L b/
slt /x]5 <
5. lzNkfn] ¿ 2500000 df lsg]sf] sf/ s]xL jif{ k|of]u u/L ¿ 1946720 df a]lrg\ . olb ld>x|f;
s§L b/ 8% lyof] eg] pgn] ;f] sf/ slt jif{ k|of]u u/]/ a]r]sL lyOg\ .

5 If]qldlt (Mensuration)
kf7 M lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (Area of Traingle) kf7 306L M 6
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df lqe'hfsf/ If]qsf] lsgf/fsf] nDafO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf If]qkmn, lsgf/fsf] nDafOsf cg'kft
/ kl/ldtL lbPdf If]qkmn lgsfNg tyf s'g} klg ax'e'hx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf lqe'hdf ljefhg
u/L To; lsl;dsf If]qx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg ;lsg] 1fg / ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
1. lqe'hfsf/ tyf ax'e'hfsf/ If]qsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg .

2. lqe'h / ax'e'hsf] If]qkmn ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
ljleGg lsl;dsf lqe'hfsf/ tyf ax'e'hfsf/ cfs[lt jf lrq ePsf rf6{x¿ .
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cfotfsf/ sfuh ljt/0f u/L cfotsf] If]qkmn s] x'G5 < k|Zg ug]{ .
k|fKt pQ/nfO{ A = l × b = -nDafO × rf}8fO_ nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ul/lbg] .
pQm cfotnfO{ ljs0f{ x'g] u/L k6\ofP/ b'O{ a/fa/ efu ug{ nufO{ k'gM k|lt k|Zg ug]{, ca of] cfwf
efusf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf <
43 ul0ft—!), lzIfs lgb]{lzsf

cfotsf] If]qkmnsf] l7s cfwf x'gfn]
A=½l×b
= ½ cfwf/ × prfO{
h;df nDafO{n] cfwf/ / rf}8fO{n] nDa b"/Lsf] efu hgfp“5 . To;}n] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn cfotsf]
If]qkmnsf] cfwf x'G5 . -1/2 × cfwf/ × prfO_ 5nkmn u/fO{ wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbg] .
2. k|To]s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jf ;d"x agfO k|To]s ;d"xdf Pp6f Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ sfuh ljt/0f u/L lrqdf
lbOPcg';f/ zLif{ laGb' A, D df kg]{ u/L k6\ofpg nufpg] .
lrq <
oxf“, AM = DM = x'G5 .
UAMH = UCFH / UAMG = UBEG x'g] u/L 6'qmfx¿ aGb5 .
ljBfyL{x¿aLr lt 6'qmfx¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 UABC = cfot BEFC ag]sf] b]Vb5g\ . o;nfO{ cEof;
u/fp“bf, UABC sf] If]qkmn = BC × CF
= BC ×
= ½ cfwf/ × prfO x'G5 eGg] s'/f :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿n]

k|of]ufTds ¿kdf sfuh sf6]/ kQf nufp“5g\ .
ul0ft—!), lzIfs lgb]{lzsf 44

3. s'g} lqe'hsf] tLgcf]6f e'hfx¿sf] gfk lbOPsf] cj:yfdf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
o;df s:tf] ;"q k|of]u ug'{kb{5 < / pQm ;"q s;/L k|ltkflbt eof] o; ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿aLr
5nkmn u/fpg] . -kf7\ok':tsdf ;"q kQf nufpg] ljlw ul/lbPsf] x'“bf To;af6 ;xof]u lng]_
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (A) = xf] h;df
cw{ kl/ldt [lqe'hsf] kl/ldtLsf] l7s cfwf x'G5 .]
4. olb lqe'h ;dafx' cyjf tLgcf]6} e'hfx¿ a/fa/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg], To:tf] cj:yfdf lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn s] xf]nf < 5nkmn u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb}, ;dafx' lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn = -e'hf_2 x'G5 eg]/ b]vfpg] .
oxf“,
UABC ;dafx' lqe'h xf] h;df AB = BC = CA = a lng ;lsG5 . AD⊥BC lv“Rbf, BD =

CD = x'G5 .
h;df, AD =

= =
ca, UABC sf] If]qkmn (A) = ½ × cfwf/ × prfO
= ½ × BC × AD
=½×a×
= -a_2
= -e'hf_2
5. lbOPsf] ax'e'h cfsf/sf] If]qsf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg

;lsG5 < ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn u/fpg] . o; lsl;dsf]
If]q rf}/df jf v]tdf lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ pgLx¿nfO{ :s]n
-¿n/_ jf lkmQf lbO{ gfKg nufpg] . To; lsl;dsf]
If]qnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxnf lqe'hfsf/ agfO{ x/]s
lsgf/fx¿sf gfk l6Kg nufpg] .
ax'e'h ABCDE = UABC + UACE +UCDE x'g] ePsf]n] k|To]s lqe'hsf] If]qkmn kQf nufO{
To;sf] of]ukmn g} ax'e'h If]qsf] If]qkmn x'G5 eGg] s'/f cEof; u/fpg] .
6. Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ hldgsf] kl/ldtL 60 ld6/ / e'hfx¿ -lsgf/fx¿_ sf] nDafOsf] cg'kft 4:5:6 eP
;f] hldgsf] If]qkmn slt ju{ld6/ xf]nf < o; lsl;dsf] k|Zg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbP/ If]qkmn lgsfNg
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . ljBfyL{x¿af6 pko'Qm pQ/ cfpg g;s]df dfq lzIfsåf/f ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿
;f+s]lts ¿kdf lb“b} hfg] .
h:t} M
e'hfx¿sf] nDafO = 4x, 5x / 6x dfGbf
4x + 5x + 6x = 60 ld6/
or, 15x = 60 ld6/

∴ x = 4 ld6/
ca, e'hfx¿sf] nDafO,
4x = 4 × 4 = 16 ld6/
5x = 5 × 4 = 20 ld6/
6x = 6 × 4 = 24 ld6/
S= = 30 ld6/
lqe'hfsf/ If]qsf] If]qkmn (A) =
= 158.75 ju{ ld6/
7. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] kl/ldtL 30 ;]=dL= / If]qkmn 30 ju{ ;]=dL= eP ;f] lqe'hsf] e'hfx¿sf]
nDafO slt slt ld6/ xf]nf < lgsfNg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq agfO lbOPsf cj:yfx¿ :ki6 ul/lbg],
h:tf] M
A = ½ ac
or, 30 = ½ × ac
∴ ac = 60 ju{{ ;]=dL= .....................(i)
a + b + c = 30 ;]=dL=

or, a + c = 30 – b ..................(ii)
ca, kfOyfuf]/; ;fWo cg';f/,
a2 + c2 = b2
or, (a + c)2 – 2ac = b2
or, (30 – b)2 – 2ac = b2
or, 900 – 60b + b2 - 2×60 = b2
or, 60b = 780
∴ b = 13 ;]=dL=
∴ a + c = 30 – b
= 30 -13 = 17 ;]=dL=
∴ c = 17 – a
ca,
ac = 60
or a(17 – a) = 60
or, 17a – a2 – 60 = 0
or, a2 -17a + 60 = 0
or, a2 -12a – 5a + 60 = 0
or, a(a – 12) – 5(a -12) = 0
or, (a – 5)(a – 12) = 0
Either a – 5 = 0
i.e. a=5
OR a – 12 = 0
i.e. a = 12
olb a = 5 ;]=dL= eP c = 17 – 5 = 12 ;]=dL=

olb a = 12 ;]=dL= eP c = 17 – 12 = 5 ;]=dL=
o;/L b'O{ vfnsf] gfksf] ;dsf]0f lqe'h aGb5

eGg] s'/f 5nkmn u/fO{ To;nfO{ k/LIf0f ;d]t
u/]/ b]vfpg] .
8. lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;DaGwL kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 5.1 n] k|z:t dfqfdf cEof; u/fpg] ePsf]n] yk
;d:of cfjZos gkg]{ b]lvG5 . olb cfjZostf dx;'; ePdf lzIfsåf/f o:t} vfnsf yk ;d:ofx¿
lgdf{0f u/L cEof; u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
7f]; j:t'x¿sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg

kf7 M lk|Hd, lk/fld8, uf]nf / ;f]nLsf] cfotg / ;txsf] If]qkmn kf73G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df lk|Hdsf] kl/ro lbO{ lqe'hfsf/, cfotfsf/ / a]ngfsf/ lk|Hdsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn /
cfotg lgsfNg], cfwf/ ju{, cfwf/ cfot / cfwf/ j[Q ePsf] uf]nf tyf lk/fld8x¿sf] ;txsf]
If]qkmn tyf cfotg kQf nufpg] tyf uf]nf, cw{uf]nf / ;f]nLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg
;Sg] ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. lk|HdnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ / ljleGg vfnsf lk|Hdx¿ -lqe'hfsf/, cfotfsf/, a]ngfsf/_ sf]
;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
2. cfwf/ ju{, cfwf/ 3g / cfwf/ j[Q ePsf] uf]nf, lk/fld8x¿sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg
lgsfNg .
3. uf]nf tyf cw{uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
4. ;f]nLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg cfsf/sf lk|Hdx¿, sfuh tyf sf7åf/f agfOPsf lk/fld8x¿, a]ngfx¿, ;f]nLx¿, uf]nf],
cw{uf]nf cflb .
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cf–cfk\mgf] 3/ ljBfno jf cGo s'g} klg 7fp“df b]v]sf
7f]; j:t'x¿ s] s] 5g\ eGg nufO ;"rLs/0f ub}{ hfg] / lt
j:t'x¿nfO{ lk|Hd, lk/fld8, uf]nfsf/ tyf cGo s'g ;d"xdf kb{5g\
5nkmn u/L 5'6\ofpg nufpg] . ;fy} lzIfsåf/f nluPsf sfuh, sf7
jf cGo s'g} ljifoj:t'åf/f agfOPsf ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿ s'g s'g ;d"xdf
kb{5 5nkmn u/L 5'6\ofpg nufpg] .
2. lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'x¿nfO{
5]psf] ;tx;“u ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L 6'qmf kfbf{ s:tf] ;tx aGb5 5nkmn
u/fpg] . To;/L 6'qmf kfbf{ k'g ;f]xL cfsf/sf] ;txx¿ aGg] ;a} j:t'x¿
lk|Hd x'g\ eGg] s'/f 5nkmn tyf k|of]uaf6 :ki6 ul/lbg] . lrqdf
b]vfOPsf] klxnf] (i) j:t' lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hd, bf];|f] (ii) / t];|f] (iii) j:t'
;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ tyf 3gfsf/ lk|Hd / rf}yf] (iv) j:t' a]ngfsf/ lk|Hd x'g\ eGg] s'/f
5nkmn tyf k|of]uaf6 :ki6 ul/lbg] .
3. 5]pdf lbOPsf tLg vfnsf lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hd

b]vfO{ o;df s:tf s:tf ;txx¿ b]lvG5 <
of] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotgsf] ;"q s] xf]nf
< ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg s;/L
lgsfNg ;lsPnf < 5nkmn u/fpg] .
5nkmnaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ cfwf/

dfgL b'O{cf]6f lqe'hfsf/ ;tx /
tLgcf]6f cfotfsf/ ;tx x'g] ePsf]n],
lqe'hsf/ lk|Hdsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn

= cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt × prfO -nDafO{_
= (a + b + c) × h hxf“, a + b + c = P
=P×h
lqe'hsf/ lk|Hdsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn,
A = 2U + la + lb + lc
= 2U + l(a + b + c)

= 2U + Pl hxf“, a + b + c = P -cfwf/sf] prfO_
;fy}, cfotg eg]sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO x'g] ePsf]n],
V = Uh x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
lk|Hdsf] prfO eGgfn] lk|Hdsf] nDafO xf] .
4. ;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ j:t'x¿ klg lk|Hd x'g\ / o;sf]

;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg k"j{ sIffx¿df w]/} 5nkmn
eO;s]sf] s'/f :d/0f u/fp“b} To; lsl;dsf] j:t'x¿
b]vfp“b} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg eGg pTk|]l/t ug]{ . l7s pQ/ cfPdf To;nfO{
;"rLs/0f ub}{ af]8{df n]lvlbg] .
if8d'vfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (S) = 2h (l + b)
;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ -if8d'vf_ sf] If]qkmn (A) = 2(lb + bh + lh)
cfotg (V) = l × b × h xf] egL :ki6 ul/lbg] .
To:t}, nDafO, rf}8fO / prfO a/fa/ ePsf] j:t' 3gfsf/ j:t' x'G5 . o;sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn /
cfotg s] xf]nf egL k|Zg ug]{ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ df}sf lbP/ dfq, l7s eP bf]xf]¥ofOlbg] / l7s x'g
g;s] ;RofP/ n]lvlbg] / lsg jf s;/L of] ;"q aGb5 ;f] af/] 5nkmn ;d]t u/fpg] .
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (A) = 6l2
cfotg (V) = l3 cyjf b3 cyjf h3 n]Vg ;lsg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
5. Pp6f cfotfsf/ sfuhsf] If]qkmn (A) = l × b x'G5

eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿af6 ;xh} pQ/ cfp“5 . pQm
cfotfsf/ sfuhnfO{ lj:tf/} rf}8fOtkm{ 3'dfP/
a]ngfsf/ :j¿k agfP/ b]vfOlbg] . rf}8fO (b),
a]ngfsf] 3]/f -kl/lw_ aGb5 / nDafO (l) , a]ngfsf]
prfO (h) jf nDafO (l) g} aGb5 .
o;f] ubf{ a]ngfsf] jqm ;tx g} z'¿sf] cfotfsf/

sfuhsf] ;tx x'g] ePsf] s'/f 5nkmn u/L :ki6
ul/lbg] . o;f] ubf{,
A=l×b

=h×c [rf}8fO (b) = kl/lw (c) aGb5 .]
= h × 2πr -kl/lw (c) = 2πr)
= 2πr h
a]ngfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = 2πr h x'G5 .
ca, a]ngfsf] b'a}tkm{ b'O{ j[Qfsf/ ;tx x'g] ePsf]n] a]ngfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn s] xf]nf <
ljBfyL{aLr k|Zg ug]{, 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ c'g;f/
a]ngfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 2πr h + πr2 + πr2
= 2πr h + 2πr2
= 2πr ( h + r) x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
To;/L g} cfotg eg]sf cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO xf], To;}n]
cfotg (V) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO
= πr2 × h x'G5 .
6. 5]pdf lbOPsf] b'O{ 7f]; j:t'x¿ ;Dej eP j:t' g}

b]vfpg], cGoyf af]8{df lrq agfP/ k|:t't ug]{ . s]
b]Vof} <
if8d'vf leq ag]sf] j:t' jf lrq s] sf] xf] < To:t}

a]ngf leq ag]sf] j:t' jf lrq s] sf] xf] < 5nkmn
u/fpg] . leq /x]sf] j:t' lk/fld8 xf] . To:t} csf]{
a]ngfdf ag]sf] cfwf/j[Q ePsf] lk/fld8 xf]
h;nfO{;f]nL (cone) elgG5 . lt j:t'x¿ aLrsf]
;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿ aLr cfwf/
ju{ ePsf] lk/fld8 b]vfO o;sf] ;tx s:tf] s:tf] 5
< o;sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn s] xf]nf < k|ltk|Zgx¿ u/L
pgLx¿af6 k|fKt pQ/nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ub}{ hfg] . l7s
pQ/ cPdf To;nfO{ k'i6L ub}{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
;txsf] If]qkmn (A) = l2 + 4U

cfwf/ ju{ x'gfn] l2 / lsgf/fdf ag]sf rf/cf]6f lqe'hx¿ p:t} / pq} x'gfn] 4U ePsf] s'/f
5nkmn u/L :ki6 ul/lbg] .
ca, cfotg s] xf]nf < cfwf/ ju{ ePsf] if8\d'vf / lk/fld8 aLrsf] ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
k|fKt z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df if8d'vfsf] Ps ltxfO lk/fld8 xf] eGg] s'/f k|of]u u/L b]vfpg] -
afn'jf jf kfgL /fv]/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 _ o;af6,
cfotg (V) = l2h x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
7. To;/L g} ;f]nLsf] klg a]ngfsf] ;DaGwaf6 ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg af/]

5nkmn u/fO{,
;f]nLsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (CS) = πrl
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TS) = πr (r + l)
cfotg (V) = πr 2h x'G5 eGg] s'/f
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k"0f{ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn u/fO{ :ki6

ul/lbg] .
-ljBfyL{x¿ :jod\nfO{ o; vfnsf] ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{

nufO{ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf g} ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotgsf]
;"q kQf nufpg cEof; u/fp“bf o;sf] wf/0ff :ki6 x'g]
/ a'emfOdf Jofjxfl/s x'g hfG5 ._
8. kf7\ok':tsdf 5.3 df /x]sf] uf]nfsf] ;tx If]qkmn / cfotg

;DaGwL k|:t'tLnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL, uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn
(A) = 4πr 2
/ cfotg (V) = x'G5 eGg] s'/f
5nkmn u/fpg] . o;nfO{ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf b]vfP/ 5nkmn

u/fp“bf wf/0ff :ki6 x'g] ePsf]n] To; k|lqmof cjnDag ug]{ .
cw{uf]nfsf] jqm;tx = ½ ×uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn
= ½ × 4πr 2
= 2πr 2 x'G5 .
To:t}, cw{uf]nfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2πr 2 + πr 2 = 3πr 2

-o;df Pp6f j[Qfsf/ ;tx a9L x'g] s'/f 5nkmn u/fpg'kb{5 _
cw{uf]nfsf] cfotg = ½ × uf]nfsf] cfotg
=½× =
9. dfly lbOPsf lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk u/fp“bf h'g If]q jf j:t'x¿aLr 5nkmn ul/Psf] x'G5, ;f]xL
5nkmn;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn u/fpg] . o;sf lgldQ kf7\ok':tssf] 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 / 5.6
df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿af6 5gf]6 u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
10. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿af6 k|of{Kt gePdf :jod\ lzIfsåf/f To:t} vfnsf yk ;d:ofx¿
lgdf{0f u/L cEof; u/fpg] . o;sf lgldQ s]xL yk ;d:ofx¿ gd"gfsf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 .
^= yk ;d:ofx¿
1. a) lbOPsf lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hdsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
b) cfwf/ ;dafx' lqe'h ePsf] lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hdsf] cfotg 270 3g ;]=dL= / prfO 10√3 ;]=dL+
eP lqe'hsf] e'hfsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

2. a) Pp6f a]ngfsf/ j:t'sf] cw{Jof; / prfOsf] of]ukmn 17 ;]=dL= / kl/lw 44 ;]=dL= eP ;f]
a]ngfsf/ j:t'sf] jqm;tx, k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
b) Pp6f a]ngfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn 1320 ju{ ;]=dL= / cfotg 4620 3g ;]=dL+ eP ;f] a]ngfsf]
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
3. a) Pp6f uf]nfsf/ j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn 113 ju{ ;]=dL= eP cfotg slt xf]nf <
b) Pp6f uf]nfsf/ j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn ju{ ;]=dL= 5 . o;sf] cw{Jof;nfO{ cfwf ubf{ /
bf]Aa/ ubf{ aGg] b'O ;txsf] If]qkmndf slt km/s cfpnf < lgsfNg'xf];\
.
4. tn lbOPsf lk/fld8sf] k'/f ;txsf]

If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
5. lbOPsf ;+o'Qm 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

6 dxQd ;dfjt{s / n3'Qd ;dfjt{s
(Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
lbOPsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;femf u'0fgv08 jf ;femf
u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ d=;= (H.C.F) elgG5 eg] b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L aLhul0ftLo
cleJo~hsx¿n] lgz]if efu hfg] ;aeGbf ;fgf] cleJo~hsnfO{ n=;= (L.C.M.) elgG5 . o;
PsfOdf aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 d=;= / n=;= lgsfNg] tl/sfx¿sf]
af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 d=;= lgsfNg .

2. aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 n=;= kQf nufpg .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
rf6{ k]k/, ljleGg /ªsf ;fOgk]gx¿, 6]k, :s]n cflb .
dxQd ;dfjt{s -d=;_
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cl3Nnf sIffx¿df l;s]sf] aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] .
h:t} M 6a2b(x2 – 1) / 15ab2(x2 – 3x +2) sf] d=;= lgsfNbf,
6a2b(x2 – 1) = 2 × 3 × a × a × b × (x + 1) (x – 1) /
15ab2(x2 – 3x + 2) = 3 × 5 × a × b × b × (x – 1) (x – 2)
oxf“, 3, a, b / (x – 1) b'j} cleJo~hssf k|f/lDes -elementary_ ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ eP .
ul0ft—!), lzIfs lgb]{lzsf

56
To;sf/0f, d=;= = 3ab(x – 1) xf] .
To;}n], æd=;= eg]sf] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf]Æ egL atfOlbg] .
t/ b'O{ cleJo~hsx¿ (x2 – 1) / (x2 – 3x + 2) sf] d=;= lgsfNbf (x – 1) b'j} cleJo~hssf]

;femf u'0fgv08 ePsf]n] oxf“ d=;= eGgfn] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] egL atfOlbg] .
To;}n], d=;= eg]sf] ;femf u'0fgv08 jf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] .
2. ca, x2 - 3x – 10 / x2 – 25 sf] d=;= lgsfNg nufpg]
klxnf] cleJo~hs = x2 - 3x – 10
= x2 – 5x + 2x – 10
= x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5)
= (x – 5)(x + 2)
bf];|f] cleJo~hs = x2 – 25
= (x + 5)(x – 5) [a2 – b2 sf] ;"q k|of]u u/]sf]]
∴ d=;= = (x - 5) [b'j} clejo~hdf ePsf] ;femf u'0fgv08]
3. cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= lgsfNg] pbfx/0fx¿ ;lxt 5nkmn u/L;s]kl5 lgDg ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ d=;=
lgsfNg nufpg] M
(i) a2 – b2 / (a + b)2
(ii) a2 +3a +2 / a2 + 4a + 3
(iii) 2x3 – x2 – x / 8x4 + x
(iv) x2 – 5x + 6, x2 – 6x + 8 / x2 – 4
(v) 4x4 + 19x2y2 + 49y4 / 4x3 + 14xy2 – 6x2y
lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= eGgfn] tL cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;a} ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] .
d=;= lgsfNbf,
− ;a} cleJo~hsx¿sf] v08Ls/0f ug]{,

− tL cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ lng],
− ;femf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ u'0fgkmnsf] ¿k (product form) df n]Vg]
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] d=;= lgsfNg nufpg] . cfjZostf

adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ .
n3'Qd ;dfjt{s -n=;_
1. cl3Nnf sIffx¿df l;s]sf] ;ª\Vofx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg] tl/sfsf] af/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
h:t} M 4x2 (x + a)2 / 6a2x(x2 – a2) sf] n=;= lgsfNbf,
4x2 (x + a)2 = 2 × 2 × x × x × (x + a) (x + a)
6a2x(x2 – a2) = 3 × 2 × a × a × x × (x + a) (x – a)
ca, rflxPsf] n=;= = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x × a × a × (x + a) (x + a) (x – a)
= 12 x2a2 (x + a)2 (x – a)
cleJo~hsx¿sf] n=;= = ;femf u'0fgv08 × af“sL u'0fgv08
2. ca, a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2 / b2 + 2bc + c2 – a2 sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg]
klxnf] cleJo~hs = a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2
= (a + b)2 – c2
= (a + b + c) (a + b – c)
bf];|f] cleJo~hs = b2 + 2bc + c2 – a2
= (b + c)2 – a2
= (b + c + a) (b + c – a)
∴ n=;= = (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (b + c – a)
3. ca, ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg cleJo~hsx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg], cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u
ug]{ .
(i) 8x3 + y3 / 8x3 - y3
(ii) a2 – b2 / a3 – b3
(iii) 2x2 – 3x – 9 / 4x2 – 5x – 21
(iv) 2a2 – 3a – 9, a2 – 3a / 4a2 – 5a – 21
(v) x2 – 2xy + y2 – z2, y2 + 2yz + z2 – x2 / z2 + 2xz + x2 – y2
4. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg] . lo k|Zgx¿sf] n=;=

lgsfnL ;s]kl5 k'gM ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] d=;= / n=;= b'j} lgsfNg] cEof; u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿n] o;f]
ul/ /x“bf cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug]{ .
58
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
2. yk cEof; tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfkm} k|Zgx¿ agfO{ d=;= tyf n=;= lgsfNg nufpg ;lsg]5 .

7 aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f
(Simplification of Algebraic Fractions)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. rf/cf]6f ;Dd aLhLo leGgx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
;/nLs/0f ug]{ lgodx¿ pNn]v ePsf] rf6{, b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ .
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhLo leGg ;DaGwL o; eGbf cufl8 cWoog u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] .
2. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhul0ftLo ;"qx¿ af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ul0ft ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t lqmofsf] af/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhul0ftLo n=;= af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
5. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ nufpg] M
;/n ug'{xf];\ M

=
= 0
6. aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ atfO{lbg] M
• aLhLo leGgx¿sf x/nfO{ v08Ls/0f ug]{ .

• b'O{ b'O{ kbx¿sf] of]u÷cGt/ lgsfNg] .
• n3'Qd kbdf n}hfg] .
7. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf pbfx/0f 1, 2, 3 / 4 cWoog ug{ nufpg] / o;sf] cfwf/df lgDg

;d:ofx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ eGg] .
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8. lgDg ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] .

=
9. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf aLhLo leGgx¿ -cEof; 7_ sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .
cfjZos ePdf ;xof]u ug]{ .
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
2. ljBfyL{x¿sf] nfly yk cEof; tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

8 3ftfª\s (Indices)
kf7 3G6L M 6
!= kl/ro
an df a nfO{ cfwf/ / n nfO{ 3ftfª\s elgG5 . o; kf7df xfdL olx 3ftfª\ssf lgodx¿ k|of]u
u/L aLhLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ tyf 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf]
@= p2]Zo
1. 3ftfª\s ;DaGwL aLhLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ .

2. 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
3ftfª\ssf lgodx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{, b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|L cflb .
1. k|sfzsf] ult 3×108 ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8 x'G5 . o;nfO{ u'0fg u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ n]Vg nufpg] . oL b'O{}
tl/sfnfO{ bf“h]/ x]bf{ 3ftfª\ssf] lgodåf/f 7"n7"nf cª\snfO{ ;/n ¿kdf JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . of]
Pp6f j}1flgs ljlw xf] egL ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfpg] .
3ftfª\ssf] lgodaf6 cfg'kflts ;ª\Vofx¿ (irrational number) sf lqmofx¿ klg ;lhn}l;t ug{
;lsG5 . h:t} M cflb ;8{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . h:t} M
cflb klg ;8{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
2. 3ftfª\ssf] lgodx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . kf7\ok':tsdf o; ;DaGwL
kf7df lbOPsf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ tyf Toxf“ lbOPsf pbfx/0f g+= 1, 2 / 3 nfO{ qmd};“u ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg] . cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ . ;fy} af]8{df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .

;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(i)
= [
= [
= [
= 2-2
(ii)

=
= =1
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

o;kl5 kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 8 k]h 89 sf k|Zg g+= -s_ cGtu{t ;a} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg
nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿n] ;dfwfg lgsfNg] qmddf s]xL sl7gfO{ cfPdf ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn ug{
nufpg] tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xof]u ug]{ .
4. lgDg ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ug{ nufpg] . cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ . ;fy}
af]8{df klg ul/lbg] .
(i) olb x = eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
oxf“, x =
To;}n], =
km]/L, 3x =
ca,

=
∴ k|dfl0ft eof] .
gf]6M dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ csf]{ tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljBfyL{x¿ aLr 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
(ii) olb a = xq+r.yp, b = xr+p.yq / c = xp+q. yr eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
aq-r.br-p.cp-q = 1
oxf“, a = xq+r.yp
To;}n] aq-r = (xq+r.yp)q-r
= qq2 – r2.yp(q-r)
km]/L br-p = (xr+p.yq )r-p
= xr2-p2. yq(r-p)
o;/L g} cp-q = (xp+q. yr )p-q
= xp2-q2.yr(p-q)
ca, aq-r.br-p.cp-q = qq2 – r2.yp(q-r). xr2-p2. yq(r-p). xp2-q2.yr(p-q)
= .............. ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{ nufpg] .
5. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 k]h 90 sf] k|Zg v cGtu{tsf k|Zg g+= 1 b]lv 6 ;Ddsf
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] . ;dfwfg lgsfNg] qmddf dfly lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ lng] .
ljBfyL{x¿sf] yk cEof;sf] nflu lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M
(i) olb x = 31/3 + 3-1/3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M 3x3 – 9x = 10

(ii) k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M

(iii) olb a + b + c = 0 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(iv) olb x + y + z = 0 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(v) olb x = (ab)1/3 - (ab) -1/3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M x3 + 3x = ab –
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0faf/] kl/ro lbg] .

• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0f xn ug]{ tl/sfsf] lgodx¿ atfpg] .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgod atfp“bf pbfx/0fx¿ lb“b} 5nkmn u/fpg] .
6. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos eP ;xof]u ug]{ /

af]8{df klg xn ul/lbg] .
xn ug{'xf];\ .
(i) 3x+1 + 3x = 108
or, 3x.31 + 3x = 108
or, 3x(3 + 1) = 108
or, 3x.4 = 108
or, 3x = 108/4
or, 3x = 27
or, 3x = 33
or, x = 3
(ii) 5.4x+1 - 16x = 64
or, 5.4x.4 – (42)x = 64

or, 20.4x - (4x)2 = 64
dfgf}“ 4x = a
∴ 20a – a2 = 64
or, a2 – 20a + 64 = 0
or, a2 – 16a – 4a + 64 = 0
or, a(a – 16) – 4(a – 16) = 0
or, (a – 16)(a – 4) = 0
a sf] dfg /fVbf,
(4x – 16)(4x – 4) = 0
Either, (4x – 16) = 0
i.e. 4x = 16
i.e. 4x = 42
i.e. x = 2
OR 4x – 4 = 0
i.e. 4x = 4
i.e. 4x = 41
i.e. x = 1
∴ x =1 or 2
ca ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 8 sf] k|Zg g+= u df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 3ftfª\so'Qm

;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn lgsfNg nufpg'kb{5 . o; qmddf cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ /
ljBfyL{x¿af6 ;dfwfg lgsfNg g;s]sf] ;d:ofx¿ cfg} k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf ;dfwfg lgsfNg
nufpg'kb{5 .

%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;“u;“u} ljBfyL{ ;lqmotf / ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/
lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .
2. ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg tyf yk cEof;sf] nflu kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] cltl/Qm lgDglnlvt
k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg nufpg] M
s_ ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
v_ lx;fa ug'{xf];\ M
(i) olb abc = 1 eP, k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(ii) olb ap = b, bq = c / cr = a eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\
aq-r.br-p.cp-q =1
u_ xn ug'{xf];\ M
(i) 3x + 3x+1 + 3x+2 = 39

(ii) 2a+3 + =9
(iii) 7x + =

(iv) 22x +3 - 57 = 65(2x – 1)

9 d"n / ;8{x¿ (Root and Surds)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df cg'kflts ;ª\Vofsf] ;fy;fy} cfg'kflts ;ª\Vof (irrational number) ;“u ;DalGwt
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . o; kf7leq cg'kflts ;ª\Vofsf] hf]8, u'0fgsf] ;fy}
;fwf/0f d"n ;dLs/0fsf ;d:ofx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . ;fwf/0f jf rational ;ª\Vofsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug]{ tl/sf irrational sf] lx;fa xn ug]{ tl/s aLr tfnd]n Nofpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. cg'kflts tyf cfg'kflts ;ª\VofaLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw atfpg .

