AR 2251

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2

RSW-PR-02
"FOUNDATION, SUB-STRUCTURE, SUPER-STRUCTURE,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOTING"

DATE GIVEN: FEBRUARY 14, 2024

DATE DUE: February 17, 2024
DATE SUB: February 17, 2024

CAMACHO, SHERWIN LLOYD G. AR. MELANIE MARIANO DELA CRUZ

STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
FOUNDATION MAY BE IN RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL
FOUNDATIONS PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR FORM.
STRUCTURES, TRANSFERRING THEIR LOAD
TO LAYERS OF SOIL OR ROCK THAT HAVE
SUFFICIENT BEARING CAPACITY AND
SUITABLE SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
TO SUPPORT THEM. VERY BROADLY,
FOUNDATIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS OR DEEP
FOUNDATIONS.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE TYPICALLY

USED WHERE THE LOADS IMPOSED BY A
STRUCTURE ARE LOW RELATIVE TO THE
BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SURFACE SOILS.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS ARE NECESSARY SPREAD FOUNDATION
WHERE THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE THE SPREAD FOOTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS
SURFACE SOILS IS NOT ADEQUATE TO STRIP FOOTING AND WALL FOOTINGS. IT
SUPPORT THE LOADS IMPOSED BY A WORKS AS A BEAM AND APPLIES THE LOADS
STRUCTURE AND SO THOSE LOADS NEED TO ON THE UPWARD DIRECTION. USED TO
BE TRANSFERRED TO DEEPER LAYERS WITH PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS, LEVEL (OR
HIGHER BEARING CAPACITY. SOMETIMES STEPPED) STRIP OF SUPPORT
FOR LINEAR STRUCTURES SUCH AS WALLS
OR CLOSELY-SPACED ROWS OF COLUMNS
SHALLOW TYPE FOUNDATION THAT ARE BUILT ON TOP OF THE
INDIVIDUAL OR ISOLATED FOUNDATION FOUNDATION, PLACED CENTRALLY ALONG
INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR AN THEIR LENGTH. THESE FOOTINGS USE THE
ISOLATED FOOTING IS THE SINGLE COLUMNS, WALLS AND BRIDGE PIER
MOST COMMON TYPE OF WHERE THE LEVELS OF THE SOIL FROM THE
FOUNDATION USED FOR EARTH SHALLOW ARE ABOUT 10 FEET.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
THIS FOUNDATION IS
CONSTRUCTED FOR A
SINGLE COLUMN AND ALSO
CALLED A PAD FOUNDATION.
THEY ARE A FORM OF
SPREAD FOUNDATION
FORMED BY RECTANGULAR,
SQUARE, OR SOMETIMES
CIRCULAR CONCRETE ‘PADS’
THAT SUPPORT LOCALIZED
SINGLE-POINT LOADS SUCH
AS STRUCTURAL COLUMNS,
GROUPS OF COLUMNS OR
FRAMED STRUCTURES. SIZE IS CALCULATED
BASED ON THE LOAD ON THE COLUMN AND
THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL. RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION
MAT FOOTINGS ARE USEFUL TO CARRY THE
COMBINED FOUNDATION HEAVY LOADS OF THE BUILDING FROM THE
A COMBINED FOOTING WORKS ON TWO COLUMNS AND WALLS. FORMED BY
COLUMNS. IT IS USEFUL WHEN THE TWO REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS OF A
COLUMNS ARE VERY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER UNIFORM THICKNESS (TYPICALLY 150 MM TO
THAT CONNECT THEIR INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS. 300 MM) THAT COVER A WIDE AREA, OFTEN
A COLUMN IS CLOSE TO THE BOUNDARY OF THE ENTIRE FOOTPRINT OF A BUILDING.
THE SITE THAT AN ISOLATED FOUNDATION THEY SPREAD THE LOAD IMPOSED BY A
WILL ECCENTRICALLY LOAD AND WHERE THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS OR WALLS OVER THE
BASICS OF ADJACENT COLUMNS ARE LINKED AREA OF FOUNDATION, AND CAN BE
TO RESISTING UPLIFT, SPILLOVER OR CONSIDERED TO ‘FLOAT’ ON THE GROUND AS
OPPOSITION FORCES. A COMBINED FOOTING A RAFT FLOATS ON WATER. IT IS NOT
SUITABLE WHERE THE GROUNDWATER IS
ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE SOIL.
DEEP TYPE FOUNDATION
DRILLED SHAFT OR CAISSION FOUNDATION
CAISSION CAN BE MADE OF MATERIALS
INCLUDING TIMBER, STEEL, MASONRY AND
REINFORCED CONCRETE, AND MAY BE
CONSTRUCTED ONSHORE THEN FLOATED TO
THE REQUIRED LOCATION, WHERE THEY ARE
SUNK INTO PLACE, ENABLING ACCESS TO
THE BED AND EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATIONS
TO THE REQUIRED DEPTH. IT RESISTS LOADS
FROM STRUCTURE THROUGH SHAFT
RESISTANCE, TOE RESISTANCE AND/OR
COMBINATION OF BOTH OF THESE. THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DRILLED SHAFTS OR
CAISSONS ARE DONE USING AN AUGER.

