2023/10/18 18:16 Heat exchanger between two-phase fluid and moist air networks, with model based on performance

ormance data - MATLAB - MathW…

System-Level Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA)

Heat exchanger between two-phase fluid and moist air networks, with model based on
performance data

Library: Simscape / Fluids / Fluid Network Interfaces / Heat Exchangers

Description
The System-Level Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA) block models a heat exchanger between a two-phase fluid
network and a moist air network.

The block can act as a condenser or as an evaporator in a refrigeration system, depending on the direction of heat
transfer. The block model is based on performance data from the heat exchanger datasheet, rather than on the
detailed geometry of the exchanger, and therefore lets you easily adjust the size and performance of the heat
exchanger during design iterations, or model heat exchangers with uncommon geometries. You can also use this
block to model heat exchangers with a certain level of performance at an early design stage, when detailed
geometry data is not yet available.

You parameterize the block by the nominal operating condition. The heat exchanger is sized to match the specified
performance at the nominal operating condition at steady state.

The Two-Phase Fluid 1 side approximates the liquid zone, mixture zone, and vapor zone based on the change in
enthalpy along the flow path. The Moist Air 2 side models water vapor condensation based on convective water
vapor mass transfer with the heat transfer surface. Condensed water is removed from the moist air flow.

This block is similar to the Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA) block but uses a different parameterization model. The
table provides a comparison of the two blocks, to help you choose the right block for your application.

Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA) System-Level Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA)

Block parameters are based on the heat exchanger
geometry
Heat exchanger geometry may be limited by the
available geometry parameter options
You can adjust the block for different performance
requirements by tuning geometry parameters, such as
fin sizes and tube lengths
Lets you select between parallel, counter, or cross flow
configurations
Predictively accurate results over a wide range of
operating conditions, subject to the applicability of the
E-NTU equations and the heat transfer coefficient
correlations
Heat transfer calculations account for the variation of
temperature along the flow path by using the E-NTU
model
Accounts for different fluid properties and heat transfer
coefficients for subcooled liquid, liquid-vapor mixture,
and superheated vapor
Block parameters are based on performance and
operating conditions
Model is independent of the specific heat exchanger
geometry
You can adjust the block for different performance
requirements by directly specifying the desired heat and
mass flow rates
Lets you select between parallel, counter, or cross flow
arrangement at nominal operating conditions, to help
with sizing
Very accurate results around the specified operating
condition; accuracy may decrease far away from the
specified operating conditions
Heat transfer calculations approximate the variation of
temperature along the flow path by dividing it into three
segments
Accounts for different fluid properties and heat transfer
coefficients for subcooled liquid, liquid-vapor mixture,
and superheated vapor

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Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA) System-Level Condenser Evaporator (2P-MA)

Keeps track of variable zone length fractions for
subcooled liquid, liquid-vapor mixture, and superheated
vapor regions based on the geometry
Accounts for water vapor condensation and the latent
heat on the moist air flow
Does not model the wall thermal mass; you can
approximate the effect by connecting a pipe block with
a thermal mass downstream
Approximates the effect of subcooled liquid, liquid-
vapor mixture, and superheated vapor regions using
weighting factors based on the difference in enthalpy
between inlet and outlet
Accounts for water vapor condensation and the latent
heat on the moist air flow
Includes an option to model the wall thermal mass

Heat Transfer
The two-phase fluid flow and the moist air flow are each divided into three segments of equal size. Heat transfer
between the fluids is calculated in each segment. For simplicity, the equation for one segment is shown here.

If the wall thermal mass is off, then the heat balance in the heat exchanger is

Qseg,2P + Qseg,MA = 0,

where:

Q
seg,2P
is the heat flow rate from the wall (that is, the heat transfer surface) to the two-phase fluid in the segment.

Q
seg,MA
is the heat flow rate from the wall to the moist air in the segment.

If the wall thermal mass is on, then the heat balance in the heat exchanger is

Mwallcp
wall dTseg,wall
Qseg,2P + Qseg,MA = − ,
N dt

where:

M
wall
is the mass of the wall.

c
p
is the specific heat of the wall.
wall

N = 3 is the number of segments.

T
seg,wall
is the average wall temperature in the segment.

t is time.

The heat flow rate from the wall to the two-phase fluid in the segment is

Qseg,2P = U Aseg,2P(Tseg,wall − Tseg,2P),

where:

UA
seg,2P
is the weighted-average heat transfer conductance for the two-phase fluid in the segment.

