National College of business Administrator and

Economics

ASSIGNMENT # 2
DATA COMMUNICATOIN AND NETWORKING

SUBMITTED TO:
Ms Fatima Tariq
SUBMITTED BY:
Mahnoor Fatima
ROLL NO:
BSCS(V)-F22-54
  Compare Infrastructure-based and Infrastructure-less
Networks:
Infrastructure Network
Definition: An infrastructure-based
network, also known as a client-
server network, relies on a
centralized infrastructure to manage
and control communication among
devices. This infrastructure typically
includes servers, routers, and access
points.
Topology: It often follows a star or
tree topology, where devices
communicate through a central
point or a hierarchy of central
points.
This network is faster than Ad hoc
network.
This network provides more security
options.
In this network access point handles
all wireless nodes which are present
in range.
Infrastructure-less Network
(Ad hoc)
Definition: An infrastructure-less
network, also known as an ad hoc
network, is a decentralized network
where devices communicate directly
with each other without relying on a
central infrastructure. Each device
can act as a router to forward data
to other devices.
Topology: Ad hoc networks often
have a mesh or peer-to-peer
topology, where devices are
interconnected and can
communicate with any nearby
device.
This network is slower than
infrastructure network.
This network provides fewer security
options.
There is no need for access point in
Ad hoc networks.
Applications are IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth is a type of Ad hoc
HIPERLAN2. network.

Uses: These networks are

Uses: This network used frequently frequently used in the military, local
in hotel lobbies, airport lounges, networks are used for
train stations, etc. communication among a fixed group
of people, etc.

For the set-up of a permanent

For the set-up of a temporary
network, an infrastructure network
network, an Ad hoc network is used.
is used.

 Prepare a comparative table of point to point &

broadcast networks and clearly mention examples of
each:
Point-to-Point
Aspect Network Broadcast Network
Communication Direct communication One-to-many
between two devices. communication, where
one sender reaches
multiple receivers.
Transmission Unicast (one sender, Broadcast (one sender,
one receiver). multiple receivers).
Topology Can be point-to-point or Typically uses a shared
multipoint. medium or hub.
Efficiency Efficient for targeted Efficient for
communication. disseminating
information to multiple
recipients.
Scalability Can handle a limited Scales well for large
number of devices. audiences.
Bandwidth Dedicated bandwidth Shared bandwidth
 per connection. among all receivers.
Examples Telephone calls, video TV or radio
conferencing. broadcasting, online
streaming.

 Why switching is needed and clearly explains each type

of switching scheme.

Switching is a fundamental concept in networking that involves the process of

directing data packets from their source to their destination within a network.
It plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission.
Switching is needed for several reasons, including improving network
performance, optimizing bandwidth utilization, and enhancing communication
flexibility.
There are three primary types of switching schemes: Circuit Switching,
Message Switching, and Packet Switching. Let's explore each type in detail:

o Circuit Switching:
 Explanation: In circuit switching, a dedicated communication path
(circuit) is established between the sender and receiver for the entire
duration of the communication. This path remains reserved and
exclusive, ensuring consistent and predictable communication quality.
 Usage and Example: Circuit switching is commonly used in traditional
telephone networks, where a dedicated circuit is established between
the calling and receiving parties for the duration of the call. Once the
circuit is established, the data (voice) flows directly between the two
parties.
 Advantages: Predictable and constant communication quality, suitable
for real-time applications like voice calls.
 Disadvantages: Inefficient use of resources when the circuit is idle, not
well-suited for burst or variable data traffic.
o Message Switching:
 Explanation: In message switching, data is divided into messages or
packets, and each packet is independently routed through the network.
Each node in the network temporarily stores and forwards the entire
message.
 Usage and Example: Early computer networks like the ARPANET used
message switching, where data packets were treated as discrete
messages and routed through the network node by node.
 Advantages: Flexibility in routing, better resource utilization compared
to circuit switching.
 Disadvantages: Increased latency due to node-to-node storage and
forwarding, inefficient for large messages.
o Packet Switching:
 Explanation: Packet switching breaks data into smaller packets and
routes them individually through the network. Packets can take different
paths to reach the destination, and they are reassembled at the
receiver's end.
 Usage and Example: Most modern computer networks, including the
Internet, use packet switching. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a prime
example of packet switching, where data packets are routed based on
destination addresses.
 Advantages: Efficient use of network resources, robustness against
failures, adaptable to varying traffic loads.
 Disadvantages: Potential for packet loss or out-of-order delivery,
increased complexity in managing packet flow.