1)STATE THE INSULATING MATERIAL USED IN MOTOR WRITE TEMP CLASS AND WITHSTAND

CAPACITY RANGE FOR THEM

✓ COTTON
✓ SILK OR PAPER
✓ PVC
✓ RESINS
✓ INAMELED COATING ETC.

CLASS TEMPERATURE EXAMPLE

CLASS Y 90.C COTTON , PAPER , WOOD , PVC
CLASS A 105 .C COTTON, PAPER , WOOD
ISULATION OIL, RESINS
CLASS B 130.C GLASS,MICA ASBESTOS , FIBER
CLASS E 120.C EPOXY RESINS , FIBRIC PAPER
CLASS F 155.C FIBER TEXTILE , MICA
,VARNISH GLASS
CLASS H 180.C MICA , GLASS, FIBER
,ASBESTOS
CLASS C OVER 180.C MICA PORCELAIN CERAMIC
ASBESTOS

2) STATE ANY TWO APPLICATION OF FOLLOWING

GASES INSULATING MATERIAL APPLICATIONS

NITROGEN USED AS COOLING AGENT
TO AVOID OXIDATION
USED IN ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIAL
HYDROGEN USED AS COOLING AGENT
HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
SF6 USED AS COOING AGENT
NON IMFLAMABLE
HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH MATERIAL
AIR USED AS ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIAL
USED AS COOLING AGENT

3) WRITE ONE APPLICATION OF FOLLOWING

LIQUID INSULATING MATERIAL APPLICATION

MINERAL OIL USED IN TRANSFORMER, SWITCH GEAR ,
CIRCUIT BREAKER , REACTOR, CAPACITOR
VARNISH USED AS IMPREGENTED VARNISH IN WINDING
PURPOSE
USED TRANSFORMER , EPOXY RESINS
SYNTHETIC OIL USED IN CAPACITOR
USED AS HIGH COST SWITCH GEAR
VEGETABL EOIL AS A EATING PURPOSE
LUBRICANT, ILLUMINATION EFFECT
4) STATE ANY TWO ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INSULATING
MATERIAL

✓ ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :-
IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH RESISTIVITY
IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
IT SHOULD HAVE LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
IT SHOULD HAVE LOW DIELECTRIC LOSS
✓ MECHANICAL PROPERTIES :-
IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH
IT SHOUL HAVE TOUGH AND FLEXIBLE
IT SHOULD HAVE LIGHT IN WEIGHT
✓ THERMAL PROPERTIES :-
IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
IT SHOUL HAVE NON IMFLAMABLE
IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH THERMAL STABILITY

5)EXPLAIN ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER OIL MAIKE IT SUITABLE

INSULATING MATERIAL

✓ DIELECTRIC STRENTH SHOULD BE HIGH

✓ DIELECTRIC LOSS SHOULD BE LOW
✓ SPECIFIC RESISTANCE SHOULD BE HIGH
✓ FLASH POINT SHOULD BE HIGH (160.C)
✓ VISCOSITY SHOULD BE LOW ( 100.C )
✓ DENSITY SHOULD BE LOW

6) DESCRIBE WITH REASIONS FAILURE OF PORCELAIN INSULATOR

✓ MANUFACTURING EFFECT :- INSULATOR MAY CAUSE FAILURE DUE TO MANUFACTURING

DEFLECT SO IT MUST BE TEST BEFORE USE
✓ MECHANICAL STRESS :- DUE TO MECHANICAL STRESS OF WIND MAY CAUSE FAILURE
✓ FLASHOVER DUE TO LIGHTINING STROKE :- IF INSULATOR DIRECTLY CONTCT WITH
LIGHTNING STROKE THEN IT CAUSE FAILURE
✓ WRONG SELECTION :- IF 11KV INSULATOR USED FOR 22KV THE IT CAUSE FAILURE
✓ DUE TO AGEING :- IF INSULATOR USED FOR CONTINUOUS PERIOD OF TIME THEN IT MAY
CAUSE FAILURE