T
seg,2P
is the weighted-average fluid temperature for the two-phase fluid in the segment.

The heat flow rate from the wall to the moist air in the segment is

U Aseg,MA
Qseg,MA = (‾
hseg,wall − ‾
hseg,MA) + ṁw,seg,cond hl,wall,
cp
‾
seg,MA

where:

UA
seg,MA
is the heat transfer conductance for the moist air in the segment.

cp
‾
seg,MA
is the moist air mixture specific heat per unit mass of dry air and trace gas in the segment.

‾
hseg,wall is the moist air mixture enthalpy per unit mass of dry air and trace gas at the average wall segment
temperature.

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‾
hseg,MA is the moist air mixture enthalpy per unit mass of dry air and trace gas in the segment.

ṁw,seg,cond is the rate of water vapor condensation on the wall surface.

h is the specific enthalpy of liquid water at the average wall segment temperature.
l,wall

Using mixture enthalpy in this equation accounts for both differences in temperature and differences in moisture
due to condensation [3].

 Note

For the moist air quantities, the bar above the symbols indicates that they are quantities for mixture divided
by the mass of dry air and trace gas only, as opposed to dividing by the mass of the whole mixture. The
whole mixture includes dry air, water vapor, and trace gas.

Two-Phase Fluid Heat Transfer Correlation

If the segment is subcooled liquid, then the heat transfer conductance is

b c G2P
2P 2P
U Aseg,L ,2P = a L ,2P(Reseg,L ,2P) (Prseg,L ,2P) kseg,L ,2P ,
N

where:

a
L,2P
, b2P, and c2P are the coefficients of the Nusselt number correlation. These coefficients appear as block
parameters in the Correlation Coefficients section.

Re
seg,L,2P
is the average liquid Reynolds number for the segment.

Pr
seg,L,2P
is the average liquid Prandtl number for the segment.

k
seg,L,2P
is the average liquid thermal conductivity for the segment.

G
2P
is the geometry scale factor for the two-phase fluid side of the heat exchanger. The block calculates the
geometry scale factor so that the total heat transfer over all segments matches the specified performance at the
nominal operating conditions.

The average liquid Reynolds number is

ṁseg,2PDref ,2P
Reseg,L ,2P = ,
μseg,L ,2PSref ,2P

where:

ṁseg,2P is the mass flow rate through the segment.

μ
seg,L,2P
is the average liquid dynamic viscosity for the segment.

D
ref,2P
is an arbitrary reference diameter.

S
ref,2P
is an arbitrary reference flow area.

 Note

The Dref,2P and Sref,2P terms are included in this equation for unit calculation purposes only, to make
Re
seg,L,2P
nondimensional. The values of Dref,2P and Sref,2P are arbitrary because the G2P calculation
overrides these values.

Similarly, if the segment is superheated vapor, then the heat transfer conductance is

b c G2P
2P 2P
U Aseg,V ,2P = aV ,2P(Reseg,V ,2P) (Prseg,V ,2P) kseg,V ,2P ,
N

where:

a , b2P, and c2P are the coefficients of the Nusselt number correlation. These coefficients appear as block
V,2P

parameters in the Correlation Coefficients section.

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Re
seg,V,2P
is the average vapor Reynolds number for the segment.

Pr
seg,V,2P
is the average vapor Prandtl number for the segment.

k
seg,V,2P
is the average vapor thermal conductivity for the segment.
The average vapor Reynolds number is

ṁseg,2PDref ,2P
Reseg,V ,2P = ,
μseg,V ,2PSref ,2P

where μseg,V,2P is the average vapor dynamic viscosity for the segment.

If the segment is liquid-vapor mixture, then the heat transfer conductance is

b c G2P
2P 2P
U Aseg,M ,2P = a M ,2P(Reseg,SL ,2P) CZ (Prseg,SL ,2P) kseg,SL ,2P ,
N

where:

a , b2P, and c2P are the coefficients of the Nusselt number correlation. These coefficients appear as block
M,2P

parameters in the Correlation Coefficients section.

Re
seg,SL,2P
is the saturated liquid Reynolds number for the segment.

Pr
seg,SL,2P
is the saturated liquid Prandtl number for the segment.

k
seg,SL,2P
is the saturated liquid thermal conductivity for the segment.

CZ is the Cavallini and Zecchin term.

The saturated liquid Reynolds number is

ṁseg,2PDref ,2P
Reseg,SL ,2P = ,
μseg,SL ,2PSref ,2P

where μseg,SL,2P is the saturated liquid dynamic viscosity for the segment.