BASEMENT FOUNDATION:
IT CONSISTS OF A FULL STRUCTURAL
FOUNDATION WALL THAT BEARS THE
FOOTING RUN ALONG THE BOUNDARY OF
THE BASEMENT. THESE FOUNDATIONS USE
THE CONCRETE SLABS, CRAWL SPACE TO
MAKE THE MODERN TYPES OF FOUNDATION
FOR HOUSES.

PILE FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATIONS ARE LONG, SLENDER,
COLUMNS TYPICALLY MADE FROM STEEL OR
REINFORCED CONCRETE, OR SOMETIMES
TIMBER. GENERALLY PILES ARE CLASSIFIED
AS; END-BEARING PILES (WHERE MOST OF
THE FRICTION IS DEVELOPED AT THE TOE OF
THE PILE, BEARING ON A HARD LAYER), OR
FRICTION PILES (WHERE MOST OF THE PILE-
BEARING CAPACITY IS DEVELOPED BY SHEAR
STRESSES ALONG THE SIDES OF THE PILE, SUPERSTRUCTURE VS SUBSTRUCTURE
SUITABLE WHEN HARDER LAYERS ARE TOO
DEEP). PILE FOUNDATIONS ARE USED TO
TRANSFER HEAVY LOADS OF STRUCTURES
THROUGH COLUMNS TO HARD SOIL STRATA
WHICH IS MUCH BELOW GROUND LEVEL
WHERE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS SUCH AS
SPREAD FOOTINGS AND MAT FOOTINGS
CANNOT BE USED.

SUBSTRUCTURE CAN BE REFERRED TO AS

‘ALL WORK BELOW UNDERSIDE OF SCREED
OR, WHERE NO SCREED EXISTS, TO
UNDERSIDE OF LOWEST FLOOR FINISHES
INCLUDING DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE,
TOGETHER WITH RELEVANT EXCAVATIONS
AND FOUNDATIONS (INCLUDES WALLS TO
BASEMENTS DESIGNED AS RETAINING
WALLS).’ IT SUGGESTS THAT THE FUNCTION
OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE IS TO, ‘… TRANSFER
THE LOAD OF THE BUILDING TO THE GROUND
AND TO ISOLATE IT HORIZONTALLY FROM
THE GROUND.’
WHILE A SUPERSTRUCTURE IS THE PORTION
OF A BUILDING WHICH IS CONSTRUCTED
ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL AND IT SERVES
THE PURPOSE OF STRUCTURE’S INTENDED
USE. IT INCLUDES COLUMNS, BEAMS, SLAB
UPWARDS INCLUDING ALL FINISHES, DOOR
AND WINDOW SCHEDULES, FLOORING,
ROOFING, LINTELS, AND PARAPETS.

REFERENCES:
Building foundations. (n.d.). Designing Buildings.
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_
foundations?fbclid=IwAR0b04on3Gf43KB87W8JX-
yE1VLxYJOwWlvuhR4IrBBZUEfqfQvarVYIeXI

Mishra, G. (2019, March 2). What is substructure

and superstructure in building construction? The
Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/building/superstructure-
substructure-building-construction/1651/?
amp=1&fbclid=IwAR1MRlTkxBeef6xsCH2NzzGx33
dNV1p94lCxL-9V13fBSw9R9rsmOM6CDI8

Mishra, G. (2020, April 17). Types of foundation for

buildings and their uses. The Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-
types-and-uses/9237/?
amp=1&fbclid=IwAR2gvTs1sXZtVlonotvkADn7pJa
nIR9_t-2ZoXimhBFBbM1h5ejKKpLqpUM

Poequ. (2022, October 3). Types of foundations for

buildings. Best Construction Company in Nagercoil,
Kanyakumari. https://architeca.in/types-of-
foundations-for-building/?fbclid=IwAR2c7-
dqseFRCNHzWbkqVVrKkzUD1soZ3pSStwrWseFh
uAonAkJtwD6ng0U

Substructure. (n.d.). Designing Buildings.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Substruct
ure?
fbclid=IwAR1nlPPCOBfVTSBMDnbMblgmOTO12-
MMAfvVtenGrb62Q0bWMVlOOjKWNDw

Superstructure. (n.d.). Designing Buildings.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Superstr
ucture?
fbclid=IwAR21CvthXzTY0BfgyQEP15soAsZEZRA
AOlPbevIkx2DX_rIHljp4UsnQgWw