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Comp Arch Chapter 1
Comp Arch Chapter 1
Comp Arch Chapter 1
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Introduction 2
Digital Computer:
It is a digital system that performs various computational tasks
Digital computers use the binary number system, which has two
digits: 0 and 1.
Information is represented in digital computers in groups of
bits.
By using various coding techniques, group of bits can be made to
represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete
symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet
By judicious use of binary arrangements and by using various
coding techniques, the groups of bits are used to develop
complete sets of instructions for performing various types of
computations.
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Contd… 3
Computer Architecture:
Computer architecture refers to
Attributes of a system visible to programmers
Attributes that have direct impact on the
execution of programs
Attributes
Instruction set
Number of bits used for data representation
I/O mechanisms
Addressing techniques
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Definition 5
Computer Organization:
- Is how operational attributes/units are liked
together & contribute to realize the architectural
specifications
- Computer Organization
- HOW the ISA is implemented (physical view)
Attributes: hardware details transparent to
programmers such as
Control signals
Interface b/n computer & peripherals
Memory technology used
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Architecture and Organization 6
Family Concept
- All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
- The IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture
- This gives code compatibility (at least
backwards)
Organization differs between different
versions
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Computer Structure and Function 8
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Function 9
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Data Processing 10
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Data Storage 11
Long term
- Logging
- Data records
Short term
- temp variables – e.g., buffer containing the last key
pressed
- program control data – e.g., loop variables
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Data Movement 12
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Data movement to a peripheral 13
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Data movement to a remote 14
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Control 15
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Functional View 16
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17
Operations (1) Data Movement
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(2) Storage
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(3) Processing From/To Storage
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(4) Processing From Storage to I/O 20
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Structure 21
The computer
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Contd… 22
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Structure – Top Level 23
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Structure – The CPU 24
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Structure – The Control Unit 25
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Summary: Operation of a Computer System
Computer accepts information in the form of
programs & data through an input unit and stores it in
the memory.
Information stored in the memory is fetched under the
program control into the ALU, where it is processed.
Processed information leaves the computer through an
output unit.
All activities inside the machine are directed by CPU.
To perform a given task, an appropriate program
(consisting of a list of instructions) is stored in the
memory.
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Summary: Operation of a Computer System
Individual instructions are brought from the memory
into the processor which executes the specified
operation.
Data transfers between memory & processor are
started by sending the address of the memory location
to be accessed to the memory and issuing the
appropriate control signals.
Data then transferred to or from the memory.
In addition to ALU & CU circuitry, the CPU contains a
number of registers used for several different purposes.
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28
Summary: Operation of a Computer System
Instruction Pointer (IP) – holds the instruction that
is currently being executed.
Program Counter (PC) – specialized register which
contains the memory address of the next
instruction to be fetched and executed.
MAR (Memory Address Register) – holds the
address of the location to be accessed.
MDR (Memory Data Register) – contains data to
be written into or read out of the addressed
location.
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Introduction
Evolution of computers has been
characterized by:
increasing speed,
decreasing component size,
increasing memory size, and
increasing I/O capacity and speed.
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31
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator &
Computer)
first general purpose electronic digital computer
designed to calculate trajectory tables for weapons
decimal (not binary)
Its memory consisted of 20 “accumulators”, each
capable of holding a 10-digit decimal number
140kw power consumption
5,000 additions per second
18,000 vacuum tubes
70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches
Drawback – programmed manually
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Second Generation: Transisitor 32
IC technology improved
Improved IC technology helped in designing low
cost, high speed processor and memory modules
Multiprogramming, pipelining concepts were
incorporated
DOS allowed efficient and coordinate operation of
computer system with multiple users
Cache & virtual memory concepts were developed
More than one circuit on a single silicon chip
became available
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Fourth Generation: VLIC 34
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Contd… 37
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Stored Program Concept 40
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IAS – Details 43
Memory of IAS
consists 1000 storage locations – words, of 40
binary digits (bits) each
both data & instructions are stored there
each number represented by sign bit & 39-bit value
Word – may contain two 20-bit instructions, with
each instruction consisting of
- 8-bit operation code (opcode) – specifying the
operation to be performed and
- 12-bit address designing one of the words in
memory (0 - 999)
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IAS Memory Formats 44
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Contd… 45
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Structure of IAS – detail 48
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Summary of Generations 49
1985
Time Frame 1942-1955 1955-1964 1964-1975 1975 - 1985
onwards
Integrated
LSI (Large VLSI (very
Circuit Vacuum Circuit
Transistor scale Large scale
Component Tube (Silicon
Integration ) Integration)
Chip)
Magnetic
Internal drum, Tape Magnetic Magnetic Integrated Integrated
Storage & Punched Cores Disks Circuits Circuits
cards
Memory
Capacity 4,000 32,000 128,000 100 million >100 million
(Characters)
IBM 360,
Popular IBM 650, IBM-1401, IBM 303X,
Honeywell ?
computers Univac – I CDC 36000 Univac 6000
200
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Summary of Generations 50
Text:
Chapter 2, section 2-2. Performance
Note: there will be assignment from this section!
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THANK YOU!!!!
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