The Cavallini and Zecchin term is

1+b 1+b
2P 2P
νseg,SV ,2P νseg,SV ,2P
− 1 (xseg,out,2P + 1) − − 1 (xseg,in,2P + 1)
((√ νseg,SL ,2P ) ) ((√ νseg,SL ,2P ) )
CZ = ,
νseg,SV ,2P
(1 + b2P) − 1 (xseg,out,2P − xseg,in,2P)
(√ νseg,SL ,2P )

where:

ν
seg,SL,2P
is the saturated liquid specific volume for the segment.

ν
seg,SV,2P
is the saturated vapor specific volume for the segment.

x
seg,in,2P
is the vapor quality at the segment inlet.

x
seg,out,2P
is the vapor quality at the segment outlet.

The expression is based on the work of Cavallini and Zecchin [5], which derives a heat transfer coefficient correlation
at a local vapor quality x. Equations for the liquid-vapor mixture are obtained by averaging Cavallini and Zecchin’s
correlation over the segment from xseg,in,2P to xseg,out,2P.
Two-Phase Fluid Weighted Average
The two-phase fluid flow through a segment may not be entirely represented as either subcooled liquid,
superheated vapor, or liquid-vapor mixture. Instead, each segment may consist of a combination of these. The block
approximates this condition by computing weighting factors (wL, wV, and wM) based on the change in specific
enthalpy across the segment and the saturated liquid and vapor specific enthalpies. The block assumes that the
specific enthalpy across the segment varies piecewise linearly from inlet to outlet, with the breakpoints
corresponding to the saturation boundaries for liquid and vapor. The zone with a larger heat transfer coefficient has
a steeper slope than the zone with a lower heat transfer coefficient.

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ΔL
wL =
Δ L + Δ M + ΔV

ΔV
wV =
Δ L + Δ M + ΔV

w M = 1 − w L − wV

Δ L = ∣ min(hseg,out,2P, hseg,SL ,2P) − min(hseg,in,2P, hseg,SL ,2P)∣ ⋅ U Aseg,M ,2P ⋅ U Aseg,V ,2P

Δ M = ∣ min(max(hseg,out,2P, hseg,SL ,2P), hseg,SV ,2P) − min(max(hseg,in,2P, hseg,SL ,2P), hseg,SV ,2P)∣ ⋅ U Aseg,L ,2P ⋅ U Aseg,V ,2P

ΔV = ∣ max(hseg,out,2P, hseg,SV ,2P) − max(hseg,in,2P, hseg,SV ,2P)∣ ⋅ U Aseg,L ,2P ⋅ U Aseg,M ,2P

where:

h
seg,in,2P
is the specific enthalpy at the segment inlet.

h
seg,out,2P
is the specific enthalpy at the segment outlet.

h
seg,SL,2P
is the saturated liquid specific enthalpy for the segment.

h
seg,SV,2P
is the saturated vapor specific enthalpy for the segment.

The weighted-average two-phase fluid heat transfer conductance for the segment is therefore

U Aseg,2P = w L (U Aseg,L ,2P) + wV (U Aseg,V ,2P) + w M (U Aseg,M ,2P).

The weighted-average fluid temperature for the segment is

w L (U Aseg,L ,2P)Tseg,L ,2P + wV (U Aseg,V ,2P)Tseg,V ,2P + w M (U Aseg,M ,2P)Tseg,M ,2P

Tseg,2P = ,
U Aseg,2P

where:

T
seg,L,2P
is the average liquid temperature for the segment.

T
seg,V,2P
is the average vapor temperature for the segment.

T
seg,M,2P
is the average mixture temperature for the segment, which is the saturated liquid temperature.
Moist Air Heat Transfer Correlation
The heat transfer conductance is

b c G MA
MA MA
U Aseg,MA = a MA(Reseg,MA) (Prseg,MA) kseg,MA ,
N

where:

a , bMA, and cMA are the coefficients of the Nusselt number correlation. These coefficients appear as block
MA

parameters in the Correlation Coefficients section.

Re
seg,MA
is the average Reynolds number for the segment.

Pr
seg,MA
is the average Prandtl number for the segment.

k
seg,MA
is the average thermal conductivity for the segment.

G
MA
is the geometry scale factor for the moist air side of the heat exchanger. The block calculates the geometry
scale factor so that the total heat transfer over all segments matches the specified performance at the nominal
operating conditions.

