MANAGEMENT UNIERSITY OF AFRICA

NAME: EMILLY MUMBI KARANJA

ADMISSION NO:ODLBML/28/01416/3/22

UNIT NAME: PROJECT PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

UNIT CODE: BML 110

CONTINUES ASSIGNMENT TEST

LECTURES NAME: DR.JUSTER NYAGA

JANUARY-APRIL 2024
An organization wishing to start of any intervention requires detailed appraisal of the project.

Giving various relevant example, discuss the following factors which can be considered in

detailing the appraisals

ii. Economic factors (2 Marks)

iii. Technical factors (2 Marks)

iv. Financial factors (2 Marks)

v. Institutional factors (2 Marks)

vi. Environmental factors (2 Marks)

 Market Demand:

It's critical to evaluate both the present and potential demand for the good or service being
provided. Analyzing variables like consumer preferences, purchasing power, and market
trends is part of this.A technology business studies consumer demand for particular features,
pricing points, and brand preferences before releasing a new smartphone model.

Cost-Benefit Analysis:

It is crucial to weigh the intervention's expenses against its anticipated benefits. This entails
taking into account both direct and indirect costs, such as opportunity costs and externalities,
as well as production and marketing expenses.To ascertain whether purchasing new
equipment will result in higher productivity and cost savings that exceed the initial
expenditure, a manufacturing company performs a cost-benefit analysis.

 Technical Elements:

Technological Feasibility: It is imperative to evaluate the technological viability of putting

the suggested intervention into practice. This entails determining if the infrastructure,
knowledge, and technology required are present or can be produced. An illustration of this
would be a renewable energy company determining whether it is technically feasible to put
solar panels at a remote location by taking into account variables like grid connectivity,
geography, and sunlight exposure.
 Resource Availability: Project planning and execution depend on knowing what raw
materials, labor, and equipment are available.Before starting a significant infrastructure
project, a construction business evaluates the supply of qualified workers, building supplies,
and equipment.

 Aspects Financial:

Investment Requirements: It is critical to estimate the initial outlay of funds needed to put
the intervention into action and to examine potential funding sources. This entails taking
operating costs, finance alternatives, and capital expenditures into account. A new business
creates a thorough financial plan that lists all of the money needed for marketing, product
development, and running costs. It also lists possible funding sources like loans or equity
investments.

ROI, or return on investment, Financial decision-making requires assessing the

intervention's profitability and possible returns. This entails estimating future earnings over a
given time frame as well as costs and sales For instance, a real estate developer estimates
future rental income, property value, and operational costs to determine the estimated return
on investment for a residential building.

Institutional Elements:

 Regulatory Compliance:

It's critical to evaluate the regulatory landscape and make sure that relevant laws, rules, and
industry standards are being followed. This entails getting the necessary licenses,
permissions, and approvals. For instance, before releasing a new medication onto the market,
a pharmaceutical company conducts a regulatory evaluation to guarantee compliance with
FDA requirements.

Stakeholder Engagement:

The effectiveness and sustainability of a project depend on the identification and involvement
of pertinent stakeholders, such as governmental organizations, neighborhood associations,
and business partners.To address concerns and get support for a significant infrastructure
project, a construction business confers with government agencies, environmental
organizations, and local communities.
  Environmental Elements:

Environmental Impact Assessment: It is crucial to assess the intervention's possible effects

on the environment and put precautions in place to reduce any negative effects. This entails
evaluating elements including resource depletion, habitat degradation, and pollution of the air
and water.For instance, before to beginning operations, a mining corporation identifies
potential threats to air pollution, water quality, and biodiversity by conducting an
environmental impact assessment.

Aspects of Sustainability: Long-term environmental and social responsibility depends on

project design and implementation that integrates sustainability practices and concepts.An
example of a renewable energy project incorporates sustainability concerns through the use of
energy-efficient technologies, the use of recycled materials, and the reduction of waste
output.

2. Project has a unique characteristic which differentiates it from a business. One of them is
that

it requires a well defines monitoring and evaluation system put in place. Explain any five

steps considered in designing a monitoring and evaluation system

 Specify your goals and metrics:

Determine the project's goals, results, and anticipated effects. These ought to be SMART
goals specific, measurable, realistic, pertinent, and time-bound.

Create indicators to track your progress toward each goal. Quantitative or qualitative
measurements that show the intended changes as a result of the project's activities should be
used as indicators.An example of an indicator may be the proportion of children enrolled in
school, the results of literacy tests, and the accessibility of educational materials, if the goal is
to raise the literacy rates in the community.

 Create a Monitoring Strategy:

Make a monitoring strategy that specifies the methods of data collection, the people in
charge of data collection and analysis, and the frequency of data collection.

Choose the data sources that will be used, including focus groups, surveys, interviews, and
already-existing documents.
Create a monitoring plan to guarantee that data is gathered and reviewed on a regular basis.
For instance, a health project's monitoring strategy can involve gathering information on
patient visits, treatment results, and drug distribution on a monthly basis.

 Methods for Design Evaluation:

Choose the most suitable assessment techniques to evaluate the project's impact and efficacy.

Based on the goals of the project and the resources available, select between quantitative
approaches (e.g., surveys, statistical analysis) and qualitative methods (e.g., interviews, case
studies).

To obtain both quantitative data for assessing results and qualitative data for
comprehending context and participant experiences, think about combining different
approaches. For instance: Surveys measuring changes in household income and focus group
talks on the community's perceptions of the project's impact could be part of an evaluation of
a community development project.

 Set Objectives and Baselines:

To provide a foundation for tracking changes and comparing results across time, gather
baseline data.

Establish goals or standards for every metric to specify the expected degree of success at
project's conclusion.

Goals must to be reasonable, attainable, and in line with the goals of the project. For
instance, the project can aim to raise this to 80% by the conclusion of the project period if the
baseline survey shows that 50% of households had access to clean water.