1)EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF TRIAC AND ITS APPLICATION DOPING LEVELS

TRIAC IS STAND FOR BIDIRECTIONAL TRIODE THYARISTOR

IT IS THE THREE TERMINAL FOUR LAYER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE
IT IS EQUIVALENT TO TWO SCR’S CONNECTED IN ANTIPARALLEL WITH COMMON GATE
IT IS THE BIDIRECTIONAL SWITCH i.e. IT CAN CONDUCT BY CURRENT WITH EITHER
DIRECTION POLARITIES
IT CAN BE TURN ON WITH POSITIVE OR NEGETIVE CURRENT BY APPLYING GATE PULSE
ONCE TRIAC IS FIRING TO CONDUCTION GATE IS LOSSED ITS ALL CONTROLE AND TRIAC IS
CONDUCT CONTINIOUSLY
WITH MT2 IS POSITIVE W.R.T MT1. JUNCTION J1,J3 IS GET FORWARD BIASED AND J2 IS GET
REVERSE BIASED. DUE TO REVERSE BIASED J2 TRIAC IS CAN NOT BE CONDUCT
HOWEVER THE POSITIVE OR NEGETIVE GATE PULSE APPLIED THE CARRIES IS INJECTED IN J2
JUNCTION AND DUE TO THAT IT LOSSED ITS PROPERTY AND HENCE TRIAC IS TURN ON
THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH MT2 TO MT1 DIRECTION
WITH REVERSE POLARITIES i.e. MT1 IS POSITIVE W.R.T MT2. THE SAME PHENOMENON IS
APPLIED WITH POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE GATE PULSE

APPLICATION :-

A HIGH POWER LAMP SWITCH

LIGHT DIMMER
HEATING CONTROL
ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCH RELAY

2) DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF CONTROL SPEED OF MOTOR USING TRIAC AND WRITE ITS OPERATION

THE FAN MOTOR IS THE SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR THE SPEED OF FAN IS DEOEND
UPON THE RMS VALUE OF VOLTAGE APPLIED TO IT
IN BOTH HALF CYCLE THE INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE THE CAPACITOR IS CHARGE THROUGH
RESISTANCE R
AS SOON AS THE CAPACITOR REACHES THE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE VALUE THEN THE
TRIGGERING PULSE IS GENERATED TRIAC WILL TURN ON
AS SOON AS THE TRIC IS TURN ON THE VOLTAGE BETWEEN A TO N WILL DROP DOWN TO ON
STATE VOLTAGE DROP OF TRIAC
THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE IS NEGLIGEBLY SMALL AND THE CAPACITOR IS CHARGE AGAIN
AFTER TRIAC TURN OFF
THE CARGING RATE OF CAPACITOR IS DEPEND UPON THE VALUE OF R, IF THE VALUE OF R IS
LESS THEN CAPACITOR CHARGE WITH SLOW RATE AND THE FIRING ANGLE WILL BE SMALL
THE RMS VALUE OF MOTOR IS HIGH AND HENCE SPEED OF MOTOR IS INCRESES
AS SOON AS BY INCRESING THE VALUE OF R THE CAPACITOR GET CAHRGE SLOWLY
INCREASES THE FIRING ANGLE AND HENCE TRIAC WILL REDUCED THE SPEED OF MOTOR
BY THIS WAY WE CAN CONTROL THE SPEED OF MOTOR BY FIRING ANGLE OF TRIAC IN BOTH
HALF CYCLES