7) STATE CAUSES OF DETORIATION OF LIQUID AND SOLID DIELECTRIC

✓ VOLTAGE RATING
✓ HUMIDITY IN ATMOSPHERE
✓ INCREASE IN SUPPLY FREQUENCY
✓ THEMP. OF OIL
✓ DUE TO UNBALANCED LOAD
✓ IMPROPER CABLE JOINT OR CONNECTION
8) EXPLAIN THE REASON OF FAILURE OF GASEOUS AND SOLID DIELECTRIC MATERIAL USED IN
ENGINEERING APPLICATION

✓ IF THE SYSTEM VOLTAGE INCREASE MORE THAN ITS BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE FOR SOME
INTERVAL CAUSE FAILURE OCCURE
✓ LONG TIME PARTIAL DESCHARGE OF SOLID INSULATORS
✓ DUE TO LIGHTNING STROKE
✓ SUPERHEATING OF DIELECTRIC MATERIAL
✓ POOR MAINTENANCE
✓ SHORT CIRCUIT

OR

✓ DEPEND UPON FREQUENCY

✓ DEPEND UPON SIZE ANS SHAPE OF ELECTRODES
✓ DEPEND UPON PRESSURE

✓ ELECTROTHERMAL :- DUE TO HEAT INCREASES LOSS MAY OCCURE DIELECTRIC LOSS IS

PROPORTIONAL TO THE INTENISTY OF FREQUENCY

✓ PURELY ELECTRICAL :- DUE TO FREE ELECTRON IN CRYSTAL IT CREATE STRONG MAGNETIC

FIELD KINETIC ENERGY INCREASES

✓ ELECTRO CHEMICAL :- DUE TO INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY OF AIR

9) CLASSIFY THE WIRING SYSYTEM AND STATE APPLICATION AND JUSTIFICATION FOR FOLLOWING
USED

PLACE APPLICATION JUSTIFICATION

HOSPITAL CONCEALED WIRING DUE TO GOOD APEARANCE
PVC CASSING CAPPING DUE TO EASY MAINTAINANCE
WIRING AND REPAIR IS SIMPLE
PVC CONDUIT WIRING
SPINNING MILL PVC CONDUIT WIRING DUE TO ECONOMY
PVC CASSING CAPPING MAINTAINNCE AND SIPLICITY
WIRING EASY
DUE TI GOOD EXPANSION
MILK DAIRY PVC CONDUIT WIRING DUE TO GOOD APERANCE
PVC CASSING CAPPING DUE TO EASY EXPANSION AND
WIRING REAPAIR IS EASY
HOTEL CONCEALED WIRING DUE TO ECONOMY AND
PVC CONDUIT WIRING SIMPLICITY IS EASY
PVC CASSING CAPPING DUE TO GOOD APPEARANCE
WIRING DUE TO GOOD EXPANSION

10) ENLIST TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEM ANS EXPAIN FOLLOWING

✓ PVC CASSING CAPPING

✓ CONCEALED WIRING
✓ PVC CONDUIT WIRING
 ✓ METAL CONDUIT WIRING

PARAMETER CASSING CAPPING CONCEALED METAL CONDUIT

COST COST OF WIRING IS COST OF WIRING IS COST OF WIRING IS
SLIGHTLY MORE VERY HIGH VERY HIGH AND SIZE
OF IS ALSO BIG
PVC CARRIED PVC WIRE CARRIED PVC OR VIR CARRIED PVC WORES ARE
TROUGH THROUGH CASSING THROUGH THE CARRIED OUT
CAPPING CHANNEL MADE IN THROUGH METAL
CEILING AND WALLS CONDUIT WIRING
AT THE TIME OF
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
NATURE AND USED THE WIRING IS VERY THE WIRING IS VERY THE WIRING IS SIMPLE
SIMPLE SO IT IS DIFFICULT BUT
WIDELY USED APPERANCE IS BETTER
SO IT IS WIDELY USED
NO. OF WIRES MORE NO. OF WIRES MORE NO. OF WIRES MORE NO. OF WIRES
CAN BE CARRIED CAN BE CARRIED ARE CARRIED
THROUGH DIFFERENT THROUGH DEFFERENT THROUGH DEFFERENT
SIZE OF PVC CASSING SIZE OF CONCEALED SIZE OF METAL
CAPPING WIRE CONDUIT
MECHANICAL IT IS NOT EXPOSSED IN IT IS NOT EXPOSSED IN IT IS NOT EXPOSSED
INJURIES SKY SO THERE ARE NO SKY SO THERE ARE NO IN SKY SO THERE ARE
CHANCES OF CHANCES OF NO CHANCES OF
MECHANICAL MECHANICAL MECHANICAL
INJURIES INJURIESS INJURIES
FUTURE EXPANSION THE FUTURE FUTURE EXPANSION IS FUTURE EXPANSION IS
EXPANSION IS NOT POSSIBLE SO DIFFICULT
POSSIBLE SO REPAIRING AND
REPAIRING AND MAINTENANCE IS THIS WIRING IS USED
MAINTENANCE IS MORE DIFFICULT FOR INDUTRIAL AND
EASILY POSSIBLE WORKSHOPS
PURPOSE BUT IT MAY
OCCURE SOME
LEAKEGE CURRENT SO
IT IS RARELY USED

