I f//lff'll/\l/1/IX,) fll/\ff/ll/H/

the endoplasmic reticulum. It ·is interrupted at some places nuclear po~s.

The nucleus contain the ~hromatin (which consists of DNA and bistonci1)
also it contain nucleoli (which are very rich in RNA and protein) and
nbosomcs. -
The nuc/eu J controls ost all lhe physiological activitic of the cell '
through the fonnation of specifiC enzymic proteins an a so it contains al! J
the genetic infonnation which produce heredity characters.

Fipltt(20)1nd(21):tbenudeus

({>/ Tabl< (I), DUfe.-.nce, b,,-n plantand an;mal cell, 1

Plant cell Animal cell

I. C~II Wall present. I. Cell wall absent.

2. Vacuoles pre~ 2.Vacucles absent.

I

l Chloroplas~ - 3.chloroplast absent

 !(// /JI/\////IH,) IIJ/\f/lllt!O

8. Mitrolllb.ts:
These s~ight. hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all
eww:rotlc cells (prokaryotes don't have them and cany out a variety of
function :,_ranging from transport to structural su rt. ;

9. l\licro bodies (ptroxisomes):

--Cytoplasmic organelle which contains enzymes. 1

10.Vacuolcs:
large, membrane•bound space within a ~Jant cell that is filled with fluid.
Young plant cells often contain many small ,vacuoles,, bul as the cells
mature, these unite to form a large central vacuole. Vatuoles serve several
functions ; s u c ~ ~ ~ d other ions for the other
han4 it maintain the cell lo be turgor (fig. 19).

Figure (19): vacuole , ,

11. Ergastic bodies: oD~ c),,)J /
It may be of different types aslreserved food materials tannins. resins, gums,
oils, latex, alkaloids, and mineraJ salts (usually in the form of crystals such
·as cystolilh) -

C. Nucleus:
The nucleus which is ~ually a spherical structure consists of a double
layered membrane made u of hos holi ids and proteins (fig. 20 and 21).
This ca e nu£!!! membraJ!$1 The space between the two layered is caJled
peri- n~ Jear space. The nuclear membrane at some places continuous with
/H./ll'l//\{(J/IH,) ~ /IR\l//1/lllf

amyloplasts may develop chlorophyll and com·erted to chloroplasts as in

potato tubers(fig. 14). .
Chromoplasts: these are l'folored plas1id_!1 and contain caroteno1d
pigments only. 1Jiey are not photosynthelic due to lack o: chloro~h~~
Chromoplasts may sometimes convert to chromoplasts as m carro .
oranges or the chloroplasts to chromoplasts as in ripening tomato frtuts
(fig. ll). - ./
C hloroplasts : lf\ese are green plastids. The process of phot~~ynthes_is
t s place in them.JThe chloroplast is filled with a hY4copb_ 1hc ~atnxl

ca ed as stroma in which is embedded 1rana. Each granwn consists of

S-25 disk- shaped grana-lamellae placed one above the other like the
slack of coins (fig. 16).
The chloroplas1 membrane, stroma and ana JameUae are li • rotein in
na I some w 1c are rich in RNA), some DNA and necessary
e e s have also been observed in chloroplasts which give them
(chloroplasts) a partial genetic autonomy.

Fi&, (14): ltucoplut Fia. (15): thromopbsb Fis, (16): cbloropiHb

6. Mitochondria: -:;> 6., ;_,,y1

!,if-totiorl rth c$)~

Mitoohon&ia which an, '~\i:-te-, --,

ofc-,--c
,J:- J,-, -,.-,p-,-.i;:.tlonlare ,e,y_small usually
Ju:-
spherical rod shaped structures ranging from 0.5-1 mµ in diameter and 3.0 mµ
in length (fig. 17). Each mitochondria has got an envelope consisting of two
double-layered lipo-prottin membranes. The space enclosed in between the
two membranes is called intermembrant space. The inner mitochondrial
membrane is invaginated into plate-like on finger-like folds which are called as
, cristae. Aqueous ground phase of the mitochondria is called ~s matrix. ~ e
e~es necessary fo~Krebs' cycle are fowid in ma~
1111f/'l/!\/Ufrl1,I ill/\/ I/! If Rf

Mitochondria which also called the 'R.C_>wer bou1e or the cell (because huge
amounl of the energy during aerobic respiration is trapped inside the
mitochondria in the form of energy-rich ATP molecule) t;ontain ribosom~.
some DNA and RN~ and like chloroplasts are semi1 u1onomous genetically.

Fie:utt(l7):mitocholldril

7. Golgi bodies (Dictyosomrs):

A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes
and is located near the nucleus. ~ ~ i n s and fats built in the /
endoplasmic reticulum and prepar_~ them for export as outside Or the cell
(fig.18). "".:'6 . , 'lli e , £ ~ _ VI eJ.>

gJ Fi,utt (U): Gol&i body

 INll llll\f//J11(,) //H\J/fr // 1/f

8. Cytoplasm:
Is a fluid material of varying viscosity and is usually present in the fonn ofa !hl!J\
film just below !!!_c ~ JI wall and completely enclose the vacuolcj (fig. 7). _J

BJ .
Fi&urt(7):cytopb,m
l
.