3) DESCRIBE THE MOUNTING AND COOLING METHODS OF SCR

COOLING METHOD OF SCR

 NATURAL AIR COOLING
 FORCED AIR COOLING
 MOUNTING METHOD OF SCR LEA
 LEAD MOUNTING
 STUD MOUNTING
 COOLING METHODS
NATURAL AIR COOLING
 IN THIS TYPE OF COOLING THE HEAT IS TRANSFER FROM HEAT SINK TO THE
ATMOSPHERE
 FOR EFFECTIVE COOLING THE HEAT SINK IS MOUNTED VERTICALLY
 IF IT IS MOUNTED HORIZONTALLY THEN IT MUST BE DERIATED BY 15 TO 20%
FORCED AIR COOLING
 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAT SINK IS INCREASES BY FORCED AIR COOLING WITH
THE HELP OF BLOWER FANS
 IT MUST BE INCREASED THE AIR FLOWING THROUGH OVER HEAT SINK FOR GIVEN
PERIOD OF TIME THEN IT TAKES OUT MORE HEAT
 THE SIZE OF HEAT SINK IS REDUCED BY USING THIS METHOD
 MOUNTING METHOD
LEAD MOUNTING METHOD
 THE LEAD MOUNTING METHOD IS AS SHOWN IN FIGRURE
 THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR THYRISTOR RATING UPTO 1A
 SOME THYRISTOR DO NOT REQUIRED COOLING OR HEAT SINK
STUD MOUNTING
 THE STUD MOUNTING DIAGRAM IS AS SHOWN IN ABOVE FIGURE
 IT USES THE ALLUMINIUM AND COPPER STUD WITH MACHINE THREAD
 THIS THREAD IS USED FOR MAKING THE ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL , AND THERMAL
CONTACTS WITH HEAT SINK
 THE SCR IS ATTACHED ON THE HEAT SINK BY USING THREAD NUT AND STUD
 THE ANODE IS ELECTRICALLY CONNECTED TO THE HEAT SINK
 STUD MOUNTING IS SUITABLE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE OF THYRISTOR

UNIT NO.2 THYRISTOR FAMILY DEVICES

1)EXPLAIN TWO TRANSISTOR ANALOGY

 THE ANAODE IS MADE UP OF POSITIVE W.R.T CATHODE AND GATE CURRENT IS SUPPLIED
TO IT
 THE GATE CURRENT IS ACT AS BASE CURRENT FOR Q2 AND IT TURN ON AND THE
COLLECTOR CURRENT IC2=B1IG START FLOWING .
 BUT THE COLLECTOR CURRENT OF Q2 IS ACT AS THE BASE CURRENT FOR Q1 AND HENCE IT
START CONDUCTING AND THE COLLECTOR CURRENT IC1 = B1B2IG START FLOWING
 THE COLLECTOR CURRENT OF Q2 IS ACT AS BASE CURRENT FOR Q1 AND VICE VERSA
 DUE TO THIS TYPE OF CONNECTION THE CURRENT MULTIPLICATION IS TAKES PLACE AND IT
IS KNOWN AS THE COMMUTATIVE CURRENT MULTIPLICATION AND THE TRANSISTOR IS
SATURATED
 THE SATURATED TRANSISTOR IS EQUIVALENT TO THE CLOSE CIRCUIT AND SCR IS LACHED
INTO ON STATE
  HENCE ONCE LACHED SCR DO NOT TURN OFF BY REDUCING GATE CURRENT UPTO ZERO

2) STATE THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUT AND UJT

 THE PUT HAS THE FAST RISE TIME WHICH ALLOWS FASTER RISE TIME IN CURRENT AND
PROVIDE HEALTHY OUTPUT PULSES AS COMPARED TO UJT
 THE INTRENSIC STAND OF RATIO OF UJT IS FIXED SO THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS IS CAN
NOT BE ALTERD ,WHERE INTRESINC STAND OF RATIO OF PUT IS VARIABLE SO THE OUTPUT
CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE ALTERD
 PUT HAS FORWARD CONDUCTION

3) V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

 THE V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR IS DIVIDED INTO 4 PART

 NAMED AS = FORWARD BLOCKING REGION , FORWARD CONDUCTION REGION , REVERSE
BLOCKING REGION AND REVERSE CONDUCTION REGION
 FORWARD BLOCKING REGION :- IN THIS REGION THE SCR IS FORWARD BIASED BUT NOT
TRIGGERED IT CARRIES THE FORWARD LEAKAGE CURRENT , IN THIS MODE IT ACT AS THE
CLOSED SWITCH
 FORWARD CONDUCTION REGION :- IN THIS REGION SCR CONDUCTS FORWARD CURRENT
AND LATCHED IN TO CONDUCTION AFTER TRIGGERING . IT ACT AS THE ON SWITCH IN THIS
REGION
 REVERSE BLOCKING REGION :- IN THIS REGION THE SCR IS REVERSE BIASED AND IT CARRIES
ONLY REVERSE LEAKAGE CURRENT AND IN THIS MODE IT ACT AS THE OFF SWITCH
 REVERSE CONDUCTION REGION :- IN THIS REGION SCR CONDUCT REVERSE CURRENT AFTER
BEAAKDOWN OF REVERSE BISED JUNCTION AND IT GET DAMAGED IF IT IS OPERATE IN THIS
REGION