11) EXPLAIN THE STAIRCASE WIRING ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY TWO DIFFERENT PLACES

✓ THE DIAGRAM OF STAIRCASE WIRING ONE LAMP IS CONTROLLED BY TWO DIFFERENT

PLACES IS AS SHOWN IS ABOVE FIGURE
✓ THE SWITCH S1 IS LOCATED AT BOTTOM OF THE STAIRCASE WIRING
✓ SWITCH S2 IS LOCATED AT TOP OF THE STAIRCASE WIRING
✓ INITIALLY THE LAMP WILL OFF BECAUSE OF POSITION OF SWITCH S1 AND S2
✓ LAMP WILL ON OR OFF BY CHANGING POSITION OF SWITCHES AS PER REQUIREMENT
✓ IT IS USED IN HOSPITAL BEDROOM WIRING
✓ PROCEDURE IS AS FOLLOWED
✓ INITIALLY THE LAMP WILL BECOME OFF
✓ BY CHANGING THE POSIITON OF S1 LAMP WILL BECOME ON DUE TO CURRENT FLOW
 ✓ BY CHANGING THE POSITION OF SWITCH S2 LAMP WILL BECOME OFF DUE TO
DISCONTINUTY OF SUPPLY
✓ THIS PROCEDURE IS CONTINUOUSLY RUN

12) PROPERTIES OF ALLUMINIUM

✓ CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIAL IS NEXT TO THAT OF COPPER

✓ RESISTIVITY IS 2.699 MICRO OHM CM AT 20.C
✓ GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
✓ IT IS DUCTILE AND MELLEBALE
✓ MELTING POINT IS 658.C
✓ BOILING POINT IS 1820.C
✓ SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS 2.7

13) EXPLAIN HRGO AND CRGO AND STATE THE BENEFITS OF CRGO

HRGO :-

✓ IT STAND FOR HOT ROLLED GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL

✓ TO MINIMIZE THE SIZE OF MACHINE FLUX DENSITY SHOULD BE HIGH AND SMALL MMF DUE
TO THAT IRON LOSS WILL BE LESS
✓ ALL FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL HAVE A CRYSTAL LINE IN STRUCTURE WHICH IS FOR
PERTICULAR DIRECTION DUE TO THAT IT OFFERS HIGH PERMABILITY
✓ SO MAGNETIZATION WILL BE SIMPLE AND HYSTERSIS LOSS WILL BE LESS

CRGO :-

✓ THE GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL IS OBTAINE BY THE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES WHICH IS
NAME AS COLD ROLLING
✓ THIS PROCESS IS RUN WITHOUT HIGH TEMPERATURE SO IT CALLED AS THE COLD ROLLED
GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL
✓ COST PF CRGO IS MORE THAN HRGO

CRGO BENEFITS :-

✓ CRGO IS BASICALLY USED IN HIGH FLUX DENSITY AND SMALL MMF TO REDUCE THE SIZE OF
MACHINE
✓ DUE TO THAT IRON LOSS WILL BE LESS
✓ THE PERMABILITY OF MATERIAL IS HIGH SO MAGNETIZATION WILL BE SIMPLE
✓ THE HYSTERSIS LOSS WILL BE LESS