2. cfg'kflts ;ª\Vof (irrational number) sf] juL{s/0f ug{ .
3. ;8{ ;“u ;DalGwt ;ª\Vofsf] ;fwf/0f d"n ;dLs/0f xn ug{ .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
;dLs/0f n]lvPsf rf6{x¿ / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|L .
1. ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf rf6{x¿ k|bz{g u/L rn /fzLsf] dfg kQf nufpg nufpg] .
o;kl5 kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 92 df lbOPsf] kf7 cWoog Pjd\ 5nkmn u/fO{ cg'kflts /
cgfg'kflts ;+Vofx¿aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw kQf nufO{ cg'kflts / cgfg'kflts ;+Vofx¿sf] wf/0ff
:ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
gf]6M cgfg'kflts ;+VofnfO{ ;8{ (Surd) klg elgG5 . df n nfO{ ;8{sf] l8u|L (Order)
klg elgG5 eg] a nfO{ d"ns (radicand) elgG5 hxf“ a wgfTds cg'kflts ;++Vof xf] .
2. ;8{sf] juL{s/0f

;8{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . cGo cg'kflts ;+Vofx¿ u'0fgv08sf] ?kdf gePsf] ;8{nfO{ z'4
;8{ (Pure surd) elgG5 . h:t}M . o:t} rational ;ª\Vof / surd sf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ePsf]
;ª\VofnfO{ ldl>t ;8{ elgG5 . h:t}M , ........ cflb .
3. ;8{sf] ¿kfGt/0f
o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] Psn ;8{nfO{ ldl>t ;8{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;}u/L ldl>t ;8{nfO{ Psn ;8{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
4. ;8{x¿sf] ;/nLs/0f
(i) u'0fg / efu lqmof

Pp6} d"n lrGx ePsf ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg ubf{ d"n lrGxleq ePsf ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fg ul/G5 .
5. ;/n u/
cEof; 9.1 sf] 29
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 sf] ;"q k|of]u ubf{
6. ;/n u/
(i)
(ii)
7. csf]{ pbfx/0f x]/f}“

lbPsf] cleJo~hsnfO{ x/ tyf c+zdf x/sf] cg'a4 (conjugate) n] u'0fg u/]/ x/nfO{ cg'kflts
;+Vof (rational) agfpg ;lsG5 . olb lbPsf] leGg ;8{ xf] eg] ToxL leGgx¿sf] x/df ePsf] ;8{
jf To;sf] cg'a4n] To; leGgsf] x/ / c+znfO{ u'0fg u/]/ x/sf] ;8{ x6fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'kflts
ug]{ elgG5 .
8. ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f (Radical/Surd Equation)
s'g} klg aLhLo ;dLs/0fdf kQf nufpg'kg]{ rnx¿ (unknown variable) ;fwf/0f d"n lrGx leq
5g\ eg] To:tf ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
df x sf] d"n slt 5 <
;dfwfg M
b'a} kIfdf ju{ ubf{,
or,
or, x+2=9
or, x=9-2
or, x =7
csf]{ ;d:of M
or,

or,
or,
or,
b'a} kIfnfO{ ju{ ubf{,
or,
or, x + 1 = 9(x – 1)
or, x + 1 = 9x – 9
or, 9x – x = 1 + 9
or, 8x = 10
or, x=
%= d"Nofª\sg
1.
2. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
3. xn ug{'xf];\ M
4. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M

5. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
6. ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f xn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) x+3=5
(ii)
(iii)

10 o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0f (Simultaneous Equation)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf Pp6f kl/df0fnfO{ csf]{ kl/df0f;“u bf“h]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . h:t} b'O{ hgf JolQmsf]
pd]/ leGgtf, sfdbf/x¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf cg'¿k Hofnfb/ sfod ug]{ cflb 5g\ . o:tf vfnsf ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;dLs/0fdf JoQm ul/G5 . o:tf b'O{ rno'Qm o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0fnfO{
ljleGg tl/sf -x6fpg] jf k|lt:yfkg ljlw_ af6 ;dfwfg u/fpg] cEof; ul/G5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. b'O{ rno'Qm o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
1. b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmn 19 / ltgLx¿sf] km/s 5 5 eg] tL ;ª\Vofx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg M
dfgf}“ b'O{ ;ª\Vof x, y x'g\ hxf“ y eGbf x 7"nf] 5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
b'O{ ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn = 19
x + y = 19 .....................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
b'O{ ;ª\Vofsf] km/s = 5
x – y = 5 .......................(ii)

dflysf b'O{ ;dLs/0fx¿af6 x, y sf] dfg lgsfNbf x6fpg] ljlw k|of]u ubf{,
x + y = 19
x–y= 5
2x = 24
or x = 12
ca y sf] dfg s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
o;sf nflu x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df k|lt:yfkg ubf{,
x + y = 19
or 12 + y = 19
or y = 19 – 12 = 7
ctM x, y sf] dfg 12, 7 x'G5 . lo b'j} dfgn] lbPsf b'j} ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'i6 ub{5 . To;}n] lbPsf
;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
h:t} x = 12, y = 7 sf] dfg b'j} ;dLs/0f /fVbf,
klxnf] ;dLs/0f x + y = 19
or, 12 + 7 = 19
bf];|f] ;dLs/0f x – y = 5
or, 12 – 7 = 5
or, 5 = 5
ctM x, y sf] dfgn] b'j} ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 u/]sf] 5 .
2. cEof; 10 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 sf] ;dfwfg
dfgf}“, afa'sf] clxn]sf] pd]/ = x jif{ /
5f]/fsf] clxn]sf] pd]/ = y jif{ 5 .
klxnf] sygcg';f/,
x = 2y ..........................(i)
bf];|f] sygcg';f/,
x – 16 = 3(y – 16)
or, x – 3y = - 32 ..................(ii)
;dLs/0fx¿ (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
x = 64 / y = 32
∴ clxn] afa'sf] pd]/ = x jif{ = 64 jif{ /
5f]/fsf] pd]/ = y jif{ = 32 jif{ /x]5 .
3. b'O{ cª\ssf] ;ª\Vof To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]usf] 6 u'0ff 5 . Tof] ;ª\Vofaf6 9 36fof] eg] To;sf
cª\sx¿ plN6G5g\ eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof slt xf]nf <
dfgf}“,
bz :yfgsf] cª\s = x
Ps :yfgsf] cª\s = y
b'O{ cª\sf] ;ª\Vof = 10x + y x'G5 .
gf]6 M oxf“ b'O{ cª\sn] ag]sf] ;+Vof xy lsg x'“b}g eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfg{ lxGb'c/]las ;+Vof k4lt cyjf
bzfwf/ ;+Vof k4lt ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
25 = 2 × 10 + 5 × 1
36 = 3 × 10 + 6 × 1
63 = 6 × 10 + 3 × 1
o;af6 lbOPsf] ;+Vof / o;sf] ljkl/t ;+Vof aGg] k|lqmof klg :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
10x + y = 6(x + y)

or, 10x + y = 6x + 6y
or, 10x – 6x = 6y – y
or, 4 x = 5y
or, 4x – 5y = 0 ...............................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
10x + y – 9 = 10y + x
or, 10x – x + y – 10y – 9 = 0
or, 9x – 9y – 9 = 0
or, 9(x – y) =9
or, x – y = 1 ...................................(ii)
;dLs/0f (ii) nfO{ 4 n] u'0ff u/L (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
4x - 5y =0
4x + 4y =4
- - -
-y =-4
or, y =4
y sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x–y=1
or, x–4=1
or x=5
∴ x = 5, y = 4
ctM cfjZos ;+Vof = 10x + y
= 10 × 5 + 4

= 50 + 4
= 54
k/LIf0f u/L x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ h:t} M
54 df,
54 = 6 (5 + 4 ) =========== klxnf] zt{
or, 54 = 54
km]/L,
54 – 9 = 45 =========== bf];|f] zt{
or, 45 = 45
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. xn ug'{xf];\ M x + y = 2, x – y = 6
3. Pp6f lqe'hsf b'O{cf]6f sf]0fx¿sf] of]ukmn 900 / km/s 600 eg] tL sf]0fx¿sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
4. 2 jif{ cl3 afa'sf] pd]/ 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] 9 u'gf lyof] . t/ 3 jif{kl5 5 u'gf dfq x'g]5 eg] afa' /
5f]/fsf] xfnsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. Pp6f leGgsf] c+znfO{ 3 n] u'0ff u/L x/af6 3 36fOof] eg] cfp“5 . olb c+znfO{ 8 n] a9fO{
x/nfO{ bf]Aa/ u¥of] eg] ½ cfp“5 eg] pQm leGg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;ª\Vof 10 / 100 sf] aLrdf kb{5, Tof] ;ª\Vof To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]usf] 8 u'0ff 5 / olb
Tof] ;ª\Vofaf6 45 36fOof] eg] Tof] ;ª\Vofsf] ljkl/t ;ª\Vof aGb5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .

11 ju{ ;dLs/0f (Quadratic Equation)
kf7 3G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a≠0) :j¿ksf ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ju{ ;dLs/0f elgG5 . h;df rnsf] ;aeGbf
7"nf] 3ftfª\s 2 x'G5 . ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn eg]sf] rnsf b'O{cf]6f dfgx¿ kQf nufpg] sfo{ xf] .
ju{ ;dLs/0fsf o:tf b'O{cf]6f dfgx¿nfO{ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf d"nx¿ (roots of the quadratic
equation) elgG5 . o; PsfOdf xfdL oxL ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf]
@= p2]Zo
1. ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿, ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{ cflb .
1. ljBfyL{x¿n] sIff ( df cWoog ul/;s]sf] ju{ ;dLs/0f kf7nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . o;sf nflu
s'g} Pp6f ju{ ;dLs/0f lbP/ s'g} klg ljlwaf6 xn ug{ nufpg] . h:t} M x2 – 3x – 40 = 0, x2 –
5x + 36 = 0 cflb .
2. ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{sf] nflu zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ;j{k|yd ul0ftLo jfSodf
¿kfGt/ ug'{k5{ . ju{ ;dLs/0f ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:of ePsfn] oxf“ rn Pp6f x'G5 egL a'emfpg] .
ca Pp6f ju{ ;dLs/0f aGb5 . o;nfO{ pko'Qm ljlw k|of]u u/L rnsf] dfg kQf nufpg ;lsG5
h'g zflAbs ;d:ofsf] xn xf] egL a'emfpg'k5{ .
pbfx/0f M
3 ju{ PsfO If]qkmn ePsf] Pp6f cfotfsf/ au}“rfsf] nDafO, rf}8fO eGbf 2 PsfOn] a9L eP
au}“rfsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“,
au}“rfsf] If]qkmn (A) = 3 ju{ PsfO
kQf nufpg'kg]{ nDafO = l / rf}8fO = b dfgf}“ .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,

A=l×b
ca, dfgf}“ au}“rfsf] rf}8fO, b = x PsfO
k|Zgcg';f/ nDafO rf}8fO eGbf 2 PsfOn] 7"nf] ePsf] x'“bf
l = b + 2 = x + 2 PsfO
To;}n], A = l × b
cyjf, 3 = (x + 2) × x
cyjf, x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
oxf“, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
gf]6 M v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] ePdfq ;"q k|of]u ljlw ckgfpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
;"q cg';f/,
+ive lrGx ln“bf, x = - 1 + 2 = 1
-ive lrGx ln“bf, x = - 1 – 2 = - 3
au}“rfsf] rf}8fOsf] dfg C0ffTds x'“b}g, To;sf/0f x = -3 nfO{ 5f]8]/ x = 1 sf] dfg sfod x'G5 .
∴ rf}8fO = 1 PsfO / nDafO = 3 PsfO x'G5 .
ca kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 11 sf] k|Zg s sf ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ nufpg] .

3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zflAbs ;d:ofsf] lzIf0f ug]{ qmddf ;aeGbf klxnf ;d:of a'emfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
o;sf] nflu 2/3 k6s ;Dd bf]xf]¥ofP/ k9\g nufpg], ;d:ofdf lbOPsf s'/fx¿ s] s] 5g\ < / kQf
nufpg'kg]{ s] xf] < /fd|f];“u yfxf kfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . zflAbs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t'ngfTds ¿kdf
sl7g sfd xf] . To;}n] o;sf] nflu yk cEof;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfgsf nflu lzIfsn] k|;:t pbfx/0fx¿ lb“b} lqmofsnfkx¿ cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f M
(i) b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofsf] km/s 3 5 . hals lo b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ju{sf] hf]8 89 5 eg] tL
;ª\Vofx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -cEof; 11 k|Zg u 2_
b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ x / y dfgf}“ . hxf“ 7"nf] ;+Vof x xf] .
k|Zgcg';f/,
x – y = 3 .........................(i)
x2 + y2 = 89 ....................(ii)
gf]6 M x6fpg] ljlw k|of]u ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
;dLs/0f (i) af6 y = x – 3 sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x2 + (x - 3)2 = 89
or, x2 + x2 – 6x + 9 = 89
or, 2x2 – 6x – 80 = 0
or, 2(x2 – 3x – 40) = 0
or, x2 – 3x – 40 = 0
or, x2 – 8x + 5x – 40 = 0
or, x(x – 8) + 5(x – 8) = 0
or, (x – 8)(x + 5) = 0
Either x – 8 = 0 i.e. x = 8
Or x + 5 = 0 i.e. x = - 5

x = 8 x'“bf y = 5 x'G5 .
/ x = 5 x'“bf y = -8 x'G5 .
(ii) b'O{ lbbLalxgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] km/s 5 jif{ 5 / ltgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 204 5 eg]
lbbLalxgLsf] pd]/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
dfgf}“,
lbbLsf] pd]/ = x jif{
alxgLsf] pd]/ = y jif{
k|Zgfg';f/,
x – y = 5 ...........................(i)
xy = 204 ........................... (ii)
ca, x+y = [∵(a+b)2 = (a-b)2 + 4ab]
= 29
∴ x + y = 29 ..........................(iii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (iii) hf]8\bf
x–y=5
x + y = 29
2x = 34
or, x = 17
x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
x–y=5
or, 17 – y = 5
or, y = 12
∴ lbbLsf] pd]/ = 17 jif{
alxgLsf] pd]/ = 12 jif{
gf]6M dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ljlwaf6 klg ;dfwfg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf pbfx/0f 2 / 3 cWoog ug{ nufpg] . ;fy} kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 11

k]h 107 sf] k|Zg u df ;f]lwPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] . cfjZosnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
ljBfyL{x¿n] sl7g dx;'; u/]sf ;d:ofx¿ af]8{df ;dfwfg lgsfNg'kb{5 / ;“u} ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
;dfwfg lgsfNg nufpg] .
%= d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg tyf yk cEof;sf] nflu tn lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿ tyf cfkm} yk ;d:ofx¿
agfP/ klg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] .
1. Pp6f ju{sf] kl/ldlt o;sf] If]qkmn eGbf 4 PsfOn] a9L 5 eg] ju{sf] e'hf slt x'G5 <
2. Pp6f ju{sf] If]qkmn o;sf] kl/ldlt eGbf 2 PsfOn] a9L eP ju{sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. afa' / 5f]/fsf] jt{dfg pd]/sf] cGt/ 25 5 . 10 jif{ klxn] tL b'O{sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 150 lyof]
eg] afa'sf] jt{dfg pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] s0f{ 20 ;]=dL= 5 / af“sL b'O{cf]6f e'hfx¿ 3:1 sf] cg'kftdf 5g\ . ca tL
b'O{ e'hfx¿sf] gfk lgsfNg'xf];\ .
5. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf nDa / cfwf/ e'hfx¿ ltgsf] s0f{eGbf qmdzM 4 ;]=dL= / 8 ;]=dL= n] 5f]6f
5g\ . ca lqe'hsf tLg e'hfx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ a§fsf] cfotg 120 3g ;]=dL= 5 . o;sf] prfO 6 ;]=dL= / nDafO rf}8fO eGbf 3
;]=dL= nfdf] 5 eg] o;sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. Pp6f cfotfsf/ 6\of“sLsf] prfO 2 ld6/ 5 . o;sf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf 3 ld6/ a9L 5 . olb ;f]
6\of“sLdf 800 3gld6/ kfgL c6fp“5 eg] pQm 6\of“sLsf] nDafO / rf}8fO lgsfNg'xf];\ .
8. lgd{nsf] kf“rjif{ cl3 / 10 jif{kl5sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 100 eP p;sf] xfnsf] pd]/ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
9. Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ 6\of“sLsf] cfotg 40 3gld6/ / rf}8fO nDafO eGbf 1 ld6/n] sdL / prfO 2
ld6/ eP To;sf] nDafO / rf}8fO lgsfNg'xf];\ .
10. olb s'g} b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]u 21 5 / tL ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ju{sf] of]u 261 5 eg] tL ;ª\Vofx¿ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .

12 lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn
(Area of Trangle & Quadrilateral)
kf73G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] cWoog k|fylds txb]lv g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; PsfOdf lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf]
If]qkmn ;DaGwL ljleGg sygx¿nfO{ k|of]ufTds tl/sfn] k/LIf0f ug{ tyf ltgsf] ;}4flGts k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug]{ tl/sfx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
lgDg ;fWox¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ / ;}4flGts k|df0f lbO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ .
1. ljs0f{n] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hnfO{ ;dlåefhg ub{5 .

2. Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ x'G5 .
3. pxL cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h / lqe'hdf lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf x'G5 .
4. pxL cfwf/ tyf pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
5. dfly pNn]lvt ;fWox¿sf] ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgDg cfsf/sf s]xL s8f vfnsf sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ -cfwf/ / prfO a/fa/ ePsf_ -;s];Dd Ps
;d"xnfO{ Ps ;]6_

-oL lqmofsnfkx¿ sIffdf ;d"x agfO{ sfuh k6\ofpg] ljlwaf6 u/fpg'xf]nf_
1. ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hnfO{ ljs0f{n] sf6\bf sltj6f lqe'h ag] < lt lqe'hx¿ s'g tYoaf6 cg'¿k b]vfpg
;lsG5 < cg'¿k lqe'hsf] If]qkmn s;/L a/fa/ x'G5 5nkmn u/L ;fWo 1 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
2. ljtl/t ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg] . glthf 5nkmn ug]{ . lsg tL ;=r=
x¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ eof] < s] tL ;=r= x¿sf] prfOx¿ a/fa/ gePsf] eP If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/
x'GYof] < tL ;=r= x¿sf] prfOx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfof} < cflb .
3. olb ;=r= x¿sf cfwf/ Pp6} agfO{ -Pp6f ;=r= dfly csf]{ ;=r= vK6ofO{_ /fVbf s] dflyNnf ;/n
/]vfx¿ klg Pp6} ;/n /]vf aG5g\ < -lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._
4. To:t}u/L tL ;=r= x¿nfO{ 5'6\ofp“bf olb cfwf/x¿ Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf kg]{ u/L ldnfPdf s] ljkl/t
e'hfx¿ klg Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf k5{g < -lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._
5. o;/L pxL cfwf/ tyf a/fa/ cfwf/df ag]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] lgisif{df
k'Ug 5nkmn ug]{ .
6. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf cg';f/ ;fWo 1 / 2 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;fWo 2 sf]
;}4flGts k|df0f ul/lbg] .
7. To;/L g} pq} cfwf/ / pq} prfO ePsf ;=r= / Pp6f lqe'hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufO{ glthf t'ngf
ug]{ .
8. ljkl/t Pp6f lqe'h / Pp6f ;=r= sf] cfwf/ ldnfO;s]kl5 lqe'hsf] zLif{laGb' / ;=r= sf] cfwf/sf]
;Dd'v e'hf s] Pp6} /]vfdf k/]sf] 5 < -k5{ eg] lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._

9. o;/L dflysf] k|of]uåf/f pxL cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿ aLr ag]sf ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf]
cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg] .
10. s] of] lrqdf klg ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 < 5nkmn ug]{ .
11. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fWo 3 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;}4flGts k|df0f k|dfl0ft
ul/lbg] . ;fy} 5nkmn ug]{ .
12. dfly u/]em}“ pq} cfwf/ / pq} prfOsf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg] / glthf 5nkmn ug]{ -
lsg lqe'hx¿sf If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/ eP <_
13. tL lqe'hx¿ Ps csf{dfly vK6\ofp“bf s] x'G5 <
cfwf/x¿ a/fa/ ePsf] sf/0fn] Pp6} cfwf/ h:tf] b]lvG5 . tL lqe'hx¿sf zLif{laGb'x¿ hf]8\g
nufpg] . Tof] hf]l8Psf] /]vf / cfwf/ /]vfsf] ;DaGw s] x'G5 < 5nkmn ug]{ .
14. o; k|sf/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pxL cfwf/ tyf a/fa/ cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf
lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 egL lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] .
15. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fWo 4 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;fWo 4 sf] ;}4flGts k|df0f
lbg nufpg] .

b|i6Jo M
(i) dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;=r= tyf lqe'hx¿sf] ;§fdf juf{lª\st sfuh jf Graph paper df
;=r= tyf lqe'hx¿ c+lst u/]/ ltgLx¿sf] If]qkmnsf ;fy} ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} M
(ii) dfly plNnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿af6 cfwf/e"t 1fg xfl;n u/fPkl5 To;;“u ;DalGwt ;fWosf]
;}4flGts k|df0f k|dfl0ft ug{ ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ pT;flxt kfg'{k5{, h;sf] nflu lzIfsn] lgb]{zg
dfq lb“bf pknAwLd"ns x'G5 .
pbfx/0fx¿
dfly pNn]lvt ;fWox¿;“u ;DalGwt s]xL ;d:ofx¿sf] oxf“ 5nkmn ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
;=r= ABCD sf] e'hf BC nfO{ E ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5

5 . hxf“ BC = CE 5 eg] ABCD =UDBE
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. UDBC = ½ ABCD 1. ;=r= ABCD nfO{ ljs0f{ BD n] ;dlåefhg
2. UDCE = ½ ABCD ug]{ ePsf]n]
2. a/fa/ cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿
aLr ag]sf ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 .
3. UDBC + UDCE = 3. syg (1) / (2) nfO{ hf]8\bf
½ ABCD + ½ ABCD 4. l;ª\uf] 6'qm] tYo
4. UDBE = ABCD

pbfx/0f 2
;=r= ABCD sf e'hfx¿ BC = 12 cm., CD = 10cm. / ;f] ;=r= sf] If]qkmn 36 cm2 eP
nDax¿ AM / AN sf] nDafO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
oxf“, ABCD = BC × AN -;=r= sf] If]qkmn = cfwf/ × prfO_
cyjf, 36cm2 = 12 cm × AN
∴ AN = 3 cm.
km]/L,
ABCD = CD × AM
cyjf, 36cm2 = 10 cm × AM
∴ AM = 3.6 cm.
pbfx/0f 3
;=r= x¿ ABCD / EBCF df AE = 4cm. / AF tyf BC aLrsf] b"/L GH =6cm eP

UDCF sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .

k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. UABE sf] If]qkmn = ½ AE ×GH 1. lqe'hsf] If]qkmn = ½ cfwf/ × prfO
cg';f/
= ½ ×4 × 6 = 12cm2
2. ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= 2. Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿aLr
EBCF sf] If]qkmn ag]sf ;=r= x¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
3. ;=r= ABCD - ;=n=r= EBCD = 3. tYo g+= 2 sf] b'j}tkm{ Pp6} ;=n=r= EBCD
;=r= EBCF - ;=n=r= EBCD 36fp“bf
4. ∴UABE sf] If]qkmn = UDCF sf] 4. z]if tYo cg';f/
If]qkmn 5. tYo 1 / 4 af6
5. ∴UCDF sf] If]qkmn = 12cm2
cEof; 12 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 sf] ;dfwfg
yfxf lbOPsf] M U ABC df e'hfx¿ AB / AC sf dWoljGb'x¿ qmdzM D / E nfO{ t];|f] e'hf BC

sf] s'g} ljGb' F ;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M UDEF sf] If]qkmn = ¼ UABC sf] If]qkmn
/rgf M BC sf] dWoljGb' H ;“u D / E nfO{ hf]8f}“ .
k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. DE || BC, DH || AC / EH || AB 1. lqe'hsf] s'g} b'O{ e'hfsf dWoljGb'x¿ hf]8\g]
/]vfv08 af“sL e'hf;“u ;dfgfGt/ x'G5 .
2. UDEF sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf] 2. Pp6} cfwf/ DE / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
If]qkmn DE / BC aLr ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
3. ;=r= DECH nfO{ ljs0f{ EH n]
;dlåefhg ub{5 .
3. UEHC sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf]
4. ;=r= AEHD nfO{ ljs0f{ DE n]
If]qkmn
;dlåefhg ub{5 .
4. UADE sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf]
5. UDEF = ½ ;=r= BDEH ePsfn]
If]qkmn
5. UBDF sf] If]qkmn + UEHF sf]
6. l;ª\uf] 6'qm] tYo cg';f/
If]qkmn = UDEF sf] If]qkmn
6. UADE + UDEF + UBDF +
UEHF + UEHC = UABC
7. UDEF +UDEF +UDEF +UDEF 7. tYox¿ 2,3,4,5,6 af6 a/fa/L tYo af6
= UABC
or, 4UDEF = UABC
or, UDEF = ¼ UABC
k|dfl0ft eof] .
d"Nofª\sg
1. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 12 sf] k|Zg g+= 1, 3, 8 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

2. tnsf] lrqdf PS = 5cm / SM = 8cm 5g\ eg] UPQN sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
yk cEof;

1. tnsf] lrqdf ;=r= PQRS sf] e'hf PS df kg]{ Pp6f
ljGb' M 5 . QM / RS nfO{ nDAofp“bf ljGb' T df
e]6 ePsf 5g\ eg] k|dfl-ft ug'{xf];\ M UQRT = r=
PQST
2. tnsf] lrqdf AX || BC / BX || CY eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M UABC sf] If]qkmn = UBXY sf]

If]qkmn
3. UABC df AB sf] dWo ljGb' D / BC sf] s'g} ljGb'

P 5 . olb CQ || PD eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\M 2UBPQ =
UABC
4. tnsf] lrqdf AD = 10cm, CD = 6cm /

∠ACD = 900 eP UABD sf] If]qkmn
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
gf]6 M cGo ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ agfP/ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

13 /rgf (Construction)
kf7M 1 kf73G6L M 4
!= kl/ro
ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftsf cGo ljljw ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Lksf] cltl/Qm /rgf ug]{
;Lksf] ;d]t ljsf; x'g' cfjZos kb{5 . t;y{ o; PsfOdf lqe'h / rt'e'{hdf Ps csf{sf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L /rgf ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L lqe'hsf] /rgf ug{ .

2. lqe'h;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
1. HofldtLo cf}hf/ aS; / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
1. lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df rt'e'{h lv“Rg nufpg] . ;f] rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L
lqe'hsf] /rgf ug{ nufpg] .
2. lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df lqe'h lvRg nufpg] . ;f] lqe'h;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/
rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug{ nufpg] .
3. kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7 118 - 120 ;Ddsf] pbfx/0fx¿df 5nkmn ug]{ . ;f] cg';f/ /rgf u/fpg] .
pbfx/0f 1
AB = BC = 5.5 ;]=dL+, CD = DA = 4.5 ;]=dL= / ∠A = 750 x'g] rt'e'{hsf] /rgf u/L To;sf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
r/0f (a): klxn] tYofª\s cg';f/ v];|f lrq agfpg nufpg] .
r/0f (b): To;kl5 AB = 5.5 ;]=dL+ sf] /]vfv08 lv“Rg] . A df 750 sf] sf]0f lv“Rg] . A af6 AD
= 4.5 ;]=dL= rfk lnO{ AE df sf6\g] . sfl6Psf] laGb'nfO{ D gfd /fVg] . h:t} M

r/0f (c): ca D af6 CD = 4.5 ;]=dL= sf] cw{Jof; lnO{ rfk lv“Rg] /
B af6 BC = 5.5 ;]=dL+ sf cw{Jof;n] rfknfO{ CD sf] rfkdf hf]8\g]
. ;fy} C / B klg hf]8\g] . km]/L B / D klg hf]8\g] . h:t} M
r/0f (d): ∠DBC ;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L s]Gb|laGb' C lnO{Psf] rfk lng] / ;f]xL rfkdf ∠DBC ;“u
a/fa/ x'g] u/L ∠BCP lv“Rg] . ;fy} AB nfO{ a9fpg] . ca D / P hf]8\g] .
o;/L cfjZos lqe'h ADP sf] /rgf eof] .
b|i6Jo M s'g} klg /rgf ubf{ r/0fx¿ k/LIffdf n]Vg' cfjZos 5}g .
yk cEof;x¿
1. AB = BC = 5.5 ;]=dL=, CD = AD = 4.5 ;]=dL+ / ∠A = 450 x'g] rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/

x'g] u/L Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'[{xf];\ .
2. AB = 5.6 ;]=dL=, BC = 6.4 ;]=dL=, CD = 6.6 ;]=dL=, DA = 7.2 ;]=dL= / ljs0f{ AD = 6 ;]=dL=
ePsf] Pp6f rt'e'{h lv“Rg'xf];\ . o; rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L lqe'h /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
3. a = 7.8 ;]=dL=, b = 7.2 ;]=dL= / c = 6.3 ;]=dL= x'g] u/L lqe'h lv“Rg'xf];\ . ca of] lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Pp6f cfot /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
4. AB = 6.5 ;]=dL=, BC = 7.6 ;]=dL= / AC = 6.9 ;]=dL= ePsf] Pp6f lqe'hsf] lv“Rg'xf];\ . ca of]
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .

14 j[Q (Circle)
kf7 M 14.1 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM j[Qsf] rfk / s]Gb|Lo sf]0f tyf ;fWo 5, 6 / 7
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df j[Qsf s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/wL sf]0f, rfk, rlqmo rt'e'{h cflbsf] kl/rosf] ;fy} ;fWo 4 / 5
tyf o;sf ljnf]dx¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f tyf ;}4flGts k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug]{
tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/lw sf]0f, hLjfn] sf6]sf] rfk, cw{j[Q / rqmLo rt'e'{hnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ .
2. ;fWo 4 / 5 tyf o;sf ljnf]dx¿ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f / ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box, ljleGg s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/lw sf]0f / rqmLo rt'e'{h;DaGwL rf6{x¿ .
1. j[Qsf rfk / s]Gb|Lo sf]0f ;DaGwL rf6{x¿ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} 7"nf] ;fgf] rfkn] s]Gb|Lo
sf]0fnfO{ s;/L c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eGg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
2. kl/lw sf]0f / rfkaLrsf] ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn ug]{ . o;af/] kf7\ok':ts k]h 95 df lbOPsf] af/]
5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} hLjfn] sf6]sf] rfk af/] klg 5nkmn ug]{ .
3. Jof;n] j[QnfO{ cfwf kfb{5 eGg] af/] lj:t[t 5nkmn ug]{ .
4. ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Pp6f Pp6f j[Q lv“Rg nufpg] / Tof] j[Qleq rt'e'{h cfkm" v'zL lv“Rg nufpg] .
of] rt'e'{hnfO{ rqmLo rt'e'{h elgG5 eGg] af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
5. ;fWo 5 / o;sf] ljnf]dnfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf
;fg{ nufO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
6. ;fWo 6 nfO{ klg k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .

yk cEof;x¿
1. l;4 ug'{xf];\ – cw{j[Qdf ag]sf] kl/lw sf]0f Ps ;dsf]0f x'G5 .

2. lbOPsf] lrqx¿df ag]sf] sf]0fx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. j[Qsf] kl/lwdf A,B,C / D lv“Rg'xf];\ h;df AD = BC x'G5 . ca AB || DC x'G5 egL

b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. j[Qsf b'O{cf]6f a/fa/ hLjfx¿ AB / AC lv“Rg'xf];\ . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – rfk BAC sf] dWolaGb' A
x'G5 .
5. cw{Jof;x¿ OA / OB af6 a/fa/L b"/Ldf kg]{ j[Qsf] kl/lwsf] laGb' P 5 . k|dfl0ft ug'x{ f];\ – rfk
AP = rfk BC x'G5 .

kf7 M 14.2 kf7 3G6L M 8
zLif{sM ;fWo 8 / 9
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df s'g} j[Qsf] Pp6} rfkdf ag]sf s]Gb|Lo sf]0f kl/lwdf ag]sf] sf]0fsf] b'O{u'0ff x'G5 eGg]
syg / j[Qsf] Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] sygnfO{ k|of]ufTds /
;}4flGts b'j} tl/sfaf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ tl/sfsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 8 / 9 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .

2. ;fWo 8 / 9 nfO ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .
3. o; ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb .
1. ;fWo 8 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf ;fg{ nufO{
k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
2. ;fWo 8 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;DaGwL 5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} o; ;fWo 8 nfO{ k|dfl0ft
ug{ nufpg] .
3. tn lbOPsf] vfnL 7fp“df k"/f ug{ nufpg] . ABD Pp6f j[Q xf] h;df O
s]Gb|laGb' xf] .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M ∠BAD = ½ ∠BOD
k|df0f M
tYo sf/0f
1. .......∠ BAD = rfk BD 1.
2. ∠.......... = rfk BD 2. .....................
3. ∴ 2(∠.......) = ∠BOD 3. ....................
4. ∴∠BAD = ½ ∠.............. 4. ..............