4) EXPLAIN PUT AS RELAXATION OSCILLATOR

 THE DIAGRAM OF PUT AS A RELAXATION OSCILLATOR IS AS SHOWN IN ABOVE FIGURE

 THE GATE TERMINAL IS HELD AT THE POTENTIAL VG=(RB1/RB1+RB2)VBB---------ACCORDING
TO VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE
 VG=nVBB , WHERE N = INTRENSIC STAND OF RATIO
 THE ANODE IS HELD AT THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE . THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE IS ZERO
BECAUSE VA<VG AND THE ANODE- GATE JUCTION IS REVERSE BIASE DUE TO THAT PUT IS IN
OFF STATE AT THIS CONDITION
 AS SOON AS THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE VBB IS CONNECT TO THE CIRCUIT CAPACITOR START
CHARGING BUT CIRCUIT REMAINS OFF BECAUSE VA<VG
 WHEN THE ANODE VOLTAGE REACHES PEAK POINT THE THE VA>VG AND ANODE – GATE
JUCTION IS FOREWARD BIASED AND DEVICE REMAINS ON AND GATE CURRENT START
FLOWING AND REGENERATION IS START
 THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE START DISCHARGED TO THE VALLEY POINT VOLTAGE AND
DURING DISCHARGING THE PULSE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH CATHODE
 WHEN VA>VG THEN CAPACITOR START CHARGING AND OUTPUT GAVE ACROSS RK.

5) EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF GTO

 THE APPLIED ANODE TO CATHODE VOLTAGE INCRESES ABOVE ZERO THEN VERY SMALL
CURRENT FLOWS THOUGH THE DEVICE
  UNDER THIS CONDITION GTO SAID TO BE TURN OFF AS THE CONTINUOUS TILL APPLIED
VOLTAGE ACROSS BREAKOVER VOLTAGE
 THE THE ANODE – CATHODE VOLTAGE EXCEEDS THE BREAKOVER VOLTAGE AND GTO START
CONDUCTING
 AFTER THE VAK DECREASES QUIKLY BEACUASE GTO OFFERS VERY LOW RESISTANCE AFTER IT
TURN ON
 AT THIS STAGE GTO OFFERS MORE CURRENT START TO FLOW THROUGH IT THE MAGNITUDE
OF CURRENT IS DEPEND UPON VALUE OF RESISTANCE AND APPLIED VOLATGE
 IF THE POLARITY OF VOLATGE APPLIED IS REVERSE THEN WE GAVE REVERSE
CHARACTERITICS
 IN REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS GTO DAMAGED AT VERY LOW VOLATGE

6) DEFINE HOLDING CURRENT AND LATCHING CURRENT

 HOLDING CURRENT :- IT IS DEFINE AS THE MINIMUM ANODE CURRENT REQUIRED TO

MAINTAIN CONDUCTING SCR IN ON STATE IS CALLED AS HOLDING CURRENT
 LATCHING CURRENT :- IT IS DEFINE AS THE MINIMUM ANODE CURRENT IS REQUIRED TO
MAINTAIN SCR IN ON STATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SCR HAS BEEN TURN ON AND GATE
SIGNAL HAS BEEN REMOVED


7) GIVE THE COMPARISON BETWEEN SCR AND TRIAC

SCR
SCR IS A UNIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE
SCR IS CAN BE OPERATE IN ONLY ONE
QUATRAND OF V-I CHARACTERISTICS
THE GATE CURRENT OF SCR IS ONLY POSITIVE
GTO IS USED AS THE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR
SCR
TRIAC
TRIAC IS A BIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE
TRIAC CAN BE OPEARTE IN TWO QUADRANT
THE GATE CURRENT OF TRIAC IS POSITIVE AS
WELL AS NEGETIVE
DIAC IS USED AS THE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR
TRIAC

8) STATE THE ADVANTAGES OF GTO OVER SCR

 NO COMMUTATIVE CIRUCIT HAS BEEN REQUIRED TO TURN OFF THE GTO HENCE
REDUCTIION IN WEIGHT COST AND SIZE
 AS THE COMMUTATIVE INDUCTOR ARE NOT USED ASSOCIATED NOISE AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE ARE ABSENT
 THE GTO USED AS HIGH SWITCHING FREQUENCY THAN SCR
 EFFICIENCY OF CONVERTER IS BETETR THAN USING SCR
 IT CAN BE TURN OFF BY -PULSE
 IT HAS HIGH DI//DT RATING TO TURN OFF