14) STATE THE MAGNETO STRIATION

✓ IT IS DEFINE AS THE CHANGE IN DIMENSION OF ALL FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL WHEN IT IS

MAGNETIZED FOR EXAMPLE SILICON STEEL, IRON ETC

15) EXPLAIN PROPERTIES OF COPPER WITH RESPECT TO ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

✓ CONDUCTIVITY IS HIGH 1.6 TIMES THAN ALLUMINIUM

✓ RESISTIVITY IS 1.68*10^-8 MICRO M AT 20.C
✓ SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS 8.9
✓ MECHANICAL STRENGTH IS HIGH
✓ TENSILE STRENGTH IS 40KG/MM^2
✓ LESS FLEXIBILITY
 ✓ TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT :- 0.0038.C AT 20.C
✓ MELTING POINT IS 1083.C

16) COMPARE COPPER AND ALLUMIUM

PARAMETR COPPER ALLUMINIUM

TENSILE STRENGTH HIGH ( TWICE THAT OF AL) LOW ( HSLF THAT OF CU)
CONDUCTIVITY HIGH ( 1.6 TIME MORE THAN LOW ( 1.6 TIMES LESS THAN
AL ) CU)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 8.9 2.7
APPLICATION USED IN CABLE CONDUCTOR, WIDELY USED AS CABLE
WINDING WIRE , BUS BAR CONDUCTOR BUSS BAR ETC .

17) STATE MAGNETO STRIATION AND STATE CAUSES OF LOSS OF MAGNETISM

✓ MAGNETI-STRIATION :- IT IS DEFINE AS THE CHANGE IN DIMENSION OF FERROMAGNETIC

MATERIAL IS CALLED AS MAGNETO STRIACTION
✓ HEATING EFFECT :- DUE TO HEAT BEYOND ITS CERTAIN TEMP. i.e. CURIC TEMP IT DISTROY
POLARIZATION SO LOSS OF MAGNETISM POSSIBLE
✓ SHARP IMPACT :- DUE TO ANY SHARP IMPACT ON MAGNETIC MATERIAL LOSS OF
MAGNETISM POSSIBLE
✓ MECHANICAL PROCESSES :- DUE TO CUTTING DRILLING PUNCHING OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL
LOSS OF MAGNETISM POSSIBLE
✓ DUE TO AGEING :- DU TO AGEING OR COMPLETION OF LIFE OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL LOSS
OF MAGNETISM POSSIBLE SI

18) EXPALIN THE JUSTIFICATION TWO USES OF EACH OF FLOWING AS AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR

BRASS:-

✓ BRASS IS THE ALLOY OF COPPER 60% AND ZINC 40% THE PROPOTIONS TO THE ZINC AND
ALLOY CAN BE VARIED TO CREATE ITS RANGE OF BRASSES WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES
✓ IT HAS THE EXCELLENT THERMAL PROPERTIES HENCE IT IS THE FIRST CHOICE OF HEAT
EXCHANGERS
✓ PROPERTIES :-
RESISTIVITY :- 7.8*10^-8 OHM CM
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH
HIGH RESITANCE TO THE CORROSION
MELTING POINT IS 890.C
SPECIFIC RESISTANNCE IS 8.5
✓ USES :-
USED AS NUT BOLTS
USED AS ELECTRICAL PLUGS
CURRENT CARRYING RODS

SILVER :-

✓ SILVER IS THE GOOD CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY BECAUSE IT CONTAINS MORE NO. OF

MOVABLE ATOMS
✓ THE FREE ELECTRONS ALLOW TO PASS ELECTRICITY THROUGH IT HENCE IT HAS HIGH
CONDUCTIVITY
 ✓ PROPERTIES :-
RESISTIVITY IS 1.68*10^-8 OHM CM
HIGH DUCTILITY AND MELABILITY
COST IS HIGH
MELTING POINT IS 960.C
✓ USES :-
USE IN RELAY
USED IN SWITHCES TO REDUCE CONTACT RESISTANCE
USED IN MEASURING INSTRUMENT

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