5. ;fWo 9 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;DaGwL 5nkmn u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
6. tnsf vfnL 7fp“df eg{ nufpg] .
j[Q ABCD df O s]Gb|laGb' xf] . h;df rfk BD sf] ;Dd'vsf]0fx¿

BAD / BCD x'g\ .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M UBAD = UBCD
k|df0f M
tYo sf/0f
1. ∠....... = ½ rfk BD 1. ......................
2. ∠BCD = ½ =============== 2. .....................
3. ∴∠BAD = ∠BCD 3. ......................
7. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 14.1 sf] lgDg gDa/sf] ;d:ofx¿ ug{ nufpg]
g+= 3 sf] (i), (ii), (iv) g+= 4 sf] (i), (iii), g+= 6
yk cEof;x¿
1. Pp6f lqe'h DEF sf] circumcentre O 5 . EF sf] dWolaGb' P 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – ∠EOP = ∠D
x'G5 .
2. k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ – j[Qsf] ;dfgfGt/ hLjfx¿ a/fa/L rfkx¿df sf6\5 .
3. j[Qsf] b'Ocf]6f hLjfx¿ AB / CD laGb' P df k|ltR5]lbt ePsf] 5 . olb AP = AC 5 eg] l;4
ug'{xf];\ – DP = DB
4. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f Jof; AB / cw{Jof; OC 5g\ hxf“ rfk BC = rfk DC 5 . ca AD || OC
x'G5 egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
5. j[Qsf b'O{ hLjfx¿ AB / CD laGb' X df k|ltR5]lbt ePsf] 5 . olb AX = AC 5 eg] l;4 ug'{xf];\
ls DX = DB x'G5 .
6. s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qsf] b'O{cf]6f nDa x'g] hLjfx¿ AXB / CXD 5g\ . k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ –
∠AOD + ∠BOC = 1800 x'G5 .

7. x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. æPp6f j[Qdf ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿n] a/fa/ rfkdf k|ltR5]lbt ub{5g\ .Æ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
9. x sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
10. lbOPsf] lrqdf OA 7"nf] j[Qsf] cw{Jof; xf] / ;fgf] j[Qsf] Jof; xf] .
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ – hLjf AB sf] dWolaGb' C xf] .

kf7 M 14.3 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM ;fWo 10
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df rqmLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿ kl/k'/s x'G5g\ eGg] sygnfO{ k|of]ufTds tyf ;}4flGts
k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug'{sf] ;fy] pQm syg;“u ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{
tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 10 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 / ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .

2. o; ;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / ljleGg rqmLo rt'e'{hsf rf6{x¿ .
1. ljleGg rqmLo rt'e'{hsf rf6{x¿df 5nkmn ug]{ / rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿sf] of]u kQf nufpg
lbg] .
2. ;fWo 10 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf ;fg{
nufO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
3. ;fWo 10 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
4. tnsf] tflnsf k'/f ug{ nufpg] .
j[Qdf ABCD Pp6f rqmLo rt'e'{h xf] .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M x + y = 1800 / a + b = 1800
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∠....... = ½ rfk BCD 1. ......................
/ ∠....... = ½ rfk DAB
2. ∠x + ∠y = ............ + ................ 2. .....................
= ½ (.....................)
3. ∠x + ∠y = ½ (.....................) 3. ......................
4. ∠a + ∠b = 4. .........................

pbfx/0fx¿
1. kf7\ok':tsf] cEof; 14.1 sf] g+= 3 sf] (iii), g+= 5, 9 / 10 ug{ nufpg] .
2. g+= 7 sf] xn
lbOPsf] lrqdf (i) ∠JML
(ii) ∠MKL kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M
(i) oxf“ kl/lwsf] sf]0fx¿ ∠MLJ / ∠MKJ a/fa/ 5g\ . To:t} ∠JML / ∠LKN a/fa/ 5g\ .
∴∠MKJ = ∠MLJ = 600
∴ ∠JML = 850 [∵ leqLsf]0f ∠JML ;“u aflx/L sf]0f ∠LKN ;“u a/fa/ x'G5g\ .]
(ii) JKN Pp6f ;/n /]vf xf] . To;}n] ∠JKN = 1800 xG5 .
cyjf, ∠MKJ + ∠MKL +∠NKL = 1800
cyjf, 600 + ∠MKL + 850 = 1800
cyjf, ∠MKL = 1800 – 600 - 850 = 350
yk cEof;
1. cw{Jof; 3.2 ;]=dL= ePsf] j[Qdf ag]sf] ;dfgfGt/ rqmLo rt'e'{h ABCD 5g\ . olb ∠ABC =
1260 5 eg] af“sL sf]0fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. olb s'g} j[Qdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h 5 eg] ;f] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h cfot x'G5 egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
3. ærqmLo rt'e'{hsf] Pp6f e'hf tfGbf rt'e'{hsf] ;Dd'v leqLsf]0f;“u
afx\osf]0f a/fa/ x'G5Æ l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
4. lbOPsf] lrqdf BC = AD 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – AB || DC

5. lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f rqmLo rt'e'{h xf] . AB nfO{ E ;Dd
tflgPsf] 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ ∠CBE = ∠ADC
7. rqmLo ;dafx' rt''e'{hsf ljs0f{x¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
8. dfyLsf] lbOPsf] lrqsf] cfwf/df x / y sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

9. ABCD Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . A,B / C af6 uPsf] j[Qdf CD a9fP/ E ;Dd k'¥ofp“bf E
n] j[Qdf 5'G5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ AE = AD x'G5 .

kf7 M 14.4 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM :kz{/]vf ;DaGwL ;fWox¿ 11,12 / 13
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df j[Qsf :kz{ /]vf ;DaGwL ;fWox¿sf] kl/ro / tL ;fWox¿;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 11, 12 / 13 ;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
1. :kz{/]vf ;DaGwL 5nkmn ug]{ . j[Qx¿ lv“Rg nufO{ :kz{/]vf lv“Rg nufpg] .
k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
3. ;fWo 12 / 13 sf nflu klg kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf ;fg{ nufO{ k/LIf0faf6
pbfx/0fx¿
1. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 14.2 sf] lgDg ;d:ofx¿ xn u/fpg] .

1 (i),(ii),(iii), (iv), 2 (i),(ii) / 3
2. g+= 4 sf] xn
lrqdf AD || BC eP, x,y,z sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ h;df laGb' T

af6 :kz{/]vf TAN lvlrPsf] 5 .

;d:of xn
oxf“ ∠ADB / ∠BAN PsfGt/ j[Qv08sf sf]0fx¿ x'g\ .
To;}n] ∠DBC = ∠BAN = 360 x'G5 .
t/ ∠DBC = y 5 .
∴ y = 360
ca AD || BC ePsfn], ∠DAC = ∠ACB x'G5 .
∴∠DAC = x x'G5 lsgls ∠ACB = x 5 .
km]/L Pp6} rfk CD df ag]sf b'O{ kl/lw sf]0fx¿ ∠DAC / ∠DBC 5g\ .
∴∠DAC = ∠DBC x'G5 .
cyjf, x = y = 360 x'G5 .
∴ x = 360 x'G5 .
UBCD af6,
700 + x + y + z = 1800 5 .
cyjf, 700 + 360 + 360 + z = 1800
cyjf, 1420 + z = 1800
cyjf, z = 1800 – 1420 = 380
oxf“, csf]{ tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
∠ADB = ∠BAN = 360 -PsfGt/ j[Qv08sf sf]0f_
∠ADB =∠DBC = y -PsfGt/ sf]0f AD || BC_
∴ y = 360
km]/L,
∠DAC =∠ACB = x -PsfGt/ sf]0f AD || BC_
∠DAC =∠DBC = y -Pp6} rfk CD df ag]sf kl/wL sf]0fx¿_
∠ACB =∠DBC
x = y = 360
∴x = 360
ca, UBCD af6,
700 + x + y + z = 1800
∴z = 380
yk cEof;x¿
1. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f laGb'df Pp6} dfq :kz{/]vf x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
2. s'g} j[Qsf] Pp6f laGb'df /]lvt :kz{/]vfdf nDa x'g] j[Qsf] cw{Jof;x¿ :kz{laGb'df kb{5 egL
lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. s'g} aflx/L laGb'af6 Pp6f j[Qdf b'O{6f :kz{/]vf x'G5g\ egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. aflx/L :kz{ ePsf b'O{6f j[Qx¿sf s]Gb|laGb'x¿ / :kz{laGb' Pp6} ;Lwf/]vfdf kb{5g\ / s]Gb|laGb'sf]
b"/L a/fa/ tL j[Qx¿sf] cw{Jof;x¿sf] of]u x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
5. leqL :kz{ ePsf b'O{6f j[Qx¿sf] s]Gb|laGb' / :kz{laGb' Pp6} ;Lwf/]vfdf kb{5g\ / s]Gb|laGb'x¿sf] b"/L
a/fa/ tL j[Qx¿sf] cw{Jof;x¿sf] cGt/ x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
6. 5'§f5'§} j[Qx¿sf leqL :kz{/]vfx¿sf :kz{laGb'x¿sf aLrsf b"/L a/fa/ x'G5g\ egL lrqåf/f
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠FBD = 720 5 . ∠ABD, ∠BCD / ∠EBD kQf

nufpg'xf];\ .

9. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f :kz{/]vfsf] :kz{ laGb'af6 /]lvt hLjfåf/f ljefhg x'g] rfkx¿sf dWolaGb'x¿af6
:kz{/]vf / hLjf a/fa/ b"/Ldf x'G5g\ egL k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
11. lbOPsf] j[Qdf AP / AQ :kz{/]vfx¿ 5g\ . ca x sf]

dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. lbOPsf] j[Qdf ∠CAB = 280 / ∠DEA = 320 5 . ca
∠DBA / ∠DXC kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠AOD = 950 / ∠DEA = 300 5 . x sf]

14. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠ACB kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
15. AC j[Qsf] Jof; . ca ∠E / ∠ECB kQf

nufpg'xf];\ .

16. lbOPsf] lrqdf AB, AC, BC j[Qsf :kz{/]vfx¿ x'g\ . ca
∠DEF slt x'G5 <

16 tYofª\szf:q (Statistics)
kf7 3G6L M 14
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df juL{s[t tYofª\ssf dWos, dlWosf / rt'yf{z+Losf] dfg lgsfNg tyf af/Daf/tf as|sf]
;xfotfaf6 juL{st[ tYofª\ssf] dlWosf / rt'yf{z+x¿sf] cfsng ug{ ;Ifd agfpg vf]lhPsf]5 .
-s_ dWos (Mean)
@= p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ juL{s[t >]0fL -cljl5Gg >]0fL_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] dWos
lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
:s]n, ;fOgk]g, /ª\uLg l;;fsnd, sf8{af]8{, rf6{x¿
1. Pp6f JolQmut tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg nufP/
cl3Nnf] sIffdf cWoog u/]sf] cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg] ljlw k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos k/] !÷@ cf]6f cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dWos lgsfNg] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
2. tn pNn]v ul/Psf] h:t} tYofª\ssf] rf6{ b]vfpg] / o; tYofª\snfO{ slt tl/sfaf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5<
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
sIff ( df #% hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] ul0ft ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s

45 53 95 62 12 9 70
62 95 45 70 53 45 12
9 70 23 23 35 74 86
74 86 53 12 23 35 70
95 53 9 62 45 86 62

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cEof; ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ / cGtdf tYofª\snfO{ d'Vo u/L tLg tl/sf -JolQmut tYofª\s,
vl08t >]0fL / juL{s[t >]0fL_ af6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] s'/f atfO lbg] . cfjZos k/]df tYofª\snfO{
juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
3. Pp6f vl08t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cª\s ul0ftLo dWos
lgsfNg] tl/sf / ;"q pbfx/0faf6 k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 156 sf] pbfx/0f 1 sf] juL{s[t >]0fLsf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos
lgsfNg] tl/sf cWoog ug{ nufpg] / Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ af]8{df ;f] lx;fa ug{ nufpg] . o; qmddf
juf{Gt/sf] dWodfg lgsfNg] tl/sf / juf{Gt/sf] dWodfgn] juf{Gt/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ tYo atfO lbg] .
;"qsf] ;DaGwdf vl08t >]0fLsf] dWos lgsfNg] ;"q h:t} ePsf] atfO lbg] .
5. Pp6f juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg] nufpg] .
6. dWodfg 7"nf] / af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf 7"nf7"nf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] hf]8, u'0fg / efu ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf lx;fa ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg] tyf ulNt x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfO{
lbg] . To;sf/0f dflysf] ljlweGbf csf]{ ljlwaf6 klg juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] cª\s
ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg ;lsg] s'/f atfO lbg] .
tnsf] tflnsf af]8{df agfpg] jf sf8af]8{df agfP/ b]vfpg] .
ul0ftdf 90 hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] kfPsf] cª\s tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df cª\s ul0ftLo
dWos lgsfNg'xf];\ .
k|fKtfª\s 0 - 10 10- 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70- 80 80-90 90-100
(X)
ljBfyL{ 4 4 7 16 21 15 9 7 4 3
;ª\Vof
,,
of] tYofª\ssf] dWossf] glhs kg{ ;Sg] cª\s cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] . cg'dfg ubf{ Tof] cª\s kg]{ >]0fL
kQf nufpg nufpg] . dflysf] tflnsfdf em08} aLrdf kg]{ / af/Daf/tf a9L ePsf] >]0fL 40 -50 xf] .
ctM o; >]0fLsf] dWodfg 45 cg'dfg ul/Psf] dWos xf] . o;/L dflgPsf] dWosnfO{ slNkt dWos
(Assumed Mean) elgG5 / o;nfO{ A n] hgfOG5 egL atfO lbg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tflnsf agfO{
dWodfg / af/Daf/tf eg{ nufpg] -tflnsfdf k|fKtfª\s, dWodfg / af/Daf/tf eg{ nufpg]_ .
k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) d=m-A fd

0 -10 5 4 -40 -160
10 - 20 15 4 -30 -120
20 - 30 25 7 -20 -140
30 -40 35 16 -10 -160
40 - 50 45 21 0 0
50 - 60 55 15 10 150
60 - 70 65 9 20 180
70 - 80 75 7 30 210
80 - 90 85 4 40 160
90 - 100 95 3 50 150
N = ∑f = 90 ∑fd = 270
tflnsfsf] rf}yf] column df dWodfgaf6 slNkt dWos 36fP/ n]Vg nufpg] . dWodfg / slNkt
dWossf] cGt/nfO{ ljrng (Deviation) elgG5 / o;nfO{ d n] hgfOG5 egL atfO{ lbg] . tflnsfsf]
kf“rf} column df af/Daf/tf / ljrngsf] u'0fgkmn n]Vg nufpg] . af/Daf/tf tyf af/Daf/tf /
ljrngsf] u'0fgkmnsf] of]u lgsfNg nufpg] .
;"q k|of]u u/L lx;fa ug{ nufpg] .
;"q,
dWos (X) = A + ∑ fd /N -;"qdf k|of]u ePsf kbx¿sf] af/]df k|i6fO lbg] _
= 45 + 270/90
= 45 + 3
= 48
o; ljlwnfO{ slNkt dWos ljlw (Assumed Mean method) cyjf ljrng ljlw (Deviation
Method) jf Shortcut method elgG5 egL atfOlbg] .
7. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 1 / 2 sf] k|Zg sIff sfo{sf] ?kdf xn ug{
nufpg] .
8. dfly lbOPsf] lx;fanfO{ csf]{ ;"q k|of]u u/]/ xn ug{ ;lsg] atfO{ lbg] .
;"q,
dWos (X) = A + ∑ fd’ /N x i -;"qdf k|of]u ePsf kbx¿sf] af/]df k|i6fO lbg] _

dflysf] lx;fanfO{ o; ;"q k|of]u u/L xn ug{ nufpg] . xn ug{sf] nflu tnsf] h:tf] tflnsf agfpg
nufpg] .
k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) d=m-A d' = d/i fd'
0 -10 5 4 -40 -4 -16
10 - 20 15 4 -30 -3 -12
20 - 30 25 7 -20 -2 -14
30 -40 35 16 -10 -1 -16
40 - 50 45 21 0 0 0
50 - 60 55 15 10 1 15
60 - 70 65 9 20 2 18
70 - 80 75 7 30 3 21
80 - 90 85 4 40 4 16
90 - 100 95 3 50 5 15
N = ∑f = 90 ∑fd’ = 27
;"q,
= 45 + 27/90 x 10
= 45 + 3
= 48
o; ljlwnfO{ Step deviation method elgG5 eGg] s'/f atfOlbg] .
9. b'O{ tl/sfdf s] km/s 5 / s'g ljlw ;lhnf] 5 5nkmn u/fpg] .

10. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 3 b]lv 7 ;Dd u[xsfo{ lbg] .
11. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 8 sIffdf ug{ nufpg] . klxn] dflysf] h:t}
tflnsf agfpg nufpg] . h:t} M

k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) fm
0 -10 5 5 25
10- 20 15 15 225
20 - 30 25 20 500
30 -40 35 x 35x
40 - 50 45 20 900
50 - 60 55 10 550
N=∑f = 70 + x ∑f m=2200 + 35x
dWos (X) = 34
;"q
X = ∑ fm /N
cyjf, 34 = (2200 + 35x)/(70 + x)
cyjf, 2380 + 34x = 2200 + 35x
cyjf, 2380 - 2200 = 35x - 34x
x = 180
12. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 9 b]lv 11 sf] k|Zg ;d"x agfO sIff sfo{sf]
?kdf xn ug{ nufpg] . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x?sf] sfo{ cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
13. lzIfsn] yk k|Zgx? agfO{ u[xsfo{ lbg] .
%= d"Nofª\sg
kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; jf lzIfs cfkm}n] k|Zg agfO xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-v_ dlWosf (Median)
p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L
:s]n ;fOgk]g, /ª\uLg l;;fsnd, sf8{af]8{, rf6{ cflb .
1. Pp6f JolQmut tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ dlWosf lgsfNg nufP/ cl3Nnf] sIffdf
cWoog u/]sf] cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg] ljlw k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos k/] !÷@
cf]6f cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
2. tnsf] k|Zg af]8{df n]Vg] .
55 hgf dhb'/x?sf] Hofnf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] dlWosf lgsfNg' xf];\ .
Hofnf
200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 600 600 - 700 700 - 800 800 - 900
-?= df_
dhb'/sf]
4 5 9 10 12 6 4
;+Vof
o; tYofª\snfO{ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
Hofnf -?= df_ dhb'/sf] ;+Vof ;l~rt af/Daf/tf

200 – 300 4 4
300 – 400 5 9
400 – 500 9 18
500 – 600 10 28
600 – 700 12 40
700 – 800 6 46
800 - 900 4 50
o; tYofª\sdf N/2 cf}+ kb kg]{ >]0fL cGt/ kQfnufpg lbg'xf];\ .
oxf“, N/2 = 50/2 = 25 cf}+ kb .
;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsf x]/]/ 25 cf}+ kb s'g >]0fL cGt/df kb{5 kQfnufpg lbg'xf];\ .
25 cf}+ kb 500 – 600 >]0fL cGt/df kb{5 .
ca >]0fL cGt/ 500 – 600 df dlWosf kQf nufpg lgDg ;"q k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ atfO lbg'xf];\ .
N
− c. f
dlWosf = L + 2 ×i
f
;"qdf k|of]u ePsf ;+s]tsf] cy{ klg atfO lbg'xf];\ .
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 162 sf] pbfx/0f 1 tyf k]h g+= 162 sf]
pbfx/0f 2 cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
4. k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ !÷! cf]6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ / xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xdf lx;fa u/L;s]kl5 k|To]s
;d"xaf6 !÷! hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ af]8{df lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . c? ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ldn]gldn]sf] hf“Rg
nufpg'xf];\ .
5. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 168 sf] cEof; 16.2 sf] k|Zg g+= 1 b]lv 5 ;Ddsf] k|Zg u[xsfo{sf] ?kdf xn
ug{ nufpg] .
d"Nofª\sg

-u_ rt'yf{z+x? (Quartiles)
p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
1. juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] klxnf] / t];|f] rt'yf+{z lgsfNg .

2. af/Daf/tf jqmsf] ;xfotfaf6 jlu{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf / rt'yf{+zx¿sf] cf+sng ug{ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 164 sf] pbfx/0f 3 cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
2. lzIfsn] af]8{df tnsf] k|Zg n]Vg'xf];\ .
Pp6f sf/vfgfsf 55 hgf dhb'/x¿sf] ;fKtflxs Hofnf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . To;df
klxnf] (Q1) / t];|f] (Q3) rt'of{+zx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\M
Hofnf -?=_ dhb'/sf] ;ª\Vof -jf/+jf/tf_ ;l~rt jf/Djf/tf(c.ƒ)

100 – 200 1 1
200 – 300 4 5
300 – 400 12 17
400 – 500 6 23
500 – 600 8 31
600 – 700 13 44
700 – 800 7 51
800 – 900 2 53
900 - 1000 2 55
N = 55
klxnf] rt'yf{+z Q1 sf nflu,
N
4 cf}+“ dfg = 55/4cf}“ dfg = 13.75 cf}“ dfg .
dflysf] tflnsfaf6, 13.75 cf}“ dfg 300 – 400 >]0fLdf kb{5 .

ca Q1 sf] lglZrt dfgsf nflu, ;"q k|of]u ubf{,
N
4 – c.f.
Q1 = L + × i
f
= 300 + (13.75 – 5)/ 12× 100 [Q L = Q1 kg]{ >]0fLsf] tNnf] ;Ldf]
= 300 + 8.75/12× 100
= 300 + 72.92
∴ Q1 = 372.92 cyf{t\ Ps rf}yfO dhb'/x¿ b}lgs ¿= 372.92 eGbf sd Hofnfdf sfd ub{5g\ .
To:t}, t];|f] rt'yf{+z Q3 sf nflu,
3N
4 cf}“ dfg = 3x55/4 cf}“ dfg = 41.25 cf}“ dfg
;l~rt jf/+jf/tfsf] tflnsfaf6, 41.25 cf}“ dfg (600 – 700) sf] >]0fLdf kb{5 . cyf{t\
Q3 (600 – 700) sf] >]0fL (class interval) df kb{5 .
ca, ;"qcg';f/
3N
4 – c.f.
Q3 = L+ f xi
= 600 + ( 41.25 - 31) /13 x 100
= 600 + 0.7884 x 100
= 600 + 78.84
∴ Q3 = 678.84
cyf{t\, cf};t tLg rf}yfO dhb'/x¿n] b}lgs ¿ 678.84 eGbf sd Hofnfdf sfd ub{5g\ .
ug{ nufpg] .

4. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 166, 167 sf] af/Daf/tf jqmsf] ;xfotfaf6 jlu{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf /
rt'yf{+zx¿sf] cf+sng ug]{ kf7 ;d"xdf cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
5. lzIfsn] dflysf] h:t} k|Zg agfpg] / sIffdf xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . g;s]df ;xof]u ul/lbg'xf];\ .
6. cEof; 16.2 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 / 11 u[xsfo{sf] ?kdf xn ug{ nufpg] .
d"Nofª\sg

17 ;DefJotf (Probability)
kf7 3G6L M 10
!= kl/ro
s'g} kl/If0fsf] 36gf 36\g] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 eGg] ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ cWofkg
tl/sfaf/] o; cWofodf 5nkmn ul/g]5 . o; cWofodf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿sf] hf]8 l;4fGt,
cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt, k/fl>t 36gf / ;DefJotf j[If lrq lgdf{0f ;DaGwL 5nkmn
ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿sf] hf]8 l;4fGt, cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt, k/fl>t 36gf /
;DefJotf j[If lrq agfpg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
8fO;, 1 b]lv 20 ;Dd c+lst pq} ;fOhsf kQLx¿, Ps Kofs]6 tf; kQL, ljleGg /ªsf pq} ;fOhsf
anx¿ jf u'Rrfx¿, l;Ssf, sn/ ul/Psf] l:kg/ .
rf6{
kQL
8fO; HA H2 H3 H4 .... ... ...
1 (1,A)
2
3
4
5
6
1. s'g} k|of]usf] ;DefJotf lgsfNg]af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M Pp6f 8fO; u'8fp“bf g+= 3 klN6g] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf < Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ u'8fp“bf g+= 3
Pp6f dfq ePsf] / hDdf 6 j6f g+= x¿ ePsf]n],

P -g+ 3_ = x'G5 .
2. kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf (Mutually exclusive events)
1 b]lv 20 ;Dd c+lst kQLx¿sf] k|bz{g u/L 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ l6Kg nufpg] . To:t} 6 sf u'0ffª\s
klg l6Kg nufpg] . s] 5 / 6 sf ;femf u'0ffª\sx¿ 5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
kQLx¿ gx]/Lsg l6Kbf 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ 5, 10, 15, 20 / 6 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ 6, 12, 18 k5{g t/

;femf u'0ffª\s kb}{gg\ . oxf“ 5 sf u'0ffª\sn] 6 sf u'0ffª\snfO{ k/:k/ lgif]w ub{5 . t;y{ oL b'O{
36gfx¿ k/:k/ lgif]ws 36gfx¿ x'g\ .
5 10 6 12
15 20 18
5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿nfO{ ;d"x A / 6 sf u'0ffª\sx¿nfO{ ;d"x B n] hgfp“bf A / B b'O{ ;d"xx¿

cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿ x'g\ .
To;} u/L 3 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ / 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ dWo] klN6g] kQL g+= 15 b'j}sf] ;femf u'0ffª\s xf] .
To;}n] oL b'O{ 36gfx¿ kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿ xf]Ogg\ .
ctM 5 sf] u'0ffª\s kg]{ ;DefJotf P(5) x'G5 .
6 sf] u'0ffª\s kg]{ ;DefJotf P(6) x'G5 .
P(5 jf 6) = x'G5 .
To:t} P(5 jf 6 jf 7) = x'G5 .
cyf{t, A, B / C kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿ x'g\ eg],
P(A jf B jf C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) x'G5 .

;DefJotfsf] o; lgodnfO{ ;DefJotfsf] hf]8 l;4fGt elgG5 .
3. lgDg k|Zgaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6f emf]nfdf 5 cf]6f ;]tf, 6 cf]6f gLnf / 4 cf]6f kx]“nf pq} anx¿ 5g\ . gx]/Lsg Pp6f an
lgsfNbf ;]tf afx]s csf]{ /ª\sf] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
hDdf ansf] ;ª\Vof = 5 + 6 + 4 =15
;]tf] /ª\sf] ansf] ;ª\Vof = 5
;]tf] afx]s csf]{ /ª\sf] ;ª\Vof = 15 – 5 =10
∴ P -;]tf] /ªsf] afx]s csf]{ /ªsf]_ = x'G5 .
-gf]6M o:t} pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ ._
4. cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt (Multiplication law of Independent Events)
b'O{ ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] cu| efudf /fVg'xf];\ . PshgfnfO{ 8fO; / csf]{nfO{ 1 Kofs]6 kQL -52
kQL tf;_ lbg'xf];\ . 8fO; u'8fpg nufpg'xf];\ . 52 kQL af6 s'g} Pp6f kQL kN6fpg nufpg'xf];\
8fO;sf] kl/0ffdn] kQLsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ c;/ kf¥of] jf kf/]g 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
8fO;sf] g+=1 b]lv g+= 6 dWo] s'g} Ps klN6G5 eg] tf;sf] s'g} 1 kQL dfgf}“ O{“6sf] 10 klN6of] eg] b'a}
k/LIf0fsf] glthfn] Ps csf{nfO{ c;/ kfb}{g . To;}n] o:tf k|of]usf] 36gfnfO{ cgfl>t 36gfx¿
(Independent events) elgG5 .
8fO; u'8fp“bf g++ 5 / kQLx¿af6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf O{“6sf] 10 cfpg] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
of] k|ZgnfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . of] ;d:ofsf] -gd"gf If]q_ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\
.
z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf lbPem}“ rf6{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{sf] ;xfotfn] k"/f sf]7fx¿ eg'{xf];\ .
sltj6f 36gfx¿ xf]nfg\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t}M 8fO;sf] g+= 1 / kQLdf kfgsf] 9 cfpg] Pp6f dfq 36gf x'G5 .
8fO;sf] 6 cf]6f / kQLsf] 52 cf]6f u/L 6 × 52 = 312 cf]6f 36gfx¿ x'G5g\ .
To;}n], P(1, kfgsf] 9) = x'G5 .

o;sf] cy{ P(1) = x'G5 . / P(kfgsf] 10) = ePsf]n],
P(1 / kfgsf] 9) = = P(1) × P(kfgsf] 9) x'G5 .
To;}n] olb A / B cgfl>t 36gfx¿ x'g\ eg],
P(A / B) = P(A) × P(B) x'G5 .
To;}u/L tLgcf]6f cgfl>t 36gfx¿ 5g\ eg],
P(A, B / C) = P(A) × P(B) × P(C) x'G5 .
lgDg k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
sfnf], lgnf] / ;]tf] /+luPsf] :kLg/ (spinner) 3'dfp“bf lgnf] / 8fO; u'8fp“bf g+= 6 kg]{ ;DefJotf
lgsfNg'xf];\ . o;sf] gd"gf If]q klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
oL 36gfx¿ cgfl>t x'g\ .
To;}n], P( lgnf] / g+= 6) = P(lgnf]) × P(g+= 6)
= x'G5 .
8fO;
:kLg/ 1 2 3 4 5 6
sfnf][
lgnf] (lgnf], 6)
;]tf]
gf]6M o:t} pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
5. k/fl>t 36gf (Dependent Events) / ;DefJotf j[If lrq (Probability Tree Diagram)
Ps Kofs]6 kQLaf6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 < g+= 4 kg]{ ;DefJotf slt
x'G5 < ;"/tsf] PSsf kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 < cflb 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

oxf“ /ftf] kQLx¿ 26 cf]6f 5g\ . To;}n] /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 . t/ ljBfyL{x¿df of] e|d kg{
;S5 ls 52 kQL Kofs]6af6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] gk/]df s] x'G5 jf /ftf] /ªsf] k/]df klg Pp6f
dfq /ftf] k/]sf]n] ;DefJotf x'g'k5{ . o:tf unt wf/0ffnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ljBfyL{NffO{ kQLx¿ y'Tg
nufpg'k5{ . kQL y't]sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/ glnO{ /ftf] km/s /ªsf] k/]sf] dfq cª\s l6Kg nufpg] .
To;dWo] klg pxL g+= bf]xf]l/Pdf Psk6s dfq u0fgf ug]{ . o;f] ubf{ cGttf]uTjf /ftf] 26 cf]6f g}
kg]{ eof] .
oxf“ Pp6f kQL y'Tbf y't]sf] kQL h] /ªsf] ePtfklg k'gM gkmsf{pg] xf] eg] hDdf kQL ;ª\Vof 51
x'G5 . To;}n] olb ;f] kQL /ftf] ePdf ;DefJotf bf];|f] k6s s]xL Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf
x'G5 eg] sfnf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 .
olb klxn] y't]sf kQL sfnf] ePdf / bf];|f] k6sdf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 / sfnf] kg]{
;DefJotf x'G5 .
o; k|sf/ klxnf] k6ssf] 36gfdf bf];|f] k6ssf] 36gfsf] k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf]n] of] 36gfnfO{ k/fl>t
36gf elgG5 .
o; k|of]unfO{ j[If lrqdf b]vfp“bf
-klxnf] k6sdf Pp6f dfq kQL y'Tbf sfnf] k/]df jf /ftf] k/]df ;DefJotf g} x'G5 ._
bf];|f] r/0fsf] j[If lrq agfp“bf,
klxnf] k6s /ftf] /ªsf] kQL k/]kl5 bf];|f] k6s /ftf] jf

sfnf] s'g} /ªsf] kg{ ;S5 .
6. j[Iflrqåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sf
j[Iflrqåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lbOPsf] k|Zgsf] If]q ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M
(i) b'a}k6s /ftf] /ªsf] kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf] / /ftf]) = P1(/ftf]) × P2(/ftf]) = x'G5 .
(ii) b'a}k6s pxL /ªsf] kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf]÷/ftf]) jf P(sfnf]÷sfnf])= x'G5 .
(iii) km/s /ªsf kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf]÷sfnf]) jf P(sfnf]÷/ftf])= x'G5 .
-km/s /ª eGgfn] klxnf] /ftf / kl5 sfnf] jf klxn] sfnf] / kl5 /ftf] /ªsf] eGg] a'‰g'k5{_
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. 2 b]lv 33 ;Dd n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof kQLx¿af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf ju{ ;ª\Vof jf 3g ;ª\Vof
kg]{ ;DefJotf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
2. Pp6f 8fO; / Pp6f l;Ssf Ps} rf]6L pkmfbf{ 8fO;df 3 / l;Ssfdf H kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <

3. Pp6f 6f]s/Ldf 8 cf]6f /ftf] / 6 cf]6f xl/of pq} / p:t} anx¿ 5g\ . gx]/Lsg kfn}kfnf] b'O{cf]6f
anx¿ lgsfNbf -k'gM g/fvL_ aGg] ;DefJotfnfO{ j[If lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . Pp6f /ftf] / Pp6f
xl/of] /ªsf anx¿ kg]{ ;DefJotf klg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
^= yk ;'emfj
1. ;DefJotfsf] lzIf0f ug{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ k|of]u u/fp“bf wf/0ff :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t}M uf]6L u'8fp“bf g+= 3 kg]{ ;DefJotf lsg eof] < u'8fp“bf g+= 3 gkg{ klg ;S5 . lsg g}
;DefJotf x'G5 < cflb .