9) EXPLAIN DETAIL OVER VOLTAGE

 THERE ARE TWO TYPES

SNUBER CIRCUIT
NON LINEAR THYRISTOR
 RC SNUBBER CIRCUIT
 THE SNUBBER CIRCUIT IS USED TO REDUCED THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL OVER VOLTAGE
 THE INTERNAL OVERVOLTAGE IS GENERTAED DUE TO REVERSE RECOVERY CURRENT DURING
SCR IS TURN OFF
 BY USING THE RC SNUBBER CIRCUIT THE RECOVERY CURRENT CAN BE DIRECTLY PASSES
THROUGH RC
 AT THE TIME OF EXTERNAL OVER VOLATGE THE CAPACITOR IS GET CHARGED THROUGH R AT
SLOW RATE AND IT DOES NOT ALLOW VOLATGE WITH FAST RATE
 DUE TO THAT VOLTAGE GET SPIKES AND DAMPED DUE TO THAT RECUCED IN dv/dt RATING
OF SCR
 THE RESIATNCE R IS USED TO DECREASE THE DISCHARGED CURRENT FROM THE CAPACITOR

NON- LINEAR THYRISTOR

 THE TYRISTOR IS A NON LINEAR RESISTOR WHICH HAVING THE V-I CHARACTERISTICS AS
SHOWN IN ABOVE FIGURE
 IN NORMAL CONDITION IT OFFER HIGH RESUSTANCE AND SMALL LEAKAGE CURRENT START
FLOWING THROUGH IT
 DURING OVER VOLTAGE CONDITION THE RESISTANCE IS REDUCED AND HEAVY CURRENT
START TO FLOW THROUGH IT AND WHICH MAINTAIN THE VOLATGE ACROSS DEVICE WITH
SAFE VALUE
 AT THE TIME OF OVER VOLTAGE SURGE IT CONDUCT THE HEAVY CURRENT WHICH DROP IN
SOURCE IMPEDANCE THAT WILL MAINTAIN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS DEVICE WITH SAFE
VALUE
 THE THYRISTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE SUPPLY TERMINAL

10) EXPLAIN THE FOUR MODES OF TRIAC

MODE 1

 MT2 IS POSITIVE W.R.T MT1 SO CURRENT FLOWS IN THE DIRECTION OF P1-N1-P2-N2

 THERE ARE MAINLY TWO JUNCTION P1-N1 AND P2-N2 ARE FORWARD BIASED WHERE N1
AND P2 IS BLOCKED
 THE TRIAC IS SAID TO BE POSITIVELY BIASED
 THE GATE IS POSITIVE W.R.T MT1 GET FORWARD BIASED THE P2-N2 AND THE BREAKDOWN
OCCURE OF DIAC AND TURN ON TRIAC

MODE 2

 THE CURRENT FLOWING IS SAME AS THE MODE 1

 BUT NOW THE JUCTIONS ARE P2-N3 ARE FORWARD BIASED AND THE CURRENT IS INJECTED
INTO P2 TRUAC IS TURN ON

MODE 3

 THE MT2 IS NEGATIVE W.R.T MT1 SO THE CURRENT FLOWING IN THE DIRECTION OF P2-N1-
P1-N4
 THERE ARE MAINLY TWO JUNCTION P2-N1 AND P1-N4 ARE FORWARD BIASED WHERE N1-P1
IS BLOCKED
 THE TRIAC IS SAID TO BE NEGATIVELY BIASED
  THE GATE IS NEGATIVE W.R.T MT1 GET FORWARD BIASED P2-N3 AND THE TRIAC IS TURN
ON

MODE 4

 THE CURRENT FLOWING IN THIS MODE IS SAME AS THE MODE 3

 BUT NOW THE JUNCTION P2-N2 ARE FORWARD BIASED THE CURRENT IS INJECTED INTO
AND TRIAC IS TURN ON

11) EXPLAIN THE OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

 THE OVER CURRENT PROTECTION IS DONE BY THE USING OF FUSE BECAUSE OF AC SUPPLY
WE USED TWO FUSES
 THE OVER CURRENT CONDITION IS OCCURE DUE TO SHORT CIRCUIT AND FAULTS AND IT
MAY DAMAGE THE DEVICES LIKE IGBT,MOSFET,BJT,TRIAC ETC.
 IN NORMAL CONDITION THE FUSE IS ALLOW THE CURRENT PASS THROUGH IT
 BUT WHEN OVER CURRENT CONDITION IS OCCURE THE FUSE IS DOES NOT ALLOW THE
CURRENT PASS THROUGH IT AND IT GET HEATED AND MELTS ITS WIRE AND IT MAY
DISCONNECT CONSTACT WITH OTHER DEVICES
 THE FUSE IS USED AS INDIVIDUALLY WHICH PROVIDE MORE PROTECTION

