JK Geography Compiled

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BASIC
INFORMATION
BASIC FACTS
• Created on 31 October 2019

• Capital Srinagar (Summer May – Oct ), Jammu (Winter)
• Total Geographical Area 42,241 km²
• Total Population 12,267,013
• Population Density 290/km2
• Districts 20
• Secretariat Jammu and Srinagar
• High Court High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and
Ladakh
• Official Languages Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu, Hindi, English
UT SYMBOLS
• UT Animal: The Hangul or Kashmir Stag
The Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) is a sub-species of elk of India,
especially in Jammu and Kashmir.
It is listed as critically endangered by IUCN.
Dachigam National Park is the home of this species.
• UT Bird: The Khalij Pheasant

The Kahlij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) is found in forests and thickets,
especially in the Himalayan foothills, from Pakistan to western Thailand.
Declared on : On 21 October 2021.
Kashmir Name: Wan Kokur
IUCN status listing: Least Concern
• UT Tree : The Chinar

The Chinar tree (Platanus orientalis) is the official UT Tree of the Jammu and
Kashmir. It is also called Booune in the Kashmiri language. It is a large deciduous
tree which is known for its longevity and spreading crown.
UT SYMBOLS
• UT Flower : The Lotus
The Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the official UT Flower
of Jammu and Kashmir.
It symbolizes purity, beauty, majesty, grace, fertility,
wealth, knowledge and so on.
• UT Emblem
The new union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has
not as yet adopted a distinct symbol for official use
and instead uses the words "Government of Jammu
and Kashmir" on official documents either alone or in
conjunction with the National Emblem of India.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF
JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
LOCATION
• The UT of Jammu and Kashmir lies in the north of
India in the Himalayan mountains.
• Latitude 32°17’ N - 35°10’ N
• Longitude 73°26’ E - 76°20’ E
• The state has an area of 42,241 km². 35°10’ N
• State Boundaries: Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in
the South Ladakh UT in North/East.
• International Boundaries: Pakistan
76°20’ E
• A part of the UT is under the control of Pakistan.
• Jammu and Kashmir is the 2nd largest UT of India
73°26’ E
in geographical area and population after Ladakh
(591462 km) and Delhi respectively.
32°17’ N
35°10’ N
32°17’ N
73°26’ E
0°Longitude
76°20’ E
0°Latitude

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• A large portion of the terrain of the UT is hilly area which varies from 914 m to 7135m (Nun Peak) in
height above sea level.
• Jammu and Kashmir is also comprised of several valleys namely, Kashmir valley, Tawi valley, Poonch
valley, Sind valley, Chenab valley and Lidder valley.
• Geographically, the UT (Ladakh included) is divided into seven physiographic divisions.
• These divisions are:
1. Outer Plains
2. Foothills (Shiwaliks)
3. Lesser Himalayas (Pir Panjal)
4. Valley of Kashmir
5. Greater Himalayas
6. The Karakoram Region
7. Ladakh Plateau

1. PLAINS
• The plains of the state were formed by the eroded
bedrock material brought down by the mighty river
Chenab, Ravi, Tawi, Ujh, Basantar etc.
• This region stretches in the Southern parts of
Akhnoor, Ranbirsingh Pura (RS Pura), Samba and
Kathua areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The outer plains are locally known as ‘Andarwah’ or
‘Bajwat’.
• The outer plains is traversed by numerous hill
torrents known as “Khads” most of the year these
Khads are dry, but in rainy seasons these torrents
turn into huge gushing rivers.
• Here we find weed growth, locally known as Khar or
elephant grass.

1. PLAINS
1. PLAINS

2. FOOTHILLS -SHIWALIKS
• The foothills of the Himalayas are known as Shiwaliks which are
made of the younger tertiary rocks.
• The width of the Shiwaliks in the state is between 20 to 50 km
and altitude of 600 -1200m.
• These foothills comprise of long ridges and longitudinal valleys
(between Shiwaliks and Lesser Himalayas), called Duns e.g. Duns
of Udhampur,Bhasoli and Kotli.
• These Duns are a result of erosion of sandstone, clay and silt of
the region.
• The inner zone has steep slope and plateau residue due to
folding and erosion activities on the sedimentary rocks.
• The undulating slopes of Shiwalik between Ravi and Chenab
rivers are known as Kandi inhibited by Dhoodiya Gujjars.
• The areas of the UT which lie in the Shiwalik hills are Jammu,
Mirpur, Udhampur and Riasi.
• Mansar and Surinsar lie in this range.
• It is also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times.
SHIWALIKS AND DUNS

FORMATION OF DUNS
3. LESSER HIMALAYAS
• It is also known as Middle Himalayas which lie
between the Ravi (in the East) and the Poonch (in the
West).
• This region is composed of volcanic rocks of granite,
gneiss, quartz, etc.
• The average elevation of this region is 3600-4600m.
• Two important ranges namely Pir Panjal (5000 m) and
Dhauladhar are part of this region.
• In Jammu region, these ranges are locally known as
Pahar.
• Pir Panjal is the longest and the i.e. Westernmost
range of this region.
• Vaishno Devi cave is situated on a peak of Trikuta
mountain in this region.
• Many rivers have their source in the middle Himalayas
like Tawi, Manawar-Tawi, Basantra and Ujh rivers.
3. LESSER HIMALAYAS
• Sunset Peak (Romesh Thong) is a mountain peak
located on the border of the Poonch and Shopian
along with the Tatakooti Peak lie in the Pir Panjal.
• The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this
range.
• Haji Pir Pass on the western Pir Panjal range on the Haji Pir Pass
road between Poonch and Uri .
Sunset Peak
• The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects Pir ki Gali
the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Banihal Pass
Sintham Pass
Mughal Road.
• The Banihal pass (2,832 m) lies at the head of the
Jhelum River.
• The Sinthan pass connects Jammu and Kashmir with
Kishtwar.
3. LESSER HIMALAYAS
• Jawahar Tunnel
• The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel
through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass
connects Banihal with Qazigund.
• Commissioned in December 1956.
• Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel
• 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road
Tunnel.
• Atal Tunnel
• The Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in
the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-
Manali Highway.
• With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel is the second
longest road tunnel in India
• Banihal Railway Tunnel
• 11.215 kilometres connects Quazigund and Banihal
commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service.
• It is India's longest railway tunnel.
LESSER HIMALAYAS - PIRPANJAL
Haji Pir Pass

Pir ki Gali
Sunset Peak Banihal Pass
Sinthan Pass
4. VALLEY OF KASHMIR
• It is deep asymmetrical basin which
lies between the Pir Panjal and the i.e.
Western end of the Great Himalayan
ranges.
• It is filled by sediments of lakes and
alluvium deposited by the upper
Jhelum river.
• There are extensive elevated plateau of
alluvial and lacustrine material known
as Karewas.
• Within the valley of Kashmir, there are
important side valleys like the Lidder
valley, the Sind valley and the Lolab
valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes
KAREWAS - WUDURS
• Karewas are lacustrine deposits [deposits in lakes] in the Valley of Kashmir and in
Bhadarwah Valley of the Jammu Division.
• In Kashmiri, the word Karewa means “elevated tableland.”
• Godwin-Austin (1859) coined the phrase.
• These are the flat-topped mounds of loamy soil that surround the Kashmir Valley on all
sides.
• Geologists think that the region of Kashmir valley was formerly filled with water from the
Tethys Sea during the Pleistocene Period (1 million years ago).
• The Baramullah Gorge developed as a consequence of endogenetic stresses, and a lake
was drained through it.
• Over time, the water drained away, leaving behind deposits such as unconsolidated gravel
and sludge. These deposits are referred to as KAREWA.
KAREWAS

KAREWAS
KAREWAS

KAREWAS
KAREWAS

KAREWAS
Valley Floor
Side Valleys
Karewas
KASHMIR VALLEY

5. GREATER HIMALAYAS
• This zone lies to the North of the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, having an average heights between
4500 to 6100 m.
• In the North, Kashmir range forms the part of Zanskar range and also forms the North-Eastern border
of the Kashmir valley.
• The ranges of Greater Himalayas prevent the cold winds of the Central Asia to enter into India.
• Nanga Parbat (Diamer) peak lies in this range.
GREATER HIMALAYAS

6. ZANSKAR RANGE
• The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in
the union territory of Ladakh that separates
Zanskar from Ladakh itself.
• Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of

the Tethys Himalaya.
• The high peaks Nun and Kun is within this

range.
• Marbal Pass and many other passes like

Zojila Pass, Fotu La Pass, Namika La, Pensi
La are in the Zanskar range.
6. LADAKH RANGE
• The Ladakh Range is
regarded as a southern
extension of the Karakoram
Range, which runs for 230
miles (370 km) from the
confluence of the Indus and
Shyok rivers in Baltistan to
the Tibetan border of Ladakh
in the southeast.
• The main mountain passes

are Chorbat, Digar La,
Khardung La, Chang La,
Umling La and Tsaka La. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes
ZANSKAR AND LADAKH RANGES
UPPER INDUS VALLEY

• This valley includes the areas from
the Tibetan border to the point in the
Pakistani region of Kashmir
(Westward).
• Each tributary of this river builds an
alluvial fan in the main valley.
• Leh town is located (3500 m) in this
valley.