2. dfly pNn]lvt lqmofsnfksf] aLr aLrdf kf7;“u ;DalGwt kf7\ok':tssf ;d:ofx¿ klg 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .\

ul0ft
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf
T
AF
sIff—!)
R
D
1 ;d"x (Set)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L -tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;Ddsf]_ ;d"xx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d"x ;DaGwL
zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L -tLgcf]6f ;Ddsf]_ ;d"xx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d"x ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:ofx¿
xn ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
6]k, s}“rL, Go"h lk|G6 jf rf6{ k]k/df Pp6f ;d"x b]vfOPsf] jf j[Q sf]l/Psf] Ps yfg, b'O{cf]6f rf6{
k]k/sf j[Q B gfdfs/0f ug]{ .
(i)
b'O{cf]6f ;d"x vlK6Psf] lrqfls+t rf6{ k]k/ jf Go"h lk|G6 Pp6f C cl+st rf6{k]k/sf] j[Q Pp6f
(ii)
#= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
1. k'g/fjnf]sg M ;d"x kf7df k|of]u x'g] zAbfjnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M
(i) cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿

Pp6f dfq ;d"x b]vfOPsf] rf6{ k]k/ jf Go"h lk|G6nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf 6f“:g] Pp6f j[Q B nfO{ rf6{
k]k/sf] vfnL 7fp“df /fvL oL ;d"xx¿ s:tf eP < of] ¿kdf ePsf ;d'xx¿df n(A) = 4 /
n(B) = 3 eP n(A∪B) a/fa/ slt x'G5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“, n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 4 + 3 = 7 x'G5 .
(ii) k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{cf]6f cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;d"xx¿åf/f

n(A∪B) sf] dfg lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
(iii) vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿
rf6{ k]k/df ;d"x B nfO{ ;d"x A sf] ghLs nUb} s]xL efu vK6\ofpg'xf];\ . oL s:tf ;d"xx¿
x'g\ < 5nkmn ub}{ k|To]snfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0f agfpg lbg'xf];\ / n(A∪B) sf] dfgaf/] 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M A = {a, e, i, o, u} / B = {a, b, c, d, e, f} eP,
A∪B = {a, e, i, o, u}∪{a, b, c, d, e, f}
= {a, e, i, o, u, b, c, d, f}
∴ n(A∪B) = 9 x'G5 .
t/ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 5 + 6 = 11 x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ A∩B = {a, e} ePsf]n]

n(A∩B) = 2 nfO{ n(A) + n(B) af6 Psk6s 36fpg'k5{ .
∴ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) x'G5 .
1= olb ∪ 0 5 eg] n(U) = n(A∪B) x'G5 / ∪ ≠ 0 ePdf

n(U) = n(A∪B) + ∪ x'G5 .
2= olb A / B ;d"xx¿ vlK6Psf eP vlK6Psf] efu afx]ssf A sf ;b:ox¿ A dfqsf
;b:ox¿ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ n0 (A) elgG5, To;}u/L vlK6Psf] efu afx]sdf B sf
;b:ox¿ B sf dfq ;b:o x'G5g\ h;nfO{ n0 (B) elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
n(A∪B) = n0 (A) + n0 (B) + n(A∩B) x'G5 .
2. o;/L ;b:ox¿ hgfO{ b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿sf] u0fgfTdstf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df cEo:t agfO;s]kl5
o; ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:ofx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M
(i) s'g} ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;+uLt jf v]ns'b dWo] s'g} Psdf dfq efu lng'kg]{ lgod /x]5 .
olb ;f] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿dWo] 180 hgfn] ;+uLt / 170 hgfn] v]ns'b dgk/fP eg]
n(A∪B) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 180 +170 = 350 x'G5 .
gf]6M lsg oL ;d"xx¿ cnUuLPsf] ;d"xx¿ ePsf] xf] ;f] af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(ii) Pp6f ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ elnan jf km'6an jf b'a} v]n v]Nb5g\ . 300 hgf km'6an,
250 hgf elnan / 110 hgfn] b'a} v]n v]Nb5g\ eg] e]g lrq lv“rL lgsfNg'xf];\ .
s_ km'6an dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
v_ elnan dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
u_ hDdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof
gf]6 M of] ;d:ofdf lbOPsf] ;d"xx¿ cnUuLPsf jf vlK6Psf] s:tf] ;d'xx¿ x'g\ < s] oxf“
∪ lbOPsf] 5 jf 5}g < 5nkmn ub}{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . oxf“ b'a} v]n dgk/fpg]
ePsfn] ;d"xx¿ vlK6Psf 5g\ . t/ b'a} v]n dg gk/fpg] ljBfyL{ gePsfn] ∪
oxf“ lbOPsf 5}g .
s_
olb km'6an v]n dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ A / elnan v]n dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ B dfGbf n(A) –
n(A∩B) = n0(A) cyf{t ;d"x A af6 vlK6Psf] efu 36fp“bf ;d"x A sf dfq ;b:ox¿
/xG5g\ . ctM n0(A) = 300 – 110 = 190 x'G5 . To;}u/L n0(B) = 250 – 110 = 140
v_ To:t} n(U) = n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
= 300 +250 -110 = 440 x'G5 .
u_ oxf“, n(U) = n0(A∪B) = n0(A) + n(A∩B) + n0(B)

= 190 +110 + 140
= 440 x'G5 .
gf]6 M dfly pNn]lvt ;"qx¿ k|of]u u/L ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ dWo] n(A∩B) jf n(A) jf
n(B) jf n0(A) jf n0(B) dfq kQf nufpg' kg]{ ;d:ofx¿ qmdzM pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg
nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M Pp6f ufp“df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 85% dflg;x¿n] bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] / 60% n] ltxf/
rf8 dgk/fpg] kfOof] . b'a} rf8 dg gk/fpg] 5% dflg;x¿ lyP eg]
s_ bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <
v_ ltxf/ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <
u_ dflysf tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
gf]6M of] ;d:ofdf s'g s'g tYox¿ lbOPsf 5g\ < 5nkmn ub}{ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgdf ;f]lwPsf tYox¿ kQf nufpg d'Vo s'g tYo kQf nufpg} kg]{ x'G5 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“, bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ D / ltxf/ rf8 dgk/fpg] ;d"xnfO{ T n] hgfp“bf,
n(D) = 85%
n(T) = 60%
/ ∪ = 5% x'G5 . t/ oxf“ n(U) = 100% dfGg}k5{ .
ctM bz}“ dfq jf ltxf/ dfq dgk/fpg] k|ltzt kQf nufpg b'a} rf8 dgk/fpg] k|ltzt
lgsfNg} kg]{ x'G5 .
n(U) = n(D∪T) + ∪
= n(D) + n(T) – n(D∩T) + ∪
∴ n(D∩T) = n(D) + n(T) - n(U) + ∪
= 85% + 60% - 100% + 5% = 50% x'G5 .
∴n0(D) = n(D) – n(D∩T) = 85% - 50% = 35%
/ n0(T) = n(T) - n(D∩T) = 60% - 50% = 10% x'G5 .

e]g lrqdf k|:t't ubf{,
3. tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;lDdlnt ePsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿sf] xn
dfly z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] g+= (ii) df pNn]v ul/Psf] rf6{ k]k/nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf 6f“:g'xf];\ . j[Q C lnP/
tn lrqdf lbPem}“ u/L qmdzM aGg] ;d"xx¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ agfpg JolQmut jf ;d"x sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .
gf]6M agfOPsf -s_ / -v_ :j¿ksf pbfx/0fx¿ ;dfwfg :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ :j¿ksf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0fx¿ qmdzM 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) olb n(A) = 65, n(B = 50, n(C) = 35, n(A∩B) = 25, n(B∩C) = 20, n(C∩A) = 15,
n(A∩B∩C) = 5 / n(U) = 100 eP, sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' cufl8 k|Zgdf ;d"xx¿ s;/L vlK6Psf 5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
vlK6Psf ;Dk"0f{ efux¿sf] ;+s]t ;d'x ;+s]tåf/f hgfpg nufpg' xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿ vlK6Pdf k|of]u ul/g] ;"qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ k/:k/
vlK6Pdf x'g] ;"qsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf,
n(U) = n(A∪B) + ∪
= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) + ∪
tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf
n(U) = n(A∪B∪C) + ∪ ∪

= n(A) + n(B) + n(C)– n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(C∩A) +
n(A∩B∩C) + ∪ ∪
gf]6M tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ k/:k/ vlK6Pdf n(A∩B∩C) sf] dfg kQf nufpg,
n(A), n(B), n(C) sf] hf]8kmnaf6 vlK6Psf efux¿ n(A∩B), n(B∩C), n(C∩A) 36fpg]
t/ l7s aLr efusf] n(A∩B∩C) klg 36]sf]n] of] efu Psk6s hf]8\g'kb{5 .
ctM lbOPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ubf{,
100 = 65 +50 +35 -25 -20 -15 +5 + ∪ ∪
∴ ∪ ∪ = 5 x'G5 .
(ii) 60 hgf ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] Pp6f sIffdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 32 hgfn] ul0ft, 24 hgfn] lj1fg,
23 hgfn] cu|]hL dgk/fpg] atfP . ul0ft / lj1fg dgk/fpg] 8 hgf, lj1fg / c+u|]hL dgk/fpg]
9 hgf, ul0ft / c+u|]hL dgk/fpg] 12 hgf / 7 hgfn] tLgcf]6} ljifo dg gk/fpg] ljrf/ JoQm
u/] eg]
s_ tLgcf]6} ljifo dgk/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
v_ ul0ft dfq dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
3_ tL tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug'{ cufl8 ;d"x ;+s]tdf a'“bfx¿ n]Vg cEo:t u/fpg' xf];\ . h:t} M
ul0ft, lj1fg, c+u|]hL ljifo dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM M, S / E n] hgfp“bf
n(U) = 60, n(M) =32 cflb .
s_ oxf“ tLgcf]6f vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿ ePsf]n],
n(U) = n(M∪S∪E) + ∪ ∪
n(U) = n(M) + n(S) + n(E) – n(M∩S) - n(S∩E) – n(M∩E) +

n(M∩S∩E) + ∪ ∪
60 = 32 +24 +23 - 8 - 9 – 12 + n(M∩S∩E) + 7

n(M∩S∩E) = 3
ctM ;a} ljifo dg k/fpg] 3 hgf /x]5 .
v_ ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] kQf nufpg
n(M) af6 n(M∩S) / n(M∩E) 36fO{ n(M∩S∩E) hf]8\g'k5{ .
n0(M) = n(M) - n(M∩S) - n(M∩E) + n(M∩S∩E)
= 32 – 8 – 12 + 3 = 15
ctM ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] 15 hgf /x]5 .
u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo eGgfn] s] a'‰g'k5{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
n0(M) + n0(S) + n0(E) = 15 +10 + 5 = 30
ctM Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] 30 hgf /x]5 .
3_ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ubf{
(iii) s'g} k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{x¿dWo] ul0ftdf 40%, lj1fgdf 45%, :jf:Yodf 55%
k/LIffyL{ pQL0f{ eP . ul0ft / lj1fgdf 10% , lj1fg / :jf:Yodf 20% / :jf:Yo / ul0ftdf
15% ljBfyL{x¿ pQL0f{ ePsf /x]5g\, eg]
s_ pQm hfgsf/LnfO{ e]glrqdf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v_ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg'xf];\ .
gf]6M o; k|sf/sf] k|ltzt ;dfj]z ePsf] ;d:ofdf n(U) = 100% dfGg'kg]{ af/] 5nkmn
ug'[xf];\ . o; ;d:ofdf ∪ ∪ sf] dfg lbPsf] 5 jf 5}g 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxf“,
klxnf e]glrq k|:t't ug{ nufO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{

nufpg'xf];\ .

%= d"Nofª\sg
1. Pp6f ;d'bfodf ePsf 215 dflg;x¿df ;j]{If0f ubf{ 115 hgfn] c+u|]hL efiff af]Ng ;Sg], 119 hgfn]
lxGbL efiff af]Ng ;Sg] / 15 hgfn] b'a} efiff af]Ng g;Sg] kfOof] eg],
s_ b'a} efiff af]Ng ;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ x dfgL dflysf] tYonfO{ e]glrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v_ x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
u_ lxGbL efiff dfq af]Ng ;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. k|yd q}dfl;s k/LIffdf 50% ljBfyL{ ul0ftdf dfq / 20% ljBfyL{ c+u|]hLdf dfq pQL0f{ eP . olb
15% ljBfyL{ b'a} ljifodf cg'QL0f{ eP eg],
s_ b'a} ljifodf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP
v_ ul0ftdf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP
u_ k|fKt gtLhfnfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
3. olb n(A) = 15, n(C) = 9, n(A∩B) = 5, n(B∩C) = 4, n(A∩C) = 3, n(A∪B∪C) = 20,

n(A ∩B∩C) = 2 eP n(B) kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f ;j]{If0fdf 70 hgf dflg;nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf 40 hgfn] g]kfnL, 50 hgfn] g]jf/L / 25 hgfn]
c+u|]hL, 15 hgfn] g]kfnL / g]jf/L, 20 hgfn] g]jf/L / c+u|]hL, 12 hgfn] g]kfnL / c+u|]hL af]Ng ;Sg]
atfP eg] tLg cf}6} efiff af]Ng ;Sg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿
1. ;d"x cWoog cWofkg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿df ;"q 3f]Sg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;"q 3f]Sg]
eGbf klg lrqåf/f :ki6 x'g] pbfx/0fx¿ lbg] ug'{kb{5 .
2. ;d"x ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df dfq zAbsf] k|of]un] ;d:ofx¿df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] x'gfn] ;f] sf] lglZrt
klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M ul0ftdf 50 hgf ljBfyL{ / ul0ftdf dfq 50 hgf ljBfyL{df 7"nf] cGt/
5.

2 ;do / sfd (Time and Work)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfO cGtu{t xfdL lglZrt ;dodf s'g} sfdsf] slt efu l;Wofpg ;lsG5 jf tf]lsPsf] sfd
slt ;dodf l;Wofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ug]{ tl/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f}“ .
o;df sfdbf/ tyf sfd ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] cg'dfg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
1. b'O{ jf tLg hgf sfdbf/n] b'O{ 5'§f5'§} ;dodf, ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd ubf{ nfUg] ;do cf+sng tyf
tT;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfsf] k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
rf6{ g+= 1
5 lbgdf 1 sfd
1 lbgdf sfd
2 lbgdf sfd
3 lbgdf sfd
4 lbgdf sfd
5 lbgdf sfd
rf6{ g+= 2
A n] 1 sfd
lbgdf

B n] 1 sfd
lbgdf
A / B n] 1
lbgdf
sfd
1. Pshgf HofdLn] s'g} sfd ug{ 5 lbg nufp“5 eg] 1 lbgdf slt sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] ul0ftLo
wf/0ff lbg rf6{ g+= 1 sf] k|of]u ub}{ lgDgfg';f/sf] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
HofdLn] 5 lbgsf 1 sfd ug{ ;S5 .
HofdLn] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
2. s'g} sfd ug{ b'O{ hgf sfdbf/nfO{ nfUg] 5'§f5'§} ;do lbPdf b'a}n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;f]xL sfd ug{ nfUg]
;do lgsfNg] af/] rf6{ g+= 2 k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 5 lbg / B nfO{ ;f]xL sfd ug{ 20 lbg nfU5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ug{ slt
;do nfUnf <
A n] 5 lbgdf 1 sfd u5{ .
A n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .
To:t},
B n] 20 lbgdf 1 sfd u5{ .
B n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .
ca,
A / B n] 1 lbgdf sfd u5{ .

∴ A / B b'a} ldnL sfd 1 lbgdf u5{ .
A / B b'a} ldnL 1 sfd lbgdf l;Wofp“5g\ .
3. o; lqmofsnfk kl5 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

(i) A n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ 3 lbg nufp“5 . B n] ;f]xL sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ 10
lbg nufp“5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ug{ slt lbg nufpnfg\ <
(ii) A n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd ug{ lbg / B nfO{ ;f]xL sfdsf] efu sfd ug{
lbg nfU5 eg] b'a} ldnL ;f] sfd ubf{ slt ;dodf k"/f unf{g <
(iii) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 3 lbg, B nfO{ 4 lbg / C nfO{ 6 lbg nfU5 eg] tLg}hgf ldnL ;f] sfd
ubf{ slt lbgdf ;lsPnf <
(iv) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ B sf] bf]Aa/ / C sf] t]Aa/ ;do nfU5 . olb A nfO{ s'g} sfd
l;Wofpg 6 lbg nfU5 eg] ;a} ldnL ;f] sfd slt lbgdf l;Wofpnfg\ <
(v) A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ B sf] cfwf / C sf] PsltxfO{ ;do nfU5 . olb A nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ 6
lbg nfU5 eg] ;a} ldnL ;f] sfd slt lbgdf l;Wofpnfg\ <
ca Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}“ M
gf]6 M olb B n] 10 lbgdf s'g} sfdsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 eg]
p;n] (B n]_ 1 lbgdf efu sfd ug{ ;S5 .
oxf“ 1 lbgdf yf]/} sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] efu lqmof u/]sf] xf] .
To:t}, olb C n] s'g} sfdsf] efu sfd 1 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eg]
p;n] (C n]_ 1 sfd lbgdf ug{ ;S5 .

gf]6 M oxf“ 1 eGbf yf]/} kl/df0faf6 1 kl/df0f lgsfNg (1 eGbf ;fgf] ePsf]n]_ u'0fg lqmof gu/L
efu lqmof u/]sf] xf] .
4. b'O{ hgf sfdbf/n] s'g} sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do / s'g} Pshgfn] dfq ug{ nfUg] ;do lbOPdf af“sL
Pshgfn] ug{ nfUg] ;do kQf nufpg klg rf6{ g+= 2 s} k|of]u u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
b'a} hgfn] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
A n] ;f]xL sfd 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] ;f]xL sfd slt lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eGg] kQf nufpg b'a}n] ug]{ sfdaf6 A n] ug]{ sfd
36fpg'k{5 .
To;}n], B n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] sfd 1 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 eg]
B n] 1 sfd 20 lbgdf ug{ ;S5 .
5. To;}u/L a'“bf g+= 4 sf] cfwf/df tLg hgf sfdbf/x¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf s'g} sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do /
;f]xL dWo] s'g} b'O{ hgfn] ;f] sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do lbOPdf af“sL Pshgfn] pQm sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do
kQf nufpg] af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
6. dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf eGbf km/s k|sf/sf lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
A / B n] s'g} sfd 12 lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ . A PSn]n] ;f] sfd 21 lbgdf l;Wofpg ;S5 . olb b'a}
ldnL 4 lbg;Dd sfd u/]kl5 A n] sfd ug{ 5f]85
] eg] B nfO{ af“sL sfd l;Wofpg slt lbg nfUnf
<
oxf“, b'a} hgfn] sfd ug{ l;Wofpg] ;do / PshgfnfO{ sfd ug{ l;Wofpg nfUg] ;do lbOPsf]n]
csf]{n] sfd ug{ nfUg] ;do kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd u/]/ sfd 5f]8\bf slt
sfd ;lsg] / slt sfd ug{ af“sL /xG5 eGg] af/]df :ki6 x'g'kg]{5 .
oxf“ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf 4 lbg;Dd sfd u/]sf]n] sfd ;lsof] .

To;}n] af“sL sfd = x'G5 .
A / B ldnL 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
A n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
B n] 1 lbgdf sfd ug{ ;S5 .
∴B nfO{ 1 sfd ug{ 28 lbg nfU5 .
B nfO{ sfd ug{ lbg nfU5 .
gf]6 M oxf“ ePsf]n] yf]/} kl/df0f lgsfNg u'0fg lqmof ul/Psf] xf] .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yf]/} sfd ug{ yf]/} ;do -lbg_ / w]/} sfd ug{ w]/} ;do -lbg_ nfUg] af/] atfpg'xf];\ /
s;/L w]/} / yf]/} lbg lg:sG5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
7. s'g} sfd ug{ A nfO{ 10 lbg, B nfO{ 15 lbg / C nfO{ 30 lbg nfU5 . ;a} ldnL 2 lbg;Dd sfd
u/]kl5 A n] 5f]8]5 . B n] sfd ;dfKt x'g'eGbf 3 lbg cl3 sfd ug{ 5f]8]5 . C PSn}n] af“sL sfd
l;WofP5 eg] ;f] sfd slt lbgdf ;lsof] xf]nf <
dfgf}“ pQm sfd x lbgdf ;lsG5 .
oxf“, A n] 2 lbgdf sfd u/]5 .
B n] (x – 3) lbgdf sfd u/]5 .
C n] x lbgdf sfd u/]5 .

∴ [ oxf“ A n] , B n] / C n] sfd ubf{ k"/} sfd ;lsPsf]
af/] atfpg'xf];\ .]
or, x = 10 lbg
∴ pQm sfd k'/f x'g 10 lbg nfU5 .
8. tT;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿df gnx¿åf/f kfgL eg{ nfUg] ;dox¿sf] k|lt PsfO{ ;dodf slt efu 6\of“sL
e5{ ;f] kQf nufO{ olb 6of“sL eg]{ gnx¿ lbOPdf hf]8\g] / Pp6f gnn] eg]{ tyf csf]{ gnn] vfnL
ug] ePdf 36fpg'k5{ .
h:t} M
(i) A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ . B gnn] ;f] 6of“sL eg{ 3 306f nfU5 . olb 6of“sL
vfnL ePdf b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL slt ;eodf enf{ <
oxf,“ A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
B gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
B gnn] 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .
b'a} gn vf]Nbf 1 6of“sL kfgL 306fdf e5{ .
(ii) A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ . B gnn] 3 306fdf ;f] 6of“sL vfnL u5{ . olb 6of“sL
vfnL 5 eg] b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL slt ;dodf enf{ <
oxf“, A gnn] 2 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL e5{ .

B gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL kfgL vfnL u5{ .
B gnn] 1 306fdf 6of“sL kfgL vfnL u5{ .
b'a} gn vf]Nbf 1 6of“sL kfgL 6 306fdf e5{ .
gf]6 M oxf“ 6of“sL vfnL ug]{ gneGbf eg]{ gn df]6f] ePsf]n] 6of“sL eg{ pQm ;do nfUof] eGg]
af/] hfgsf/L lbg] .
(iii) A gnn] 3 306fdf 1 6of“sL vfnL u5{ . B gnn] 2 306fdf ;f] 6of“sL eg{ ;S5 . olb
6of“sL el/Psf] 5 eg] b'a} gnnfO{ Ps};fy vf]Nbf 6of“sL vfnL xf]nf <
oxf“, B gn eGbf A gn df]6f] ePsf]n] 6of“sL s]xL ;dokl5 vfnL x'g hfG5 .
To;}n], b'a} gnnfO{ vf]Nbf 1 306fdf 6of“sL vfnL x'G5 .
∴ b'a} gn vf]Nbf 6 306fdf 1 6of“sL vfnL x'G5 .
gf]6 M To;}u/L tLgcf]6f gnx¿ ePdf vfnL ug]{ gnn] eGbf eg]{ gnx¿sf] ;do yf]/} ePdf ;f]
6of“sL e5{ . olb eg]{ gnx¿ eGbf vfnL ug]{ gnx¿sf] ;do yf]/} ePdf s]xL ;dokl5 6of“sL
vfnL x'G5 .
9. 60 lbgdf l;Wofpg] u/L Pshgf 7]s]bf/n] Pp6f k|of]uzfnf agfpg] 7]Ssf lnof] . 40 lbgkl5 30
sfdbf/n] cfwf dfq l;WofP5 eg] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfd l;Wofpg slt sfdbf/ yKg'knf{ <
;j{k|yd, Pp6f v];|f tof/ ug]{ .
sfdbf/ sfd ;do -lbg_

klxnf] r/0f 30 40
bf];|f] r/0f 30 + x 60 – 40 = 20
oxf“,
40 lbgdf sfd 30 sfdbf/n] l;WofP5 .
1 lbgdf sfd l;Wofpg 30 × 40 sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
20 lbgdf sfd l;Wofpg sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
k|Zgcg';f/,
30 + x = 60
or, x = 60 – 30 = 30
∴ kl5 yk ePsf] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof 30 x'G5 .
gf]6 M of] ;d:ofdf ;lsPsf] sfd ½ ePsf]n] af“sL sfd klg ½ g} eof] . To;} u/L ;lsPsf] sfd
km/s ePdf af“sL sfdsf] klg lx;fa ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M
sfd ug{ 30 sfdbf/ rflxG5 eg]
1 sfd ug{ 30 × 3 sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
sfd ug{ 30 × 3 × sfdbf/ rflxG5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg

1. A / B n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 12 / 18 lbgdf ;S5g\ . b'a}n] sfd z'¿ u/]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 A n]
5f]8]5 . af“sL sfd B n] 6 lbgdf k'/f ub{5 eg] A n] slt lbgdf ;“u} sfd u/]/ 5f]8]sf] lyof] <
2. A, B / C n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 30, 40 / 60 lbgdf k'/f ug{ ;S5g\ . tLg}hgf ldn]/ sfd z'¿ u/]sf]
10 lbgkl5 B n] 5f]8]5 . B n] 5f]8]sf] 4 lbgkl5 A n] 5f]8]5 / af“sL sfd C n] k'/f ub{5 eg] C n]
hDdf slt lbg sfd u¥of] xf]nf <
3. Pshgf 7]s]bf/n] s'g} sfd ug{ 40 sfdbf/ v6fP5 . p;n] 20 lbgdf pQm sfd l;Wofpg'k5{ . 16
lbgkl5 b'O{ ltxfO sfd dfq k'/f eP5 . slt sfdbf/ yKbf pQm sfd lgwf{l/t ;dodf k'/f xf]nf <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿
1. of] cWofo sfNklgs tYodf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sl7g dx;';
x'g ;s5 . ctM xfdL lzIfsn] To:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ r/0fx¿ s;/L ;DalGwt agfpg] eGg]
tYox¿ ;fwf/0f pbfx/0fx¿åf/f :ki6 ul/lbg' kb{5 .
2. dfly lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf aLraLrdf g} kf7;“u ;DalGwt cEof;x¿ u/fpg' pko'Qm x'g]5 .

3 gfkmf / gf]S;fg (Profit and Loss)
kf73G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf k|ltztdf cfwfl/t gfkmf gf]S;fg ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fy} 5'6 tyf d"No clej[l4 s/
;lxtsf b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f}“ .
@= p2]Zo
1. gfkmf / gf]S;fg ;DaGwL ;d:of -c+lst d"No, 5'6, d"No clej[l4 s/ ;d]t_ x¿ ;dfwfg ug]{
tl/sf k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgDg ;"q n]lvPsf] rf6{
lj=d" / gfkmf% lbOPdf qm=d" =
lj=d" / gf]S;fg% lbOPdf qm=d" =
qm=d'= / gfkmf% lbOPdf lj=d" =
qm=d'= / gf]S;fg% lbOPdf lj=d" =
jf:tljs 5'6 = c+lst d"Nosf] 5'6 %
5'6 kl5sf] d"No = c+lst d"No – 5'6 d"No÷ /sd
jf:tljs d"No clej[l4 s/ = 5'6 kl5sf] d"Nosf] d"No clej[l4 s/ %
d"No clej[l4 s/ ;lxtsf] d"No = 5'6 kl5sf] d"No + jf:tljs d"No clej[l4 s/

1. lbOPsf] /sdsf] k|ltztnfO{ /sddf kl/0ft ug]{
(i) ¿ 2500 df lsg]sf] ;fdfg 10% gfkmf lnO{ a]Rbf lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs gfkmf = ¿ 2500 sf] 10%
= ¿ 2500 × = ¿ 250
∴ lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 + ¿ 250 = ¿ 2750
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 × 110% -qm=d"= = 100% x'G5_
= ¿ 2500 × = ¿ 2750
(ii) ¿ 5000 kg]{ ;fdfg a]Rbf 15% gf]S;fg eP5 eg] lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs gf]S;fg = ¿ 5000 × = ¿ 750
∴ lj=d"= = ¿ 5000 - ¿ 750 = ¿ 4250
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 5000 × 85% -qm=d"= = 100% x'G5_
= ¿ 5000 × = ¿ 4250
(iii) ¿ 6000 kg]{ ;fdfgdf 8% 5'6 lbO{ a]Rbf lj=d"= slt xf]nf <

jf:tljs 5'6 = ¿ 6000 × = ¿ 480
∴ lj=d"= -5'6 kl5sf] d"No_ = ¿ 6000 - ¿ 480 = ¿ 5520
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 6000 × 92%
-c+lst d"No 100% dfGbf 5'6 8% x'g] ePsf]n] lj=d"= = 100% - 8% = 92% x'G5 _
= ¿ 6000 × = ¿ 5520
(iv) ¿ 4000 kg]{ ;fdfgdf 13% s/ lnO;s]kl5 lj=d"= slt xf]nf <
jf:tljs s/ = ¿ 4000 × = ¿ 520
∴ lj=d"= -s/ lnPkl5sf] d"No_ = ¿ 4000 + ¿ 520 = ¿ 4520
csf]{ tl/sf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 4000 × 113% -qm=d'= 100% df s/ 13% hf]8\g'k5{_
= ¿ 4000 × = ¿ 4520
(v) 10% gfkmf lnO{ s'g} ;fdfg ¿ 550 df a]Rbf To; ;fdfgsf] qm=d"= slt xf]nf <
olb lj=d"= ¿ 100 + ¿ 10 = ¿ 110 eP qm=d'= ¿ 100 x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 1 eP qm=d"= ¿ x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 550 eP qm=d"= ¿ = ¿ 500 x'G5 .

csf]{ tl/sf,
qm=d"= =
= = = ¿ 500
(vi) 5% 3f6fdf s'g} ;fdfg ¿ 475 df a]r]5 eg] To; ;fdfgsf] qm=d"= slt xf]nf <
olb lj=d"= ¿ 100 - ¿ 5 = ¿ 95 eP qm=d'= ¿ 100 x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 1 eP qm=d"= ¿ x'G5 .
olb lj=d"= ¿ 475 eP qm=d"= ¿ = ¿ 500 x'G5 .
csf]{ tl/sf,
qm=d"= =
= = = ¿ 500
2. b'O{cf]6f k|ltzt ;dfj]z ePsf] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] lgDgfg';f/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) Pp6f ;fOsn 10% 5'6 kl5 ¿ 2250 df lslgP5 . olb k;n]n] 15% 5'6 lbPsf] eP slt
d"No ltg'{knf{ <
oxf“ qm]tfn] 10% 5'6 kl5 ¿ 2250 ltl/Psf]n] z'¿sf] d"No -c+lst d"No_ kQf nufpg'
cfjZos 5 lsgeg] ;f] d"Nodf km]/L 15% 5'6 lbg'k5{ .
ctM z'¿sf] d"No = 100% x'g] ePsf]n] ¿ 2250 df lsg]sf]n],
100% - 10% = 90% = ¿ 2250

1% = ¿
100% = ¿
= ¿ 2500
∴ z'¿sf] d"No = ¿ 2500 x'G5 .
km]/L c+lst d"No -z'¿sf] d"No_ sf] 15% 5'6 lbPsf]n],
100% = ¿ 2500
1% =¿
100% - 15% = 85% = ¿
= ¿ 2125
csf]{ tl/sf,
dfgf}“ z'¿sf] d"No = ¿ x
x – x sf] 10% = ¿ 2250
x- x× = ¿ 2250
x- = ¿ 2250
= ¿ 2250
x =¿

= ¿ 2500
km]/L ¿ 2500 df 15% 5'6 lb“bf,
lj=d"= = ¿ 2500 – 2500 sf] 15%
= ¿ 2500 – 2500 ×
= ¿ 2500 – 375
= ¿ 2125
ctM 15% 5'6 lbPsf] eP ¿ 2125 df pQm ;fOsn lslgGYof] .
(ii) Pshgf k;n]n] 5% gf]S;fgdf Pp6f 38L a]r]5 . olb ¿ 300 a9L lnP/ a]r]sf] eP 10% gfkmf
x'g] lyof] eg] k;n]n] pQm 38L sltdf lsg]sf] xf]nf <
oxf“ k|ltzt lbOPsf] cg';f/ b'O{cf]6f lj=d"= b]lvG5 .
ctM qm=d" = 100% 5 eg],
klxnf] lj=d"= = 100% - 5% = 95% -5% gf]S;fg ePsf]n]_
bf];|f] lj=d"= = 100% + 10% = 110% -10% gfkmf ePsf]n]_
k|Zg cg';f/ klxnf] lj=d"= / bf];|f] lj=d"= sf] km/s = ¿ 300 ePsf]n],
110% - 95% = ¿ 300
jf, 15% = ¿ 300
jf, 1% = ¿
jf, 100% = ¿
= ¿ 2000
∴pQm 38Lsf] qmod"No = ¿ 2000 x'G5 .