12) EXPLAIN V-I CHARACYERISTICS OF UJT

 IT IS THE GRAPH BETWEEN EMMITER VOLTAGE TO THE EMITER CURRENT

 THE EMMITER POTENTIAL IS AT ZERO AND THE IE IS NOT GREATER THAN IE0
 THE IEO IS SIMILAR TO THE ICO IN BIPOLAR TRANSISTER IS CALLED AS CUTT OF REGION
 WHEN THE IE INCREASES AND IT REACHES THE PEAK POINT AND THEN IF WE INCREASE IE
THEN VE IS DECREASES
 THE REDUCTION OF VOLTAGE IS DUE TO REDUCTION OF RB1 HENCE IS CALLED AS NEGETIVE
RESISTANCE REGION
 THE VALLEY POINT IS THE END OF NEGATIVE RESISTANCE REGION
 WHEN WE INCREASE THE IE ABOVE NEGATIVE RESISTANCE REGION THE UJT IS GOING TO
THE SATURATION MODE

13) EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF SCR

SCR WITHOUT GATE TERMINAL

 THE GATE TERMINAL IS LEFT OPEN

 THE SCR IS FORWARD BIASE BY APPLYING POSITIVE VOLTAGE ACROSS ANODE W.R.T
CATHODE
 OUT OF THE THREE JUCTION J1-J3 ARE FORWARD BIASE AND J2 IS REVERSE BIASE
 DUE TO THAT THE CURRENT CAN NOT BE FLOW THROUGH SCR
 BUT BY APPLYING ENTIRE VOLTAGE ACROSS J2 THE VOLTAGE IS INCRESE AND BREAKDOWN
IS OCCURE AND HENCE SCR IS TURN OF WITHOUT GATE

SCR WITH GATE TERMINAL

 THE SCR IS FORWARD BAISED AND AS BEFORE THE GATE CATHODE JUNCTION IS ALSO
FORWARD BIASE BY APPLYING EXTERNAL SOURCE
 THE GATE CURRENT START FLOWING THROUGH RG1 THE GATE CURRENT IS DECIDE THE
VALUE OF BREAKOVER VOLTAGE
  IF GATE CURRENT INCREASES THE BREAKOVER VOLTAGE IS DECREASES AND BREAKDOWN IS
OCCURE AND HENCE SCR IS TURN ON WITH GATE TERMINAL NBY APPLYING GATE CURRENT

14) APPLICATIONS OF SCR

 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
 INTENSITY CONTROLER
 FAN REGULATOR
 SPEED OF AC OR DC MOTOR CONTROLED
 HVAT TRANSMISSION
 DC-DC CHOPPER
 ILLUMINATION CONTROLLED

15) IMPORTANT FEATURES OF SCR

 IT IS THE LATCHING TYPE DEVICE

 IT IS CURRENT CONTROLLER DEVICE BECAUSE GATE CURRENT IS CONTROLLED
 IT ACTS AS THE ON OR OFF SWITCH BU NOT USED AS AMPLIFIER
 IT CAN BE SUSTEND UPTO 100 A CURRENT
 ON STATE VOLTAGE DROP IS LESS
 IT CAN BE CONTROLED LARGE POWER

16) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANODE CURRENT AND LATCHING CURRENT

 THE LATCHING CURRENT IS IMPORTANT WHEN SCR IS TURN ON WHEREAS THE HOLDING
CURRENT IS IMPORTANT WHEN SCR IS TURN OFF
 IF THE ANODE CURRENT IS LESS THAN HOLDING CURRENT THEN SCR IS TURN OFF BUT THE
HOLDING CURRENT IS DEFINE FOR IG=0 WHEREAS IF ANODE CURRENT AT THE TIME OF ON
HIGHER THAN HOLDING CURRENT THEN SCR IS REMAINS TURN OFF
 IT THE IA<IL THEN SCR DO NOT LATCH IT IS TURN ON AS LONG AS IG IS SUPPLIED WHEN IG IS
REMOVED THEN SCR IS TURN OFF
 THE LATCHIG CURRENT IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN HOLDING CURRENT
 THE LATCHING CURRENT AND HOLDING CURRENT IS CONSTANT IT NOT DEPEND UPON
OTHE MAGNITUDE