KAROKARAM
• Most of Karakorum mountain range falls under jurisdiction of Gilgit-Baltistan which is
controlled by Pakistan.
• Also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chhogori or Savage Mountain.
• It begins in the Wakhan Corridor (Afghanistan) in the west, encompasses the majority of
Gilgit-Baltistan (controlled by Pakistan), and extends into Ladakh and Aksai Chin
(controlled by China).
• It is the second highest mountain range in the world and part of the complex of ranges
including the Pamir Mountains, the Hindu Kush and the Himalayan Mountains.
• The Karakoram has eighteen summits over 7,500 m height, with four of them exceeding
8,000 m.
• K2, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m, Gasherbrum I, Masherbrum Broad
Peak and Gasherbrum II.
• Karakoram pass and Nubra pass are used by people for travelling purpose from Ladakh to
Chinese Turkistan and Khattan. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes
KAROKARAM

LADAKH PLATEAU
• The Depsang Plains represent a high-altitude gravelly plain at
the northwest portion of the disputed Aksai Chin region of
Kashmir.
• India controls the western portion of the plains as part of
Ladakh, whereas the eastern portion is controlled by China
and claimed by India.
• The Line of Control with Pakistan-administered Gilgit-
Baltistan is 80 km west of the Depsang Plains with the
Siachen Glacier in-between.
• Ladakh's traditional trade route to Central Asia passed
through the Depsang Plains, with the Karakoram Pass lying
directly to its north.
• The Depsang plains are also part of the area called Sub-
Sector North (SSN) by the Indian military.
• Lingi Tang Plains lie in the Eastern side of Aksai Chin.
• More plains, originally called Kiang Chu Thang in the local
language, is a plateau on the Leh–Manali Highway.
LADAKH PLATEAU

MOUNTAINS OF
JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
Nanga Parbat
Burzil
Hurmukh
Apharwat Amarnath
Tosamaidan
Kolahai
Nun

MOUNTAINS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• The Kashmir valley is surrounded by high mountain ranges and a narrow gorge at Baramulla.
• The Southern part of the state has Shiwalik hills and the Northern part is covered by the lofty Karakorum.
• Some of the important mountains are:
• Amarnath
• Afarwat
• Burzil
• Karakoram
• Nanga Parbat
• Harmukh Mountain
• Nun Kun
• Pir Panjal
• Shiwalik
• Toshmaidan and Kajinag
• Volcanic Mountains: Soyamji (1860 m) and Kharewa.
• Zanskar
AMARNATH
• It is located in Ganderbal district
of J&K.
• Famous for its holy cave,
Amarnath which can be reached
through the Mahagunas pass.
• The mountain has Lidder valley
where Gwasharan is situated
towards Pahalgam.
• Kolahi Glacier is situated here.
• This valley also has ‘Sheshnag
mountain’.

Mount Kolahai
Mahaguns Pass
Sheeshnag Lake
Nun Peak
AFARWAT
• This mountain spreads through the Gulmarg valley.
• Vare-Kanoul Nag /Frozen Lake 2/Alpathar Lake
spring lies on it peak.
• Nullah Nagal has its origin from this spring which
flows down and meets the Wular lake.
• Parent Range: Pir Panjal

AFARWAT
BURZIL
• This mountain divides Kashmir and Ladakh
region where Burzil pass is situated.
• Burzil pass is an ancient pass and caravan
route.
• The pass lies close to the Line of Control on
route between Srinagar (Kashmir) and Gilgit.

BURZIL
NANGA PARBAT
• This mountain range lies southeast of the northernmost bend of the Indus river in Gilgit.
• Nanga Parbat is the westernmost major peak of the Himalayas.
• It is the 9th highest mountain in the world.
• In local language, it is known as ‘Diamer’ which means ‘King of Mountains’.
• Also known as Killer Mountain.

NANGA PARBAT
HARMUKH MOUNTAIN
• It is also known as mount Harmukuta.
• It is located in Ganderbal district of J&K in
Himalayas.
• It is a part of the Himalayan range and is
located between Nallah Sindh in the South
and Neelum river in the North.
• Gangbal Lake is located at its foothills.
• It is considered one of the sacred
mountains by Hindus, as according to
Hindu mythology it is the abode of Lord
Shiva.

HARMUKH MOUNTAIN
NUN KUN
• Nun is the tallest peak of Jammu and Kashmir, while its sister peak Kun lies in Ladakh.
• The Nun Kun massif is bounded to the north by the Suru valley and the Zanskar range, flanked to the east
by the Pensi La, which separates the Suru and Zanskar Valleys.
• Baralacha La pass lies between Leh and Kullu.

NUN KUN
NUN KUN
Nun Peak
Kun Peak
Pinnacle Peak

TOSHMAIDAN AND KAJINAG
• Toshmaidan and Kajinag are situated in the inner
Himalayas.
• Important passes of this mountain range are Basmai
Gali and Poonch Gali.
VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
• Two volcanic mountain peaks are situated in Jammu and Kashmir.
1. Soyamji volcanic peak lies in North Machhipura (Handwara), which was once erupted for 13 months in 1934
and is now a dormant volcanic peak.
2. The other volcanic peak is, Kharewa which lies in Pahalgam tehsil, which is a dead volcanic peak.

SOYAMJI VOLCANIC PEAK
MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

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DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Tawqeer ul Islam@Educate All Trust's Academy
DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

• A river is a large body of water flowing in a natural channel.
• Rivers start at a source, often have many tributaries, and finish in a mouth, at a lake or a
sea.
• The Indian UT of Jammu & Kashmir (including Ladakh) is home to many rivers like Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Tawi, Kishanganga, Indus, etc.
• The rivers of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh can be divided into three regions. These
are:
i. Rivers of Jammu region
ii. Rivers of Kashmir region
iii. Rivers of Ladakh region

Verinag
Baralachla Pass
Lake Mansarovar
I. RIVERS OF
JAMMU REGION

1. CHENAB
• The ancient name of the Chenab river is Asikni.
• Chenab river literally means "Moon river".
• Ptolemy called "Sandabhaya"
• Origin: Baralacha La pass in Lahaul and Spiti region of the of Himachal Pradesh.
• Formed by joining of two streams at Tandi - Chandra and Bhaga that is why it is known as Chandrabhaga.
• Total Length: 960 km (504 km in J & K)
• It drains the Eastern section of the Southern slope of Pir Panjal.
• It enters into J&K near Paddar at Kishtwar (assuming the name Chenab)and cross Doda, Ramban, Reasi and
Akhnoor.
• Ranbir and Pratap canals take off from it near Akhnoor.
• It leaves J&K at Akhnoor and enters into Sialkot district of Pakistan.
• It merges with Sutlej near "Uch Sharif Pakistan to form Panjnad river.
• Hydel Power Projects: Salal I (Reasi), Salal II (Udhumpur), Ratle (Kishtiwar) Dulhasti (Kishtiwar), Sawalkot and
Baghilar (Doda).
Baralachla Pass
TRIBUTARIES OF CHENAB
• Left Bank Tributaries:
Niru, Yabu, Mandyal, Painthal Khad, Tawi.
• Right Bank Tributaries:
Miyar, Marusudar, Chaini, Talsuen, Ans, Bichleri, Bhut Ballah Kalnai, Sohal Thirot, Raghi.
• Marusudar is the largest tributary of Chenab, which joins it near Bhandalkot.
• Tawi is the biggest Left bank Tributary.
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
MARUSUDAR RIVER
• Origin: Nunkun glacier of the Warwan Valley and joining the Chenab at Bhandarkoot in the Kishtwar district.
• Marusudar river or Maru Sudar river is the largest river tributary of the Chenab River.
• In the beginning two streams namely Batkot and Gumbar merge to form Warwan river.
• In the lower areas Warwan river is known as the Marusudar.
• 1000MW Pakal Dul Dam the 800MW Bursar Hydroelectric Project are on this river.
Baralachla Pass