(iii) Pshgf k;n]n] Pp6f /]l8of] c+lst d"Nodf ljqmL ubf{ 20% gfkmf x'G5 t/ c+lst d"Nodf
10% 5'6 lbO{ a]Rbf ¿ 400 gfkmf x'G5 eg] k;n]n] pQm /]l8of] slt /sddf lsg]sf] xf]nf <
oxf“ tLgyl/sf d"Nox¿ c+lst d"No, ljqmod"No / qmod"No ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
;dLs/0fx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf ljqmL ubf{ qm=d'= sf] 20% gfkmf x'G5 .
ctM o;nfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf JoQm ubf{,
lj=d"= – qm=d"= = gfkmf
jf, c+lst d"No – qm=d"= = qm=d"= × 20%
jf, 5 c+lst d"No – 5 qm=d"= = qm=d"=
jf, 5 c+lst d"No – 6 qm=d"= = 0 ..........................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf 10% 5'6 lbP/ a]Rbf ¿ 400 gfkmf x'G5 .
c+lst d"Nosf] 90% - qm=d'= = ¿ 400
90 c+l+st d"No – 100 qm=d"= = ¿ 40000...............(ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
90 c+lst d"No – 108 qm=d'= = 0 -;dLs/0f (i) nfO{ 18 n] u'0ff u/]sf]_
-90cl+st d"No - 100 qm=d"= = ¿ 40000
-8 qm=d'= = - ¿ 40000
∴ qm=d'= = ¿ 5000
ctM pQm 38Lsf] qm=d"= ¿ 5000 x'G5 .
gf]6 M
1= s'g} zt{df gf]S;fg lbPsf] eP qm=d" – lj=d"= = gf]S;fg x'G5 .

2= dflysf] k|Zgdf c+lst d"No kQf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf tL b'O{ ;dLs/0fx¿ xn ubf{ qm=d"= x¿
x6fO{ xn ug'{k5{ .
3. d"No clej[l4 s/ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) Pp6f 38Lsf] c+lst d"No ¿ 4200 /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] 38Ldf 10% 5'6 lbO{ 10% d"No clej[l4
s/ (VAT) nufp“bf ljqmod"No slt x'G5 xf]nf <
oxf“,
c+lst d"No = 100% = ¿ 4200
5'6 = 10%
ctM 5'6 kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 4200 × 90% = ¿ 3780
VAT = 10% nufO;s]kl5
VAT nufPkl5sf] d"No = ¿ 3780 × 110% = ¿ 4158
∴ ;f] 38Lsf] ljqmod"No = ¿ 4158 x'G5 .
gf]6 M
1= 10% 5'6 / 10% s/ nufp“bf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ eGg] unt wf/0ff d]6\g of] pbfx/0fåf/f k|i6
x'G5 .
2= 5'6 / d"=c=s= ;dfj]z ePdf klxn] 5'6 kl5sf] d"No lgsfnL;s]kl5 dfq d"=c=s/=
lng'kb{5 .
(ii) 20% 5'6 lbO{ 13% VAT nufO{;s]kl5 Pp6f l6eLsf] d"No ¿ 9040 k¥of] eg] z'¿df pQm
l6eLsf] d"No slt /flvPsf] /x]5 <
oxf“,
z'¿sf] c+lst d"No kQf nufpg'5 . To;}n],
c+lst d"No = ¿ x dfgf}“ .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
c+lst d"Nodf 20% 5'6 lbO;s]kl5,
c+lst d"No = ¿ x = 100%

ctM 20% 5'6 kl5sf] d"No = ¿ x sf] 80% = ¿
VAT 13% ePsf]n] / 5'6 kl5sf] /sdnfO{ 100% dfGbf,
VAT kl5sf] d"No = ¿
k|Zg cg';f/,
= ¿ 9040
jf, 80x =
jf, x = = ¿ 10,000
∴pQm l6eLsf] c+lst d"No = ¿ 10,000 lyof] .
gf]6 M o:t} k|Zgx¿df olb 5'6 /sd jf VAT /sd kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf c+lst d"Noaf6
kQf nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
(iii) Pp6f ;fOsnsf] ljqmL d"No ¿ 6102 sfod ul/Psf] 5 . of] d"No c+lst d"No ¿ 6000 df
10% 5'6 / s]xL k|ltzt VAT nufO{ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] eg] VAT k|ltzt kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“, c+lst d"No / 5'6 lbOPsf]n] c+lst d"No = 100% dfGbf
5'6kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 6000 × 90% = ¿ 5400
dfgf}“ VAT = x%
VAT kl5sf] d"No = ¿ 5400 × (100 + x)%
k|Zgcg';f/,

¿ 5400 × (100 + x)% = ¿ 6102
jf, 5400 × = ¿ 6102
jf, 100 + x =
jf, x = 113 – 100 = 13
To;}n] pQm ;fOsndf 13% VAT nufOPsf] /x]5 .
gf]6M oxL tl/sfn] 5'6% lgsfNg'kg]{ k|Zgx¿ klg xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ¿ 450 df Pp6f Sofns'n]6/ a]Rbf ljqm]tfn] 10% gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{ k¥of] . olb 10% gfkmf lng' 5
eg] ;f] 38L sltdf a]Rg'knf{ <
2. ljhon] ¿ 30000 df b'O{cf]6f sDKo'6/ a]r]5 . p;n] Pp6fdf 10% gfkmf kfof] / csf]{df 10%
3f6f ;xg'k/]5 . p;nfO{ s'n sf/f]af/df gfkmf jf gf]S;fgf s] eof] k|ltztdf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
3. Pshgf ljqm]tfn] b'O{cf]6f /]l8of] ¿ 5000 df lsg]5 . p;n] Pp6f /]l8of]df 12% gf]S;fg / csf]{
/]l8of]df 8% gfkmf lnP/ a]Rbf p;nfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s] eP5 < / k|To]s /]l8of] slt sltdf
lsg]sf] xf]nf <
4. Pp6f /]l8of]sf] c+lst d"No ¿ 8000 /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] /]l8of]df 15% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufOof]
eg] ljqmod"No slt xf]nf <
5. Pp6f 38Lsf] d"Nodf 20% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufP/ ¿ 2376 df a]r]5 . ;f] 38Lsf] c+lst
d"No kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;fOsnsf] c+lst d"Nodf 15% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufp“bf ;fOsnsf] d"No ¿ 4488
sfod ePsf] lyof] eg] slt /sd VAT nufOPsf] lyof] <
7. Pp6f ;fdfgsf] c+lst d"Nodf 5% 5'6 lbO{ 10% VAT nufp“bf ;f] ;fdfgsf] d"No ¿ 1672 sfod
ePsf] lyof] eg] slt /sd 5'6 lbOPsf] lyof] <
^= yk ;'emfjx¿

of] cWofo lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;"qx¿ 3f]sfpg]lt/ eGbf lbOPsf] tYo / kQf nufpg'kg]{ tYox¿
oyfy{ lrq0f ug{ nufO;s]kl5 ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmofdf pGd'v u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

4 rqmLo Aofh, hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ld>x|f;
(Compound Interest, Population Growth and
Compound Depreciation)
kf7306L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s k|0ffnL cg';f/ a9Ldf 3 jif{;Ddsf] rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg / ;f]xL
cg'¿k ;do, Aofhb/, d"nwg tyf ld>wg kQf nufpg] vfnsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn ug]{ tyf
ldl>t k|lqmof cg';f/ g} hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / x|f; s§L ul/g] vfnsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s k|0ffnL cg';f/ a9Ldf 3 jif{;Ddsf] rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg .
2. rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;do, b/, d"nwg / ld>wg kQf nufpg .
3. ldl>t k|lqmof cg'¿k g} hg;+Vof a9\g] jf 36\g] vfnsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
4. s'g} klg d]zLg/L ;fdfgx¿sf] ld>x|f; cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] jif{ -a9Ldf 3 jif{ cufl8 jf k5fl8_
kl5 jf cl3sf] d"No kQf nufpg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
a}“ssf] jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f jf art u/]sf] ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f (Balance Sheet)
1. ;fwf/0f Aofh ;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/fO{ ;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofh aLrsf] cGt/
af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
2. ;fwf/0f Aofhs} k|lqmof cg'¿k rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] / ;f]xL ;d:ofnfO{ ;"qa4 u/L rqmLo Aofh
k|0ffnL cg'¿k rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] . o;/L k|fKt x'g] pxL glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL rqmLo Aofhsf]
ljlw / dxTjnfO{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
3. rqmLo ld>wg / rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg] ;"q ;fwf/0f Aofhaf6 s;/L k|ltkflbt x'G5, 5nkmn ub}{
jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] ;"q kQf nufpg] k|lqmof cEof; u/fpg] .
4. jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL eg]sf] s'g} /sdsf] Aofh k|To]s jif{ d"nwgdf hf]l8b}“ k|fKt /sdsf] k'gM
pxL k|lqmof cGtu{t Aofh lgsfNg] k4lt xf] . o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f ;/n ;d:of lgdf{0f u/L
;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofhsf] ;"q k|of]u u/L ;dfwfg u/]/ wf/0ff :ki6 ul/lbg] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ¿ 2000 sf] jflif{s 20% Aofh b/df tLg jif{df x'g] rqmLo Aofh / ld>wg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;fwf/0f Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof cg';f/,
oxf“,
klxnf] jif{df,
d'nwg (P) = ¿ 2000
;do (T) = 1 year
Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI1) =
= ¿ 400
bf];|f] jif{df,
P1 = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 400
= ¿ 2400
T = 1 year -bf];|f] jif{sf] dfq_
R = 20%
SI2 =
= ¿ 480

t];|f] jif{df,
P2 = ¿ 2400 + ¿ 480
= ¿ 2880
T = 1 year -t];|f] jif{sf] dfq_
R = 20%
SI3 =
= ¿ 576
hDdf Aofh (SI) = SI1 + SI2 + SI3
= ¿ 400 + ¿ 480 + ¿ 576 = ¿ 1456
ld>wg (A) = P + I = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 1456 = ¿ 3456
gf]6 M kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7 g+= 28 / 29 sf] cWoog Pjd\ 5nkmn u/fO{ rqmLo ld>wg / rqmLo
Aofh lgsfNg] ;"q kQf nufpg] k|lqmof :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/,
oxf“,
P = ¿ 2000
T = 3 years
R = 20%
rqmLo Aofh (CI) =

=
= 2000 ×
= ¿ 1456
rqmLo ld>wg (CA) = P + CI = ¿ 2000 + ¿ 1456 = ¿ 3456
o;/L b'a} ljlwaf6 k|fKt rqmLo Aofh / rqmLo ld>wg Pp6} lglSnPsf] sf/0f ;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmof
klg rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ of] w]/} nfdf] k|lqmof ePsf]n] o;nfO{ 5f]6f] tl/sfn] ;'qa4 u/L
yf]/} ;dodf -l56f] / ;/n_ rqmLo Aofh / rqmLo ld>wg lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmofåf/f tf]lsPsf] cjlw -;do_ nfO{ Ps}k6s k|of]u ug]{ ePsf]n] o;df ;f“jfdf
Aofh hf]8\g] k|lqmof x'“b}g . t/ rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd jflif{s k|0ffnL eP, jif{ jif{
/ cw{ jflif{s k|0ffnL eP 6 -6 dlxgfdf Aofh d"nwgdf hf]l8b} k'gM Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof ePsf]n]
Aofhsf] /sd, ;fwf/0f Aofhdf eGbf jflif{s rqmLo k|0ffnLdf w]/}, To:t} jflif{s rqmLo Aofh
k|0ffnLeGbf cw{ jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf w]/} Aofh /sd x'g hfG5 eGg] tYonfO{ 5nkmn u/L
:ki6 ul/lbg] / o;nfO{ Pp6f pbfx/0f lbO{ jf cEof; u/fO{ :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm} g} :ki6 x'g]
cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ¿ 8000 sf] 2 jif{df jflif{s 20% sf b/n] x'g]
(i) ;fwf/0f Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .

(ii) jflif{s rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .
(iii) cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg M
oxf“,
d"nwg (P) = ¿ 8000
Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;do (T) = 2 years
(i) ;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = ?
SI =
= ¿ 3200
(ii) jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI) = ?
CI =
= 8000 ×
= 320 × 11
= ¿ 3520
(iii) cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI1) = ?
CI1 =

-cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf, k|To]s 6 -6 dlxgfdf Aofh lgsfnL d"nwgdf yKb} nUg] k|lqmof
x'g] ePsf]n] tf]lsPsf] jif{nfO{ 2 n] u'0fg ul/g]5 cyjf 1 jif{df 2 cf]6f cfwfjif{ x'G5 eg] T
jif{df 2T jif{ x'G5 . To:t} jflif{s Aofhb/ R eP cw{jflif{sdf x'G5 .
= 8000(1.4641 – 1)
= 8000 × 0.4641
= ¿ 3712.80
o;/L pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/lb“bf k|fKt Aofh /sdn] klg dfly pNn]v u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L k'li6 ug]{
ePsf]n] klxnf pbfx/0f lbP/ dfq 5nkmn ug]{ .
5. dflysf] lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ;fwf/0f Aofh / rqmLo Aofh -jflif{s tyf cw{jflif{s_ sf] cGt/nfO{ :ki6
ug{ d2t ub{5 . s] rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ dfg af6 d"nwg lgsfNg ;lsG5 < To:t}
cw{jflif{s / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/n] d"nwg lgsfNg ;lsG5 < o;nfO{ klg Pp6f pbfx/0f
lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:t} M
(i) 3 jif{df jflif{s 10% Aofhb/df s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/
¿ 930 x'G5 eg] d"nwg slt xf]nf <
(ii) 2 jif{df jflif{s 20% Aofhb/df s'g} /sdsf] cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / jflif{s rqmLo
Aofhsf] cGt/ ¿ 482 eP d"nwg slt xf]nf <
;dfwfg M
(i) oxf“,

Aofhb/ (R) = 10%
;do (T) = 3 years
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = ?
SI =
jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI) = ?
CI =
k|Zgcg';f/,
CI – SI = 930

or,
or,
or, x = 30000
∴ d"nwg = ¿ 30000
(ii) oxf“,

Aofhb/ (R) = 20%
;do (T) = 2 years
cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI2) = ?
CI2 =
= x(1.4641 – 1)
= 0.4641x

jflif{s rqmLo Aofh (CI1) = ?
CI1 =
= 0.44x
k|Zgcg';f/,
CI2 – CI1 = 482
0.4641x – 0.44x = 482
or, x(0.4641 – 0.44) = 482
or, 0.0241x = 482
or, x = 20000
∴ d"nwg = ¿ 20000
6. rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnLdf s'g} /sdsf] tf]lsPsf b'O{ leGg leGg ;dodf x'g hfg] rqmLo ld>wgx¿af6
klg d"nwg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;d]t ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:t} M jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ s'g} /sdsf] 3 jif{df ¿ 6655 / 4 jif{df ¿ 7320.50
rqmLo ld>wg k'U5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

;dfwfg M
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
dfgf}“, d'nwg = ¿ P
Aofhb/ = R %
;do (T1) = 3 jif{
rqmLo ld>wg (A1) = ¿ 6655
Pk = = .......................(i) [ ∵ CA = P( ]
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
;do (T2) = 4 jif{
rqmLo ld>wg (A2) = ¿ 7320.50
Pk = = .......................(i)
d"nwg Pp6} x'gfn],
or,
or, = 1.1 – 1
or, R = 10%
Aofhb/ (R) = 10% nfO{ ;dLs/0f (i) df k|lt:yfkg ubf{,

P -d"nwg_ = = ¿ 5000
o;/L d"nwg / Aofhb/ qmdzM ¿ 5000 / 10% /x]5 .
7. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] cEof; 4.1 sf ;d:ofx¿ sd ePdf lzIfs :jod\åf/f klg yk cEof;x¿
agfO{ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
%= yk cEof;x¿
1. jflif{s 6% Aofhb/df ¿ 25000 sf] 2 jif{df x'g] ;fwf/0f Aofh, jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / cw{jflif{s
rqmLo Aofh kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. jflif{s 10% Aofhb/df 2 jif{df x'g] jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ ¿ 48.60 x'G5
eg] d"nwg slt xf]nf <
3. 2 jif{df s'g} /sdsf] cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/ 20% sf b/n] ¿
289.20 x'G5 eg] d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. jflif{s rqmLo Aofh k|0ffnL cg';f/ s'g} d"nwg lglZrt Aofhb/df 2 jif{ / 3 jif{df rqmLo ld>wg
qmdzM ¿ 46656 / ¿ 50388.48 k'Ub5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. s'g} /sdsf] lglZrt jflif{s rqmLo Aofhb/df 2 jif{ / 3 jif{df rqmLo Aofh qmdzM ¿ 1050 / ¿
1655 x'G5 eg] d"nwg / Aofhb/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ldl>t x|f;
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cfgf] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof, cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] ljut jif{sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof slt lyof] <
xfn slt 5 < o;/L g} a9\b} jf 36\b} uPdf csf]{ jif{ ;f] ;ª\Vof slt k'Unf < h:tf k|Zgx¿aLr
5nkmn u/fpg] . s'g} lglZrt ;ª\Vof eGg sl7g ePdf, s'g} pbfx/0f lnO{ 5nkmn u/fpg' pko'Qm
x'g]5 . o;/L ;ª\Vof kQf nufp“bf h;/L rqmLo Aofhdf ;fwf/0f Aofh k|lqmofn] k|To]s jif{ Aofh
lgsfNb} d"nwgdf hf]8]/ k'gM Aofh lgsfNg] k|lqmof eP h:t} o;df klg k|ltztsf] k|lqmofaf6 k|To]s
jif{sf] ;ª\Vof lgsfNb} tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Ddsf] hg;ª\Vof lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ ;f] k|lqmof nfdf] /
hl6n x'g] ePsf]n] 5f]6f] / ;/n k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ o;df klg ;"qa4 ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f
pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
h:tf] M
lbJok'/L ufp“sf] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof 25,500 5 . of] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 2% sf b/n] j[l4 ePsf] xf]
eg], l7s Ps jif{ cl3 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof slt lyof] < / l7s Ps jif{kl5 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof
slt k'Unf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 25,500

j[l4 k|ltzt (R) = 2%
Ps jif{ cl3sf] hg;ª\Vof = x dfgf}“ .
k|Zgcg';f/,
x + x sf] 2% = 25500
or, x+ = 25500
or, = 25500

or, x= = 25000
ctM Psjif{ cl3 ;f] ufp“sf] hg;ª\Vof 25000 lyof] . oxL ;d:ofnfO{ ;"qa4 u/]/ ;lhn} lgsfNg
;S5f}“ .
h:tf],
Psjif{ cl3sf] hg;ª\Vof (P0) =
= = 25000
To;/L g},
Psjif{ kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (P1) =
= 25500 × 1.02
= 26010
o;}nfO{ Psjif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof = 25500 + 25500 sf] 2%
= 25500 + 510
= 26010
ljBfyL{x¿n] k"j{ kf7df l;ls;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL gof“ wf/0ff lb“bf Tof] l;sfO ;xh / k|an
x'G5 . h:tf] k|ltzt ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ljBfyL{x¿n] k"j{ sIffdf cWoog ul/;s]sf] x'gfn] To;nfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ ;"qa4 ubf{ Tof] gof“ wf/0ff ePklg u|x0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

dflysf] pbfx/0fn] s]xL ;"qx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
h:tf] M
xfnsf] -jt{dfg_ hg;ª\Vof = P
ljut -1, 2, 3, ..... T jif{ cl3_ jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof = P0
cfufdL -1, 2, 3, ..... T jif{ cl3_ jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof = P1
jflif{s j[l4 b/ = R%
cjlw -;do_ = T jif{
cyjf
cyjf
;"qnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f jf l7s xf] eGg ;/n pbfx/0f lbP/ 5nkmn u/fpg] k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{ k5{ .
h:tf] M hgHof]lt df=lj= sf] xfnsf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2000 5 . k|To]s jif{ 5% j[l4 x'“b} uPdf 2
jif{sf] cGTodf ;f] ;ª\Vof slt k'Unf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 2000
j[l4 b/ (R) = 5%
;do (T) = 2 jif{
2 jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (PT) =
P2 =
= 2000 × (1.05)2
= 2000 × 1.1025
= ¿ 2205
2. olb ;ª\Vof 36\b} uPdf ,
-xfnsf] ;ª\Vof_ cyjf
-kl5sf] ;ª\Vof_ cyjf
o;nfO{ klg pbfx/0f lbO{ 5nkmn u/fPdf Tof] k|efjsf/L / ;lhn} wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
3. hg;ª\Vof j[l4 h:t} ld>x|f;nfO{ klg pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ;"qa4 ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;df vf; u/L
s'g} klg d]zLg/L ;fdfgx¿ h:tf] df]6/;fOsn, df]6/x¿ -a;, sf/, hLk, :s'6/_, 6fOk/fO6/,
k|];d]l;g cflb hf] k|of]u ubf{ lvOg], k'/fgf] x'g], lvof nfUg] k|lqmofn] ubf{ To;sf] d"No s'g} vf;
lglZrt b/df lglZrt cjlw;Dd 36\b} hfG5 . oxL k|lqmofnfO{ ld>x|f; (Compound
depreciation) elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu
(i) ¿ 90,000 df lslgPsf] Pp6f df]6/;fOsn k|To]s jif{ 5% sf b/n] x|f; s§L x'“b} uPdf 2
jif{kl5 ;f] df]6/;fOsnsf] d"No slt xf]nf <
oxf“,
xfnsf] d"No (V) = 90,000
b'O{ jif{ kl5sf] d"No (V2) = ?
x|f;b/ (R) = 5%
cjlw (T) = 2 jif{
2 jif{ kl5sf] d"No (V2) =

=
= 90000 (0.75)2
= 90000 × 0.9025
= ¿ 81225
(ii) 3 jif{ cl3 lslgPsf] Pp6f sf/ k|To]s jif{ 4% sf b/n] x|f; s§L x'“b} hf“bf xfn ;f] sf] d"No ¿
2211840 sfod x'g k'Uof] eg] ;f] sf/ sltdf lslgPsf] lyof] <
oxf“,
PT = 3 jif{kl5sf] d"No (P3) = ¿ 2211840
x|f; b/ (R) = 4%
sf/sf] d"No (P) = ?
= ¿ 2500000
4. lzIfs ldqx¿, o; lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ :jod\ lgdf{0f u/L a9L eGbf a9L cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 4.2 df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

yk cEof;x¿
1. Pp6f zx/sf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vof 1250000 5 . k|To]s jif{ 2% a9\b} uPdf 3 jif{kl5 ;f] zx/sf]
hg;ª\Vof slt k'Unf <
2. Pp6f ljBfnosf] xfnsf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 4356 5 . ;f] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 10% sf b/n] j[l4 eO{
sfod ePsf] xf] eg] 2 jif{ cl3 ;f] ljBfnodf slt hgf ljBfyL{x¿ lyP <
3. ¿ 1800000 df lslgPsf] Pp6f a; k|To]s jif{ 5% d"No x|f; s§L x'“b} uPdf 3 jif{sf] cGTodf slt
d"No sfod xf]nf <
4. ljgf]bn] ¿ 125000 df lsg]sf] :s'6/ 3 jif{ k|of]u u/L ¿ 103823 df a]r]5g\ eg] ld>x|f; s§L b/
slt /x]5 <
5. lzNkfn] ¿ 2500000 df lsg]sf] sf/ s]xL jif{ k|of]u u/L ¿ 1946720 df a]lrg\ . olb ld>x|f;
s§L b/ 8% lyof] eg] pgn] ;f] sf/ slt jif{ k|of]u u/]/ a]r]sL lyOg\ .

5 If]qldlt (Mensuration)
kf7 M lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (Area of Traingle) kf7 306L M 6
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df lqe'hfsf/ If]qsf] lsgf/fsf] nDafO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf If]qkmn, lsgf/fsf] nDafOsf cg'kft
/ kl/ldtL lbPdf If]qkmn lgsfNg tyf s'g} klg ax'e'hx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf lqe'hdf ljefhg
u/L To; lsl;dsf If]qx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg ;lsg] 1fg / ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M
1. lqe'hfsf/ tyf ax'e'hfsf/ If]qsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg .

2. lqe'h / ax'e'hsf] If]qkmn ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
ljleGg lsl;dsf lqe'hfsf/ tyf ax'e'hfsf/ cfs[lt jf lrq ePsf rf6{x¿ .
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cfotfsf/ sfuh ljt/0f u/L cfotsf] If]qkmn s] x'G5 < k|Zg ug]{ .
k|fKt pQ/nfO{ A = l × b = -nDafO × rf}8fO_ nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ul/lbg] .
pQm cfotnfO{ ljs0f{ x'g] u/L k6\ofP/ b'O{ a/fa/ efu ug{ nufO{ k'gM k|lt k|Zg ug]{, ca of] cfwf
efusf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf <

cfotsf] If]qkmnsf] l7s cfwf x'gfn]
A=½l×b
= ½ cfwf/ × prfO{
h;df nDafO{n] cfwf/ / rf}8fO{n] nDa b"/Lsf] efu hgfp“5 . To;}n] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn cfotsf]
If]qkmnsf] cfwf x'G5 . -1/2 × cfwf/ × prfO_ 5nkmn u/fO{ wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbg] .
2. k|To]s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jf ;d"x agfO k|To]s ;d"xdf Pp6f Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ sfuh ljt/0f u/L lrqdf
lbOPcg';f/ zLif{ laGb' A, D df kg]{ u/L k6\ofpg nufpg] .
lrq <
oxf“, AM = DM = x'G5 .
UAMH = UCFH / UAMG = UBEG x'g] u/L 6'qmfx¿ aGb5 .
ljBfyL{x¿aLr lt 6'qmfx¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 UABC = cfot BEFC ag]sf] b]Vb5g\ . o;nfO{ cEof;
u/fp“bf, UABC sf] If]qkmn = BC × CF
= BC ×
= ½ cfwf/ × prfO x'G5 eGg] s'/f :jod\ ljBfyL{x¿n]

k|of]ufTds ¿kdf sfuh sf6]/ kQf nufp“5g\ .

