SINGLE PHASE GRID-CONNECTED PV

SYSTEM
A
Project Report
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of

Diploma in Engineering
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
1. Ani Jamatia (2063030043)
2. Banasree Debnath (2063030046)
3. Souramita Saha (2063030051)
4. Apurba Rudra Paul (2063030053)
5. Sandip Deb (2063030064)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOMATI DISTRICT POLYTECHNIC
FULKUMARI, UDAIPUR, GOMATI TRIPURA – 799013, INDIA
June, 2023

Department of Electrical Engineering

Gomati District polytechnic
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura
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 Declaration

We, hereby declare that the project titled “Single phase Grid connected PV
system”, is an original work carried out by us in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic, Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura, under
the exceptional guidance of our supervisor, Sri Ramananda Paul, Lecturer,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic, Fulkumari,
Udaipur, Gomati Tripura. To the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor material which
has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
University or other Institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text. The data and the findings discussed in
the project report are the outcome of our project work. This report is being submitted
to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic,
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura for the award of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering. In case this declaration is found incorrect, we accept that our
diploma may be unconditionally withdrawn.

 Member name Ani Jamatia

(Roll no) 2063030043
 Member name Banasree Debnath
(Roll no) 2063030046
 Member name Souramita Saha
(Roll no) 2063030051
 Member name Apurba Rudra Paul
(Roll no) 2063030053
 Member name Sandip Deb
(Roll no) 2063030064

Department of Computer Science & Technology

Gomati District polytechnic
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura
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 Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the project titled “ (Single phase Grid connected PV system)”,
submitted by (Ani Jamatia, Banasree Debnath, Souramita Saha, Apurba Rudra Paul, Sandip
Deb) to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic, Fulkumari,
Udaipur, Gomati Tripura, towards partial full fillment of the requirements for the award of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering is a bonafide project work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance. This work has not been submitted previously for any other degree
or diploma of this or any other University. It is further certified that the candidates has
complied with all the formalities as per requirements of Tripura University. The project
report may be recommended to be placed before the examiners for consideration of the award
of Diploma in Electrical Engineering

(Sri Ramananda Paul)

Lecturer (Sr. Scale)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Gomati District polytechnic
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura

Certified that the work contained in the project titled “(Single phase Grid connected PV
system)”, by (Ani Jamatia, Banasree Debnath, Souramita Saha, Apurba Rudra Paul, Sandip
Deb) is in compliance with the formalities as per requirements of Tripura University for the
award of Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Head Principal
Department of Electrical Engineering Gomati District polytechnic
Gomati District polytechnic Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura

Department of Electrical Engineering

Gomati District polytechnic
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura

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 Acknowledgement

A project is always the result of team work. In course of making the project a reality. we have
accepted suggestion and help from various people without whose help this project would not
have been successful.

We have great pleasure to express our deepest feelings of gratitude to( Sri Ramananda
Paul), Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic,
Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura, who, as our supervisor has extensively helped in
completion of this work with valuable suggestions, guidance, cooperation, patience and
motivation. His advice, encouragement and critics were always the source of inspiration. We
do consider ourselves very lucky for having carried out our project work under his
supervision.

We would like to express our gratitude to Sri Ramananda Paul Head, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Gomati District polytechnic, Fulkumari, Udaipur, Gomati Tripura, for
providing us with requisite facilities and also motivating and inspiring us to excel in life.

We would also like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our respected
Principal sir Sri Suraj Debbarma for instilling in us the aspirations of achieving success in
life through his motivational talks and lectures.

We would like to thank all the faculties, teaching and non-teaching staff members of this
Institute and also all colleagues of Electrical Engineering Department, who have helped us
directly or indirectly for the completion of our work.

Last but not the least, most importantly, we are thankful to our family members for providing
us with their unfailing support, understanding and love.

