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IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2009; 57 (3):606-615 17. Hwang K. Dual-
wideband monopole antenna using a modified half-sierpinski fractal gasket. The fractal properties
have been applied in order to designs compact and wideband antennas. Experimental results show
that it achieved a 2-dB gain bandwidth of 1.59 GHz which indicates that the impedance bandwidth,
of this proposed fractal can attain an operating bandwidth of 2.4 GHz having operating frequencies
approximately close to 4 GHz, which is nearly 3.5 times that of a conventional microstrip-line-fed
antenna. Fig. 8 shows a designed microstrip antenna. Because we were able to attain the Plexiglas,
wood, insulated wire, manila folder, and the aluminum foil, donated, and the solder iron, pencils,
graphing paper, and pencils were already in our possession, our total amount spent was
approximately 24 dollars. Available from: 10. Available from: 11. Kim Y, Jaggard DL. The fractal
random array. Each iteration was simulated and their results were compared. Many fractal element
antennas use the fractal structure as a virtual combination of capacitors and inductors. We use our
technical leadership and innovative technologies to deliver practical solutions to our customers.
International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). We did the same thing for
the Insulated Wire Fractal. They encompass our lives, appearing in places as tiny as blood vessels
and as widespread as the patterns of tree branches. The Koch Curve starts with a straight line that is
divided into three equal parts. It is fabricated with FR4 substrate of thickness 1.575mm. The number
of iterations are increased to increase the gain. Paper should be a substantial original Article that
involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. However, in some particular
cases, the radiation patterns are tilted as well, as it needs a long feeding probe which may
complicate the mechanic of the antenna. They experimentally studied the relation between the
iteration order, iteration factor and bandwidth of the fractal shape. One of his major achievements
was to recognize the different cardinality of number infinite sets. Anguera, Jaume, Aurora Andujar,
Jeevani Jayasinghe, V. V. S. S. Sameer Chakravarthy, P. S. R. Chowdary, Joan L. Pijoan, Tanweer
Ali, and Carlo Cattani. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide
under an open access license. No special. In these methods of generation, fractal structures are
created on the source of scaling, plan axis rotation and dislocation. Step 15: Prep Work: Insulated
Wire Antenna To build this antenna you will need the roll of insulated wire, nails, wood, and a pair
of scissors. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2007; 6:110-112 28. How? By making
research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests
of publishers. The smallest of the three patches, this one was designed by cutting hexagonal holes
out of a circular patch, and optimization was accomplished via the use of parametric analysis. This
feature is attractive for antennas in small-cells, such as those providing coverage in hot-spots,
because it avoids the use of an array of antennas and the mechanical complexity associated with the
feeding network. If you chose to sketch it on graph paper as we did, you would construct along a
piece of graph paper placed on top of manila folder. This is for safety reasons concerning the high
temperatures involved. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C. 2016; 64:151-158 Sections Author
information 1. Both types are playing a significant role in the advanced communication systems
owing to their magnificent radiation characteristics and miniaturized design techniques. Figure 7.
Basic classifications of fractal antennas. Both are very simple in their construction, but still
fascinating and amazing examples of fractals.
In this regard, the present papers present an historic background of their lives and some antenna
designs inspired in the fractals they propose. The design methodology proposed in this chapter for
the generation of various fractal array antennas is also having a deterministic way of generation.
Figure 2. The Brownian motion of microscopic particles. Figure 3. (a) Koch curve up to three
iterations. (b) Sierpinski square or carpet up to four iterations. (c) Sierpinski triangle up to four
iterations. Anguera J, Andujar A, Jayasinghe J, Chakravarthy VVSSS, Chowdary PSR, Pijoan JL,
Ali T, Cattani C. The unusual behavior of metamaterial (such as negative permeability, permittivity,
etc.) when combined with fractal geometry results in various antenna property improvements such as
size miniaturization, multiband operation, isolation enhancement between the antenna elements, etc.