TAWI RIVER
• Origin: Kali Kundi or Kailash Kund glacier near Kaplas/Soej mountains in Bhaderwah, district
Doda.
• Its catchment area covers Jammu, Udhampur and small parts of Doda districts.
• The river flows through the Chenani town of Udhampur and Jammu and then joins the
Chenab river in Sialkot district of Pakistan
• Referred as Surya Putri (Daughter of the Sun) in ancient literature.
• Length - 141 km.
• Most Hindus of Jammu city perform Mundan ceremony of their children over the banks of
this river.
• An artificial lake is being constructed over this river near Bhagwati Nagar Jammu.
• Chenani project (23.30 MW IC ) is on this river.
• Chanani iii is also on this river.
Kailash Kund
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
RAVI RIVER
• The Ravi was known as Purushni or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and as Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.
• Also known as “River of Lahore”.
• This river originates from the Himalayas at Bara Bhangal near Rohtang pass at Kangra, HP.
• Its total length is about 720 km (almost same as that of Jhelum).
• It passes through two mountain ranges, Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar on its South and North, respectively.
• The left bank of this river is in Punjab and right bank in J&K.
• It flows about 80 km along the Indo-Pak border, before entering Pakistan.
• Flows into Chenab and then Arabian Sea.
• It is a trans-boundary & a perennial river and is smallest of the five Punjab rivers.
• Tombs of Nur Jahan and Jahangir are situated on the banks of this river.
• Battle of Ten kings was fought on this river.
• The major multi-purpose power project, Ranjit Sagar Dam is built on this river at Thein village.
• Sewa-iii hydro electric power project is also on this river.
• Important tributaries of this river are Ujh, Basantar, Tant, Ghari, Budhil, Naior, Mai/Dhona, Seul and Siawa.
Verinag
Baralachla Pass
RAVI
Rohtang Pass
UJH RIVER
• Origin: Kailash (Ramkot) mountains near Baderwah Hillls of Middle Himalayas.
• The river is about 65 km long in the state.
• Second most important River of Kathua (the first being Ravi).
• It is a tributary of Ravi river that comes from Ramkot side of Jammu, passes through Kathua district then
Pathankot and enters Pakistan to join Ravi at Nainkot in Pakistan.
• Ujh Barrage is constructed on this river near village Jasrota.
UJH
RAVI
Rohtang Pass
BASANTAR RIVER
• Basanter, on the banks of which Samba town is located is a tributary of River Ravi and is famous for the
Battle of Basanater (Battle of Barapind), fought between India & Pakistan in 1971.
RAVI
Rohtang Pass
II. RIVERS OF
KASHMIR
REGION
JHELUM RIVER
• The ancient names of Jhelum river are Vitasta, Hydaspes, (Bydaspes), Bihat, Wihat, Bihatab, Biyatta and is
also known as Vyath.
• Origin: Verinag spring at the foot of Pir Panjal, in Anantnag district.
• Total Length: 725 km (177 (203) km in valley of Kashmir).
• Jhelum river is also called the Lifeline of Srinagar and it bifurcates the city into two parts.
• This river flows through Anantnag, Pulwama, Srinagar, Baramulla, flows into Wular Lake, then enters
Pakistan near Kohala bridge and then it is joined by Poonch river and flows into Mangla Dam in District
Mirpur & then joins Chenab in district Jhang at Trimmu.
• At last, the Panjnad river, along with Jhelum join Indus at Mithankot and flow into Arabian sea.
• It is navigable from Khannabal to Khadanyar lake.
• Hydel power projects: Lower Jhelum, Uri-I, Uri-II, etc.
• It has about 24 tributaries.
• Important tributaries:
– Right Bank: Bring, Liddar, Arpath, Harwan, Sindh, Erin, Madumati and Pohru rivers.
– Left Bank: Sandran, Vishav, Rambiara, Romshoo, Dudganga and Sukhnag, Ferozpur Nallah rivers.
Verinag
Baralachla Pass
Wular Lake
ERIN
POHRU
MADHUMATI
KISHENGANGA / NEELAM SINDH
ARAPAL
FEROZPUR
NINGLI LIDDER
SUKHNAG
DUDHGANGA
ROMSHOO KUTHAR
REMBIARA
BRENGI
VAISHAW
SANDRAIN
Verinag
POONCH RIVER
TRIBUTARIES OF JHELUM RIVER
• Left Bank Tributaries:
1. The Vaishav river:- Origin: Kaunsarnag Lake. Arharbal Falls on it. Joins Jhelum below Bijbehara. This
confluence is called as "Sangam". Longest Left Bank Tributary.
2. Ranbe Ara:- Flows through district Shopian, it is the widest of all the left bank tributaries of Jhelum.
3. Dhoodganga :- Formed by two mountain streams Sang-e-Safed and Yachera, comes from Yusmarg area
of Budgam. Also known as "Doud Koul“- River of Milk.
4. Farozepur Nallah:- Comes from Gulmarg Baramulla.
• Right Bank Tributaries:

• Brengi River: Origin: Glaciers of Sinthan in Anantnag.
• River Lidder :- Origin: Kolhai glacier, Sheeshnag Lake near Pahalgam. The Kolhai and Sheeshnag streams
join the Lidder at Pahalgam to make it a river. It is the second major tributary of river Jhelum and meets it
in North of Anantnag town.
• Sindh Nallah:- Joins Jhelum at Shadipore and is 96 km in length, the famous health resorts of Sonamarg
and Ganderbal are located on the banks of this river.
Sheeshnag Lake
Kolahai Glacier
LIDDER
Verinag
KISHANGANGA/ NEELAM RIVER

• Origin: Krishansar Lake (name Kishanganga) near Sonamarg. (Dream Mountains, Drass in
some books).
• It is also known as Neelum river.
• Total Length: 245 km long (50 km in the state)
• It flows through Gurez, Keran and Karnah mountain tracks and joins Jhelum river at
Domel (Muzaffarabad).
• It is the largest tributary of river Jhelum.
• Famous for Trout fish and ice cold water.
• The river has Kishanganga hydroelectric power project, Bandipora.
• Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project on this river in Pakistan.
• A lake called Gadsar, joins Neelam through Tulail stream.

Wular Lake
KISHENGANGA / NEELAM
Verinag
III. RIVERS OF
LADAKH
REGION
INDUS RIVER
• Origin: Sengga Khambal glacier, Kailash range in Tibet from Mansarovar lake.
• Total length: 2900 km (3180km) (709 km through India (1124 km PAK included))
• It flows between the Ladakh range and Zanskar range and covers the areas of Ladakh,
Baltistan and Gilgit.
• Leh town is located on it banks.
• Through a deep gorge near Attock, it crosses the Himalayas and then take a turn
towards South-West direction and enters into Pakistan.
• It is the largest river of Pakistan and joins Arabian sea near Port city of Karachi.
• Tributaries: Zanskar, Panjnad (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej), Suru, Yapola,
Astor Nagar, Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Goma Shigar, Sohan, Kurram, Gar, Ghiza Shigar,
Tanubal.
• Dhumkar, Stakna, Nimo Bazgo Hydro Electric Power Projects lie on it.
Verinag
Baralachla Pass
RAVI
Lake Mansarovar
SUTLEJ Rohtang Pass
SURU RIVER
• Origin: Drung Drug / Penzella
Pass, Zanksar.
• Total Length: 185 km.
• Kargil town is the largest city
situated on it banks.
• Also known as Karachi River.
• It meets the Indus river at
Nurla village in Leh district and
is one of the tributaries of
Indus river.
Verinag • Its important tributary is
Shafat Nala.
Baralachla Pass
RAVI
Lake Mansarovar
SUTLEJ Rohtang Pass
ZANSKAR RIVER
• A north flowing tributary of
Indus, the Zanskar River has
two main branches in its
upper reaches.
• The first branch is the Doda
River and second branch is
formed by Tsarap and
Kargyag rivers.
Lake Mansarovar
SHYOK RIVER
• Literally means "River of Death"
• Origin: Rimo Glacier.
• Tributaries: Galwan river, Chang
Chen Mo, Saltoro, Nubra River,
Chip Chap river.
• Meets Indus near Skadru in
Pakistan.
Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy Lake Mansarovar
NUBRA RIVER
• Origin: Siachen Glacier and meets
Shyok river near Khalsar.
• Also called Siachen Nallah by
local.
Lake Mansarovar
DRASS RIVER
• Origin: Machoi Glacier near Zoji
La.
• NH-1, Srinagar Leh National
Highway runs parallel to this
river.
• It is a tributary of Suru river.
• Shingo River is also its tributary.
OTHER RIVERS
1. Chip chap River :
• It means "Quiet River"
• Originates from Eastern edge of the Depsang Plains &
Discharges into Shyok.
• Flows from Aksai Chin to J&K.
2. The Doda River :

• Also known as the Stod River.
• Originates from Drang-Drung Glacier near Pensila.
• Tsarap River is its tributary. And together they form
Zanaskar River.
3. Galwan River :
• Originates from Samzungling and flows west to join the
Shyok River.
• Named after Ghulam Rasool Galwan, a person from
Tawqeer ul Leh. All Trust's Academy
Islam @Educate Lake Mansarovar
OTHER RIVERS
4. Tsarap River :
• Also known as Tsarap Chu.
• Originates from glaciers near Pankpo La at
the border of J&K & Himachal Pradesh.
5. Yapola River:
• Also known as Wanla River.
• Flows into (left) Indus river near Lamayuru.
6. Astor River:
• A left bank tributary of the Indus River.
• Originates from a glacier near Burzil in
Ladakh region.

CANALS OF
KASHMIR
DIVISION
CANALS OF KASHMIR DIVISION
• The Valley of Kashmir is drained by the
Jhelum and its tributaries.
• In the Division of Kashmir canals constitute
the dominant source of irrigation.
• These canals are divisible into :
(i) Zamindari-canals (Kuls), and
(ii) Government constructed canals.
• The Zamindari canals, locally known as Khuls
are constructed and maintained by the
farmers.
• There are around 3000 such Kuls which
irrigate nearly 61.15% of the total irrigated
area of the Kashmir. The major state owned
canals are:
(i) Martand Canal and
(ii) Zainagir Canal. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy
THE “ KULS”
• The network of Kuls / Khuls is quite
dense which gives the impression of a
labyrinth.
• Some of the important Khuls of

Kashmir are Sharakhul, Shahkhul,
Sumbal, Nandi, Zainpur, Awantipore,
Kayal, Rishipura and Babul.
• At the occurrence of water scarcity, the

villagers regulate the supply through
Rahviks (watchmen).
• The Rahviks Committee is formed by

the villagers.
THE MARTAND CANAL
• This is the oldest canal in Kashmir.
• It is said that it was originally constructed
in the 8th century A.D. by the king
Lalitaditya which got extended by the
LIDDER
subsequent rulers.
• It has been taken off from the left bank of
the Liddar river and its Headworks lie at
Verinag
Ganeshpur.
• The total length of the canal is about 50
kms.
• The low lying and plain areas of the
Anantnag District are irrigated by
Martand Canal.
• The canal terminates in the Karewa of
Martand.
THE ZAINAGIR CANAL