Members name (Roll no)

Ani Jamatia (2063030043)
Banasree Debnath (2063030046)
Souramita Saha (2063030051)
Apurba Rudra Paul (2063030053)
Sandip Deb (2063030064)

DEDICATED TO

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 Dedicated to

Our loving parents

for their unconditional support and continuous blessings

Abstract

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 This paper presents a single phase single stage grid-tied PV system.
Grid angle detection is introduced to allow operation at any arbitrary
power factor but unity power factor is chosen to utilize the full
inverter capacity. The system ensures MPPT using the incremental
conductance method and it can track the changes in insolation level
without oscillations. A PI voltage controller and a dead-beat current
controller are used to ensure high quality injected current to the grid.
The paper investigates the system structure and performance through
numerical simulation using Matlab/Simulink. An experimental setup
controlled by the Microlab Box DSP prototyping platform is utilized
to realize the system and study its performance. The precautions for
smooth and safe system operation including the start up sequence are
fully considered in the implementation.

Contents Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

6
DEDICATED TO 5
ABSTRACT 6

1. Introduction 9
2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Solar 10
Photovoltaic System
2.1 PV System Model 11
2.2 System description 12-13
2.3 Solar Plant Subsystem 13
2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 14
2.5 Open Loop Bode Plot 14
3 Control algorithms 14
3.1 Incremental conductance MPPT 14
3.2 DC-link voltage control 15
3.3 Grid angle detection 15
3.4 Predictive current control 15-16
4 Simulation, results and experimental 17
verification

4.1 Grid angle detection 17

4.2 Current control loop 17
4.3 Voltage control loop 17
4.4 Maximum power point tracking 18
5. Conclusion 19

List of figures Page No.

1. PV system Model 11

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 2. Wave form 11
3. Solar Plant Subsystem 13
4. Resultant Wave form 18

Chapter 1
Introduction

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The usage of electrical energy generation with alternative sources is
increasing significantly, due to the general concern about the
environment and generation with non renewable sources. This fact
encourages the development of technologies and new researches, to
come up with solutions to allow the connection of the new systems to
the grid in a safe and reliable way. Single phase-PV grid connected
systems present suitable solution for small PV system installations.
Many publications discussed this topic from different points of view.
A prototype of a PV-grid connected single phase converter was
introduced in Reis et al. (2015). To synchronize the photovoltaic
system output and the AC grid a PLL (phase-locked loop) was
implemented, carrying out the angle detection in the grid. A single
stage, single phase transformer-less inverter with zero leakage current
was proposed for PV interfacing to the grid.

Chapter 2
2.0 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System:-
This example shows how to model a rooftop single-phase grid-connected solar
photovoltaic (PV) system. This example supports design decisions about the
number of panels and the connection topology required to deliver the target

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power. The model represents a grid connected rooftop solar PV that is
implemented without an intermediate DC-DC converter. To parameterize the
model, the example uses information from a solar panel manufacturer datasheet.
Solar power is injected into the grid with unity power factor (UPF).

To track the maximum power point (MPP), the example uses these
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques:
 Incremental conductance
 Perturbation and observation

Three inverter options are available:

 Average
 Continuous
 Discrete
This example linearizes the system to generate an open-loop Bode plot from
which phase and gain margin can be determined.
2.1 PV System Model

Fig:-1

Wave form:-

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 Fig:-2
2.2 System description
This paper addresses single phase single stage grid connected PV system. The
system is composed of a PV array of a double parallel strings each comprising
12 modules in series, the module characteristics are given in Appendix 1. The
idea behind this configuration is to allow a PV voltage that is suitable for single
stage configuration and to simulate the change of insolation level by switching
between one or two parallel strings. The dc terminals of the array are connected
to the single phase IGBT inverter across a dc capacitor of 3300 F through the
contactor a photograph of the actual setup used for this study.
The controller closes the contactor SW1 thus connects the PV array to the dc
link of the inverter and starts charging the capacitor. The controller delays the
connection of the grid to the inverter intentionally for a predefined period for
two reasons. The first is to prevent charging the capacitor from the grid (thus
avoids AC inrush charging current from the grid). The second is to ensure full
convergence of the grid angle estimation with the real grid angle. The capacitor
is pre-charged from the PV array through a pre-charging resistance to limit the
inrush charging dc current to an acceptable limit. After the capacitor reaches a
pre-defined voltage level which is monitored by the controller, the controller
shorts the pre-charging resistor by closing the contactor C1.