Mos1 of the physiological activities of the.plant take place in cytoplasm. It consists

ofthefollowingparts:
I. Plasma membrane:
\ Previously known as the plasrnalemma o~~lasmj it fonns the ou1ennos1
boundary of the cytoplasm and act as barrier between protoplasm and the outer
environment. t_consists of phospholipid and proteins and ~ asure about~
in thickness. ft is selectively or differentially permeable membrane which
perrorm.s_tbe vital role or rqulating tf!,e p~age or IDJlt~in~d __!!!.t or
t ecell (fig.8). !
lecturer:1.iylan H.hdladeet1 IDa~J -
 /kl/ /'//)\/{I/Iii.) ' //H\J{/1 ,nu

Plant physiology:
s t~e ~ience tha.t d:llls with all the function of the \ant as photos}nthesisf
l:::Pll'att~ transpll'at1on 'fater translocarion ,:ind other funclio!!!) In other wor~
p~t physiology is the science of how plant develoJ)\ grow and respond to I/
Eronment at the cellular and bios;hemical lc,vel. ·

Plant physiology indud,:

• Snvcture and anatGmy as it relates to plant function. j .

• ~ ~rsx...for growth and developmenj
Water and nutrient uptake and movemen!J

1 ~~i%5]
perarure, .. etc).

q / whatty~~ o~ in~olved! 7
~~iology/ botanyJ

l• ~ l~gy and enviro,nrnental biQlogy. 1

~J,~ .
~ rganic and oraanic chemistry.\
-~ l o c ~
\2:_Molecular biology./

Plant cell:
-Is the structural and functional unit of plant (fig. I and 2)\ PIBJlr'cells geoerally l
fonn several different colonies in order.to bc,i;,o~e .a h(~er func,tion organism. 1,-
\ -Each individual plant cell cop.tain flll;DY different and important function.pans

Lectu~r. U1ylanH.f1dladren l"""I Ill

 Iliff f'l/1\ltl/fH,I 1111,tl/t /1R/

r Fiau~ (SJ: pb1m.11 mt111bt1M

2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER}:

II is also called ergastoplasm were the cytoplasm of the meristematic cell is
interlaced by an elaborate membrane•bound vesicular sy!tcin-( Endoplasmic
il
reticulwn connected with nuclear membrane )md is frequently associ~~tW
ribosomes (produce prote~.,_.~ associated with rjbosomes it js ca~
rou&h Endoplasmic reticulum and without nbosomes, it is caUed~
reticu~produce lipid and carbohydrates) (fig. 9). / '

-;· - - {.,,.,) m,ol!,

(,,,:,, j

tn
{~
-t -- - cndopltsmic reticulum
Fipre (2):
vlf./~ u. c'..)./_j. Jill
J. Plasmodumata:
Js cytopl:,,mic bridge which inked the cells Jogether (fig 10 and 11 ).
 IRll llll\/11/0t d l!lt\l//1 JIIHJ.

Fi,urr(IO•nd 11): plHmodam•b

4. Ribosomrs:

These are very minute spherical structure havin an average diameter of about
23 mµ (230A 0 ) and are . ._ 1tes of protein - s nthesis (fig. 12 and 13).
Ribosomes are frequently associated with endoplasmic reticulum but may be
present freely in cytoplasm. They have also been reported nucleus,
mitochondria and chloroplasts. A group of ribosomes is called{polyribosomes.
R.:i_boso~~ RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) and protein/

(1/qyjJecwl,ftw::t· (13), ribo,om.,

c~r,.. '\
~ - Plastids, d1 J,,to pq~ft(.;, j, (.,!
These are small membranous disco id strucrures and it) can dive and gro-wtb in
merstimatic and mature c~.l!!:jthcre are three kinds of plastids: ,
.. c,5;,,;,> 0\.:'...'....,
(- Lcuco1il~or whitr plastids: these are colorless. Larger leucoplast 8:el
ca!Jed as amyloplasts a n d ~ o n exposure to l i g h ~
Ill// l/f!\ll!/111.,I /1/1\{ f/1 ///U

I. Middle_lamtlll:
It chiell consists or tctic afid in the fonn or Ca and Me salt~ It is
hydrophilic innature(fig. 4).

Fiaure(4): mkld1tl..11dlto(1 plan1cdw1IL

2. Primary wall:
\ It chiefly consists ofcellulosej/bemi cellulose.\ lignin, SOIIJe pectic sub.sum~
and ro ein which form.the amorphous matl'll. Some in organic salts sue
as those in silica an c c1um are sometimes presem in the primary cell wall

Fi(lltt(5):primaryctllwal

"-3: Secondary waH:

'- ~ h i e fly consists.of cellulose and ljgnin.\
• Three different la r observed in secondary cell wall ach having differem
5
'\. ;:;~'~: :u::s~fi~l\~~--sqberin,_wax.. . etc. I
/usually secre1ed outside the cell.]Cutin, s~n and wax make the cell waJI[
\ impervious to watw While cutin 1s found in exposed partS of the plant,)
suberin is found chiefly in endodennal and cork cell.

Leaurer:Uy!;in H. Fadl;ideen ID11cl .