• In the 15th Century A.D., the
Zainagir Canal was
constructed by Sultan Zain-
ul-Abidin.
• Length: 47 km.
• This canal has been
excavated from the
Verinag
Madhumati river.
• The canal has been
constructed along the
northern side of the Wular-
Lake through Bandipora,
Sopore and Zainagir.
• It provides water to the
paddy fields and orchards of
Baramulla District.
OTHER CANALS
➢ NUR CANAL:
• It takes water from Jehlum at Shadipora then flows into Wular.
• It is a model of canals that was constructed by Suya during Avantiwarman’s reign.
➢ MIHIND CANAL:
• It takes water from Liddar.
• It was constructed in 1956.
➢ AWANTIPUR CANAL:
• It takes water from Liddar.
• It was constructed in 1953 and irrigates the areas of east Pampore.
➢ DADIKUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Lidder near Chatapora.
• It irrigates areas of Khirram, Sirhama, etc.
➢ NANDIKUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Lidder near Lassipur.
• It was constructed by Raja Awantivarman.
OTHER CANALS
➢ SHAKFUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Nallah Sindh.
• It irrigates villages from Manigam to Safapore.
➢ ZARKUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Nallah Sindh.
• It was constructed by Sultan Zainul Abideen / Badshah.
• It irrigates the areas of Mansabal, Lar, Ganderbal, etc.
➢ ZAINAPUR CANAL:
• It take water from Vaishaw at Barbugh.
• It irrigates fields at Zainpura and Kulgam.
➢ RISHIPURA CANAL:
• It takes water from Vishaw and was constructed in 1956.
➢ KAYAL CANAL:
• It take water from Rembiara.
• It irrigates fields at Shopian and was constructed in 1953.
OTHER CANALS
➢ SUMBAL CANAL:
• It takes water from Sukhnag.
• It irrigates Sonawari and flows back into Jehlum.
➢ BABUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Ferozepur Nallah at Tangmarg.
• It was constructed in 1956.
➢ SHARABKUL CANAL:
• It takes water from Harwan lake.
• It flows up to Cheshma Shahi to the east of Dal Lake.
➢ LALKHUL CANAL:
• It take water from Nallah Pohru at Bubhama Kupwara.
• It irrigates fields at Drogmulla, Handwara and Sopore.
➢ PARIMPUR CANAL:
• It takes water from Dudhganga at Parimpur, Srinagar.
CANALS OF
JAMMU
DIVISION
CANALS OF JAMMU DIVISION
• The Division of Jammu is drained by the Chenab, Ravi, Tawi, Ujh, Basantar, Manawar Tawi, Poonch Tohi and
Neru rivers.
• Wherever possible, the water of these rivers has been utilized for irrigation.
• Some of the important canals of Jammu Division are:
1. Ranbir Singh Canal.
2. Pratap Singh Canal.
3. Ravi Canal.
4. Tawi Lift Irrigation Project.
THE RANBIR SINGH CANAL

• The Headworks of Ranbir Singh Canal is located at Akhnoor on the left bank of Chenab.
• Passing southward it has been taken across the Tawi River with the help of an aquaduct.
• The fertile plains of Jammu and Ranbirsinghpura are under its command.
• The total command area of Ranbir Singh Canal is over one lakh acres.
• This canal and its distributures have helped appreciably in the adoption and diffusion of High Yielding
Varieties of rice and wheat in Jammu plains, especially in the tehsil of Ranbirsinghpura.
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
THE PRATAP CANAL
• Taken out from the right bank of the mighty Chenab, at Akhnoor, the Chenab canal has a total
length of 36 kms.
• About 20,000 acres of Akhnoor Tehsil are under its command.
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
THE RAVI-TAWI IRRIGATION COMPLEX

• A comprehensive project has been designed to connect the Ravi and Tawi waters for irrigation purposes.
• This project will irrigate about one and a half lakh acres of land in the Kandi and plain areas of the Jammu
Division.
• The complex is based on the gravity canals and lift irrigation projects.
• The project consists of :
(a) Ravi Canal, and
(b) Tawi Lift Irrigation Project.

(A) THE RAVI CANAL
• The Ravi Canal has been taken out from the right bank of the Ravi River at the Shahpur-Kandi Barrage.
• Moving in a north-east to southwest direction, the main canal is 76 kms long.
• It has been linked with the Tawi Lift Project at Vijaipur.
• Efforts are being made to transfer the water of Kathua Canal into Ravi Canal at Lakhanupur.
RAVI
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
Rohtang Pass
(B) THE TAWI LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECT

• A lift station has been constructed on the left bank of the Tawi River near Bahu-Fort.
• At this point the water of Tawi River is raised to height of about 31 metres by lift pumps and fed into the
main canal.
• The main canal has a length of about 29 km which has been constructed from Jammu to Ramgarh.
• It commands about 15,000 acres of the Jammu, Bishna and Vijaipur Blocks.
RAVI
Baralachla Pass
TAWI
Rohtang Pass
CANALS OF
LADAKH
CANALS OF LADAKH
• Owing to scanty rains and high rate of evaporation the cultivation of crops in the Ladakh Division is
entirely dependent on irrigation.
• Many of the farmers have individual water channels to irrigate their fields.
• Moreover, there are several small canals locally known as Mayur which irrigate relatively larger tracts of
cultivated land.
(i) Chuchot Mayur (Canal):
• The Chuchot-Mayur has been taken out of the left bank of the Indus at the Stakna.
(ii) The Thiksay Mayur (Canal):

• The Thiksay Mayur has been dug from the right bank of the Indus river.

HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS IN J&K
Name District River
Baglihar Stage- I Hydroelectric Project Doda Chenab
Dulhasti Hydroelectric Project Doda Chenab
Salal - I & II Hydroelectric Project Reasi/Udhampur Chenab
Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project Kishtiwar Chenab
Chenani Hydroelectric Project Udhampur Tawi
Chenani-III Hydroelectric Project Udhampur Tawi
Sewa-II Hydroelectric Project Kathua Sewa
Sewa-III Hydroelectric Project Kathua Ravi
Ganderbal Hydroelectric Project Ganderbal Sindh Nallah
Upper Sindh Hydroelectric Project Ganderbal Sindh Nallah
Upper Sindh-II Hydroelectric Project Ganderbal Sindh Nallah & Wangath
Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project Bandipore Kishanganga
Lower Jhelum Hydroelectric Project Near Warikhah, Baramulla Jhelum
Uri-I Hydroelectric Project Baramula Jhelum
Uri-II Hydroelectric Project Baramulla Jhelum
Nimmo-Bazgo Hydroelectric Project Leh Indus
Stakna Hydroelectric Project Leh Indus
Chutak Hydroelectric Project Kargil Suru
Iqbal (Kargil) Hydroelectric Project Kargil Wakharong
Manasbal Lake
Gadsar Lake
Wular Lake (R) Gangbal Lake
Sheikhsar Lake Krishansar Lake
Vishansar Lake
Waskursar Lake
Ahansar Lake Pangong Tso
Dal Lake
Nigeen Lake
Anchaar Lake
Hokersar Lake (R) Tso Kaigar
Nilnag Lake
Tso Moriri (R)
Nilsar Lake Sheeshnag Lake

Nandansar
Tarsar Lake*
Kousarnag Lake Sanasar Marsar Lake*
Mansar & Surinsar (R) Tulian Lake
LAKES OF
JAMMU REGION
SURINSAR LAKE
• Location: Samba, Western Shiwaliks.
• It is a freshwater lake.
• With wood hills all around, thick forests in the backdrop and countless lotus flowers on the surface, the
beautiful Surinsar lake is a great picturesque tourist spot.
• According to legends, when Arjuna (the hero of the epic Mahabharata) shot an arrow to the Mansar land,
the arrow pierced the earth and came out through a place in Surinsar.
• Therefore, both the lakes (Mansar and Surinsar) were created.
• This lake is known more for its religious significance and values rather than for its beauty.
• One can find some ancient temples on the banks of the lake, which are visited by devotees in large
numbers.
• The most popular one is the shrine of Lord Sheeshnag, the lord of serpents, and other famous temples
dedicated to Umapati Mahadev, Narasimha and Goddess Durga respectively.
• Local people consider it auspicious to perform all the Hindu ceremonies such as Mundan (first hair cut of the
baby), marriage etc., in these temples.
• The major attraction of this lake is a 'Food and Crafts Festival' which is organized annually by the J&K
Tourism around Baisakhi festival.
MANSAR LAKE
• Location: Samba, Shiwaliks.
• The Mansar Lake is a freshwater lake, surrounded by dense forests and hills.
• The lake is counted among major tourists destinations because of boating facilities and its religious values
owing to Sheeshnag shrine.
• Newly wed couples perform three 'Parikramas' (circumambulations) around the lake to seek the blessings of
the lord of serpents.
• Flickering of seasonal birds, tortoise and fish of different species can be observed in the Mansar Lake.
• Mansar Lake is also home to two temples, Umapati Mahadev & Narasimha and temple of Durga apart from
many others which are regularly visited by the devotees.
• The shrine encompasses a big boulder on which some iron chains symbolize the small serpents waiting on
the deity of the Sheshnag.
• Many Hindu communities perform the Mundan ceremony (First haircut) of their male children here.
• It is also a common belief that the waters of Mansar Lake can wash away the sins committed.
• Popular for the Food and Crafts festival, the Mansar lake draws thousands of tourists every year around
Baisakhi.
SANASAR LAKE
• Location: Patnitop, Ramban.
• The lake got its name from the two lakes of 'Sana' and 'Sar.’
• It is also known as "MiniGulmarg".
• It is the hub for adventure sport activities especially Aero adventure sports like paragliding.
• The area is notable for its scenic views of mountain ranges including the Brammah Massif.
• A nearby mountain range is called the Shanta Ridge.
• The Shank Pal Temple is located at the highest point of the Shank Pal ridge, dedicated to Nag Shankh
Pal.
• Shanta Gala is a pass on the Shanta ridge which offers a view of the Panchari valley on the other side
of the ridge.
• A place for a quiet holiday, the meadow has now been developed as a golf course.
• Located on NH-44.
• Here exists a natural spring also named as "Viran Spring" whose water is crystal clear and sweet.
• A centuries old small temple of "Nag Devta" exists here.
SANASAR LAKE

NANDANSAR LAKE
• The oval-shaped Sat Sars (seven lakes), located on Poonch-Shopian border of Pir
Panchal range, in Poonch.
• These include Nandan Sar, Gum Sar (hidden lake), Kal dachni (dark water lake), Sukh
Sar (dried lake), Neel Sar (blue lake), Katori Sar (bowel lake) and Katanan or Sarota Sar
(blocked lake).
• Nandan Sar, two km long oval-shaped alpine lake, is the largest of all.
• All these seven adjacently located lakes fall in Girjan valley.
• The valley's name "Girjin" meaning elf's thunder, is derived from Garj means thunder.
• The water of the lake runs from Jadi Marg Nullah and flows down into the Kashmir
Valley.
NANDANSAR LAKE