In Section 4, the impact of fractal antenna in the literature is reported. By Ilkyu Kim 1604
downloads Chapter 5 Microwave Energy and Light Energy Transformation. Next, allow the solder
iron to cool for an hour before putting it away. The most popular IFS and complex number fractals
are the Koch curve, the Sierpinski triangle, Julia sets and the Sierpinski square which are shown in
Figure 3. Well-known fractals such as the Sierpinski triangle or carpet are named after his
contributions. He studied Mathematics in Berlin and Konigsberg, and taught in Bonn (1887),
Konigsberg (1894), Zurich (1896), and Gottingen (1902), sharing his original ideas and works with
close friends like D. Then, divide the triangle into four smaller triangles, leaving the middle one
blank. The fact that it can resonate at five different frequencies within the range of three gigahertz to
twelve gigahertz gives it a wide variety of potential uses, all of which are feasible within this
frequency range. In addition, you will need to place the fractal design of your choosing under the
Plexiglas to use as a guide while soldering. Calculating the backscattering, it is possible to determine
if a high-directive mode is supported. Measured radiation patterns for the fundamental mode and a
high-directive mode of the Sierpinski antenna of Figure 10. We could test this by mounting the
fractal antenna on the window of a house for instance. Therefore, since journals usually require a
higher novelty standard, it seems that not many new ideas are appearing in the scene. 5. Conclusions
Fractal geometry has been proven to be useful in the design of small and multiband antennas and
arrays, as well in the design of high directive elements without the need of an array of antennas. In
this section, another example of a fractal-boundary antenna is presented having a high-directivity
mode ( Figure 13 ). In particular, he is considered one of the founders of functional analysis. A
microstrip antenna using a Koch-based contour comprising a two-layer structure. This geometric
technique replicates the concentric circular ring sub-array design methodology, but in this case, the
circular generator is replaced with the elliptical generator as depicted in Figure 10. Our small,
wideband solutions are ideally situated for the high throughput required by future data demand. The
Kock snowflake is one of the most well-known fractals. This term was used to describe a new set of
more complex objects than squares, circles, or triangles which were well defined using the Euclidean
geometry. Fractal denotes geometrical structures describing complex shapes which are self similar.
Iteration function process to generate the first stage of the classic Sierpinski gasket. A very small
antenna inspired in the Hilbert curve. Fractals are now one of the most fruitful areas of study in the
world of antenna design. The Hilbert curve has been used to design small antennas for wireless
applications due to its space-filling properties.
A microstrip antenna using a Koch-based contour comprising a two-layer structure. Additionally, if it
is repeated for the next iterations, the same conclusion is reached. His intensive work, published in
more than 700 papers and several books, has deeply influenced the modern developments in
Mathematics. The randomness of these fractals varies with structure to structure and way of
generation. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). Next Article in Journal
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Fractal Fract in 2019. In order to be human-readable, please
install an RSS reader. The company’s fractal antennas have also been adopted by every branch of the
U.S. military. In each and every application, Fractal Antenna’s products, components or designs meet
or exceed design and performance expectations with powerful, compact, versatile and practical
solutions. Design of multi-beam rhombus fractal array antenna using new geometric design
methodology. IEEE Xplore: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 1999; 41 (5):37-59 35.
Kuhirun W. A new design methodology for modular broadband arrays based on fractal tilings. Ph.D.
Thesis, USA: Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; 2003 36. His
main contributions to fractals are the Sierpinski curve, which is a square filling curve discovered in
1912, and the Sierpinski Triangle in 1915. Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 2013
5. The data base of IEEE automatically provides the number of papers divided by journals and
conferences. By using a fractal loop, the input impedance of the antenna increases. The idea of
fractal geometry is used by all three in the process of constructing small antennas that have superior
performance than that of Microstrip Patch antennas (MPAs). Step 6: Solder Fractal Antenna: Prep
Work Before you begin, lay out the materials that were listed as necessary for this fractal antenna. In
1952, he obtained the PhD in Mathematical Science at the University of Paris while he was working
at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) from 1949 to 1958. Proceedings of
the URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 66, January 1992. Google
Scholar. It is significant that number of publications have significantly increased in conferences, but
not in journals. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 2006; 16 (4):224-226 30. Fractal
antennas are based on the concept of a fractal, which is a recursively generated geometry that has
fractional dimensions. On the other hand, a parasitic patch is placed above a driven patch to obtain
competitive bandwidth. Multiband functionality is observed in first and the second order iteration of
the design presented in this paper. This feature is not present in a classic square patch where a
higher-order mode with broadside directivity exist (TM 30 ), but with large secondary lobes. In
particular, he is considered one of the founders of functional analysis. The Hilbert curve has been
used to design small antennas for wireless applications due to its space-filling properties.
Miniaturization of microstrip antennas by the novel application of the Giuseppe Peano fractal
geometries. This technique uses recursive mathematical equations. This is also known as escape-time
method of generating fractals. Figure 4 exemplifies the process of fractal image compression.
Born in Russia, in 1856 he moved to Germany where he spent almost all his life. An array of the
structure was created to maintain the return loss. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.
2003; 51:1281-1291 23. Properly designed, it can be achieved that for a frequency band centered on
f 1, the entire structure is responsible for the radiation. The simple build covers 50-1100MHz making
it perfect for general use with a RTL-SDR and for grabbing some extra HDTV channels. Since then,
he moved to New York, became an American citizen, and was appointed at the IBM Thomas J.
Proceedings of the URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 66, January 1992.
Google Scholar. Mittag-Leffler and received the P.D. in Uppsala (1892). He taught pure mathematics
at the KTH 1905 (succeeding Ivar Bendixon) and at the Stockholm University (since 1911). These
recursively generated antennas provide new insights into the antenna properties due to their self-
similar behaviour. The smallest of the three patches, this one was designed by cutting hexagonal
holes out of a circular patch, and optimization was accomplished via the use of parametric analysis.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Krzysztofik W.