3. s'g} lqe'hsf] tLgcf]6f e'hfx¿sf] gfk lbOPsf] cj:yfdf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
o;df s:tf] ;"q k|of]u ug'{kb{5 < / pQm ;"q s;/L k|ltkflbt eof] o; ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿aLr
5nkmn u/fpg] . -kf7\ok':tsdf ;"q kQf nufpg] ljlw ul/lbPsf] x'“bf To;af6 ;xof]u lng]_
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn (A) = xf] h;df
cw{ kl/ldt [lqe'hsf] kl/ldtLsf] l7s cfwf x'G5 .]
4. olb lqe'h ;dafx' cyjf tLgcf]6} e'hfx¿ a/fa/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg], To:tf] cj:yfdf lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn s] xf]nf < 5nkmn u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb}, ;dafx' lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn = -e'hf_2 x'G5 eg]/ b]vfpg] .
oxf“,
UABC ;dafx' lqe'h xf] h;df AB = BC = CA = a lng ;lsG5 . AD⊥BC lv“Rbf, BD =

CD = x'G5 .
h;df, AD =

= =
ca, UABC sf] If]qkmn (A) = ½ × cfwf/ × prfO
= ½ × BC × AD
=½×a×
= -a_2
= -e'hf_2
5. lbOPsf] ax'e'h cfsf/sf] If]qsf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg

;lsG5 < ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn u/fpg] . o; lsl;dsf]
If]q rf}/df jf v]tdf lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ pgLx¿nfO{ :s]n
-¿n/_ jf lkmQf lbO{ gfKg nufpg] . To; lsl;dsf]
If]qnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxnf lqe'hfsf/ agfO{ x/]s
lsgf/fx¿sf gfk l6Kg nufpg] .
ax'e'h ABCDE = UABC + UACE +UCDE x'g] ePsf]n] k|To]s lqe'hsf] If]qkmn kQf nufO{
To;sf] of]ukmn g} ax'e'h If]qsf] If]qkmn x'G5 eGg] s'/f cEof; u/fpg] .
6. Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ hldgsf] kl/ldtL 60 ld6/ / e'hfx¿ -lsgf/fx¿_ sf] nDafOsf] cg'kft 4:5:6 eP
;f] hldgsf] If]qkmn slt ju{ld6/ xf]nf < o; lsl;dsf] k|Zg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbP/ If]qkmn lgsfNg
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . ljBfyL{x¿af6 pko'Qm pQ/ cfpg g;s]df dfq lzIfsåf/f ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿
;f+s]lts ¿kdf lb“b} hfg] .
h:t} M
e'hfx¿sf] nDafO = 4x, 5x / 6x dfGbf
4x + 5x + 6x = 60 ld6/
or, 15x = 60 ld6/

∴ x = 4 ld6/
ca, e'hfx¿sf] nDafO,
4x = 4 × 4 = 16 ld6/
5x = 5 × 4 = 20 ld6/
6x = 6 × 4 = 24 ld6/
S= = 30 ld6/
lqe'hfsf/ If]qsf] If]qkmn (A) =
= 158.75 ju{ ld6/
7. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] kl/ldtL 30 ;]=dL= / If]qkmn 30 ju{ ;]=dL= eP ;f] lqe'hsf] e'hfx¿sf]
nDafO slt slt ld6/ xf]nf < lgsfNg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq agfO lbOPsf cj:yfx¿ :ki6 ul/lbg],
h:tf] M
A = ½ ac
or, 30 = ½ × ac
∴ ac = 60 ju{{ ;]=dL= .....................(i)
a + b + c = 30 ;]=dL=

or, a + c = 30 – b ..................(ii)
ca, kfOyfuf]/; ;fWo cg';f/,
a2 + c2 = b2
or, (a + c)2 – 2ac = b2
or, (30 – b)2 – 2ac = b2
or, 900 – 60b + b2 - 2×60 = b2
or, 60b = 780
∴ b = 13 ;]=dL=
∴ a + c = 30 – b
= 30 -13 = 17 ;]=dL=
∴ c = 17 – a
ca,
ac = 60
or a(17 – a) = 60
or, 17a – a2 – 60 = 0
or, a2 -17a + 60 = 0
or, a2 -12a – 5a + 60 = 0
or, a(a – 12) – 5(a -12) = 0
or, (a – 5)(a – 12) = 0
Either a – 5 = 0
i.e. a=5
OR a – 12 = 0
i.e. a = 12
olb a = 5 ;]=dL= eP c = 17 – 5 = 12 ;]=dL=

olb a = 12 ;]=dL= eP c = 17 – 12 = 5 ;]=dL=
o;/L b'O{ vfnsf] gfksf] ;dsf]0f lqe'h aGb5

eGg] s'/f 5nkmn u/fO{ To;nfO{ k/LIf0f ;d]t
u/]/ b]vfpg] .
8. lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;DaGwL kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 5.1 n] k|z:t dfqfdf cEof; u/fpg] ePsf]n] yk
;d:of cfjZos gkg]{ b]lvG5 . olb cfjZostf dx;'; ePdf lzIfsåf/f o:t} vfnsf yk ;d:ofx¿
lgdf{0f u/L cEof; u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
7f]; j:t'x¿sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg

kf7 M lk|Hd, lk/fld8, uf]nf / ;f]nLsf] cfotg / ;txsf] If]qkmn kf73G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df lk|Hdsf] kl/ro lbO{ lqe'hfsf/, cfotfsf/ / a]ngfsf/ lk|Hdsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn /
cfotg lgsfNg], cfwf/ ju{, cfwf/ cfot / cfwf/ j[Q ePsf] uf]nf tyf lk/fld8x¿sf] ;txsf]
If]qkmn tyf cfotg kQf nufpg] tyf uf]nf, cw{uf]nf / ;f]nLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg
;Sg] ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. lk|HdnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ / ljleGg vfnsf lk|Hdx¿ -lqe'hfsf/, cfotfsf/, a]ngfsf/_ sf]
;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
2. cfwf/ ju{, cfwf/ 3g / cfwf/ j[Q ePsf] uf]nf, lk/fld8x¿sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg
lgsfNg .
3. uf]nf tyf cw{uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
4. ;f]nLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg cfsf/sf lk|Hdx¿, sfuh tyf sf7åf/f agfOPsf lk/fld8x¿, a]ngfx¿, ;f]nLx¿, uf]nf],
cw{uf]nf cflb .
1. ljBfyL{x¿aLr cf–cfk\mgf] 3/ ljBfno jf cGo s'g} klg 7fp“df b]v]sf
7f]; j:t'x¿ s] s] 5g\ eGg nufO ;"rLs/0f ub}{ hfg] / lt
j:t'x¿nfO{ lk|Hd, lk/fld8, uf]nfsf/ tyf cGo s'g ;d"xdf kb{5g\
5nkmn u/L 5'6\ofpg nufpg] . ;fy} lzIfsåf/f nluPsf sfuh, sf7
jf cGo s'g} ljifoj:t'åf/f agfOPsf ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿ s'g s'g ;d"xdf
kb{5 5nkmn u/L 5'6\ofpg nufpg] .
2. lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'x¿nfO{
5]psf] ;tx;“u ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L 6'qmf kfbf{ s:tf] ;tx aGb5 5nkmn
u/fpg] . To;/L 6'qmf kfbf{ k'g ;f]xL cfsf/sf] ;txx¿ aGg] ;a} j:t'x¿
lk|Hd x'g\ eGg] s'/f 5nkmn tyf k|of]uaf6 :ki6 ul/lbg] . lrqdf
b]vfOPsf] klxnf] (i) j:t' lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hd, bf];|f] (ii) / t];|f] (iii) j:t'
;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ tyf 3gfsf/ lk|Hd / rf}yf] (iv) j:t' a]ngfsf/ lk|Hd x'g\ eGg] s'/f
5nkmn tyf k|of]uaf6 :ki6 ul/lbg] .
3. 5]pdf lbOPsf tLg vfnsf lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hd

b]vfO{ o;df s:tf s:tf ;txx¿ b]lvG5 <
of] ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotgsf] ;"q s] xf]nf
< ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg s;/L
lgsfNg ;lsPnf < 5nkmn u/fpg] .
5nkmnaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ cfwf/

dfgL b'O{cf]6f lqe'hfsf/ ;tx /
tLgcf]6f cfotfsf/ ;tx x'g] ePsf]n],
lqe'hsf/ lk|Hdsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn

= cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt × prfO -nDafO{_
= (a + b + c) × h hxf“, a + b + c = P
=P×h
lqe'hsf/ lk|Hdsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn,
A = 2U + la + lb + lc
= 2U + l(a + b + c)

= 2U + Pl hxf“, a + b + c = P -cfwf/sf] prfO_
;fy}, cfotg eg]sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO x'g] ePsf]n],
V = Uh x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
lk|Hdsf] prfO eGgfn] lk|Hdsf] nDafO xf] .
4. ;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ j:t'x¿ klg lk|Hd x'g\ / o;sf]

;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg k"j{ sIffx¿df w]/} 5nkmn
eO;s]sf] s'/f :d/0f u/fp“b} To; lsl;dsf] j:t'x¿
b]vfp“b} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg eGg pTk|]l/t ug]{ . l7s pQ/ cfPdf To;nfO{
;"rLs/0f ub}{ af]8{df n]lvlbg] .
if8d'vfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (S) = 2h (l + b)
;dfgfGt/Lo cfotfsf/ -if8d'vf_ sf] If]qkmn (A) = 2(lb + bh + lh)
cfotg (V) = l × b × h xf] egL :ki6 ul/lbg] .
To:t}, nDafO, rf}8fO / prfO a/fa/ ePsf] j:t' 3gfsf/ j:t' x'G5 . o;sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn /
cfotg s] xf]nf egL k|Zg ug]{ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ df}sf lbP/ dfq, l7s eP bf]xf]¥ofOlbg] / l7s x'g
g;s] ;RofP/ n]lvlbg] / lsg jf s;/L of] ;"q aGb5 ;f] af/] 5nkmn ;d]t u/fpg] .
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (A) = 6l2
cfotg (V) = l3 cyjf b3 cyjf h3 n]Vg ;lsg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
5. Pp6f cfotfsf/ sfuhsf] If]qkmn (A) = l × b x'G5

eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿af6 ;xh} pQ/ cfp“5 . pQm
cfotfsf/ sfuhnfO{ lj:tf/} rf}8fOtkm{ 3'dfP/
a]ngfsf/ :j¿k agfP/ b]vfOlbg] . rf}8fO (b),
a]ngfsf] 3]/f -kl/lw_ aGb5 / nDafO (l) , a]ngfsf]
prfO (h) jf nDafO (l) g} aGb5 .
o;f] ubf{ a]ngfsf] jqm ;tx g} z'¿sf] cfotfsf/

sfuhsf] ;tx x'g] ePsf] s'/f 5nkmn u/L :ki6
ul/lbg] . o;f] ubf{,
A=l×b

=h×c [rf}8fO (b) = kl/lw (c) aGb5 .]
= h × 2πr -kl/lw (c) = 2πr)
= 2πr h
a]ngfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = 2πr h x'G5 .
ca, a]ngfsf] b'a}tkm{ b'O{ j[Qfsf/ ;tx x'g] ePsf]n] a]ngfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn s] xf]nf <
ljBfyL{aLr k|Zg ug]{, 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ c'g;f/
a]ngfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 2πr h + πr2 + πr2
= 2πr h + 2πr2
= 2πr ( h + r) x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
To;/L g} cfotg eg]sf cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO xf], To;}n]
cfotg (V) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO
= πr2 × h x'G5 .
6. 5]pdf lbOPsf] b'O{ 7f]; j:t'x¿ ;Dej eP j:t' g}

b]vfpg], cGoyf af]8{df lrq agfP/ k|:t't ug]{ . s]
b]Vof} <
if8d'vf leq ag]sf] j:t' jf lrq s] sf] xf] < To:t}

a]ngf leq ag]sf] j:t' jf lrq s] sf] xf] < 5nkmn
u/fpg] . leq /x]sf] j:t' lk/fld8 xf] . To:t} csf]{
a]ngfdf ag]sf] cfwf/j[Q ePsf] lk/fld8 xf]
h;nfO{;f]nL (cone) elgG5 . lt j:t'x¿ aLrsf]
;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿ aLr cfwf/
ju{ ePsf] lk/fld8 b]vfO o;sf] ;tx s:tf] s:tf] 5
< o;sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn s] xf]nf < k|ltk|Zgx¿ u/L
pgLx¿af6 k|fKt pQ/nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ub}{ hfg] . l7s
pQ/ cPdf To;nfO{ k'i6L ub}{ :ki6 ul/lbg] .
;txsf] If]qkmn (A) = l2 + 4U

cfwf/ ju{ x'gfn] l2 / lsgf/fdf ag]sf rf/cf]6f lqe'hx¿ p:t} / pq} x'gfn] 4U ePsf] s'/f
5nkmn u/L :ki6 ul/lbg] .
ca, cfotg s] xf]nf < cfwf/ ju{ ePsf] if8\d'vf / lk/fld8 aLrsf] ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
k|fKt z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df if8d'vfsf] Ps ltxfO lk/fld8 xf] eGg] s'/f k|of]u u/L b]vfpg] -
afn'jf jf kfgL /fv]/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 _ o;af6,
cfotg (V) = l2h x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg] .
7. To;/L g} ;f]nLsf] klg a]ngfsf] ;DaGwaf6 ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg af/]

5nkmn u/fO{,
;f]nLsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn (CS) = πrl
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TS) = πr (r + l)
cfotg (V) = πr 2h x'G5 eGg] s'/f
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k"0f{ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn u/fO{ :ki6

ul/lbg] .
-ljBfyL{x¿ :jod\nfO{ o; vfnsf] ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{

nufO{ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf g} ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotgsf]
;"q kQf nufpg cEof; u/fp“bf o;sf] wf/0ff :ki6 x'g]
/ a'emfOdf Jofjxfl/s x'g hfG5 ._
8. kf7\ok':tsdf 5.3 df /x]sf] uf]nfsf] ;tx If]qkmn / cfotg

;DaGwL k|:t'tLnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL, uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn
(A) = 4πr 2
/ cfotg (V) = x'G5 eGg] s'/f
5nkmn u/fpg] . o;nfO{ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf b]vfP/ 5nkmn

u/fp“bf wf/0ff :ki6 x'g] ePsf]n] To; k|lqmof cjnDag ug]{ .
cw{uf]nfsf] jqm;tx = ½ ×uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn
= ½ × 4πr 2
= 2πr 2 x'G5 .
To:t}, cw{uf]nfsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2πr 2 + πr 2 = 3πr 2

-o;df Pp6f j[Qfsf/ ;tx a9L x'g] s'/f 5nkmn u/fpg'kb{5 _
cw{uf]nfsf] cfotg = ½ × uf]nfsf] cfotg
=½× =
9. dfly lbOPsf lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk u/fp“bf h'g If]q jf j:t'x¿aLr 5nkmn ul/Psf] x'G5, ;f]xL
5nkmn;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn u/fpg] . o;sf lgldQ kf7\ok':tssf] 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 / 5.6
df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿af6 5gf]6 u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
10. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿af6 k|of{Kt gePdf :jod\ lzIfsåf/f To:t} vfnsf yk ;d:ofx¿
lgdf{0f u/L cEof; u/fpg] . o;sf lgldQ s]xL yk ;d:ofx¿ gd"gfsf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 .
^= yk ;d:ofx¿
1. a) lbOPsf lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hdsf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
b) cfwf/ ;dafx' lqe'h ePsf] lqe'hfsf/ lk|Hdsf] cfotg 270 3g ;]=dL= / prfO 10√3 ;]=dL+
eP lqe'hsf] e'hfsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

2. a) Pp6f a]ngfsf/ j:t'sf] cw{Jof; / prfOsf] of]ukmn 17 ;]=dL= / kl/lw 44 ;]=dL= eP ;f]
a]ngfsf/ j:t'sf] jqm;tx, k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
b) Pp6f a]ngfsf] jqm;txsf] If]qkmn 1320 ju{ ;]=dL= / cfotg 4620 3g ;]=dL+ eP ;f] a]ngfsf]
k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
3. a) Pp6f uf]nfsf/ j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn 113 ju{ ;]=dL= eP cfotg slt xf]nf <
b) Pp6f uf]nfsf/ j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn ju{ ;]=dL= 5 . o;sf] cw{Jof;nfO{ cfwf ubf{ /
bf]Aa/ ubf{ aGg] b'O ;txsf] If]qkmndf slt km/s cfpnf < lgsfNg'xf];\
.
4. tn lbOPsf lk/fld8sf] k'/f ;txsf]

If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
5. lbOPsf ;+o'Qm 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k'/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

6 dxQd ;dfjt{s / n3'Qd ;dfjt{s
(Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
lbOPsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;femf u'0fgv08 jf ;femf
u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ d=;= (H.C.F) elgG5 eg] b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L aLhul0ftLo
cleJo~hsx¿n] lgz]if efu hfg] ;aeGbf ;fgf] cleJo~hsnfO{ n=;= (L.C.M.) elgG5 . o;
PsfOdf aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 d=;= / n=;= lgsfNg] tl/sfx¿sf]
@= p2]Zo
1. aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 d=;= lgsfNg .

2. aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] u'0fgv08 ljlwaf6 n=;= kQf nufpg .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
rf6{ k]k/, ljleGg /ªsf ;fOgk]gx¿, 6]k, :s]n cflb .
dxQd ;dfjt{s -d=;_
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cl3Nnf sIffx¿df l;s]sf] aLhul0ftLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] .
h:t} M 6a2b(x2 – 1) / 15ab2(x2 – 3x +2) sf] d=;= lgsfNbf,
6a2b(x2 – 1) = 2 × 3 × a × a × b × (x + 1) (x – 1) /
15ab2(x2 – 3x + 2) = 3 × 5 × a × b × b × (x – 1) (x – 2)
oxf“, 3, a, b / (x – 1) b'j} cleJo~hssf k|f/lDes -elementary_ ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ eP .

56
To;sf/0f, d=;= = 3ab(x – 1) xf] .
To;}n], æd=;= eg]sf] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf]Æ egL atfOlbg] .
t/ b'O{ cleJo~hsx¿ (x2 – 1) / (x2 – 3x + 2) sf] d=;= lgsfNbf (x – 1) b'j} cleJo~hssf]

;femf u'0fgv08 ePsf]n] oxf“ d=;= eGgfn] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] egL atfOlbg] .
To;}n], d=;= eg]sf] ;femf u'0fgv08 jf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] .
2. ca, x2 - 3x – 10 / x2 – 25 sf] d=;= lgsfNg nufpg]
klxnf] cleJo~hs = x2 - 3x – 10
= x2 – 5x + 2x – 10
= x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5)
= (x – 5)(x + 2)
bf];|f] cleJo~hs = x2 – 25
= (x + 5)(x – 5) [a2 – b2 sf] ;"q k|of]u u/]sf]]
∴ d=;= = (x - 5) [b'j} clejo~hdf ePsf] ;femf u'0fgv08]
3. cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= lgsfNg] pbfx/0fx¿ ;lxt 5nkmn u/L;s]kl5 lgDg ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ d=;=
lgsfNg nufpg] M
(i) a2 – b2 / (a + b)2
(ii) a2 +3a +2 / a2 + 4a + 3
(iii) 2x3 – x2 – x / 8x4 + x
(iv) x2 – 5x + 6, x2 – 6x + 8 / x2 – 4
(v) 4x4 + 19x2y2 + 49y4 / 4x3 + 14xy2 – 6x2y
lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] d=;= eGgfn] tL cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;a} ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn xf] .
d=;= lgsfNbf,
− ;a} cleJo~hsx¿sf] v08Ls/0f ug]{,

− tL cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ lng],
− ;femf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ u'0fgkmnsf] ¿k (product form) df n]Vg]
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 df lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] d=;= lgsfNg nufpg] . cfjZostf

adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ .
n3'Qd ;dfjt{s -n=;_
1. cl3Nnf sIffx¿df l;s]sf] ;ª\Vofx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg] tl/sfsf] af/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
h:t} M 4x2 (x + a)2 / 6a2x(x2 – a2) sf] n=;= lgsfNbf,
4x2 (x + a)2 = 2 × 2 × x × x × (x + a) (x + a)
6a2x(x2 – a2) = 3 × 2 × a × a × x × (x + a) (x – a)
ca, rflxPsf] n=;= = 2 × 2 × 3 × x × x × a × a × (x + a) (x + a) (x – a)
= 12 x2a2 (x + a)2 (x – a)
cleJo~hsx¿sf] n=;= = ;femf u'0fgv08 × af“sL u'0fgv08
2. ca, a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2 / b2 + 2bc + c2 – a2 sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg]
klxnf] cleJo~hs = a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2
= (a + b)2 – c2
= (a + b + c) (a + b – c)
bf];|f] cleJo~hs = b2 + 2bc + c2 – a2
= (b + c)2 – a2
= (b + c + a) (b + c – a)
∴ n=;= = (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (b + c – a)
3. ca, ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg cleJo~hsx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg], cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u
ug]{ .
(i) 8x3 + y3 / 8x3 - y3
(ii) a2 – b2 / a3 – b3
(iii) 2x2 – 3x – 9 / 4x2 – 5x – 21
(iv) 2a2 – 3a – 9, a2 – 3a / 4a2 – 5a – 21
(v) x2 – 2xy + y2 – z2, y2 + 2yz + z2 – x2 / z2 + 2xz + x2 – y2
4. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] n=;= lgsfNg nufpg] . lo k|Zgx¿sf] n=;=

lgsfnL ;s]kl5 k'gM ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] d=;= / n=;= b'j} lgsfNg] cEof; u/fpg] . ljBfyL{x¿n] o;f]
ul/ /x“bf cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug]{ .
58
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
2. yk cEof; tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfkm} k|Zgx¿ agfO{ d=;= tyf n=;= lgsfNg nufpg ;lsg]5 .

7 aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f
(Simplification of Algebraic Fractions)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. rf/cf]6f ;Dd aLhLo leGgx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
;/nLs/0f ug]{ lgodx¿ pNn]v ePsf] rf6{, b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ .
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhLo leGg ;DaGwL o; eGbf cufl8 cWoog u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] .
2. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhul0ftLo ;"qx¿ af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ul0ft ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t lqmofsf] af/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aLhul0ftLo n=;= af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
5. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ nufpg] M
;/n ug'{xf];\ M

=
= 0
6. aLhLo leGgx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ atfO{lbg] M
• aLhLo leGgx¿sf x/nfO{ v08Ls/0f ug]{ .

• b'O{ b'O{ kbx¿sf] of]u÷cGt/ lgsfNg] .
• n3'Qd kbdf n}hfg] .
7. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf pbfx/0f 1, 2, 3 / 4 cWoog ug{ nufpg] / o;sf] cfwf/df lgDg

;d:ofx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ eGg] .
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8. lgDg ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] .

=
9. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf aLhLo leGgx¿ -cEof; 7_ sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .
cfjZos ePdf ;xof]u ug]{ .
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
2. ljBfyL{x¿sf] nfly yk cEof; tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

8 3ftfª\s (Indices)
kf7 3G6L M 6
!= kl/ro
an df a nfO{ cfwf/ / n nfO{ 3ftfª\s elgG5 . o; kf7df xfdL olx 3ftfª\ssf lgodx¿ k|of]u
u/L aLhLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ tyf 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf]
@= p2]Zo
1. 3ftfª\s ;DaGwL aLhLo cleJo~hsx¿sf] ;/nLs/0f ug{ .

2. 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
3ftfª\ssf lgodx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{, b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|L cflb .
1. k|sfzsf] ult 3×108 ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8 x'G5 . o;nfO{ u'0fg u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ n]Vg nufpg] . oL b'O{}
tl/sfnfO{ bf“h]/ x]bf{ 3ftfª\ssf] lgodåf/f 7"n7"nf cª\snfO{ ;/n ¿kdf JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . of]
Pp6f j}1flgs ljlw xf] egL ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfpg] .
3ftfª\ssf] lgodaf6 cfg'kflts ;ª\Vofx¿ (irrational number) sf lqmofx¿ klg ;lhn}l;t ug{
;lsG5 . h:t} M cflb ;8{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . h:t} M
cflb klg ;8{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
2. 3ftfª\ssf] lgodx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|:t't u/L k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . kf7\ok':tsdf o; ;DaGwL
kf7df lbOPsf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ tyf Toxf“ lbOPsf pbfx/0f g+= 1, 2 / 3 nfO{ qmd};“u ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg] . cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ . ;fy} af]8{df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .

;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(i)
= [
= [
= [
= 2-2
(ii)

=
= =1
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

o;kl5 kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 8 k]h 89 sf k|Zg g+= -s_ cGtu{t ;a} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg
nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿n] ;dfwfg lgsfNg] qmddf s]xL sl7gfO{ cfPdf ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn ug{
nufpg] tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xof]u ug]{ .
4. lgDg ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ug{ nufpg] . cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ . ;fy}
af]8{df klg ul/lbg] .
(i) olb x = eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
oxf“, x =
To;}n], =
km]/L, 3x =
ca,

=
∴ k|dfl0ft eof] .
gf]6M dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ csf]{ tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljBfyL{x¿ aLr 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
(ii) olb a = xq+r.yp, b = xr+p.yq / c = xp+q. yr eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
aq-r.br-p.cp-q = 1
oxf“, a = xq+r.yp
To;}n] aq-r = (xq+r.yp)q-r
= qq2 – r2.yp(q-r)
km]/L br-p = (xr+p.yq )r-p
= xr2-p2. yq(r-p)
o;/L g} cp-q = (xp+q. yr )p-q
= xp2-q2.yr(p-q)
ca, aq-r.br-p.cp-q = qq2 – r2.yp(q-r). xr2-p2. yq(r-p). xp2-q2.yr(p-q)
= .............. ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{ nufpg] .
5. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 6 k]h 90 sf] k|Zg v cGtu{tsf k|Zg g+= 1 b]lv 6 ;Ddsf
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] . ;dfwfg lgsfNg] qmddf dfly lbOPsf pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ lng] .
ljBfyL{x¿sf] yk cEof;sf] nflu lgDg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ lbg] M
(i) olb x = 31/3 + 3-1/3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M 3x3 – 9x = 10

(ii) k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M

(iii) olb a + b + c = 0 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(iv) olb x + y + z = 0 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
(v) olb x = (ab)1/3 - (ab) -1/3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M x3 + 3x = ab –
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0faf/] kl/ro lbg] .

• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0f xn ug]{ tl/sfsf] lgodx¿ atfpg] .
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgod atfp“bf pbfx/0fx¿ lb“b} 5nkmn u/fpg] .
6. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ 3ftfª\so'Qm ;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos eP ;xof]u ug]{ /

af]8{df klg xn ul/lbg] .
xn ug{'xf];\ .
(i) 3x+1 + 3x = 108
or, 3x.31 + 3x = 108
or, 3x(3 + 1) = 108
or, 3x.4 = 108
or, 3x = 108/4
or, 3x = 27
or, 3x = 33
or, x = 3
(ii) 5.4x+1 - 16x = 64
or, 5.4x.4 – (42)x = 64

or, 20.4x - (4x)2 = 64
dfgf}“ 4x = a
∴ 20a – a2 = 64
or, a2 – 20a + 64 = 0
or, a2 – 16a – 4a + 64 = 0
or, a(a – 16) – 4(a – 16) = 0
or, (a – 16)(a – 4) = 0
a sf] dfg /fVbf,
(4x – 16)(4x – 4) = 0
Either, (4x – 16) = 0
i.e. 4x = 16
i.e. 4x = 42
i.e. x = 2
OR 4x – 4 = 0
i.e. 4x = 4
i.e. 4x = 41
i.e. x = 1
∴ x =1 or 2
ca ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 8 sf] k|Zg g+= u df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 3ftfª\so'Qm

;dLs/0fx¿sf] xn lgsfNg nufpg'kb{5 . o; qmddf cfjZostf adf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ /
ljBfyL{x¿af6 ;dfwfg lgsfNg g;s]sf] ;d:ofx¿ cfg} k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf ;dfwfg lgsfNg
nufpg'kb{5 .

%= d"Nofª\sg
1. ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;“u;“u} ljBfyL{ ;lqmotf / ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/
lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .
2. ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg tyf yk cEof;sf] nflu kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] cltl/Qm lgDglnlvt
k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg nufpg] M
s_ ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
v_ lx;fa ug'{xf];\ M
(i) olb abc = 1 eP, k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
(ii) olb ap = b, bq = c / cr = a eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\
aq-r.br-p.cp-q =1
u_ xn ug'{xf];\ M
(i) 3x + 3x+1 + 3x+2 = 39

(ii) 2a+3 + =9
(iii) 7x + =

(iv) 22x +3 - 57 = 65(2x – 1)

9 d"n / ;8{x¿ (Root and Surds)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df cg'kflts ;ª\Vofsf] ;fy;fy} cfg'kflts ;ª\Vof (irrational number) ;“u ;DalGwt
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . o; kf7leq cg'kflts ;ª\Vofsf] hf]8, u'0fgsf] ;fy}
;fwf/0f d"n ;dLs/0fsf ;d:ofx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . ;fwf/0f jf rational ;ª\Vofsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug]{ tl/sf irrational sf] lx;fa xn ug]{ tl/s aLr tfnd]n Nofpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. cg'kflts tyf cfg'kflts ;ª\VofaLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw atfpg .

2. cfg'kflts ;ª\Vof (irrational number) sf] juL{s/0f ug{ .
3. ;8{ ;“u ;DalGwt ;ª\Vofsf] ;fwf/0f d"n ;dLs/0f xn ug{ .
#= lzIf0f ;fdu|L
;dLs/0f n]lvPsf rf6{x¿ / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|L .
1. ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf rf6{x¿ k|bz{g u/L rn /fzLsf] dfg kQf nufpg nufpg] .
o;kl5 kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 92 df lbOPsf] kf7 cWoog Pjd\ 5nkmn u/fO{ cg'kflts /
cgfg'kflts ;+Vofx¿aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw kQf nufO{ cg'kflts / cgfg'kflts ;+Vofx¿sf] wf/0ff
:ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
gf]6M cgfg'kflts ;+VofnfO{ ;8{ (Surd) klg elgG5 . df n nfO{ ;8{sf] l8u|L (Order)
klg elgG5 eg] a nfO{ d"ns (radicand) elgG5 hxf“ a wgfTds cg'kflts ;++Vof xf] .
2. ;8{sf] juL{s/0f

;8{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . cGo cg'kflts ;+Vofx¿ u'0fgv08sf] ?kdf gePsf] ;8{nfO{ z'4
;8{ (Pure surd) elgG5 . h:t}M . o:t} rational ;ª\Vof / surd sf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ePsf]
;ª\VofnfO{ ldl>t ;8{ elgG5 . h:t}M , ........ cflb .
3. ;8{sf] ¿kfGt/0f
o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] Psn ;8{nfO{ ldl>t ;8{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;}u/L ldl>t ;8{nfO{ Psn ;8{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
4. ;8{x¿sf] ;/nLs/0f
(i) u'0fg / efu lqmof

Pp6} d"n lrGx ePsf ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg ubf{ d"n lrGxleq ePsf ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fg ul/G5 .
5. ;/n u/
cEof; 9.1 sf] 29
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 sf] ;"q k|of]u ubf{
6. ;/n u/
(i)
(ii)
7. csf]{ pbfx/0f x]/f}“

lbPsf] cleJo~hsnfO{ x/ tyf c+zdf x/sf] cg'a4 (conjugate) n] u'0fg u/]/ x/nfO{ cg'kflts
;+Vof (rational) agfpg ;lsG5 . olb lbPsf] leGg ;8{ xf] eg] ToxL leGgx¿sf] x/df ePsf] ;8{
jf To;sf] cg'a4n] To; leGgsf] x/ / c+znfO{ u'0fg u/]/ x/sf] ;8{ x6fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'kflts
ug]{ elgG5 .
8. ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f (Radical/Surd Equation)
s'g} klg aLhLo ;dLs/0fdf kQf nufpg'kg]{ rnx¿ (unknown variable) ;fwf/0f d"n lrGx leq
5g\ eg] To:tf ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
df x sf] d"n slt 5 <
;dfwfg M
b'a} kIfdf ju{ ubf{,
or,
or, x+2=9
or, x=9-2
or, x =7
csf]{ ;d:of M
or,

or,
or,
or,
b'a} kIfnfO{ ju{ ubf{,
or,
or, x + 1 = 9(x – 1)
or, x + 1 = 9x – 9
or, 9x – x = 1 + 9
or, 8x = 10
or, x=
%= d"Nofª\sg
1.
2. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
3. xn ug{'xf];\ M
4. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M

5. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
6. ;fwf/0fd"ns ;dLs/0f xn ug'{xf];\ .
(i) x+3=5
(ii)
(iii)

10 o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0f (Simultaneous Equation)
kf7 3G6L M 5
!= kl/ro
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf Pp6f kl/df0fnfO{ csf]{ kl/df0f;“u bf“h]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . h:t} b'O{ hgf JolQmsf]
pd]/ leGgtf, sfdbf/x¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf cg'¿k Hofnfb/ sfod ug]{ cflb 5g\ . o:tf vfnsf ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;dLs/0fdf JoQm ul/G5 . o:tf b'O{ rno'Qm o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0fnfO{
ljleGg tl/sf -x6fpg] jf k|lt:yfkg ljlw_ af6 ;dfwfg u/fpg] cEof; ul/G5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. b'O{ rno'Qm o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
;dfwfg M
dfgf}“ b'O{ ;ª\Vof x, y x'g\ hxf“ y eGbf x 7"nf] 5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
b'O{ ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn = 19
x + y = 19 .....................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
b'O{ ;ª\Vofsf] km/s = 5
x – y = 5 .......................(ii)

dflysf b'O{ ;dLs/0fx¿af6 x, y sf] dfg lgsfNbf x6fpg] ljlw k|of]u ubf{,
x + y = 19
x–y= 5
2x = 24
or x = 12
ca y sf] dfg s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
o;sf nflu x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df k|lt:yfkg ubf{,
x + y = 19
or 12 + y = 19
or y = 19 – 12 = 7
ctM x, y sf] dfg 12, 7 x'G5 . lo b'j} dfgn] lbPsf b'j} ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'i6 ub{5 . To;}n] lbPsf
;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ o'ukt/]vLo ;dLs/0f elgG5 .
h:t} x = 12, y = 7 sf] dfg b'j} ;dLs/0f /fVbf,
klxnf] ;dLs/0f x + y = 19
or, 12 + 7 = 19
bf];|f] ;dLs/0f x – y = 5
or, 12 – 7 = 5
or, 5 = 5
ctM x, y sf] dfgn] b'j} ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 u/]sf] 5 .
2. cEof; 10 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 sf] ;dfwfg
dfgf}“, afa'sf] clxn]sf] pd]/ = x jif{ /
5f]/fsf] clxn]sf] pd]/ = y jif{ 5 .
klxnf] sygcg';f/,
x = 2y ..........................(i)
bf];|f] sygcg';f/,
x – 16 = 3(y – 16)
or, x – 3y = - 32 ..................(ii)
;dLs/0fx¿ (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
x = 64 / y = 32
∴ clxn] afa'sf] pd]/ = x jif{ = 64 jif{ /
5f]/fsf] pd]/ = y jif{ = 32 jif{ /x]5 .
3. b'O{ cª\ssf] ;ª\Vof To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]usf] 6 u'0ff 5 . Tof] ;ª\Vofaf6 9 36fof] eg] To;sf
cª\sx¿ plN6G5g\ eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof slt xf]nf <
dfgf}“,
bz :yfgsf] cª\s = x
Ps :yfgsf] cª\s = y
b'O{ cª\sf] ;ª\Vof = 10x + y x'G5 .
gf]6 M oxf“ b'O{ cª\sn] ag]sf] ;+Vof xy lsg x'“b}g eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfg{ lxGb'c/]las ;+Vof k4lt cyjf
bzfwf/ ;+Vof k4lt ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
25 = 2 × 10 + 5 × 1
36 = 3 × 10 + 6 × 1
63 = 6 × 10 + 3 × 1
o;af6 lbOPsf] ;+Vof / o;sf] ljkl/t ;+Vof aGg] k|lqmof klg :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] zt{ cg';f/,
10x + y = 6(x + y)

or, 10x + y = 6x + 6y
or, 10x – 6x = 6y – y
or, 4 x = 5y
or, 4x – 5y = 0 ...............................(i)
bf];|f] zt{ cg';f/,
10x + y – 9 = 10y + x
or, 10x – x + y – 10y – 9 = 0
or, 9x – 9y – 9 = 0
or, 9(x – y) =9
or, x – y = 1 ...................................(ii)
;dLs/0f (ii) nfO{ 4 n] u'0ff u/L (i) / (ii) xn ubf{,
4x - 5y =0
4x + 4y =4
- - -
-y =-4
or, y =4
y sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x–y=1
or, x–4=1
or x=5
∴ x = 5, y = 4
ctM cfjZos ;+Vof = 10x + y
= 10 × 5 + 4

= 50 + 4
= 54
k/LIf0f u/L x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ h:t} M
54 df,
54 = 6 (5 + 4 ) =========== klxnf] zt{
or, 54 = 54
km]/L,
54 – 9 = 45 =========== bf];|f] zt{
or, 45 = 45
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. xn ug'{xf];\ M x + y = 2, x – y = 6
3. Pp6f lqe'hsf b'O{cf]6f sf]0fx¿sf] of]ukmn 900 / km/s 600 eg] tL sf]0fx¿sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
4. 2 jif{ cl3 afa'sf] pd]/ 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] 9 u'gf lyof] . t/ 3 jif{kl5 5 u'gf dfq x'g]5 eg] afa' /
5f]/fsf] xfnsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. Pp6f leGgsf] c+znfO{ 3 n] u'0ff u/L x/af6 3 36fOof] eg] cfp“5 . olb c+znfO{ 8 n] a9fO{
x/nfO{ bf]Aa/ u¥of] eg] ½ cfp“5 eg] pQm leGg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;ª\Vof 10 / 100 sf] aLrdf kb{5, Tof] ;ª\Vof To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]usf] 8 u'0ff 5 / olb
Tof] ;ª\Vofaf6 45 36fOof] eg] Tof] ;ª\Vofsf] ljkl/t ;ª\Vof aGb5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .

11 ju{ ;dLs/0f (Quadratic Equation)
kf7 3G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a≠0) :j¿ksf ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ju{ ;dLs/0f elgG5 . h;df rnsf] ;aeGbf
7"nf] 3ftfª\s 2 x'G5 . ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn eg]sf] rnsf b'O{cf]6f dfgx¿ kQf nufpg] sfo{ xf] .
ju{ ;dLs/0fsf o:tf b'O{cf]6f dfgx¿nfO{ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf d"nx¿ (roots of the quadratic
equation) elgG5 . o; PsfOdf xfdL oxL ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf]
@= p2]Zo
1. ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿, ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ n]lvPsf] rf6{ cflb .
1. ljBfyL{x¿n] sIff ( df cWoog ul/;s]sf] ju{ ;dLs/0f kf7nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . o;sf nflu
s'g} Pp6f ju{ ;dLs/0f lbP/ s'g} klg ljlwaf6 xn ug{ nufpg] . h:t} M x2 – 3x – 40 = 0, x2 –
5x + 36 = 0 cflb .
2. ju{ ;dLs/0fsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{sf] nflu zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ;j{k|yd ul0ftLo jfSodf
¿kfGt/ ug'{k5{ . ju{ ;dLs/0f ;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:of ePsfn] oxf“ rn Pp6f x'G5 egL a'emfpg] .
ca Pp6f ju{ ;dLs/0f aGb5 . o;nfO{ pko'Qm ljlw k|of]u u/L rnsf] dfg kQf nufpg ;lsG5
h'g zflAbs ;d:ofsf] xn xf] egL a'emfpg'k5{ .
pbfx/0f M
3 ju{ PsfO If]qkmn ePsf] Pp6f cfotfsf/ au}“rfsf] nDafO, rf}8fO eGbf 2 PsfOn] a9L eP
au}“rfsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxf“,
au}“rfsf] If]qkmn (A) = 3 ju{ PsfO
kQf nufpg'kg]{ nDafO = l / rf}8fO = b dfgf}“ .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,

A=l×b
ca, dfgf}“ au}“rfsf] rf}8fO, b = x PsfO
k|Zgcg';f/ nDafO rf}8fO eGbf 2 PsfOn] 7"nf] ePsf] x'“bf
l = b + 2 = x + 2 PsfO
To;}n], A = l × b
cyjf, 3 = (x + 2) × x
cyjf, x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
oxf“, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
gf]6 M v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg] ePdfq ;"q k|of]u ljlw ckgfpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
;"q cg';f/,
+ive lrGx ln“bf, x = - 1 + 2 = 1
-ive lrGx ln“bf, x = - 1 – 2 = - 3
au}“rfsf] rf}8fOsf] dfg C0ffTds x'“b}g, To;sf/0f x = -3 nfO{ 5f]8]/ x = 1 sf] dfg sfod x'G5 .
∴ rf}8fO = 1 PsfO / nDafO = 3 PsfO x'G5 .
ca kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 11 sf] k|Zg s sf ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ nufpg] .

3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zflAbs ;d:ofsf] lzIf0f ug]{ qmddf ;aeGbf klxnf ;d:of a'emfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
o;sf] nflu 2/3 k6s ;Dd bf]xf]¥ofP/ k9\g nufpg], ;d:ofdf lbOPsf s'/fx¿ s] s] 5g\ < / kQf
nufpg'kg]{ s] xf] < /fd|f];“u yfxf kfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . zflAbs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t'ngfTds ¿kdf
sl7g sfd xf] . To;}n] o;sf] nflu yk cEof;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfgsf nflu lzIfsn] k|;:t pbfx/0fx¿ lb“b} lqmofsnfkx¿ cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .
pbfx/0f M
(i) b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofsf] km/s 3 5 . hals lo b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ju{sf] hf]8 89 5 eg] tL
;ª\Vofx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -cEof; 11 k|Zg u 2_
b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ x / y dfgf}“ . hxf“ 7"nf] ;+Vof x xf] .
k|Zgcg';f/,
x – y = 3 .........................(i)
x2 + y2 = 89 ....................(ii)
gf]6 M x6fpg] ljlw k|of]u ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
;dLs/0f (i) af6 y = x – 3 sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x2 + (x - 3)2 = 89
or, x2 + x2 – 6x + 9 = 89
or, 2x2 – 6x – 80 = 0
or, 2(x2 – 3x – 40) = 0
or, x2 – 3x – 40 = 0
or, x2 – 8x + 5x – 40 = 0
or, x(x – 8) + 5(x – 8) = 0
or, (x – 8)(x + 5) = 0
Either x – 8 = 0 i.e. x = 8
Or x + 5 = 0 i.e. x = - 5

x = 8 x'“bf y = 5 x'G5 .
/ x = 5 x'“bf y = -8 x'G5 .
(ii) b'O{ lbbLalxgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] km/s 5 jif{ 5 / ltgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 204 5 eg]
lbbLalxgLsf] pd]/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
dfgf}“,
lbbLsf] pd]/ = x jif{
alxgLsf] pd]/ = y jif{
k|Zgfg';f/,
x – y = 5 ...........................(i)
xy = 204 ........................... (ii)
ca, x+y = [∵(a+b)2 = (a-b)2 + 4ab]
= 29
∴ x + y = 29 ..........................(iii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (iii) hf]8\bf
x–y=5
x + y = 29
2x = 34
or, x = 17
x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
x–y=5
or, 17 – y = 5
or, y = 12
∴ lbbLsf] pd]/ = 17 jif{
alxgLsf] pd]/ = 12 jif{
gf]6M dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ljlwaf6 klg ;dfwfg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf pbfx/0f 2 / 3 cWoog ug{ nufpg] . ;fy} kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 11

k]h 107 sf] k|Zg u df ;f]lwPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] . cfjZosnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
ljBfyL{x¿n] sl7g dx;'; u/]sf ;d:ofx¿ af]8{df ;dfwfg lgsfNg'kb{5 / ;“u} ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
;dfwfg lgsfNg nufpg] .
%= d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg tyf yk cEof;sf] nflu tn lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿ tyf cfkm} yk ;d:ofx¿
agfP/ klg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] .
1. Pp6f ju{sf] kl/ldlt o;sf] If]qkmn eGbf 4 PsfOn] a9L 5 eg] ju{sf] e'hf slt x'G5 <
2. Pp6f ju{sf] If]qkmn o;sf] kl/ldlt eGbf 2 PsfOn] a9L eP ju{sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. afa' / 5f]/fsf] jt{dfg pd]/sf] cGt/ 25 5 . 10 jif{ klxn] tL b'O{sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 150 lyof]
eg] afa'sf] jt{dfg pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] s0f{ 20 ;]=dL= 5 / af“sL b'O{cf]6f e'hfx¿ 3:1 sf] cg'kftdf 5g\ . ca tL
b'O{ e'hfx¿sf] gfk lgsfNg'xf];\ .
5. Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf nDa / cfwf/ e'hfx¿ ltgsf] s0f{eGbf qmdzM 4 ;]=dL= / 8 ;]=dL= n] 5f]6f
5g\ . ca lqe'hsf tLg e'hfx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ a§fsf] cfotg 120 3g ;]=dL= 5 . o;sf] prfO 6 ;]=dL= / nDafO rf}8fO eGbf 3
;]=dL= nfdf] 5 eg] o;sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. Pp6f cfotfsf/ 6\of“sLsf] prfO 2 ld6/ 5 . o;sf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf 3 ld6/ a9L 5 . olb ;f]
6\of“sLdf 800 3gld6/ kfgL c6fp“5 eg] pQm 6\of“sLsf] nDafO / rf}8fO lgsfNg'xf];\ .
8. lgd{nsf] kf“rjif{ cl3 / 10 jif{kl5sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 100 eP p;sf] xfnsf] pd]/ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
9. Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ 6\of“sLsf] cfotg 40 3gld6/ / rf}8fO nDafO eGbf 1 ld6/n] sdL / prfO 2
ld6/ eP To;sf] nDafO / rf}8fO lgsfNg'xf];\ .
10. olb s'g} b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]u 21 5 / tL ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ju{sf] of]u 261 5 eg] tL ;ª\Vofx¿ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .

12 lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn
(Area of Trangle & Quadrilateral)
kf73G6L M 8
!= kl/ro
lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] cWoog k|fylds txb]lv g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; PsfOdf lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf]
If]qkmn ;DaGwL ljleGg sygx¿nfO{ k|of]ufTds tl/sfn] k/LIf0f ug{ tyf ltgsf] ;}4flGts k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug]{ tl/sfx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
lgDg ;fWox¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ / ;}4flGts k|df0f lbO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ .
1. ljs0f{n] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hnfO{ ;dlåefhg ub{5 .

2. Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ x'G5 .
3. pxL cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h / lqe'hdf lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf x'G5 .
4. pxL cfwf/ tyf pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
5. dfly pNn]lvt ;fWox¿sf] ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgDg cfsf/sf s]xL s8f vfnsf sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ -cfwf/ / prfO a/fa/ ePsf_ -;s];Dd Ps
;d"xnfO{ Ps ;]6_

-oL lqmofsnfkx¿ sIffdf ;d"x agfO{ sfuh k6\ofpg] ljlwaf6 u/fpg'xf]nf_
1. ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hnfO{ ljs0f{n] sf6\bf sltj6f lqe'h ag] < lt lqe'hx¿ s'g tYoaf6 cg'¿k b]vfpg
;lsG5 < cg'¿k lqe'hsf] If]qkmn s;/L a/fa/ x'G5 5nkmn u/L ;fWo 1 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
2. ljtl/t ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg] . glthf 5nkmn ug]{ . lsg tL ;=r=
x¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ eof] < s] tL ;=r= x¿sf] prfOx¿ a/fa/ gePsf] eP If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/
x'GYof] < tL ;=r= x¿sf] prfOx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfof} < cflb .
3. olb ;=r= x¿sf cfwf/ Pp6} agfO{ -Pp6f ;=r= dfly csf]{ ;=r= vK6ofO{_ /fVbf s] dflyNnf ;/n
/]vfx¿ klg Pp6} ;/n /]vf aG5g\ < -lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._
4. To:t}u/L tL ;=r= x¿nfO{ 5'6\ofp“bf olb cfwf/x¿ Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf kg]{ u/L ldnfPdf s] ljkl/t
e'hfx¿ klg Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf k5{g < -lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._
5. o;/L pxL cfwf/ tyf a/fa/ cfwf/df ag]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] lgisif{df
k'Ug 5nkmn ug]{ .
6. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf cg';f/ ;fWo 1 / 2 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;fWo 2 sf]
;}4flGts k|df0f ul/lbg] .
7. To;/L g} pq} cfwf/ / pq} prfO ePsf ;=r= / Pp6f lqe'hsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufO{ glthf t'ngf
ug]{ .
8. ljkl/t Pp6f lqe'h / Pp6f ;=r= sf] cfwf/ ldnfO;s]kl5 lqe'hsf] zLif{laGb' / ;=r= sf] cfwf/sf]
;Dd'v e'hf s] Pp6} /]vfdf k/]sf] 5 < -k5{ eg] lsg < 5nkmn ug]{ ._

9. o;/L dflysf] k|of]uåf/f pxL cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿ aLr ag]sf ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf]
cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg] .
10. s] of] lrqdf klg ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 < 5nkmn ug]{ .
11. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fWo 3 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;}4flGts k|df0f k|dfl0ft
ul/lbg] . ;fy} 5nkmn ug]{ .
12. dfly u/]em}“ pq} cfwf/ / pq} prfOsf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg] / glthf 5nkmn ug]{ -
lsg lqe'hx¿sf If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/ eP <_
13. tL lqe'hx¿ Ps csf{dfly vK6\ofp“bf s] x'G5 <
cfwf/x¿ a/fa/ ePsf] sf/0fn] Pp6} cfwf/ h:tf] b]lvG5 . tL lqe'hx¿sf zLif{laGb'x¿ hf]8\g
nufpg] . Tof] hf]l8Psf] /]vf / cfwf/ /]vfsf] ;DaGw s] x'G5 < 5nkmn ug]{ .
14. o; k|sf/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pxL cfwf/ tyf a/fa/ cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿aLr /x]sf
lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 egL lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] .
15. kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fWo 4 sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg] / ;fWo 4 sf] ;}4flGts k|df0f
lbg nufpg] .

b|i6Jo M
(i) dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;=r= tyf lqe'hx¿sf] ;§fdf juf{lª\st sfuh jf Graph paper df
;=r= tyf lqe'hx¿ c+lst u/]/ ltgLx¿sf] If]qkmnsf ;fy} ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} M
(ii) dfly plNnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿af6 cfwf/e"t 1fg xfl;n u/fPkl5 To;;“u ;DalGwt ;fWosf]
;}4flGts k|df0f k|dfl0ft ug{ ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ pT;flxt kfg'{k5{, h;sf] nflu lzIfsn] lgb]{zg
dfq lb“bf pknAwLd"ns x'G5 .
pbfx/0fx¿
dfly pNn]lvt ;fWox¿;“u ;DalGwt s]xL ;d:ofx¿sf] oxf“ 5nkmn ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
;=r= ABCD sf] e'hf BC nfO{ E ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5

5 . hxf“ BC = CE 5 eg] ABCD =UDBE
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. UDBC = ½ ABCD 1. ;=r= ABCD nfO{ ljs0f{ BD n] ;dlåefhg
2. UDCE = ½ ABCD ug]{ ePsf]n]
2. a/fa/ cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ ;/n /]vfx¿
aLr ag]sf ;=r= sf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 .
3. UDBC + UDCE = 3. syg (1) / (2) nfO{ hf]8\bf
½ ABCD + ½ ABCD 4. l;ª\uf] 6'qm] tYo
4. UDBE = ABCD

pbfx/0f 2
;=r= ABCD sf e'hfx¿ BC = 12 cm., CD = 10cm. / ;f] ;=r= sf] If]qkmn 36 cm2 eP
nDax¿ AM / AN sf] nDafO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
oxf“, ABCD = BC × AN -;=r= sf] If]qkmn = cfwf/ × prfO_
cyjf, 36cm2 = 12 cm × AN
∴ AN = 3 cm.
km]/L,
ABCD = CD × AM
cyjf, 36cm2 = 10 cm × AM
∴ AM = 3.6 cm.
pbfx/0f 3
;=r= x¿ ABCD / EBCF df AE = 4cm. / AF tyf BC aLrsf] b"/L GH =6cm eP

UDCF sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .

k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. UABE sf] If]qkmn = ½ AE ×GH 1. lqe'hsf] If]qkmn = ½ cfwf/ × prfO
cg';f/
= ½ ×4 × 6 = 12cm2
2. ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= 2. Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿aLr
EBCF sf] If]qkmn ag]sf ;=r= x¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
3. ;=r= ABCD - ;=n=r= EBCD = 3. tYo g+= 2 sf] b'j}tkm{ Pp6} ;=n=r= EBCD
;=r= EBCF - ;=n=r= EBCD 36fp“bf
4. ∴UABE sf] If]qkmn = UDCF sf] 4. z]if tYo cg';f/
If]qkmn 5. tYo 1 / 4 af6
5. ∴UCDF sf] If]qkmn = 12cm2
cEof; 12 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 sf] ;dfwfg
yfxf lbOPsf] M U ABC df e'hfx¿ AB / AC sf dWoljGb'x¿ qmdzM D / E nfO{ t];|f] e'hf BC

sf] s'g} ljGb' F ;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M UDEF sf] If]qkmn = ¼ UABC sf] If]qkmn
/rgf M BC sf] dWoljGb' H ;“u D / E nfO{ hf]8f}“ .
k|df0f M
tYox¿ sf/0fx¿
1. DE || BC, DH || AC / EH || AB 1. lqe'hsf] s'g} b'O{ e'hfsf dWoljGb'x¿ hf]8\g]
/]vfv08 af“sL e'hf;“u ;dfgfGt/ x'G5 .
2. UDEF sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf] 2. Pp6} cfwf/ DE / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
If]qkmn DE / BC aLr ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
3. ;=r= DECH nfO{ ljs0f{ EH n]
;dlåefhg ub{5 .
3. UEHC sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf]
4. ;=r= AEHD nfO{ ljs0f{ DE n]
If]qkmn
;dlåefhg ub{5 .
4. UADE sf] If]qkmn = UDEH sf]
5. UDEF = ½ ;=r= BDEH ePsfn]
If]qkmn
5. UBDF sf] If]qkmn + UEHF sf]
6. l;ª\uf] 6'qm] tYo cg';f/
If]qkmn = UDEF sf] If]qkmn
6. UADE + UDEF + UBDF +
UEHF + UEHC = UABC
7. UDEF +UDEF +UDEF +UDEF 7. tYox¿ 2,3,4,5,6 af6 a/fa/L tYo af6
= UABC
or, 4UDEF = UABC
or, UDEF = ¼ UABC
k|dfl0ft eof] .
d"Nofª\sg
1. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 12 sf] k|Zg g+= 1, 3, 8 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

2. tnsf] lrqdf PS = 5cm / SM = 8cm 5g\ eg] UPQN sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
yk cEof;

1. tnsf] lrqdf ;=r= PQRS sf] e'hf PS df kg]{ Pp6f
ljGb' M 5 . QM / RS nfO{ nDAofp“bf ljGb' T df
e]6 ePsf 5g\ eg] k|dfl-ft ug'{xf];\ M UQRT = r=
PQST
2. tnsf] lrqdf AX || BC / BX || CY eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M UABC sf] If]qkmn = UBXY sf]

If]qkmn
3. UABC df AB sf] dWo ljGb' D / BC sf] s'g} ljGb'

P 5 . olb CQ || PD eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\M 2UBPQ =
UABC
4. tnsf] lrqdf AD = 10cm, CD = 6cm /

∠ACD = 900 eP UABD sf] If]qkmn
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
gf]6 M cGo ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ agfP/ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

13 /rgf (Construction)
kf7M 1 kf73G6L M 4
!= kl/ro
ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftsf cGo ljljw ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Lksf] cltl/Qm /rgf ug]{
;Lksf] ;d]t ljsf; x'g' cfjZos kb{5 . t;y{ o; PsfOdf lqe'h / rt'e'{hdf Ps csf{sf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L /rgf ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L lqe'hsf] /rgf ug{ .

2. lqe'h;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
1. HofldtLo cf}hf/ aS; / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
1. lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df rt'e'{h lv“Rg nufpg] . ;f] rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L
lqe'hsf] /rgf ug{ nufpg] .
2. lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df lqe'h lvRg nufpg] . ;f] lqe'h;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/
rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug{ nufpg] .
3. kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7 118 - 120 ;Ddsf] pbfx/0fx¿df 5nkmn ug]{ . ;f] cg';f/ /rgf u/fpg] .
pbfx/0f 1
AB = BC = 5.5 ;]=dL+, CD = DA = 4.5 ;]=dL= / ∠A = 750 x'g] rt'e'{hsf] /rgf u/L To;sf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
r/0f (a): klxn] tYofª\s cg';f/ v];|f lrq agfpg nufpg] .
r/0f (b): To;kl5 AB = 5.5 ;]=dL+ sf] /]vfv08 lv“Rg] . A df 750 sf] sf]0f lv“Rg] . A af6 AD
= 4.5 ;]=dL= rfk lnO{ AE df sf6\g] . sfl6Psf] laGb'nfO{ D gfd /fVg] . h:t} M

r/0f (c): ca D af6 CD = 4.5 ;]=dL= sf] cw{Jof; lnO{ rfk lv“Rg] /
B af6 BC = 5.5 ;]=dL+ sf cw{Jof;n] rfknfO{ CD sf] rfkdf hf]8\g]
. ;fy} C / B klg hf]8\g] . km]/L B / D klg hf]8\g] . h:t} M
r/0f (d): ∠DBC ;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L s]Gb|laGb' C lnO{Psf] rfk lng] / ;f]xL rfkdf ∠DBC ;“u
a/fa/ x'g] u/L ∠BCP lv“Rg] . ;fy} AB nfO{ a9fpg] . ca D / P hf]8\g] .
o;/L cfjZos lqe'h ADP sf] /rgf eof] .
b|i6Jo M s'g} klg /rgf ubf{ r/0fx¿ k/LIffdf n]Vg' cfjZos 5}g .
yk cEof;x¿
1. AB = BC = 5.5 ;]=dL=, CD = AD = 4.5 ;]=dL+ / ∠A = 450 x'g] rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/

x'g] u/L Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'[{xf];\ .
2. AB = 5.6 ;]=dL=, BC = 6.4 ;]=dL=, CD = 6.6 ;]=dL=, DA = 7.2 ;]=dL= / ljs0f{ AD = 6 ;]=dL=
ePsf] Pp6f rt'e'{h lv“Rg'xf];\ . o; rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L lqe'h /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
3. a = 7.8 ;]=dL=, b = 7.2 ;]=dL= / c = 6.3 ;]=dL= x'g] u/L lqe'h lv“Rg'xf];\ . ca of] lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L Pp6f cfot /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
4. AB = 6.5 ;]=dL=, BC = 7.6 ;]=dL= / AC = 6.9 ;]=dL= ePsf] Pp6f lqe'hsf] lv“Rg'xf];\ . ca of]
lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;“u a/fa/ x'g] u/L ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .

14 j[Q (Circle)
kf7 M 14.1 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM j[Qsf] rfk / s]Gb|Lo sf]0f tyf ;fWo 5, 6 / 7
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df j[Qsf s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/wL sf]0f, rfk, rlqmo rt'e'{h cflbsf] kl/rosf] ;fy} ;fWo 4 / 5
tyf o;sf ljnf]dx¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f tyf ;}4flGts k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug]{
tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/lw sf]0f, hLjfn] sf6]sf] rfk, cw{j[Q / rqmLo rt'e'{hnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ .
2. ;fWo 4 / 5 tyf o;sf ljnf]dx¿ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f / ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box, ljleGg s]Gb|Lo sf]0f, kl/lw sf]0f / rqmLo rt'e'{h;DaGwL rf6{x¿ .
1. j[Qsf rfk / s]Gb|Lo sf]0f ;DaGwL rf6{x¿ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} 7"nf] ;fgf] rfkn] s]Gb|Lo
sf]0fnfO{ s;/L c;/ kf/]sf] 5 eGg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
2. kl/lw sf]0f / rfkaLrsf] ;DaGw af/] 5nkmn ug]{ . o;af/] kf7\ok':ts k]h 95 df lbOPsf] af/]
5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} hLjfn] sf6]sf] rfk af/] klg 5nkmn ug]{ .
3. Jof;n] j[QnfO{ cfwf kfb{5 eGg] af/] lj:t[t 5nkmn ug]{ .
4. ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Pp6f Pp6f j[Q lv“Rg nufpg] / Tof] j[Qleq rt'e'{h cfkm" v'zL lv“Rg nufpg] .
of] rt'e'{hnfO{ rqmLo rt'e'{h elgG5 eGg] af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
5. ;fWo 5 / o;sf] ljnf]dnfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ug{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf
;fg{ nufO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .

yk cEof;x¿
1. l;4 ug'{xf];\ – cw{j[Qdf ag]sf] kl/lw sf]0f Ps ;dsf]0f x'G5 .

2. lbOPsf] lrqx¿df ag]sf] sf]0fx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. j[Qsf] kl/lwdf A,B,C / D lv“Rg'xf];\ h;df AD = BC x'G5 . ca AB || DC x'G5 egL

b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. j[Qsf b'O{cf]6f a/fa/ hLjfx¿ AB / AC lv“Rg'xf];\ . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – rfk BAC sf] dWolaGb' A
x'G5 .
5. cw{Jof;x¿ OA / OB af6 a/fa/L b"/Ldf kg]{ j[Qsf] kl/lwsf] laGb' P 5 . k|dfl0ft ug'x{ f];\ – rfk
AP = rfk BC x'G5 .

kf7 M 14.2 kf7 3G6L M 8
zLif{sM ;fWo 8 / 9
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df s'g} j[Qsf] Pp6} rfkdf ag]sf s]Gb|Lo sf]0f kl/lwdf ag]sf] sf]0fsf] b'O{u'0ff x'G5 eGg]
syg / j[Qsf] Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] sygnfO{ k|of]ufTds /
;}4flGts b'j} tl/sfaf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ tl/sfsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 8 / 9 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .

2. ;fWo 8 / 9 nfO ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .
3. o; ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb .
2. ;fWo 8 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;DaGwL 5nkmn ug]{ . ;fy} o; ;fWo 8 nfO{ k|dfl0ft
ug{ nufpg] .
3. tn lbOPsf] vfnL 7fp“df k"/f ug{ nufpg] . ABD Pp6f j[Q xf] h;df O
s]Gb|laGb' xf] .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M ∠BAD = ½ ∠BOD
k|df0f M
tYo sf/0f
1. .......∠ BAD = rfk BD 1.
2. ∠.......... = rfk BD 2. .....................
3. ∴ 2(∠.......) = ∠BOD 3. ....................
4. ∴∠BAD = ½ ∠.............. 4. ..............

5. ;fWo 9 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;DaGwL 5nkmn u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
6. tnsf vfnL 7fp“df eg{ nufpg] .
j[Q ABCD df O s]Gb|laGb' xf] . h;df rfk BD sf] ;Dd'vsf]0fx¿

BAD / BCD x'g\ .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M UBAD = UBCD
k|df0f M
tYo sf/0f
1. ∠....... = ½ rfk BD 1. ......................
2. ∠BCD = ½ =============== 2. .....................
3. ∴∠BAD = ∠BCD 3. ......................
7. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 14.1 sf] lgDg gDa/sf] ;d:ofx¿ ug{ nufpg]
g+= 3 sf] (i), (ii), (iv) g+= 4 sf] (i), (iii), g+= 6
yk cEof;x¿
1. Pp6f lqe'h DEF sf] circumcentre O 5 . EF sf] dWolaGb' P 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – ∠EOP = ∠D
x'G5 .
2. k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ – j[Qsf] ;dfgfGt/ hLjfx¿ a/fa/L rfkx¿df sf6\5 .
3. j[Qsf] b'Ocf]6f hLjfx¿ AB / CD laGb' P df k|ltR5]lbt ePsf] 5 . olb AP = AC 5 eg] l;4
ug'{xf];\ – DP = DB
4. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f Jof; AB / cw{Jof; OC 5g\ hxf“ rfk BC = rfk DC 5 . ca AD || OC
x'G5 egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
5. j[Qsf b'O{ hLjfx¿ AB / CD laGb' X df k|ltR5]lbt ePsf] 5 . olb AX = AC 5 eg] l;4 ug'{xf];\
ls DX = DB x'G5 .
6. s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qsf] b'O{cf]6f nDa x'g] hLjfx¿ AXB / CXD 5g\ . k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ –
∠AOD + ∠BOC = 1800 x'G5 .

8. æPp6f j[Qdf ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿n] a/fa/ rfkdf k|ltR5]lbt ub{5g\ .Æ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
10. lbOPsf] lrqdf OA 7"nf] j[Qsf] cw{Jof; xf] / ;fgf] j[Qsf] Jof; xf] .
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ – hLjf AB sf] dWolaGb' C xf] .

kf7 M 14.3 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM ;fWo 10
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df rqmLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿ kl/k'/s x'G5g\ eGg] sygnfO{ k|of]ufTds tyf ;}4flGts
k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug'{sf] ;fy] pQm syg;“u ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{
tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 10 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 / ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ .

2. o; ;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / ljleGg rqmLo rt'e'{hsf rf6{x¿ .
1. ljleGg rqmLo rt'e'{hsf rf6{x¿df 5nkmn ug]{ / rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿sf] of]u kQf nufpg
lbg] .
2. ;fWo 10 nfO{ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf ;fg{
nufO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
3. ;fWo 10 nfO{ ;}4flGts k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
4. tnsf] tflnsf k'/f ug{ nufpg] .
j[Qdf ABCD Pp6f rqmLo rt'e'{h xf] .
l;4 ug'{kg]{ M x + y = 1800 / a + b = 1800
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∠....... = ½ rfk BCD 1. ......................
/ ∠....... = ½ rfk DAB
2. ∠x + ∠y = ............ + ................ 2. .....................
= ½ (.....................)
3. ∠x + ∠y = ½ (.....................) 3. ......................
4. ∠a + ∠b = 4. .........................

pbfx/0fx¿
1. kf7\ok':tsf] cEof; 14.1 sf] g+= 3 sf] (iii), g+= 5, 9 / 10 ug{ nufpg] .
2. g+= 7 sf] xn
lbOPsf] lrqdf (i) ∠JML
(ii) ∠MKL kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M
(i) oxf“ kl/lwsf] sf]0fx¿ ∠MLJ / ∠MKJ a/fa/ 5g\ . To:t} ∠JML / ∠LKN a/fa/ 5g\ .
∴∠MKJ = ∠MLJ = 600
∴ ∠JML = 850 [∵ leqLsf]0f ∠JML ;“u aflx/L sf]0f ∠LKN ;“u a/fa/ x'G5g\ .]
(ii) JKN Pp6f ;/n /]vf xf] . To;}n] ∠JKN = 1800 xG5 .
cyjf, ∠MKJ + ∠MKL +∠NKL = 1800
cyjf, 600 + ∠MKL + 850 = 1800
cyjf, ∠MKL = 1800 – 600 - 850 = 350
yk cEof;
1. cw{Jof; 3.2 ;]=dL= ePsf] j[Qdf ag]sf] ;dfgfGt/ rqmLo rt'e'{h ABCD 5g\ . olb ∠ABC =
1260 5 eg] af“sL sf]0fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. olb s'g} j[Qdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h 5 eg] ;f] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h cfot x'G5 egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
3. ærqmLo rt'e'{hsf] Pp6f e'hf tfGbf rt'e'{hsf] ;Dd'v leqLsf]0f;“u
afx\osf]0f a/fa/ x'G5Æ l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
4. lbOPsf] lrqdf BC = AD 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ – AB || DC

5. lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f rqmLo rt'e'{h xf] . AB nfO{ E ;Dd
tflgPsf] 5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ ∠CBE = ∠ADC
7. rqmLo ;dafx' rt''e'{hsf ljs0f{x¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ egL l;4 ug'{xf];\ .
8. dfyLsf] lbOPsf] lrqsf] cfwf/df x / y sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

9. ABCD Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . A,B / C af6 uPsf] j[Qdf CD a9fP/ E ;Dd k'¥ofp“bf E
n] j[Qdf 5'G5 . l;4 ug'{xf];\ AE = AD x'G5 .

kf7 M 14.4 kf7 3G6L M 4
zLif{sM :kz{/]vf ;DaGwL ;fWox¿ 11,12 / 13
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df j[Qsf :kz{ /]vf ;DaGwL ;fWox¿sf] kl/ro / tL ;fWox¿;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. ;fWo 11, 12 / 13 ;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
Instrument box / b}lgs pkof]usf ;fdu|Lx¿
1. :kz{/]vf ;DaGwL 5nkmn ug]{ . j[Qx¿ lv“Rg nufO{ :kz{/]vf lv“Rg nufpg] .
k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg] .
3. ;fWo 12 / 13 sf nflu klg kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lrq / tflnsf sfkLdf ;fg{ nufO{ k/LIf0faf6
pbfx/0fx¿
1. kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 14.2 sf] lgDg ;d:ofx¿ xn u/fpg] .