LAKES OF
KASHMIR REGION
DAL LAKE
• Location: East Srinagar.
• It is known as the “Jewel in the crown of Kashmir” or “Srinagar’s Jewel” or “Lake of Flowers”.
• Covers an area of 18 square kilometers (6.9 sq. m) which makes it the second largest lake in the state.
• Mentioned as Mahasarit in ancient Sanskrit texts.
• The wetland is divided by causeways into four basins; Gagribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal and Nigeen.
• Lokut-dal and Bod-dal each have an island in the centre, known as Rup Lank (or Char Chinari) and Sona
Lank respectively.
• The floating gardens are known as “Raad” in Kashmiri, blossom with lotus flowers during July and August.
• Asia’s largest Tulip garden is on the banks of Dal Lake.
• Mughal gardens –Nishat, Shalimar, Cheshma Shahi and Naseem Bagh are on the banks of Dal Lake.
• The famous shrine of Hazratbal is situated near Naseem Bagh on the bank of the Boud Dal.
• Kashmir University is also situated here.
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Cheshma
Shahi

GEOLOGY OF DAL LAKE
• Multiple theories explaining the origin of this lake have been formulated.
• One version is that it is the remnants of a post-glacial lake, which has undergone drastic changes in size
over the years.
• The other theory is that it is of fluvial origin from an old flood spill channel or ox-bows of the Jhelum River.
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DAL LAKE
• The lake is classified as ‘monomictic' under the sub-tropical lake category.
• The shallow, open-drainage lake is fed by Dachigam-Telbal Nallah (with perennial flow), Dara Nallah ('Nallah'
means "stream") and many other small streams.
• Spring sources also contribute to the flow, although no specific data is available to quantify their
contribution.
• There are two outlets from the lake, namely the Dalgate and Amir Khan Nallah that connects the lakes of
Nigeen and Anchar Lake.
• Dalgate is controlled by a weir and lock system.
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DAL LAKE
• The lake is noted in particular for its Nelumbo nucifera (lotus flowers) which bloom in July and August.
• Floating gardens, labelled the 'Rad' in the Kashmiri language are a special feature of the lake.
• They basically constitute of matted vegetation and earth, but are floating.
• These are detached from the bottom of the lake and drawn to a suitable place (generally to the north west
of the houseboats' location) and anchored.
• Given its rich nutrient properties, tomatoes, cucumbers and melons are grown with noteworthy results.
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DAL LAKE
• The lake has numerous
sites and places of
interest, many of which are
important to the cultural
heritage of Srinagar.
• Aside from the Shalimar
Bagh and Nishat Bagh,
some of the other places
frequented by tourists are
the Shankaracharya
temple, the Hari Parbat,
the Nigeen Lake, the
Chashme Shahi, the
Hazratbal Shrine, and the
Mazar-e-Shura cemetery
containing the graves of
famous Mughal-era poets.
DAL LAKE
• Houseboats and the Dal are widely associated with Srinagar and are nicknamed "floating palaces", built
according to British customs.
• The houseboats are generally made from local cedar-wood and are graded in a similar fashion to hotels
according to level of comfort.
• Many of them have lavishly furnished rooms, with verandas and a terrace to serve as a sun-deck or to
serve evening cocktails.
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DAL LAKE
• The shikara is a type of wooden paddled taxi boat found on Dal Lake and other water bodies of Srinagar in
Jammu and Kashmir.
• Shikaras are of various sizes and are used for multiple purposes, including transportation.
• A usual shikara seats six people, with the driver paddling at the rear.
• Like the Venetian gondolas, they are a cultural symbol of Kashmir.
• Some shikaras are still used for fishing, harvesting aquatic vegetation (usually for fodder), and transport,
while most are covered with tarpaulins and are used by tourists.
• The craft relies on deodar wood (which does not decompose in water) ranges from 25 to 41 feet in length.
• Seating arrangements are organized in the central segment of the boat by positioning cushions and related
upholstery over the built-in storage space underneath.
• A canopy is supported on four pillars.
• Each houseboat has an exclusive shikara for ferrying guests to the shore.
• The shikara is also used to provide for other sightseeing locations in the valley, notably a cruise along the
Jhelum River.
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VENITIAN GONDOLA
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NIGEEN LAKE
• Location: Srinagar, foothills of the Zabarwan ranges, bordered by the lofty Hari Parbat and
Shankaracharya Hill.
• Nagin Lake is a beautiful water body, known for its sparkling waters and picturesque surroundings.
• This lake attributes its name to the trees that surround it and earns the sobriquet 'Jewel in the Ring’.
• Visitors coming to this lake can take a refreshing dip here as it is considered safe for swimming.
• Provisions for water skiing and fiberglass boat riding are also present at the site.
• The most enthralling activity that visitors can enjoy is a ride in the traditional boats called shikaras.
• In terms of weather, an ideal time to take a tour of this lake is between June and August.
• It is also connected to the Khushal Sar and Gil Sar lakes via a channel known as Nallah Amir Khan.
GILSAR LAKE
• Gil Sar is a freshwater lake in highly deteriorated condition, located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
• The lake is sometimes considered a part of the Khushal Sar lake but is separated from it by a narrow
strait, which is spanned by a bridge known as Gil Kadal.
• The Gilsar lake is connected to the Nigeen lake via the Nallah Amir Khan.

ANCHAR LAKE
• Location: Srinagar.
• Anchar Lake is a lake in highly deteriorated condition located near Soura area in the city of Srinagar, with
Ganderbal on its North West bank.
• About half of its area become a marshland.
• The Sind Nala feeds this lake.
• Anchar Lake is connected to the pristine Dal Lake through a channel, known as "Amir Khan Nallah“which
passes through Gilsar and Khushal Sar.
• During the occurrence of floods, the excess waters of the Dal Lake get diverted here.
• Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between
September and October and again around spring.
ANCHAR LAKE

BRARI NAMBAL LAKE
• Brari Nambal, also known as Bab Demb, is a small freshwater lake located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
• It is connected to the Dal Lake via a channel and is hence sometimes referred as a lagoon of the Dal Lake.
• Until 1970s, it had a primary outflow in the form of the Mar Canal, but after the land filling of this canal, the
lake began to lose its glory.
• It is currently in highly deteriorated condition while efforts to revive it are on.
HARWAN LAKE
• Location: Srinagar
• Harwan is a clean and pure water lake located at Harwan in Srinagar District of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Sarband Lake.
• It is 278 m long, 137 m wide and 18 m deep.
• Nestled amidst mighty mountains and scenic locales, the lake is a major source of water supply to Srinagar.

HARWAN LAKE
HOKERSAR LAKE
• Location: Srinagar and Budgam.
• It is about 5 km in length and 1.5 km in width.
• Known as the Queen of Wetlands in Jammu and Kashmir.
• It is a home of migratory birds which came in winter season, e.g. waterfowls, shorebirds and trans-
Himalayan species.
• Due to its ecological value, the lake has been declared as Conservation Reserve under the Jammu and
Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978.
• In 2005, the lake has been declared as Ramsar site under Ramsar Convention.
• This lake is situated on the left side of Srinagar-Uri National Highway.
• It is famous for duck shooting.
• Willow trees are grown in abundance around its banks.
• It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and
Mirgund.

HOKERSAR LAKE
NEELNAG LAKE
• The Neelang Lake is situated in district Budgam.
• Nilnag is a picturesque lake situated 4 km away from Yousmarg.
• The lake received its name from its clear blue water where nil stands for blue and nag stands for
spring/lake.

WULAR LAKE – JAMMU KASHMIR
• Largest Freshwater lake in India.
• Location: Bandipora/Baramulla Kashmir
• Wular Lake is the largest fresh-water lake of Asia.
• On its South-West shore, the town of Sopore lies.
• The Jhelum River and stream Madhumati flow into the lake.
• Lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity.
• The origin may also be attributed to a Kashmiri word 'Wul', which means a gap or a fissure.
• Wular Lake is also said to be a remnant of Satisar Lake that existed in ancient times.
• In ancient times, Wular Lake was also called Mahapadmasar, Nilamata Purana also mentions it as
Mahapadmasaras.
• The lake, gives rise to high leaping waves in the afternoons, called Ullola in Sanskrit. Therefore, it was also
being called Ullola.
• Lake has a small island “Zainalank”.
• Designated as a Ramsar site in1990.
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WULAR LAKE – JAMMU KASHMIR
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WULAR LAKE
MANASBAL LAKE
• Location: Safapora, Ganderbal.
• The name Manasbal is said to be a derivative of the Lake Manasarovar.
• It is stated to be the deepest lake (at 13 m or 43 ft depth) in India.
• The large growth of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) at the periphery of the lake (blooms during July and August)
adds to the beauty of the clear waters of the lake.
• Mughal garden, called the Jaroka, (meaning bay window) built by Nur Jahan overlooks the lake.
• It is also known as "Supreme gem of all Kashmir Lakes"

AHANSAR LAKE
• It is a rural water body situated in Ganderbal.
• It is an oxbow type of water body and has probably originated by the meandering of the alluvial deposits.

