1. Which following meta-analysis has the strongest of evidence?

A. Case Control
B. Cohort
C. Cross-sectional
D. Experimental

2. Which criterion best reflects the effects of cigarette cessation on lung cancer death?
A. biologic plausibility
B. (statistical) coherence
C. Dose response relations hip
D. Temporality

3. Which level of strength of association will be considered for a Relative Risk of 1.2?
A. Weak
B. Moderate
C. Strong
D. Very strong

For number 4, refer to the graph below:

18
16
Mortality Ratio

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 Plus Non-Smoker

Number of Years Stopped Smoking

4. Which criterion best reflects the effects of cigarette cessation on lung cancer death?
A. Biologic plausibility
B. (statistical) coherence
C. Dose response relationship
5. Which criterion demonstrates that under controlled conditions. modifying the exposure causes
a change in the outcome?
A. biologic plausibility
B. coherence
C. experiment
D. temporality

For numbers 6 and 7, choose the appropriate criterion that applies to the following table/graph from
the options below:
A. Biological plausibility
B. Dose response
C. Specificity
D. Temporality

6. Table 3. Mortality Ratios of Current Cigarette-Only Smokers, by Cause of Death in Eight Cohort
Studies.

Cause of Death British Males in 25 US Japanes Canadia Swedish California

Occupation
Doctors States e Study n s
Veteran
s
45-64 65-79 Male Female

All Cancers (140-205)

2.14 1.76 1.62
Cancer of Lung and
Bronchus (162-163)
14.0 7.84 11.59 3.64 14.2 7.0 4.5 15.9
Cancer of Larynx (161)
6.09 8.99 14.59
Cancer of Buccal Cavity
(140-141)
13.0 7.04 3.9
Cancer of Pharynx (145-
149) 9.90 2.93 2.81 1.0
Cancer of Esophagus
(150) 4.7 4.17 1.74 2.57 3.3
Cancer of Bladder and
Other (181)
2.1 2.20 2.96 0.98 1.3 1.8 1.6 0.7
Cancer of Pancreas (157)
1.6 2.69 2.17 1.83 2.1 3.1 2.5 6.0
Cancer of Kidney (180)
1.42 1.57 1.11 1.4
Cancer of Stomach (151)
1.42 1.26 1.51 1.9 0.9 2.3
Cancer of Intestines (152-
153)
1.27 1.4 0.8
Cancer of Rectum (154)
2.7 1.01 1.17 0.91 0.6 0.9
7. Figure 4. Lung Cancer Mortality Ratios for Males, Age Began Smoking.

20
18
Mortality Ratio

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Non-Smoker 25 Plus 20 to 24 16 to 19 Under 16

Age Began Smoking

8. In subdivided population, there is similarity in the distributions of the exposure and the outcome.
Therefore, those groups with a high rate of exposure have a high rate of outcome as well. Which
criteria DOES NOT apply?
A. consistency association
B. dose-response relationships
C. strength of association
D. temporality

9. Which of the following statements about Bradford Hill's criteria is correct?

A. Analogy is the greatest criterion for Bradford Hill.
B. Any criterion taken a lone is sufficient to infer causal relationship.
C. They are more extensive than the Surgeon general's directive.

10. In an experimental study, what is the variable usually altered by the experimenter/investigator?
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Intervening variable
D. Null variable

11. What type of variable is usually measured at the end of the experiment and demonstrates the
effects that other variables may have?
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Intervening variable
D. Null variable

12. If you were testing how well different cough preparations cleared mucus in the airways, what is
the independent (experimental) variable?
A. Cough preparations
B. Difficulty of breathing
C. Mucus clearing
D. Symptom relief

13. Which is the critical step in doing a Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)?
A. Blinding
B. Follow-up
C. Randomization
D. Statistical Analysis

14. Which of the following is the most important advantage of conducting an RCT?
A. Ethical consideration is less prioritized.
B. Patients are les s likely to be lost to follow up.
C. Bias is avoided in allocation to exposure groups.
D. Can be done in a reasonably short period of time.