The average Reynolds number is

ṁseg,MADref ,MA
Reseg,MA = ,
μseg,MASref ,MA

where:

ṁseg,MA is the mass flow rate through the segment.

μ
seg,MA
is the average dynamic viscosity for the segment.

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D
ref,MA
is an arbitrary reference diameter.

S
ref,MA
is an arbitrary reference flow area.
 Note

The Dref,MA and Sref,MA terms are included in this equation for unit calculation purposes only, to make
Re
seg,MA
nondimensional. The values of Dref,MA and Sref,MA are arbitrary because the GMA calculation
overrides these values.

Moist Air Condensation

The equation describing the heat flow rate from the wall to the moist air in the segment (the last equation in the
Heat Transfer section) uses the average moist air mixture enthalpy, ‾
hseg,MA , and the wall segment moist air mixture

enthalpy, ‾
hseg,wall .

The average moist air mixture enthalpy is based on the temperature and humidity of the moist air flow through the
segment:

‾
hseg,MA = hseg,ag,MA + Wseg,MAhseg,w,MA,

where:

h
seg,ag,MA
is the average specific enthalpy of dry air and trace gas for the segment.

h
seg,w,MA
is the average specific enthalpy of water vapor for the segment.

W
seg,MA
is the humidity ratio of the segment.

The wall segment moist air mixture enthalpy is based on the temperature and humidity at the wall segment:

‾
hseg,wall = hseg,ag,wall + Wseg,wallhseg,w,wall,

where:

h
seg,ag,wall
is the specific enthalpy of dry air and trace gas at the wall segment temperature.

h
seg,w,wall
is the specific enthalpy of water vapor at the wall segment temperature.

W
seg,wall
is the humidity ratio at the wall segment:

Wseg,wall = min(Wseg,MA, Wseg,s,wall),

where Wseg,s,wall is the saturated humidity ratio at the wall segment temperature. In other words, the humidity
ratio at the wall is the same as the humidity ratio of the moist air flow but not more than the maximum that can
be supported at the wall segment temperature.

When Wseg,s,wall < Wseg,MA, water vapor condensation occurs on the wall surface. The rate of water vapor
condensation is

U Aseg,MA
ṁw,seg,cond = (Wseg,MA − Wseg,wall).
cp
‾
seg,MA

The condensed water is assumed to be drained from the wall surface and is thus removed from the moist air flow
downstream.

Pressure Loss
The pressure losses on the two-phase fluid side are

2 2
K2P ṁ A,2P √ṁ A,2P + ṁ thres,2P
p A,2P − p2P =
2 2ρavg,2P

2 2
K2P ṁ B,2P √ṁ B,2P + ṁ thres,2P
p B,2P − p2P =
2 2ρavg,2P

where:

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p
A,2P
and pB,2P are the pressures at ports A1 and B1, respectively.

p
2P
is internal two-phase fluid pressure at which the heat transfer is calculated.

ṁ A,2P and ṁ B,2P are the mass flow rates into ports A1 and B1, respectively.

ρ
avg,2P
is the average two-phase fluid density over all segments.

ṁthres,2P is the laminar threshold for pressure loss, approximated as 1e-4 of the nominal mass flow rate. The
block calculates the pressure loss coefficient, K2P, so that pA,2P – pB,2P matches the nominal pressure loss at the
nominal mass flow rate.

The pressure losses on the moist air side are

2 2
K MA ṁ A,MA √ṁ A,MA + ṁ thres,MA
p A,MA − p MA =
2 2ρavg,2P

2 2
K MA ṁ B,MA √ṁ B,MA + ṁ thres,MA
p B,MA − p MA =
2 2ρavg,MA

where:

p
A,MA
and pB,MA are the pressures at ports A2 and B2, respectively.

p
MA
is internal moist air pressure at which the heat transfer is calculated.

ṁ A,MA and ṁ B,MA are the mass flow rates into ports A2 and B2, respectively.

ρ
avg,MA
is the average moist air density over all segments.

ṁthres,MAis the laminar threshold for pressure loss, approximated as 1e-4 of the nominal mass flow rate. The
block calculates the pressure loss coefficient, KMA, so that pA,MA – pB,MA matches the nominal pressure loss at
the nominal mass flow rate.
Two-Phase Fluid Mass and Energy Conservation
The mass conservation equation for the overall two-phase fluid flow is

dp2P ∂ρseg,2P duseg,2P ∂ρseg,2P V2P

∑ + ∑ = ṁ A,2P + ṁ B,2P,
( dt ( ∂p ) ( dt ∂u )) N
segments segments

where:

∂ρseg,2P
is the partial derivative of density with respect to pressure for the segment.
∂p

∂ρseg,2P
is the partial derivative of density with respect to specific internal energy for the segment.
∂u

u
seg,2P
is the specific internal energy for the segment.