GANGABAL LAKE
• This lake is situated on the North-East slopes of Harmukh mountains, in Ganderbal district.
• It is considered as "Alpine high altitude oligotrophic lake".
• Water from rain, springs and melting glaciers feeds this lake.
• The lake water outflows to a nearby Nundkol Lake and then via Wangath nallah to Sind River.
• This lake is referred to as Harmukuh Ganga by Hindus and is regarded as sacred as the holy city of
Haridwar.
• In order to preserve their culture and religious heritage, Kashmiri Pandits organise a traditional
pilgrimage at this site.
• It is famous for "Rainbow and brown trout".
• Zach pass lies opposite to this lake.
GANGABAL LAKE

GANGABAL LAKE
GADSAR LAKE
• The Gadsar Lake or the Yemsar Lake also called as the “Lake of Fishes” is a picturesque, alpine high
altitude oligotrophic lake in Ganderbal district of Kashmir valley.
• During summers, the entire area surrounding the lake is bedecked with a wide range of wild flowers,
consigning its landscape a stunning look. It is thus called ‘valley of flowers’ as well.

GADSAR LAKE
KRISHANSAR LAKE
• The Krishansar Lake is an alpine high altitude oligotrophic lake situated in the vicinity of Sonamarg, less
than one kilometer from Vishansar Lake.
• Krishanasar in Kashmir means "Lake of Krishna".
• It is an angler's paradise.
• Believed to be the origin of Kishenganga.
VISHANSAR LAKE
• The Vishansar Lake is an alpine high altitude oligotrophic lake situated in the vicinity of Sonamarg.

SHESHNAG LAKE
• This lake is situated in Anantnag district of Kashmir region.
• Sheshnag is an alpine high altitude oligotrophic lake situated at the track leading to Amarnath cave.
• Also known as the Mirror Lake.
• According to the Hindu mythology Sheshnag means the king of snakes and the lake was dug by Sheshnag
himself.
• It is believed by the Hindus that Sheeshnag stays in this Lake even today.
• It is one of the most ancient places of pilgrimage for the Hindus, as it lies on the track of Amarnath cave.
SHESHNAG LAKE

TARSAR AND MARSAR LAKES
• he Tarsar Lake or Tar Sar is an almond-shaped, oligotrophic alpine lake situated in the Kashmir Valley,
specifically in, Anantnag district. (District Admin Website Pulwama mentions them in Pulwama).
• Tarsar and Marsar lie on the northern slope of the Harmukh Mountain.
• Marsar Lake, which is in the vicinity of Dachigam National Park.
• Marsar Lake is the origin of the canal Sharab Kohl that provides water to the fountains that play in the
Mughal Gardens.
• Marsar Lake flows into the Lidar, which is one of the largest tributaries of Jhelum.
• Tarsar and Mansar are separated by a mountain often known as twin sisters.
• Tarsar is an almond shaped lake.
• Reffered by Yousuf Shah Chak in his poetry.
• Tarsar Marsar Trek is one of the highly opted treks of the Kashmir Valley.

TULAIN LAKE
• Tulian Lake is an alpine lake located near Pahalgam in Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The lake often has chunks of ice floating in it.
• The lake lies in the great Himalayan range.

KOUNSARNAG LAKE / VAISHNO PAD
• This lake is situated between the peaks of Pir Panjal range in Kulgam, district.
• The lake is about 5 km long and 3 km wide.
• It is the source of river Vishav – a left bank tributary of Jehlum.
• It is an oligotrophic lake.
SUKH AND DUKH LAKES

• Sokh and Dokh are two frozen lakes situated in Kupwara.
• These are said to be two teardrops of Parvati - one a warm drop indicating happiness and another cold one
showing grief.

DEMANSAR LAKE
• A mountain lake in the south of Kashmir valley just east of Tosha Maidan pass at the upper end of
Tsenimarag Budgam.
GADITAR LAKE
• A mountain lake lying on the eastern side of Panjal Range about Tosa Maidan on the Poonch path.
GOGISAR LAKE
• A mountain lake lying on the eastern side of the watershed between Kashmir and Mardwa Wardwan valley
SONASAR NAG LAKE

• A small lake situated amid of the mountains at the north eastern end of Dachnipora about 3.5 Kms south-
west of Shishnag in Anantnag.
RATANSAR LAKE
• It is a small lake lying in the plains at the southeast end from Sopore, Baramulla,
VETHNAR LAKE
• It is a shallow lake situated on the left bank of river Jhelum in Srinagar.
• The lake is also called Nagat Nambal.

ZAMTINAG LAKE
• A small lake situated in lofty mountains at the north eastern end of Dachnipora, Anantnag fed by glaciers.
NARKURA SAR (NADIR SAR)

• The waterbody owes its name to the Narkura village, Budgam, which lies to its south.
• The waterbody has its banks spread upto a number of villages viz; Nadur, Gurvaith, Omipora and Humhama.
KANTAR NAG
• A small lake situated on the Pirpanjal range to the north of the Firozepur pass and is 6 kms from Gulmarg,
Baramulla.
NARAQNBAGH
• This lake is located about 25 km from Srinagar city.
• It is oxbow lake and the main source of this lake is springs within its basin.
TRIGAM SAR
• This waterbody is located about 25 km to the west of Srinagar.
• This lake is very shallow and turbid due to heavy biotic interference due to the harvesting of fodder and
plants and fishing.
HAIGAM JHIL
• This lake is located 5 kms from Sopore town and drains into Wullar Lake through tarzoo nalla the main
source of water to this lake is from Ningli Nalla and Babakul .

CHATLAM WETLAND
• This wetland is located in Pampore area and about 30 kms from Srinagar city.
• The source of water to this wetland is springs within the basin.
KHANPUR SAR
• This is a semi drainage water body and the main resources is from surrounding channels.
WASKURSAR LAKE
• This is a small water body situated at a distance of 30 Kms from Srinagar city and is located in Ganderbal.
LAKES OF
LADAKH
PANGONG LAKE
• Location: Leh in Changtang plateau in Eastern part of Ladakh and extends from Ladakh, India to the
Tibetan Autonomous Region, China.
• This lake covers total area of 604 sq km. The lake is about 134 km long and 5-6 km wide.
• It is a salty lake and also known as Hollow Lake.
• Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake is an endorheic lake.
• Khurnale Fort lies on its northern bank.
• Chusal stream flows into it.
• Pangong literally means "High Grassland Lake".
• This lake is known to change colours.
• It is famous amongst tourists as the spot where the Bollywood movie "3 Idiots" was shot.
• Since the enthralling Pangong Lake falls on the Sino-Indian Actual Line of Control, an inner line permit is
required to visit it.
TSO MORIRI LAKE

• It is located in Changtang area.
• The lake is about 28 km in length, 4-6 km wide and 248 feet in depth.
• It is also known as Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve, declared as a Ramsar Site in 2002.
• The water of this lake is less brackish as compared Pangong lake, thus supports more bird life.
• It is also known as "Mountain Lake" and is an endorheic lake.
• It is the largest high altitude lake in India that is entirely in Indian territory.

KIAGAR TSO LAKE

• Lake Kiagar Tso is the highest of the lakes of Ladakh.
• It is located in the Rupshu Valley of Ladakh and can easily be reached from Tso Moriri Lake.
• Also known as white lake because the white salt of the water deposits all over the lake shores.
• Smallest of the three high altitude alpine lakes in the Ladakh region.

RAMSAR SITES
IN JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
RAMSAR SITES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

• The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is an
intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for
the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
• The Convention's mission is "the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national
actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development
throughout the world".
• The Ramsar Convention is the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem
(Wetlands).
• The treaty was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and the Convention's member countries cover
all geographic regions of the planet.
• India became a contracting party to the Ramsar Convention in October 1981 and designated Chilika Lake
(Orissa) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) as its first two Ramsar Sites.

RAMSAR SITES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR
1) Wular Lake – Bandipora / Baramulla
Date of Declaration: 23/03/1990; Area: 18,900 ha; (Oldest and Largest in J&K)
2) Tsomoriri - Leh
Date of Declaration: 19/08/2002. Area: 12,000 ha.
3) Hokersar – Srinagar / Budgam

Date of Declaration: 08/11/2005; Area: 1,375 ha;
4) Surinsar Mansar Lakes - Sambha

Date of Declaration: 08/11/2005; Area:350 ha; (Smallest)
SPRINGS OF
JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
SPRINGS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• Important springs of the UT are:
• Verinag (the source of Jhelum), Martand, Achabal, Kokernag, Chirnagand Vasaknag in Anantnag district.
• Tulamula or Khirbhawani (a sacred spring), Vicharanag, Sukhnag, Vishansar and Harmukat Ganga and
Chashma Shahi in Ganderbal and Srinagar.
• Khoon spring in Udhampur district.
• Marwa spring in Kishtwar district.
• Parnala spring and Fort spring in Doda district.
VERINAG SPRING
• Verinag spring is located in Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir.
• This famous spring is situated at the foot of Pir Panjal Mountain near Lower Manda.
• There is an octagonal stone basin at Verinag Spring and an arcade surrounding it which was built by
Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1620 A.D.
• Later, a beautiful garden next to this spring was laid out by his son Shah Jahan.
• This spring is known to never dry up or overflow.
• Verinag Spring is also the major source of river Jhelum.
• Verinag Spring and Mughal Arcade surrounding it is officially recognized by Archaeological Survey of India
as a Monument of National Importance.