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 For unity power factor operation, the grid angle is to be accurately detected. A
dedicated algorithm based on grid voltage measurement is used by the
controller to monitor the grid angle continually. As soon as grid angle detection
stabilized and C1 is closed, the inverter is connected to the grid through the
smoothing reactor (5 mH) by closing the

contactor C2 when the grid angle is about /2. The choice of /2 to start grid
connection is to limit the starting current injected into the grid as the grid’s
voltage is then at its peak value.
To facilitate the operation of the contactors (SW1, C1 and C2), a block of relays
is used to interface the DSP digital control outputs.
A dedicated DSP controller (dSPACE MicrolabBox) is used to perform the
control algorithms of the PV system.
To perform these control tasks, some measurements are needed. The PV
terminal voltage is needed for the dc link voltage control loop. The PV terminal
voltage and current are needed for implementing MPPT. The grid voltage is
needed for grid angle detection. It is also need along with the grid current for the
control of the grid current.
The single phase inverter is a full bridge configuration composed of four IGBT
switches as shown in with 800 V and 100 A ratings. The inverter is connected to
the isolation transformer (1:1 ratio) through a smoothing reactor (5 mH) via
contactor C2.

2.3 Solar Plant Subsystem

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 Fig.3.

The solar plant subsystem models a solar plant that contains parallel-connected
strings of solar panels. The solar panel is modeled using the Solar Cell block
from the Simscape™ Electrical™ library. The number of series-connected solar
panels in a string is estimated based on supply voltage, voltage drop across the
line inductor, supply voltage uctuation, open circuit voltage dependence on
temperature and irradiance. The number of solar panel strings connected in
parallel is estimated based on the plant power rating. Connecting multiple
panels can slow the simulation because it increases the number of elements in a
model. By assuming uniform irradiance and temperature across all the solar
panels, the number of solar elements can be reduced by using the controlled
current and voltage sources as shown in the solar panel subsystem.

2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

Two MPPT techniques are implemented. By using the variant variable 'MPPT',
you can choose incremental conductance MPPT or perturbation and observation
MPPT. For perturbation and observation, set the variable MPPT to zero and
MPPT to one for incremental conductance. The maximum power point tracking
block in uences the current that is supplied to the grid. To increase the voltage
across the PV panel string, current supplied to the grid is reduced to inject more
current into the DC bus capacitor.

2.5 Open Loop Bode Plot

Before linearizing the system, to disconnect the MPPT outer loop and break the
current inner current loop, set the workspace variable 'close Loop' to zero and
use the average inverter model. To use an average mode inverter, set the variant
workspace variable 'Power Circuit' to zero.

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3. Control algorithms
The control algorithms include enforcing the proper sequence of contactors
switching, grid angle detection algorithm, the MPPT algorithm, the dc link
voltage control and the grid current control algorithm.
3.1. Incremental conductance MPPT
Incremental conductance is based on a simple logic as follows:
Ppv = Vpv × Ipv (1)
where Ppv is the power extracted from the PV array, Vpv is the terminal voltage of
the array and Ipv is the current drawn from the array. Maximum power flows
from the PV array when

(2)
Applying the above differentiation on (1) yields:

(3)
When Eq. (3) is not satisfied, the error signal resulting from the inequality is
integrated to generate the reference value of the capacitor voltage (i.e. PV string
voltage) that minimizes the error signal and ensures the flow of maximum
power from the PV array.

3.2. DC-link voltage control

A PI controller receives the capacitor reference voltage and the actual capacitor
voltage (filtered through a low pass filter) to generate the magnitude (peak
value) of the current reference that should be injected into the grid to maintain
the capacitor voltage tracking the reference value generated by the MPPT block.
The instantaneous value of the grid current reference is obtained simply by
multiplying the reference current magnitude by the sine function of the grid
angle.

3.3. Grid angle detection

The grid angle detection block plays a critical role in ensuring unity power
factor operation and in shaping the reference grid current. The grid angle
detection used in this application is based on phase locked loop technique.