V
2P
is the total two-phase fluid volume.

The summation is over all segments.

 Note

Although the two-phase fluid flow is divided into N=3 segments for heat transfer calculations, all segments
are assumed to be at the same internal pressure, p2P. That is why p2P is outside of the summation.

The energy conservation equation for each segment is

duseg,2P M2P
+ useg,2P(ṁseg,in,2P − ṁseg,out,2P) = Φseg,in,2P − Φseg,out,2P + Qseg,2P,
dt N

where:

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M
2P
is the total two-phase fluid mass.

ṁseg,in,2P and ṁseg,out,2P are the mass flow rates into and out of the segment.

Φ
seg,in,2p
and Φseg,out,2p are the energy flow rates into and out of the segment.

The mass flow rates between segments are assumed to be linearly distributed between the values of ṁ A,2P and
ṁ B,2P .

Moist Air Mass and Energy Conservation

The mass conservation for the overall moist air mixture flow is

dp MA ∂ρseg,MA dTseg,MA ∂ρseg,MA dxw,seg,MA ∂ρseg,MA dxg,seg,MA ∂ρseg,MA V MA

∑ + ∑ + + =
( dt ( ∂p ) ( dt ∂T dt ∂xw dt ∂xg )) N
segments segments

ṁ A,MA + ṁ B,MA − ∑ (ṁw,seg,cond ),

segments

where:

∂ρseg,MA
is the partial derivative of density with respect to pressure for the segment.
∂p

∂ρseg,MA
is the partial derivative of density with respect to temperature for the segment.
∂T

∂ρseg,MA
is the partial derivative of density with respect to specific humidity for the segment.
∂xw

∂ρseg,MA
is the partial derivative of density with respect to trace gas mass fraction for the segment.
∂xg

x
w,seg,MA
is the specific humidity, that is, the water vapor mass fraction, for the segment.

x
g,seg,MA
is the trace gas mass fraction for the segment.

V
MA
is the total moist air volume.

The summation is over all segments.

 Note

Although the moist air flow is divided into N=3 segments for heat transfer calculations, all segments are
assumed to be at the same internal pressure, pMA. That is why pMA is outside of the summation.

The energy conservation equation for each segment is

dTseg,MA ∂useg,MA dxw,seg,MA ∂useg,MA dxg,seg,MA ∂useg,MA M MA

+ + + useg,MA(ṁseg,in,MA − ṁseg,out,MA) =
( dt ∂T dt ∂xw dt ∂xg ) N

Φseg,in,MA − Φseg,out,MA + Qseg,MA − ṁw,seg,cond hl,wall,

where:

∂useg,MA
is the partial derivative of specific internal energy with respect to temperature for the segment.
∂T

∂useg,MA
is the partial derivative of specific internal energy with respect to specific humidity for the segment.
∂xw

∂useg,MA
is the partial derivative of specific internal energy with respect to trace gas mass fraction for the
∂xg

segment.

u
seg,2P
is the specific internal energy for the segment.

M
MA
is the total moist air mass.

ṁseg,in,MA and ṁseg,out,MA are the mass flow rates into and out of the segment.
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Φ
seg,in,MA
and Φseg,out,MA are the energy flow rates into and out of the segment.
The mass flow rates between segments are assumed to be linearly distributed between the values of ṁ A,MA and
ṁ B,MA .

The water vapor mass conservation equation for each segment is

dxw,seg,MA M MA
+ xw,seg,MA(ṁseg,in,MA − ṁseg,out,MA) =
dt N

ṁw,seg,in,MA − ṁw,seg,out,MA − ṁw,seg,cond ,

where ṁw,seg,in,MA and ṁw,seg,out,MA are the water vapor mass flow rates into and out of the segment.

The trace gas mass conservation equation for each segment is

dxg,seg,MA M MA
+ xg,seg,MA(ṁseg,in,MA − ṁseg,out,MA) =
dt N

ṁg,seg,in,MA − ṁg,seg,out,MA,

where ṁg,seg,in,MA and ṁg,seg,out,MA are the trace gas mass flow rates into and out of the segment.

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