KOKERNAG SPRING
• It is located in Anantnag district.
• Its name comprises of two words ‘Koker' meaning 'chicken' and ‘Nag' meaning 'serpent' 'Nag' also means a
sulphurous water spring in Kashmiri.
• The place is known for its gardens, pristine fresh water springs and rainbow trout farms.
• Kokernag has various interesting legends attached to it regarding its name.
• According to the legend, it was a saint who came to the place with a bucket. He slept and kept his bucket
nearby. After sometime some women came in search of water, but could not find any. They saw the
sleeping saint and the bucket and decided to take water from the bucket. However, as soon as they went
near, a serpent came out of the bucket, escaped and crept in the ground. Soon it emerged in the form of
a chicken. The chicken began to dig the soil with its claw and water came gushing out of it. This
originated the spring and was named Kokernag.
• It is also believed that the spring is called kokernag, because of it originates from a claw shaped origin in
the earth and moves ahead like a serpent.
• Otherwise the real name of the place is Bindoo Zalangam.
ACHABAL SPRING
• Location: Anantnag.
• Perhaps the most beautiful of all the springs is
Achabal which gushes out of the Sonsanwar Hill
and was at once enlisted by the Emperor Jehangir
in the service of beauty and pleasure.
• It is said that the Brengi Nallah which disappears
at Dewalgam in the fissures of limestone is the
real source of the Achabal Spring.
• The water of this spring which flows through this
garden in three channels, is beautifying and
ornamenting this terraced garden beyond
imagination.
• The fountains that have been laid through the
water channels add to the charm of this Mughal
garden.
MARTAND SPRING
• This spring is situated at Mattan at a distance of 8 kms from the main city of Anantnag.
• It is very sacred to Hindus.
• Ruins of the famous Martand temple, constructed by Lalitaditya of Karkota dynasty are found in its vicinity.
• People of all nearby villages use water of this spring for their fields and orchards.
KHEER BHAWANI SPRING

• Location: Tulmullah, Ganderbal.
• Kheer Bhawani, Ksheer Bhawani or the Ragnya Devi temple.
• The temple spring complex is affectionately known as Kheer Bhawani because of the thousands of
devotees who have offered milk and 'Kheer' to the sacred spring.

CHESHMA SHAHI / ROYAL SPRING
• This spring is situated in Srinagar on a hill.
• Chashma Shahi originally derives its name from the spring which was discovered by the great female saint
of Kashmir, Rupa Bhawani, who was from the Sahib clan of Kashmiri Pandits.
• The family name of Rupa Bhawani was 'Sahib' and the spring was originally called 'Chashma Sahibi’.
• Over the years the name got corrupted and today the place is known as Chashma Shahi (the Royal
Spring).
• Its water is ice-cold and is famous for its medical properties.
• Mughal emperor Shah-i-Jahan laid out a beautiful peak here, which has been further developed for
tourists.
BAOLLIES / BOWLIS OF UDHUMPUR

• These are the natural springs found in Udhumpur.
• There are hundereds of them like: Gauri Kund Bowli, Biilan Bowli, Kallar Baoli, Sakan Boali, etc.

KHOON SPRING: Some 50 kms far from Udhampur, along Dhar road exists this natural baoli
with nectar-clear water.
BASHOLI-BANI SPRINGS: The entire track is having many natural springs linking
Bhadarwah and the entire sub Himalayan region.
NAGRI PAROLE SPRINGS

• There are many springs near this area falling in Kathua district.
• People suffering from skin ailments get cured after having a dip in this spring.
SUDMAHADEV'S SPRING: This-spring is also named as "Papnashi Baoli" and is of high

sanctity as it is believed that a holy dip in this spring washes off one's sins.
• An annual mela lasting a couple of days is being celebrated in the first week of June.
KUD SPRING: Lies in Kud, Udhumpur and is also called "Swami Wala Spring".
• The tourists from India and abroad make a short stop here to experience sweetness of water of this
spring.
BATOTE SPRING: Location: Ramban.

• Two prominent springs are in existence in this picturesque spot of Batote viz. Amrit and Lal Spring.
• One feels quite relaxed here after drinking water from these springs.
TATTAPANI SPRING: This is a hot spring, located in the Kalakot Rajaouri.
Note: There are other hot springs (Tattapaani) in places like Ramban, Kishtiwar, etc.

CLIMATE
• Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in an area, typically
averaged over a period of 30 years.
• More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological
variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years.
• Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured
are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and
precipitation.
• The climate of a location is affected by its latitude/longitude,
terrain, and altitude, wind pattern as well as nearby water bodies
and their currents.
Artic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Polar Zone
Temperate Zone
Tropical Zone
or Torrid Zone
Temperate Zone
Polar Zone
Sub Tropical Region

Equatorial Region
Sub Tropical Region

21 March
22 June 22 Dec
23 Sep
CLIMATE OF JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
Tawqeer ul Islam@EACT Classes ~Educate All Trust

CLIMATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• The UT of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in sub-tropical latitudes but owing to
orographic features and snowclad peaks the climate over greater parts of the UT
resembles to that of the mountainous and continental parts of the temperate latitudes.
• There are, however, micro-level variations in the general prevailing weather and climatic
conditions of the UT.
• The general climate of the UT can be understood easily by describing the weather
conditions of different seasons of the Jammu Division, Kashmir Division and Ladakh UT
separately.
• The UT of JK and Ladakh are divided into three regions, namely, Jammu, Kashmir valley
and Ladakh, all the three regions have a distinct climatic zone.
• These climatic zones are as follows:
1. The Sub-tropical region of Jammu
2. The Temperate Kashmir valley
3. The Arctic cold desert areas of Tawqeer
Ladakh ul Islam @EACT Classes ~ Educate All Trust
CLIMATIC ZONES OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

SUB-TROPICAL REGION OF JAMMU
• This region comprises of Kathua, Jammu, Samba Udhampur, Riasi, Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar,
Rajouri and Poonch districts of the UT.
• This region has varied topography like plains, valleys, hills and mountains of Pir Panjal and
Shiwalik ranges.
• The southern parts of Jammu Division being for the most part contiguous with the plains
of Punjab, has the tropical heat, characterized with monsoon rains and cool winters.
• Thus having a typical tropical monsoon climate.
• The Jammmu region witnesses three distinct seasons in a year:
1. Cold Winter Season (November - February).
2. Hot Summer Season (March - June).
3. Rainy Season (June - October).
Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes ~ Educate All Trust

1. Cold Winter Season (November - February):
• During the month of November a high pressure belt
extends over the Ganga-Sutlej Plains.
• The mean minimum temperature begins to decrease
from the month of November in Jammu.
• January is the coldest month in winter season of this
region.
• The mean monthly temperature being about 13°C
and the relative humidity 68 per cent.
• Occurrence of mist and fog locally known as Dhund
and Kohra respectively is common.
• Intense frost is also observed in the month of
January, which affects the crops of mustard,
rapeseeds wheat, sugarcane, vegetables and chillies
adversely.

• During winter, the western disturbances (temperate cyclones) accompanied with rainfall
pass over the Jammu Division.
• This rainfall in winter season is highly beneficial to the standing Rabi (winter) crops.
• These are occasionally accompanied with hailstorms which cause damage to the Rabi
crops of wheat, gram etc mustard and flowering trees of mangoes, peaches etc.
• The total rainfall in the winter season at the Jammu rainfall recording station is about 13
cm.
• February records an increase in the day and night temperatures.
• New leaves appear on deciduous trees like, Shisham, Neem and Jamun.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average
rainfall mm 62.271.2 68.0 42.7 27.0 96.5 416.9 353.0 137.4 22.6 8.5 32.7

2. Hot Summer Season (March - June):
• March records an abrupt rise in temperature with the mean monthly temperature at
Jammu reaching 18°C.
• The increase in temperature continues in April and May.
• The Southern parts record maximum temperature i.e. 45°C in summer season especially
in June which is hottest month in Jammu region.
• The relative humidity ranges between 20 to 40 per cent, which is the lowest in the year.
Mean
maximum °C 23.726.6 31.6 38.8 42.6 43.6 39.6 36.0 35.5 34.3 30.4 25.4
Average relat
ive 65 55 50 37 31 39 64 72 66 57 63 69
humidity(%)
• In the month of May and early June, in the plain region of Jammu, the surface becomes
parched under the impact of intense heat.
• During this period, hot dry winds locally called as Loo blow which damage the standing
crops of sugarcane, vegetables and green fodder.
• During summers a cool wind descends from the Shiwaliks called as “Daddu”.
• The occurrence of duststorms locally known as Andhi is a unique feature of this season.
• The duststorms are however, short lived and may result into light drizzles, which modify
the weather making it pleasant for one or two days.
• The rainfall recording station of Jammu records about 11 cm of rainfall during summer
season (April- Mid June).
Average
rainfall mm 62.2 71.2 68.0 42.7 27.0 96.5 416.9 353.0 137.4 22.6 8.5 32.7
Mean
maximum 23.7 26.6 31.6 38.8 Tawqeer
42.6 43.6Classes 39.6
ul Islam @EACT 36.0
~ Educate All Trust 35.5 34.3 30.4 25.4
°C

3. Rainy Season (June - October):
• The arrival of summer monsoon rains brings the temperatures down and the relative
humidity increases substantially which ranges between 60 to 85 per cent.
• Rainfall alternates with rainless intervals of three to five days in the months of July and
August.
• These are the rainiest months, recording about 75 cm of rain which is over about 70 per
cent of the total annual rainfall of Jammu.
• High humidity and high temperatures make the weather oppressive which may result into
the outbreak of seasonal fever and epidemics.
Average
rainfall mm 62.2 71.2 68.0 42.7 27.0 96.5 416.9 353.0 137.4 22.6 8.5 32.7

THE TEMPERATE KASHMIR VALLEY
• The Valley of Kashmir has continental climate,
characterized with marked seasonality.
• In fact, the genesis of Kashmir weather is intrinsically
linked with the mechanism of weather in the Indian
sub-continent in general.
• But the Valley of Kashmir being surrounded by the
Himalayan Ranges has a modified sub tropical climate.
• In general the Valley has a fairly long period of winter
and spring seasons.
• On the basis of temperature and precipitation a year
in the Valley is divisible into the following four
seasons:
1. Cold Winter Season (November - February).
2. Spring Season (March – Mid May).
3. Summer Season (May - September).
4. Autumn Season (September - October).Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes ~ Educate All Trust

• Winter season in the valley is very cold and of long duration (November to February).
• The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures in November read about 14ºC and 1.5°C
dropping down to 8°C and -1.40°C in December.
• January is the coldest month which records the mean minimum temperature about -5°C.
• On the average the three months of Dec - Feb receive about 120 cm of snow, out of which about 50 cm.
(40%) is recorded in the month of January.
• From 21st December – 30th January Kashmir witnesses the harsh 40 day period of ”Chillai Kalan”.
• Followed by “Khurud” - 1st February – 20th February and “Chille Bache” – 21st February – 28th February.
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
Avg. Temperature °C 0.3 2.2 6.5 12 16.5 19.8 21.3 20.8 18.4 13.5 7.8 2.8
Min. Temperature °C -3.8 -1.6 2 6.5 10.8 14.6 16.9 16.5 13.5 8.1 2.7 -1.9
Max. Temperature °C 7 8.2 14.1 20.5 24.5 29.6 30.1 29.6 27.4 22.4 15.1 8.2
• To combat cold the people use Pheran, Kangri
(earthen fire-pot) and Bukharis (indeginous room-
heater).
• In winters, the consumption of “Zalun” (fuelwood)
is enormous.
• During this period the agricultural activities
remain suspended.
• In winters, in Kashmir, fairly widespread rainfall
occurs from the western disturbances.
• Winter rainfall is much higher on either extremity
of the Valley, e.g. Doru (45 cm).