Modified Sierpinski fractal monopole for ISM-bands handset applications. Measured VSWR
(Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) and total efficiency for the antenna shown in Figure 18. Practical
shrinkage of 2-4 times is realizable for acceptable performance, and has eliminated the need for the
bulky antennas of the past. All natural fractals come under random fractals because they do not have
a particular deterministic way of generation and they are non-integral surfaces. By Ilkyu Kim 1604
downloads Chapter 5 Microwave Energy and Light Energy Transformation. New York: Wiley; 1990
6. Jacquin AE. Fractal image coding: A review. So, if the current will be forced to pass through the
convoluted path of a fractal structure rather than a conventional Euclidean pathway, the area needed
to engage the resonant transmission line will be reduced. Step 6: Solder Fractal Antenna: Prep Work
Before you begin, lay out the materials that were listed as necessary for this fractal antenna. This will
not interfere with reception as the staples act as a conductor. Feodosevic Voronoi, he gave
fundamental contributions to functional analysis, number theory, set theory, topology. The
investigation on fractal-shaped antennas is basically focused on two fundamental areas such as the
analysis and design of fractal antenna elements and the application of fractal geometric technology
to the design of array antennas. Content Alerts Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open
Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works Manage preferences Contact Want
to get in touch. The size of the ground plane is the same size of the substrate. It is observed that the
fundamental mode (1.1 GHz) presents a broadside radiation pattern with a moderate directivity (8.6
dB), whereas at the higher-order mode at 3.75 GHz, directivity increases to 13.5 dB, keeping a
broadside radiation pattern. Levy flights, Brownian motion, and Brownian tree are some examples
of random fractals. From 1945 to 1947, he studied at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris under the
guidance of Gaston Julia and Paul Levy. The obvious advantage of inherent multiband characteristics
due to self-repetitive and self-complementary features of the Cantor set are well utilized to cover
three GSM bands. Following the space-filling properties inspired in the Hilbert fractal, a small
antenna for dual-band performance at WiFi 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz shows a total volume of only 7 mm
? 3 mm ? 2 mm. He was able to show that many fractals exist in nature and can be used to accurately
model certain phenomena.
Together we have worked to deliver some of the most innovative solutions to the most difficult
problems in wireless. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). The Koch Curve
starts with a straight line that is divided into three equal parts. International Journal of
Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). The proposed methodology permits choice in
broadening the shape of a radiation beam or for designing multiple beams for any deterministic 1D
and 2D fractal array antennas without entailing any amplitude variation and with less power
constrain. Such method is known as L-system, and is useful to create some fractals, such as those
based on Hilbert and Peano curves. 2.4. Random The trajectories of non-deterministic functions are
used to produce the so-called random fractals. The Kock snowflake is one of the most well-known
fractals. Fractal geometry has been used to model complex natural objects such as clouds coastlines,
etc., that has space-filling properties. Radiation patterns are measured at the fundamental mode and
at the higher-order mode ( Figure 11 ). Figure 12 depicts array factor of proposed triangular fractal
array antenna. It is fabricated with FR4 substrate of thickness 1.575mm. The number of iterations are
increased to increase the gain. The Sierpinski triangle is one of the most known self-similar fractals.
Once a solution is found in the simulation domain, the antenna is built and tested. Besides being
small in size, the antenna presents a competitive performance for WiFi 2.5 GHz and 5 GHz bands,
both in terms of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) as well as in total efficiency ( Figure 19 ).
On the contrary, a stacked structure provides the required bandwidth as a single patch by feeding
only the driven patch. Fractal antennas are based on the concept of a fractal, which is a recursively
generated geometry that has fractional dimensions. CrossRef Google Scholar 27 Cited by Cited by
Loading. It is clear from the definition of fractal that the same shape repeats again and again; in this
manner geometric structure considered here also repeats again and again. The greatest testament to
our results is the recurring customer - and we have partnered on multiple projects with nearly all of
our customers. Download Free PDF View PDF Design of Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antennas by
Improving the Performance and Reducing the Size for Wide Band and Mobile Applications
ahmadkhan khan, Arshad Wahab The paper presents the designs of two Sierpinski carpet fractal
antennas. New York: Wiley; 1990 6. Jacquin AE. Fractal image coding: A review. Gain and
Directivity are stabilized to large extent. To obtain the presented data, the following criteria has been
followed: IEEE Xplorer using the keyword fractal antenna has been used. For this, he is considered
the founder of a fundamental branch of mathematical research. Fractals are now one of the most
fruitful areas of study in the world of antenna design. The Hilbert curve has been used to design
small antennas for wireless applications due to its space-filling properties. For example, for a fun way
to make the aluminum foil fractals at home, all you would need is a roll of aluminum foil, manila
folders, and a stapler. The design is obtained at the center frequency 2GHz. Good gain and an
enhancement in the impedance bandwidth is achieved using a dielectric load. Next Article in Journal
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Fractal Fract in 2019.