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3.4. Predictive current control
The single-phase H-bridge voltage source inverter can be controlled using two
PWM switching strategies, namely bi-level and tri-level (Salem and Atia, 2015).
In the bi-level switching strategy, the inverter output voltage is switching
between the positive and negative inverter input dc source, while in the tri-level
switching strategy, the inverter output voltage is switching between the positive
(or negative) inverter input dc source and zero voltage.
The proposed current controller in this paper is used to calculate the inverter
output voltage required to force the actual inverter current (i) to follow the
reference current (iref). The difference between iref and i is the current error
(ierr).
In tri-level operation, the following equations are valid (Salem and Atia,
2015):
(4)
(5)
where di1/dt and di2/dt are the rate of change of the inverter current (i) during Ton
and Toff time periods of the inverter switches respectively, vg is the grid voltage,
and vdc is the dc-link voltage. To compensate the current error during a switching
time period T, the following equation can be used:

(6)
For a constant switching frequency the switching time period T is:
T = Ton + Toff (7)
From Eqs. (4)–(7) Ton can be calculated as follows:

(8)
Then the required modulating signal can be obtained as:

(9)
The obtained modulating signal is used to generate the PWM signals required to
control the inverter switches and to determine the inverter output voltage which
is represented by the following equation:

(10)

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Based on Eq. (10), the dc-link voltage has no effect on the inverter output where
the modulating signal dPWM canceled out the effect of dc-link voltage.
Consequently, the dc-link voltage has no effect on the THD of the output
current. The THD of the output current depends on the current reference signal
only and this is a contribution of the proposed inverter current controller toward
mitigation of the effects of the dc-link double grid frequency voltage ripple.

Chapter: 3
4. Simulation results and experimental verification

4.1. Grid angle detection

To illustrate the dynamic performance of the grid angle detection function, a
switch is used to enable the grid input for four consecutive cycles and disable it
for one cycle as illustrated in the simulation result and the experimental
observation respectively. It can be noticed that a one cycle time is needed for
the algorithm to converge to the real grid angle. Accordingly a similar delay
should be allowed on system startup before connecting the inverter to the grid.
The grid angle detection also enables reactive power supply by the inverter to
the grid in case this feature is desired.

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4.2. Current control loop
As illustrated in, a block receiving grid voltage, capacitor filtered voltage,
reference grid current and measured grid current is charged with the task of
determining the switching duty cycle of the single phase inverter that ensures
proper tracking of the reference current.

To test the quality of current tracking, outer voltage loop which sets the
reference current is temporarily broken and a 2 Hz square shaped reference
current stepping between 4.56 A and 9.12 A is enforced as a grid reference
current. Illustrates the simulation and experimental results of this test scenario
respectively. The good quality of current tracking and the compliance of the
simulation and experimental results is evident.

4.3. Voltage control loop

As explained in, voltage control loop is the outer loop responsible for issuing
the peak value of the grid current reference that can maintain the capacitor
voltage at the desired value from the MPPT module. A PI controller is used
regulate the dc link voltage. In this test case whose purpose is to tune the PI
controller parameters, the MPPT block feed is temporarily broken. A stepping
reference is used to drive the voltage control loop which alternates between 360
V and 440 V. Illustrates the simulation and experimental results where both
results show good tracking and general compliance with each other. Illustrates
the grid current tracking upon the step change.

4.4. Maximum power point tracking

The available power from a PV installation is dependent on insolation level
mainly among other factors like ambient temperature. At 25◦C and 1000W/m2
insolation level, the full array output power should be 2×12×295=7.080kW.

To facilitate fast testing of the MPPT performance of the system, one of the two
parallel strings composing the PV array is connected and disconnected for
approximate equal intervals several times to enforce a sudden change (50%) in
available power from the array (can have the same effect of sudden change in
insolation which is more difficult to be realized). The MPPT responds to these
sudden changes properly to obtain the maximum available power in each case
as illustrated. The insolation level is set to 600W/m2 for simulation.

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4.5. Resultant wave form:-
Fig:-4
5. Conclusion
The paper presents, a single phase single stage grid-tied PV system. Although
the system was designed to operate smoothly at unity power factor to enable
economical utilization of the full inverter capacity, it can also operate at any
desired power factor. The system ensures MPPT using the incremental
conductance method and it can smoothly track the changes in insolation without
oscillations. The simulation and the test results showed very good matching.
The investigation covered MPPT technique, voltage control and current control
of the system.

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