2. Spring Season (March – Mid May):
• It is locally called as “Sonth”.
• In March, the weather starts improving and the temperatures start moving up steadily.
• The snow starts melting but snowing may take place even in March.
• March is a fairly wet month of the year in which the frequency of western disturbances is
high.
• In March the day temperature fluctuates between 10°C to 16°C.
Precipitation /
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 68 39 62 76 28 33 28 54
2. Spring Season (March – Mid May):
• The day and night temperatures in April and may shoots up abruptly.
• In May, the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures read about 25°C and 12°C
respectively.
• About 30 to 40 per cent of the total annual rainfall is recorded during spring season.
• Spring rain is often associated with violent thunder-squalls and hailstorms.
• This is the period when the Valley is in full bloom and the almond, apple, peach and pear flowers.
• Agricultural activities which remain suspended during the long winters are again started in April
and May.
Precipitation / Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes ~ Educate All Trust
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 68 39 62 76 28 33 28 54

3. Summer Season (June - September):
• During summers the day temperatures fluctuate between 18 – 300 Celcius.
• July is the hottest month in summer which records the mean maximum temperature in the valley of about
27°C.
• June to September is the period of summer monsoon in the subcontinent of India, but the Valley of Kashmir
receives relatively less quantity of rainfall during this season.
• The Pir-Panjal Range obstructs the inflow of monsoon winds in the Valley.
• Consequently, less than one-fourth of the total annual rainfall is recorded in this season.
Precipitation /
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 68 39 62 76 28 33 28 54
Humidity(%) 48% 54% 55% 59% 56% 59% 70% 71% 59% 49% 48% 47%
4. Autumn Season (September - October):
• This season is a mark of transition from the warm summer to cold winters.
• In this season, there is the least disturbed weather and a clear sky with very little rainfall.
• The people hoard the grains, firewood, etc for ensuing winters.
• The crops like rice, saffron, apple, etc. are harvested during this season.
• It is perhaps the most enjoyable weather in the Kashmir Valley which attracts a large number of tourists
from within and outside of the country.
• In September, the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures read about 25°C. and 11°C.
Precipitation /
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 ul Islam68
Tawqeer 39 ~ Educate
@EACT Classes 62 All Trust 76 28 33 28 54
LOCAL NAMES FOR THE SEASONS OF KASHMIR
Local Term Season Duration

(a) Sonth Spring Mid-March to Mid-May
(b) Grishm Summer Mid-May to Mid-July
(c) Wahrat Rainy season Mid -July to September
(d) Harud Autumn season Mid-September to Mid November
(e) Wandeh Winter season Mid-November to Mid-January
(f) Sheshur Severe cold Mid-January to Mid March.

THE ARCTIC COLD DESERT AREAS OF LADAKH
• The climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is very cold, arid and dry.
• The Ladakh UT is situated on the rain-shadow side of the Himalayan mountains and has high altitudinal
areas.
• In Leh, the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures in July read about 25°C and 7°C
respectively.
• On a particular day the maximum temperature may read up to 38°C .
• In January the mean minimum temperature remains below freezing point reading as low as -1.6°c at
Leh and -40°c at Dras.
• Nine months (September to May) at Leh the night temperature remains below the freezing point.
• March is the hottest month in this region which records the mean maximum temperature about 25.3°C
and mean minimum temperature about 10°C.
• Due to having both the Arctic and desert climate, Ladakh is known as the Cold Desert.
• January is the coldest month of this region which records a mean minimum temperature of about
-14.4°C and mean maximum temperature about -2°C.
KOPPENS
SCHEME
KOPPENS CLASSIFICATION
Jammu
Kashmir
Ladakh
CLIMATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR AS PER KOPPENS SCHEME
Region Climate Code Type

Jammu Cwa / Ca Less moist winter, long summers
followed by moderated heavy rains
in Jul, Aug and Sep.
Kashmir Dfb Humid Continental with severe and
moist winter and short summer.
Ladakh Dwd Extremely cold and dry winter with
short cool summer.

KOPPENS CLASSIFICATION
RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION IN
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
• Jammu and Kashmir receives about
103 cm of its total annual
precipitation.
• The precipitation occurs in the
form of rain and snow.
• The Western Disturbances bring
heavy snowfall in the UT during
winter season.
• The heaviest snowfall occurs in the
months of January and February.
• Rainfall in the state varies due to
its varied topography. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes ~ Educate All Trust
JAMMU REGION
• This region receives high rainfall.
• Reasi district (in Jammu) receives maximum
rainfall in a year.
• The South-West part of Jammu region
receives rainfall mostly during South-West
monsoon season.
• The Northern and North-Eastern areas of
Jammu region receive snowfall.
• The total annual rainfall of the region is
about 130 cm.
Average
rainfall mm 62.2 71.2 68.0 42.7 27.0 96.5 416.9 353.0 137.4 22.6 8.5 32.7
JAMMU REGION
Climate data for Jammu (1981–2010, extremes 1925–2022)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C 28.0 31.7 37.3 43.9 47.4 47.2 45.0 41.7 38.9 37.9 34.2 28.1 47.4
(°F) (82.4) (89.1) (99.1) (111.0) (117.3) (117.0) (113.0) (107.1) (102.0) (100.2) (93.6) (82.6) (117.3)
Mean maximum 23.7 26.6 31.6 38.8 42.6 43.6 39.6 36.0 35.5 34.3 30.4 25.4 44.3
°C (°F) (74.7) (79.9) (88.9) (101.8) (108.7) (110.5) (103.3) (96.8) (95.9) (93.7) (86.7) (77.7) (111.7)
Average high 18.6 21.8 26.6 32.9 37.5 38.6 34.6 33.3 33.1 31.3 26.8 21.3 29.7
°C (°F) (65.5) (71.2) (79.9) (91.2) (99.5) (101.5) (94.3) (91.9) (91.6) (88.3) (80.2) (70.3) (85.5)
Average low °C 7.5 10.1 14.5 19.6 23.8 25.8 25.3 24.9 23.1 18.3 13.0 9.0 17.9
(°F) (45.5) (50.2) (58.1) (67.3) (74.8) (78.4) (77.5) (76.8) (73.6) (64.9) (55.4) (48.2) (64.2)
Mean minimum 3.6 6.1 9.8 13.5 17.7 20.0 21.1 21.2 18.8 14.2 8.8 5.1 3.4
°C (°F) (38.5) (43.0) (49.6) (56.3) (63.9) (68.0) (70.0) (70.2) (65.8) (57.6) (47.8) (41.2) (38.1)
Record low °C 0.6 1.1 4.4 8.5 9.8 13.8 14.0 15.0 15.0 11.3 6.1 0.9 0.6
(°F) (33.1) (34.0) (39.9) (47.3) (49.6) (56.8) (57.2) (59.0) (59.0) (52.3) (43.0) (33.6) (33.1)
Average rainfall 62.2 71.2 68.0 42.7 27.0 96.5 416.9 353.0 137.4 22.6 8.5 32.7 1,338.6
mm (inches) (2.45) (2.80) (2.68) (1.68) (1.06) (3.80) (16.41) (13.90) (5.41) (0.89) (0.33) (1.29) (52.70)
Average rainy
3.3 4.1 4.1 2.9 2.9 5.9 12.7 11.9 5.8 1.6 0.8 2.0 58.1
days
Average relativ
65 55 50 37 31 39 64 72 66 57 63 69 56
e humidity (%)
KASHMIR VALLEY
• This region due to frequent Western disturbances receives heavy rainfall and snowfall in winter and pre-
monsoon season.
• The total annual rainfall of this region is about 70 - 80 cm.
Precipitation /
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 68 39 62 76 28 33 28 54

KASHMIR VALLEY
Precipitation /
Rainfall mm (in)
48 68 121 85 68 39 62 76 28 33 28 54
Humidity(%) 48% 54% 55% 59% 56% 59% 70% 71% 59% 49% 48% 47%
LADAKH REGION
• This region receives very less rainfall.
• It is the driest part of Jammu and Kashmir
& Laddakh UTs.
• Leh district (in Ladakh) receives the
minimum rainfall i.e. 10 cm in a year.

JK Geography Compiled

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• Created on 31 October 2019

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SHIWALIKS AND DUNS

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Haji Pir Pass

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• Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of

• The high peaks Nun and Kun is within this

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• The main mountain passes

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UPPER INDUS VALLEY

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MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

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