1 (i),(ii),(iii), (iv), 2 (i),(ii) / 3
2. g+= 4 sf] xn
lrqdf AD || BC eP, x,y,z sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ h;df laGb' T

af6 :kz{/]vf TAN lvlrPsf] 5 .

;d:of xn
oxf“ ∠ADB / ∠BAN PsfGt/ j[Qv08sf sf]0fx¿ x'g\ .
To;}n] ∠DBC = ∠BAN = 360 x'G5 .
t/ ∠DBC = y 5 .
∴ y = 360
ca AD || BC ePsfn], ∠DAC = ∠ACB x'G5 .
∴∠DAC = x x'G5 lsgls ∠ACB = x 5 .
km]/L Pp6} rfk CD df ag]sf b'O{ kl/lw sf]0fx¿ ∠DAC / ∠DBC 5g\ .
∴∠DAC = ∠DBC x'G5 .
cyjf, x = y = 360 x'G5 .
∴ x = 360 x'G5 .
UBCD af6,
700 + x + y + z = 1800 5 .
cyjf, 700 + 360 + 360 + z = 1800
cyjf, 1420 + z = 1800
cyjf, z = 1800 – 1420 = 380
oxf“, csf]{ tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
∠ADB = ∠BAN = 360 -PsfGt/ j[Qv08sf sf]0f_
∠ADB =∠DBC = y -PsfGt/ sf]0f AD || BC_
∴ y = 360
km]/L,
∠DAC =∠ACB = x -PsfGt/ sf]0f AD || BC_
∠DAC =∠DBC = y -Pp6} rfk CD df ag]sf kl/wL sf]0fx¿_
∠ACB =∠DBC
x = y = 360
∴x = 360
ca, UBCD af6,
700 + x + y + z = 1800
∴z = 380
yk cEof;x¿
1. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f laGb'df Pp6} dfq :kz{/]vf x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
2. s'g} j[Qsf] Pp6f laGb'df /]lvt :kz{/]vfdf nDa x'g] j[Qsf] cw{Jof;x¿ :kz{laGb'df kb{5 egL
lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. s'g} aflx/L laGb'af6 Pp6f j[Qdf b'O{6f :kz{/]vf x'G5g\ egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. aflx/L :kz{ ePsf b'O{6f j[Qx¿sf s]Gb|laGb'x¿ / :kz{laGb' Pp6} ;Lwf/]vfdf kb{5g\ / s]Gb|laGb'sf]
b"/L a/fa/ tL j[Qx¿sf] cw{Jof;x¿sf] of]u x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
5. leqL :kz{ ePsf b'O{6f j[Qx¿sf] s]Gb|laGb' / :kz{laGb' Pp6} ;Lwf/]vfdf kb{5g\ / s]Gb|laGb'x¿sf] b"/L
a/fa/ tL j[Qx¿sf] cw{Jof;x¿sf] cGt/ x'G5 egL lrqåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
6. 5'§f5'§} j[Qx¿sf leqL :kz{/]vfx¿sf :kz{laGb'x¿sf aLrsf b"/L a/fa/ x'G5g\ egL lrqåf/f
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠FBD = 720 5 . ∠ABD, ∠BCD / ∠EBD kQf

nufpg'xf];\ .

9. s'g} j[Qdf Pp6f :kz{/]vfsf] :kz{ laGb'af6 /]lvt hLjfåf/f ljefhg x'g] rfkx¿sf dWolaGb'x¿af6
:kz{/]vf / hLjf a/fa/ b"/Ldf x'G5g\ egL k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
11. lbOPsf] j[Qdf AP / AQ :kz{/]vfx¿ 5g\ . ca x sf]

12. lbOPsf] j[Qdf ∠CAB = 280 / ∠DEA = 320 5 . ca
∠DBA / ∠DXC kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠AOD = 950 / ∠DEA = 300 5 . x sf]

14. lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠ACB kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
15. AC j[Qsf] Jof; . ca ∠E / ∠ECB kQf

nufpg'xf];\ .

16. lbOPsf] lrqdf AB, AC, BC j[Qsf :kz{/]vfx¿ x'g\ . ca
∠DEF slt x'G5 <

16 tYofª\szf:q (Statistics)
kf7 3G6L M 14
!= kl/ro
o; kf7df juL{s[t tYofª\ssf dWos, dlWosf / rt'yf{z+Losf] dfg lgsfNg tyf af/Daf/tf as|sf]
;xfotfaf6 juL{st[ tYofª\ssf] dlWosf / rt'yf{z+x¿sf] cfsng ug{ ;Ifd agfpg vf]lhPsf]5 .
-s_ dWos (Mean)
@= p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ juL{s[t >]0fL -cljl5Gg >]0fL_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] dWos
lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
1. Pp6f JolQmut tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg nufP/
cl3Nnf] sIffdf cWoog u/]sf] cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg] ljlw k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos k/] !÷@ cf]6f cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dWos lgsfNg] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
2. tn pNn]v ul/Psf] h:t} tYofª\ssf] rf6{ b]vfpg] / o; tYofª\snfO{ slt tl/sfaf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5<
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
sIff ( df #% hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] ul0ft ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s

45 53 95 62 12 9 70
62 95 45 70 53 45 12
9 70 23 23 35 74 86
74 86 53 12 23 35 70
95 53 9 62 45 86 62

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cEof; ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ / cGtdf tYofª\snfO{ d'Vo u/L tLg tl/sf -JolQmut tYofª\s,
vl08t >]0fL / juL{s[t >]0fL_ af6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] s'/f atfO lbg] . cfjZos k/]df tYofª\snfO{
juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
3. Pp6f vl08t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cª\s ul0ftLo dWos
lgsfNg] tl/sf / ;"q pbfx/0faf6 k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] .
4. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 156 sf] pbfx/0f 1 sf] juL{s[t >]0fLsf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos
lgsfNg] tl/sf cWoog ug{ nufpg] / Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ af]8{df ;f] lx;fa ug{ nufpg] . o; qmddf
juf{Gt/sf] dWodfg lgsfNg] tl/sf / juf{Gt/sf] dWodfgn] juf{Gt/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ tYo atfO lbg] .
;"qsf] ;DaGwdf vl08t >]0fLsf] dWos lgsfNg] ;"q h:t} ePsf] atfO lbg] .
5. Pp6f juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] cª\s ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg] nufpg] .
6. dWodfg 7"nf] / af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf 7"nf7"nf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] hf]8, u'0fg / efu ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf lx;fa ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg] tyf ulNt x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfO{
lbg] . To;sf/0f dflysf] ljlweGbf csf]{ ljlwaf6 klg juL{s[t >]0fLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\ssf] cª\s
ul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg ;lsg] s'/f atfO lbg] .
tnsf] tflnsf af]8{df agfpg] jf sf8af]8{df agfP/ b]vfpg] .
ul0ftdf 90 hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] kfPsf] cª\s tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df cª\s ul0ftLo
dWos lgsfNg'xf];\ .
k|fKtfª\s 0 - 10 10- 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70- 80 80-90 90-100
(X)
ljBfyL{ 4 4 7 16 21 15 9 7 4 3
;ª\Vof
,,
of] tYofª\ssf] dWossf] glhs kg{ ;Sg] cª\s cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] . cg'dfg ubf{ Tof] cª\s kg]{ >]0fL
kQf nufpg nufpg] . dflysf] tflnsfdf em08} aLrdf kg]{ / af/Daf/tf a9L ePsf] >]0fL 40 -50 xf] .
ctM o; >]0fLsf] dWodfg 45 cg'dfg ul/Psf] dWos xf] . o;/L dflgPsf] dWosnfO{ slNkt dWos
(Assumed Mean) elgG5 / o;nfO{ A n] hgfOG5 egL atfO lbg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tflnsf agfO{
dWodfg / af/Daf/tf eg{ nufpg] -tflnsfdf k|fKtfª\s, dWodfg / af/Daf/tf eg{ nufpg]_ .
k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) d=m-A fd

0 -10 5 4 -40 -160
10 - 20 15 4 -30 -120
20 - 30 25 7 -20 -140
30 -40 35 16 -10 -160
40 - 50 45 21 0 0
50 - 60 55 15 10 150
60 - 70 65 9 20 180
70 - 80 75 7 30 210
80 - 90 85 4 40 160
90 - 100 95 3 50 150
N = ∑f = 90 ∑fd = 270
tflnsfsf] rf}yf] column df dWodfgaf6 slNkt dWos 36fP/ n]Vg nufpg] . dWodfg / slNkt
dWossf] cGt/nfO{ ljrng (Deviation) elgG5 / o;nfO{ d n] hgfOG5 egL atfO{ lbg] . tflnsfsf]
kf“rf} column df af/Daf/tf / ljrngsf] u'0fgkmn n]Vg nufpg] . af/Daf/tf tyf af/Daf/tf /
ljrngsf] u'0fgkmnsf] of]u lgsfNg nufpg] .
;"q k|of]u u/L lx;fa ug{ nufpg] .
;"q,
dWos (X) = A + ∑ fd /N -;"qdf k|of]u ePsf kbx¿sf] af/]df k|i6fO lbg] _
= 45 + 270/90
= 45 + 3
= 48
o; ljlwnfO{ slNkt dWos ljlw (Assumed Mean method) cyjf ljrng ljlw (Deviation
Method) jf Shortcut method elgG5 egL atfOlbg] .
7. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 1 / 2 sf] k|Zg sIff sfo{sf] ?kdf xn ug{
nufpg] .
8. dfly lbOPsf] lx;fanfO{ csf]{ ;"q k|of]u u/]/ xn ug{ ;lsg] atfO{ lbg] .
;"q,

dflysf] lx;fanfO{ o; ;"q k|of]u u/L xn ug{ nufpg] . xn ug{sf] nflu tnsf] h:tf] tflnsf agfpg
nufpg] .
k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) d=m-A d' = d/i fd'
0 -10 5 4 -40 -4 -16
10 - 20 15 4 -30 -3 -12
20 - 30 25 7 -20 -2 -14
30 -40 35 16 -10 -1 -16
40 - 50 45 21 0 0 0
50 - 60 55 15 10 1 15
60 - 70 65 9 20 2 18
70 - 80 75 7 30 3 21
80 - 90 85 4 40 4 16
90 - 100 95 3 50 5 15
N = ∑f = 90 ∑fd’ = 27
;"q,
= 45 + 27/90 x 10
= 45 + 3
= 48
o; ljlwnfO{ Step deviation method elgG5 eGg] s'/f atfOlbg] .
9. b'O{ tl/sfdf s] km/s 5 / s'g ljlw ;lhnf] 5 5nkmn u/fpg] .

10. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 3 b]lv 7 ;Dd u[xsfo{ lbg] .
11. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 8 sIffdf ug{ nufpg] . klxn] dflysf] h:t}
tflnsf agfpg nufpg] . h:t} M

k|fKtfª\s (X) dWodfg (m) af/Daf/tf (f) fm
0 -10 5 5 25
10- 20 15 15 225
20 - 30 25 20 500
30 -40 35 x 35x
40 - 50 45 20 900
50 - 60 55 10 550
N=∑f = 70 + x ∑f m=2200 + 35x
dWos (X) = 34
;"q
X = ∑ fm /N
cyjf, 34 = (2200 + 35x)/(70 + x)
cyjf, 2380 + 34x = 2200 + 35x
cyjf, 2380 - 2200 = 35x - 34x
x = 180
12. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 159 sf] cEof; 16.1 sf] k|Zg g+= 9 b]lv 11 sf] k|Zg ;d"x agfO sIff sfo{sf]
?kdf xn ug{ nufpg] . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x?sf] sfo{ cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
13. lzIfsn] yk k|Zgx? agfO{ u[xsfo{ lbg] .
%= d"Nofª\sg

-v_ dlWosf (Median)
p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L
:s]n ;fOgk]g, /ª\uLg l;;fsnd, sf8{af]8{, rf6{ cflb .
1. Pp6f JolQmut tYofª\ssf] pbfx/0f lbP/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ dlWosf lgsfNg nufP/ cl3Nnf] sIffdf
cWoog u/]sf] cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg] ljlw k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] . cfjZos k/] !÷@
cf]6f cjuL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgsfNg] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
2. tnsf] k|Zg af]8{df n]Vg] .
55 hgf dhb'/x?sf] Hofnf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] dlWosf lgsfNg' xf];\ .
Hofnf
200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 600 600 - 700 700 - 800 800 - 900
-?= df_
dhb'/sf]
4 5 9 10 12 6 4
;+Vof
o; tYofª\snfO{ ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
Hofnf -?= df_ dhb'/sf] ;+Vof ;l~rt af/Daf/tf

200 – 300 4 4
300 – 400 5 9
400 – 500 9 18
500 – 600 10 28
600 – 700 12 40
700 – 800 6 46
800 - 900 4 50
o; tYofª\sdf N/2 cf}+ kb kg]{ >]0fL cGt/ kQfnufpg lbg'xf];\ .
oxf“, N/2 = 50/2 = 25 cf}+ kb .
;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsf x]/]/ 25 cf}+ kb s'g >]0fL cGt/df kb{5 kQfnufpg lbg'xf];\ .
25 cf}+ kb 500 – 600 >]0fL cGt/df kb{5 .
ca >]0fL cGt/ 500 – 600 df dlWosf kQf nufpg lgDg ;"q k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ atfO lbg'xf];\ .
N
− c. f
dlWosf = L + 2 ×i
f
;"qdf k|of]u ePsf ;+s]tsf] cy{ klg atfO lbg'xf];\ .
3. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 162 sf] pbfx/0f 1 tyf k]h g+= 162 sf]
pbfx/0f 2 cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
4. k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ !÷! cf]6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ / xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xdf lx;fa u/L;s]kl5 k|To]s
;d"xaf6 !÷! hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ af]8{df lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . c? ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ldn]gldn]sf] hf“Rg
nufpg'xf];\ .
ug{ nufpg] .
d"Nofª\sg

-u_ rt'yf{z+x? (Quartiles)
p2]Zo
o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
1. juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] klxnf] / t];|f] rt'yf+{z lgsfNg .

2. af/Daf/tf jqmsf] ;xfotfaf6 jlu{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf / rt'yf{+zx¿sf] cf+sng ug{ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L
1. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 164 sf] pbfx/0f 3 cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
2. lzIfsn] af]8{df tnsf] k|Zg n]Vg'xf];\ .
Pp6f sf/vfgfsf 55 hgf dhb'/x¿sf] ;fKtflxs Hofnf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . To;df
klxnf] (Q1) / t];|f] (Q3) rt'of{+zx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\M
Hofnf -?=_ dhb'/sf] ;ª\Vof -jf/+jf/tf_ ;l~rt jf/Djf/tf(c.ƒ)

100 – 200 1 1
200 – 300 4 5
300 – 400 12 17
400 – 500 6 23
500 – 600 8 31
600 – 700 13 44
700 – 800 7 51
800 – 900 2 53
900 - 1000 2 55
N = 55
klxnf] rt'yf{+z Q1 sf nflu,
N
4 cf}+“ dfg = 55/4cf}“ dfg = 13.75 cf}“ dfg .
dflysf] tflnsfaf6, 13.75 cf}“ dfg 300 – 400 >]0fLdf kb{5 .

ca Q1 sf] lglZrt dfgsf nflu, ;"q k|of]u ubf{,
N
4 – c.f.
Q1 = L + × i
f
= 300 + (13.75 – 5)/ 12× 100 [Q L = Q1 kg]{ >]0fLsf] tNnf] ;Ldf]
= 300 + 8.75/12× 100
= 300 + 72.92
∴ Q1 = 372.92 cyf{t\ Ps rf}yfO dhb'/x¿ b}lgs ¿= 372.92 eGbf sd Hofnfdf sfd ub{5g\ .
To:t}, t];|f] rt'yf{+z Q3 sf nflu,
3N
4 cf}“ dfg = 3x55/4 cf}“ dfg = 41.25 cf}“ dfg
;l~rt jf/+jf/tfsf] tflnsfaf6, 41.25 cf}“ dfg (600 – 700) sf] >]0fLdf kb{5 . cyf{t\
Q3 (600 – 700) sf] >]0fL (class interval) df kb{5 .
ca, ;"qcg';f/
3N
4 – c.f.
Q3 = L+ f xi
= 600 + ( 41.25 - 31) /13 x 100
= 600 + 0.7884 x 100
= 600 + 78.84
∴ Q3 = 678.84
cyf{t\, cf};t tLg rf}yfO dhb'/x¿n] b}lgs ¿ 678.84 eGbf sd Hofnfdf sfd ub{5g\ .
ug{ nufpg] .

4. kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= 166, 167 sf] af/Daf/tf jqmsf] ;xfotfaf6 jlu{s[t tYofª\ssf] dlWosf /
rt'yf{+zx¿sf] cf+sng ug]{ kf7 ;d"xdf cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ga'e]msf] s'/f ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
5. lzIfsn] dflysf] h:t} k|Zg agfpg] / sIffdf xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . g;s]df ;xof]u ul/lbg'xf];\ .
6. cEof; 16.2 sf] k|Zg g+= 10 / 11 u[xsfo{sf] ?kdf xn ug{ nufpg] .
d"Nofª\sg

17 ;DefJotf (Probability)
kf7 3G6L M 10
!= kl/ro
s'g} kl/If0fsf] 36gf 36\g] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 eGg] ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ cWofkg
tl/sfaf/] o; cWofodf 5nkmn ul/g]5 . o; cWofodf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿sf] hf]8 l;4fGt,
cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt, k/fl>t 36gf / ;DefJotf j[If lrq lgdf{0f ;DaGwL 5nkmn
ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
1. kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿sf] hf]8 l;4fGt, cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt, k/fl>t 36gf /
;DefJotf j[If lrq agfpg .
#= z}lIfs ;fdu|L
8fO;, 1 b]lv 20 ;Dd c+lst pq} ;fOhsf kQLx¿, Ps Kofs]6 tf; kQL, ljleGg /ªsf pq} ;fOhsf
anx¿ jf u'Rrfx¿, l;Ssf, sn/ ul/Psf] l:kg/ .
rf6{
kQL
8fO; HA H2 H3 H4 .... ... ...
1 (1,A)
2
3
4
5
6
1. s'g} k|of]usf] ;DefJotf lgsfNg]af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M Pp6f 8fO; u'8fp“bf g+= 3 klN6g] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf < Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ u'8fp“bf g+= 3
Pp6f dfq ePsf] / hDdf 6 j6f g+= x¿ ePsf]n],

P -g+ 3_ = x'G5 .
2. kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf (Mutually exclusive events)
1 b]lv 20 ;Dd c+lst kQLx¿sf] k|bz{g u/L 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ l6Kg nufpg] . To:t} 6 sf u'0ffª\s
klg l6Kg nufpg] . s] 5 / 6 sf ;femf u'0ffª\sx¿ 5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
kQLx¿ gx]/Lsg l6Kbf 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ 5, 10, 15, 20 / 6 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ 6, 12, 18 k5{g t/

;femf u'0ffª\s kb}{gg\ . oxf“ 5 sf u'0ffª\sn] 6 sf u'0ffª\snfO{ k/:k/ lgif]w ub{5 . t;y{ oL b'O{
36gfx¿ k/:k/ lgif]ws 36gfx¿ x'g\ .
5 10 6 12
15 20 18
5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿nfO{ ;d"x A / 6 sf u'0ffª\sx¿nfO{ ;d"x B n] hgfp“bf A / B b'O{ ;d"xx¿

cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿ x'g\ .
To;} u/L 3 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ / 5 sf u'0ffª\sx¿ dWo] klN6g] kQL g+= 15 b'j}sf] ;femf u'0ffª\s xf] .
To;}n] oL b'O{ 36gfx¿ kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿ xf]Ogg\ .
ctM 5 sf] u'0ffª\s kg]{ ;DefJotf P(5) x'G5 .
6 sf] u'0ffª\s kg]{ ;DefJotf P(6) x'G5 .
P(5 jf 6) = x'G5 .
To:t} P(5 jf 6 jf 7) = x'G5 .
cyf{t, A, B / C kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gfx¿ x'g\ eg],
P(A jf B jf C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) x'G5 .

;DefJotfsf] o; lgodnfO{ ;DefJotfsf] hf]8 l;4fGt elgG5 .
3. lgDg k|Zgaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6f emf]nfdf 5 cf]6f ;]tf, 6 cf]6f gLnf / 4 cf]6f kx]“nf pq} anx¿ 5g\ . gx]/Lsg Pp6f an
lgsfNbf ;]tf afx]s csf]{ /ª\sf] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
hDdf ansf] ;ª\Vof = 5 + 6 + 4 =15
;]tf] /ª\sf] ansf] ;ª\Vof = 5
;]tf] afx]s csf]{ /ª\sf] ;ª\Vof = 15 – 5 =10
∴ P -;]tf] /ªsf] afx]s csf]{ /ªsf]_ = x'G5 .
-gf]6M o:t} pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ ._
4. cgfl>t 36gfx¿sf] u'0fg l;4fGt (Multiplication law of Independent Events)
b'O{ ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] cu| efudf /fVg'xf];\ . PshgfnfO{ 8fO; / csf]{nfO{ 1 Kofs]6 kQL -52
kQL tf;_ lbg'xf];\ . 8fO; u'8fpg nufpg'xf];\ . 52 kQL af6 s'g} Pp6f kQL kN6fpg nufpg'xf];\
8fO;sf] kl/0ffdn] kQLsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ c;/ kf¥of] jf kf/]g 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
8fO;sf] g+=1 b]lv g+= 6 dWo] s'g} Ps klN6G5 eg] tf;sf] s'g} 1 kQL dfgf}“ O{“6sf] 10 klN6of] eg] b'a}
k/LIf0fsf] glthfn] Ps csf{nfO{ c;/ kfb}{g . To;}n] o:tf k|of]usf] 36gfnfO{ cgfl>t 36gfx¿
(Independent events) elgG5 .
8fO; u'8fp“bf g++ 5 / kQLx¿af6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf O{“6sf] 10 cfpg] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
of] k|ZgnfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . of] ;d:ofsf] -gd"gf If]q_ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\
.
z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf lbPem}“ rf6{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{sf] ;xfotfn] k"/f sf]7fx¿ eg'{xf];\ .
sltj6f 36gfx¿ xf]nfg\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t}M 8fO;sf] g+= 1 / kQLdf kfgsf] 9 cfpg] Pp6f dfq 36gf x'G5 .
8fO;sf] 6 cf]6f / kQLsf] 52 cf]6f u/L 6 × 52 = 312 cf]6f 36gfx¿ x'G5g\ .
To;}n], P(1, kfgsf] 9) = x'G5 .

o;sf] cy{ P(1) = x'G5 . / P(kfgsf] 10) = ePsf]n],
P(1 / kfgsf] 9) = = P(1) × P(kfgsf] 9) x'G5 .
To;}n] olb A / B cgfl>t 36gfx¿ x'g\ eg],
P(A / B) = P(A) × P(B) x'G5 .
To;}u/L tLgcf]6f cgfl>t 36gfx¿ 5g\ eg],
P(A, B / C) = P(A) × P(B) × P(C) x'G5 .
lgDg k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
sfnf], lgnf] / ;]tf] /+luPsf] :kLg/ (spinner) 3'dfp“bf lgnf] / 8fO; u'8fp“bf g+= 6 kg]{ ;DefJotf
lgsfNg'xf];\ . o;sf] gd"gf If]q klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
oL 36gfx¿ cgfl>t x'g\ .
To;}n], P( lgnf] / g+= 6) = P(lgnf]) × P(g+= 6)
= x'G5 .
8fO;
:kLg/ 1 2 3 4 5 6
sfnf][
lgnf] (lgnf], 6)
;]tf]
gf]6M o:t} pbfx/0fx¿ agfpg nufO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
5. k/fl>t 36gf (Dependent Events) / ;DefJotf j[If lrq (Probability Tree Diagram)
Ps Kofs]6 kQLaf6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 < g+= 4 kg]{ ;DefJotf slt
x'G5 < ;"/tsf] PSsf kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 < cflb 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

oxf“ /ftf] kQLx¿ 26 cf]6f 5g\ . To;}n] /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 . t/ ljBfyL{x¿df of] e|d kg{
;S5 ls 52 kQL Kofs]6af6 Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] gk/]df s] x'G5 jf /ftf] /ªsf] k/]df klg Pp6f
dfq /ftf] k/]sf]n] ;DefJotf x'g'k5{ . o:tf unt wf/0ffnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ljBfyL{NffO{ kQLx¿ y'Tg
nufpg'k5{ . kQL y't]sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/ glnO{ /ftf] km/s /ªsf] k/]sf] dfq cª\s l6Kg nufpg] .
To;dWo] klg pxL g+= bf]xf]l/Pdf Psk6s dfq u0fgf ug]{ . o;f] ubf{ cGttf]uTjf /ftf] 26 cf]6f g}
kg]{ eof] .
oxf“ Pp6f kQL y'Tbf y't]sf] kQL h] /ªsf] ePtfklg k'gM gkmsf{pg] xf] eg] hDdf kQL ;ª\Vof 51
x'G5 . To;}n] olb ;f] kQL /ftf] ePdf ;DefJotf bf];|f] k6s s]xL Pp6f kQL y'Tbf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf
x'G5 eg] sfnf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 .
olb klxn] y't]sf kQL sfnf] ePdf / bf];|f] k6sdf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf x'G5 / sfnf] kg]{
;DefJotf x'G5 .
o; k|sf/ klxnf] k6ssf] 36gfdf bf];|f] k6ssf] 36gfsf] k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf]n] of] 36gfnfO{ k/fl>t
36gf elgG5 .
o; k|of]unfO{ j[If lrqdf b]vfp“bf
-klxnf] k6sdf Pp6f dfq kQL y'Tbf sfnf] k/]df jf /ftf] k/]df ;DefJotf g} x'G5 ._
bf];|f] r/0fsf] j[If lrq agfp“bf,
klxnf] k6s /ftf] /ªsf] kQL k/]kl5 bf];|f] k6s /ftf] jf

sfnf] s'g} /ªsf] kg{ ;S5 .
6. j[Iflrqåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sf
j[Iflrqåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lbOPsf] k|Zgsf] If]q ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M
(i) b'a}k6s /ftf] /ªsf] kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf] / /ftf]) = P1(/ftf]) × P2(/ftf]) = x'G5 .
(ii) b'a}k6s pxL /ªsf] kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf]÷/ftf]) jf P(sfnf]÷sfnf])= x'G5 .
(iii) km/s /ªsf kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf,
P(/ftf]÷sfnf]) jf P(sfnf]÷/ftf])= x'G5 .
-km/s /ª eGgfn] klxnf] /ftf / kl5 sfnf] jf klxn] sfnf] / kl5 /ftf] /ªsf] eGg] a'‰g'k5{_
%= d"Nofª\sg
1. 2 b]lv 33 ;Dd n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof kQLx¿af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf ju{ ;ª\Vof jf 3g ;ª\Vof
kg]{ ;DefJotf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
2. Pp6f 8fO; / Pp6f l;Ssf Ps} rf]6L pkmfbf{ 8fO;df 3 / l;Ssfdf H kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <

3. Pp6f 6f]s/Ldf 8 cf]6f /ftf] / 6 cf]6f xl/of pq} / p:t} anx¿ 5g\ . gx]/Lsg kfn}kfnf] b'O{cf]6f
anx¿ lgsfNbf -k'gM g/fvL_ aGg] ;DefJotfnfO{ j[If lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . Pp6f /ftf] / Pp6f
xl/of] /ªsf anx¿ kg]{ ;DefJotf klg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
^= yk ;'emfj
1. ;DefJotfsf] lzIf0f ug{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljBfyL{ :jod\nfO{ k|of]u u/fp“bf wf/0ff :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t}M uf]6L u'8fp“bf g+= 3 kg]{ ;DefJotf lsg eof] < u'8fp“bf g+= 3 gkg{ klg ;S5 . lsg g}
;DefJotf x'G5 < cflb .

2. dfly pNn]lvt lqmofsnfksf] aLr aLrdf kf7;“u ;DalGwt kf7\ok':tssf ;d:ofx¿ klg 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .\

Teachers Guide 10

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Teachers Guide 10

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ul0ft

(i) cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿

1 ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf

oxf“, n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 4 + 3 = 7 x'G5 .

(ii) k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{cf]6f cnUuLPsf ;d"xx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;d"xx¿åf/f

(iii) vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿

h:t} M A = {a, e, i, o, u} / B = {a, b, c, d, e, f} eP,

A∪B = {a, e, i, o, u}∪{a, b, c, d, e, f}

t/ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 5 + 6 = 11 x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ A∩B = {a, e} ePsf]n]

∴ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) x'G5 .

1= olb ∪ 0 5 eg] n(U) = n(A∪B) x'G5 / ∪ ≠ 0 ePdf

oxf“ n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) = 180 +170 = 350 x'G5 .

s_ km'6an dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof

v_ elnan dfq v]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof

u_ hDdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof

v_ To:t} n(U) = n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)

= 300 +250 -110 = 440 x'G5 .

u_ oxf“, n(U) = n0(A∪B) = n0(A) + n(A∩B) + n0(B)

s_ bz}“ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <

v_ ltxf/ rf8 dgk/fpg] slt k|ltzt xf]nfg\ <

u_ dflysf tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

/ ∪ = 5% x'G5 . t/ oxf“ n(U) = 100% dfGg}k5{ .

= n(D) + n(T) – n(D∩T) + ∪

∴ n(D∩T) = n(D) + n(T) - n(U) + ∪

= 85% + 60% - 100% + 5% = 50% x'G5 .

∴n0(D) = n(D) – n(D∩T) = 85% - 50% = 35%

/ n0(T) = n(T) - n(D∩T) = 60% - 50% = 10% x'G5 .

3. tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;lDdlnt ePsf zflAbs ;d:ofx¿sf] xn

b'O{cf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf,

= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) + ∪

tLgcf]6f ;d"xx¿ ePdf

5 ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf

ctM lbOPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ubf{,

100 = 65 +50 +35 -25 -20 -15 +5 + ∪ ∪

s_ tLgcf]6} ljifo dgk/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <

v_ ul0ft dfq dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <

u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] slt hgf xf]nfg\ <

3_ tL tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

n(U) = 60, n(M) =32 cflb .

s_ oxf“ tLgcf]6f vlK6Psf ;d"xx¿ ePsf]n],

n(U) = n(M) + n(S) + n(E) – n(M∩S) - n(S∩E) – n(M∩E) +

60 = 32 +24 +23 - 8 - 9 – 12 + n(M∩S∩E) + 7

ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf 6

ctM ;a} ljifo dg k/fpg] 3 hgf /x]5 .

v_ ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] kQf nufpg

n(M) af6 n(M∩S) / n(M∩E) 36fO{ n(M∩S∩E) hf]8\g'k5{ .

n0(M) = n(M) - n(M∩S) - n(M∩E) + n(M∩S∩E)

ctM ul0ft ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] 15 hgf /x]5 .

u_ Pp6f dfq ljifo eGgfn] s] a'‰g'k5{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

n0(M) + n0(S) + n0(E) = 15 +10 + 5 = 30

ctM Pp6f dfq ljifo dg k/fpg] 30 hgf /x]5 .

3_ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ubf{

s_ pQm hfgsf/LnfO{ e]glrqdf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

v_ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg'xf];\ .

klxnf e]glrq k|:t't ug{ nufO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{

7 ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf

v_ x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

u_ lxGbL efiff dfq af]Ng ;Sg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

s_ b'a} ljifodf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP

v_ ul0ftdf slt k|ltzt pQL0f{ eP

u_ k|fKt gtLhfnfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

3. olb n(A) = 15, n(C) = 9, n(A∩B) = 5, n(B∩C) = 4, n(A∩C) = 3, n(A∪B∪C) = 20,

ul0ft— !), lzIfs lgb{]lzsf 8