15. Which is defined as the degree to which study subjects adhere to an assigned treatment protocol
in RCTs?
A. Benefit
B. Compliance
C. Control
D. Flexibility

16. Who are NOT aware of what drug is given in Double Blinding in RCTs?
A. investigators and analysts
B. participants and analysts
C. participants and investigators

For numbers 17 -21, choose the Drug Trial Phase being described. Options may be used more than
once.
A. I
B. II
C. Ill
D. IV

17. Uses 20 to 100 healthy volunteers/participants

18. 300 to 3000 volunteers with the disease/condition of interest
19.The purpose is to determine the efficacy and monitoring of adverse reactions of the experimental drug
or treatment.
20.The purpose is to determine the safety and dosage of the experimental drug or treatment.
21.This is post marketing surveillance

For numbers 22 -24, choose the blinding method used. Options may be used more than once.
A. Single blind
B. Double blind
C. Triple blind
D. No blinding

22. New experimental procedure will be tested by surgeons.

23. Researchers divided two groups to standard arm and trial arm. Medication was given to participants.
Participants don't know if they are given the standard drug or the trial drug.
24. In order to minimize bias, both researcher and participant don't know who are in the trial and placebo
groups, only the statistician knows the groupings.
25. Which of the following conditions can a researcher use placebo as treatment in a research trial?
A. Appendicitis
B. Baldness
C. Hypertension
D. Myocardial Infarction

26. Phase I studies are usually conducted on which of the following?

A. Healthy human volunteers
B. Monkeys or chimpanzees
C. Rodents or guinea pigs

27. What is the rationale for a Phase IV study?

A. To assess if the new drug is being prescribed by doctors
B. To collect safety data from real-world patients
C. To verify if the new drug is well marketed

28. Which of the following documents is mandatory to enroll a participant in a clinical research
study?
A. Case Report form
B. Informed Consent form
C. Patient Identification form
D. Protocol form

29. Which statement is TRUE of qualitative researches?

A. Encoded data are subjected to statistical analysis.
B. Inductive approach is used to generate a theory.
C. Randomization is done to get the required subjects.
D. Standardized tools are utilized.

30. Which sampling method is commonly used in qualitative researches?

A. Convenience
B. Purposive
C. Randomization
D. Stratified

31. Which qualitative study design describes the lived experiences of the participants who have
been exposed to a unique situation?
A. Case study
B. Ethnography
C. Grounded theory
D. Phenomenology

32. Which qualitative study involves the immersion of the researcher into the culture of the study
population?
A. Ethnography
B. Grounded theory
C. Participatory action research
D. Phenomenology

33. Which qualitative study leads to proposed solutions to a given concern in a community?
A. Ethnography
B. Grounded theory
C. Participatory action research
D. Phenomenology

34. During interviews for qualitative research studies, which type of questions are utilized?
A. Answerable by 'Yes' or 'No'
B. Leading
C. Open-ended
D. True or False type

35. Which of the following steps is NOT part of qualitative research?

A. Collection of raw data
B. Grouping of information
C. Review of literature
D. Sample size computation

36. This is a collective term for the final format of the data following reduction analysis in a
qualitative research.
A. Brackets
B. Categories
C. Codes
D. Themes

For numbers 37-40, given the following characteristics and researches, choose the option specific
to a qualitative research design. Options may be used more than once.
A. Case study
B. Ethnography
C. Grounded theory
D. Phenomenology

37. Experiences of Teachers in LCUP COM

38. The Life of Clinical Clerks
39. Analysis yields categories, codes and themes
40. Developing a new theory about a phenomenon

41. An investigator documented three cases of lung carcinoma in among workers in a Security
Agency. This type of study is best described by:
A. Case-control
B. Case Report
C. Case Series
D. Cohort
42. What kind of Epidemiologic study should be done to determine the cause of an
unusual infection?
A. Analytic study
B. Descriptive study
C. Experimental study

43. Which research design is a detailed report of the unique symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment,
and follow-up of an individual patient?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study

44. Which research design could be used to study multiple diseases and multiple exposures/risk
factors all at the same time?
A. Case Report
B. Case Series
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic Study

45. Which statement is TRUE regarding RESEARCH DESIGNS?

A. Case series studies are interventional research designs
B. Cross-sectional studies may either be observational or experimental.
C. Descriptive studies do not show association with disease and exposure.
D. Ecologic studies show temporality in association/relationship.

For numbers 46-50, choose from the options below the most appropriate research design for the
following descriptions. Options may be used more than once.
A. Case-Control Study
B. Cohort Study
C. Cross-Sectional Study
D. Ecologic study

46. The objective is to determine prevalence and the relationship between factor and outcome.
47. Objective is to test hypothesis and the disease of interest is rare.
48. Objective is to test hypothesis and the exposure is rare.
49. A study that examines the occurrence of disease in a defined population at a particular point in time.
50. The purpose of the study is to assess burden of disease in a population.

**END OF EXAMINATION**