17) DRAWBACKS,ADVANTAGES AND APPICATIONS OF SCR

DRAWBACKS

 IT IS OPERATE ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION SO THE POWER IS CONTROLELD IN ONLY HALF CYCLE
 IT CAN NO USED AS HIGH FREQUENCY
 GATE CURRENT CAN NOT BE NEGATIVE

ADVANTAGES :-

 IT IS CONTROLE HIGH CURRENT POWER AND VOLTAGE

 ON STATE VOLTAGE DROP IS LESS
 TRIGGERING CIRCUIT IS SIMPLE
 TURN ON EASILY
18) IMPORTANT RATING OF SCR

 ON STATE VOLTAGE =1.5-2.5 V

 TURN OFF TIME = 50-100 MICRO SECOND
 DV/DT = 1000 V/MICRO SECOND
 DI/DT = 500 V/ MICRO SECOND
 MAXIMUM SWITCHING FREQUENCY = 400 HZ

19) ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF TRIAC

ADVANTAGES :-

 IT IS THE BIDIRECTIONAL SO IT CAN BE OPERATE IN BOTH HALF CYCLE

 IT IS EQUIVALENT TO TWO SCR BACK TO BACK ANTIPARALLEL CONNECTED
 IT IS MORE SUITABLE FOR RESISTIVE LOAD
 MORE ECONOMICAL
 GATE CURRENT CAN BE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE

DISADVANTAGES :-

 IT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

 LOW DV/DT RATING
 LOW DI/DT RATING
 POWER RATING IS LOW

APPLICATIONS

 USED IN FAN REGULATOR

 HIGH POWER CIRCUITS
 LIGHT DIMMER
 ILLUMINATION CONTROLLED
 TEMPREATURE CONTROLLER

20) IMPORTANT RATINGS OF TRIAC

 RATING = 1200V/ 300 A

 HIGH SWITCHING FREQUENCY = 400 HZ
 STARTING TIME = 200-400 MICRO SECOND
 BIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE
22) COMPARSON OF SCR BJT AND IGBT

POINTS SCR BJT IGBT

OPERATING FREQUENCY 400-500 HZ 10KHZ 10KHZ
SYMBOL
COMMUTATION REQUIRED REQUIRED NOT REQUIRED NOT REQUIRED
BLOCKING CAPACITY SYMENTRICAL ASYMENTRICAL ASYMENTRICAL
ON STATE VOLTAGE DROP <2VOLTS <2 VOLTS <2 VOLTS
TEMP. COEFFFICIENT NEGATIVE NEGATIVE FLAT
1)DEFINE TRANSFER TIME AND BACKUP TIME

 TRANSFER TIME :- THE TRANSFER TIME TAKEN BY THE UPS SYSTEM TO SWITCH FROM
MAINS SUPPLY TO THE BATTERY IS KNOWN AS TRANSFER TIME
 BACKUP TIME :- IT IS THE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR WHICH THE UPS SYSTEM SUPPY POWER TO
LOAD DURING MAINS FAILURE IS CALLED AS BACKUP TIME

2) EXPLAIN THE BATTERY CHARGING USING SCR

 WHEN WE GIVEN THE SUPPLY TO THE TRANSFORMER WHICH IS ACTUALLY STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER IT GET STEP UP FROM 230-15V AT SECONDARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER
 THE 15 V IS GET RECTIFIED WITH THE HELP OF ALTERNATING PAIR OF DIODES D1 AND D2
 THE 15 V APPERES ACROSS POINT A AND B WHICH IS REDUCED BY USING OPPOSITION
PROVIDED BY R1 AND 12 V APPERS ACROSS ZENER DIODE
 THEN THE VOLTAGE AT POINT C IS PROVIDE TO THE DIODE D3 IT GET FB AND PROVIDE
TRIGGERING PULSE TO THE T1 AND IT GET FB
 DUE TO THAT BATTERY GET CHARGED THRPUGH T1 BY USING CURRENT LIMITING
RESISTANCE
 WHEN THE BATTERY GET FULLY CHARGED THEN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS ZD IS NOT HELD
CONSTANT SO D3 NOT GET FB AND HENCE T1 IS NOT TRIGGERD
 DUE TO THAT THE CHARGING OF BATTERY IS STOPPED AUTOMATICALLY

3) EXPLAIN THE WORKING OF EMERGENCY LIGHTNING SYSTEM

 WHEN WE GIVEN THE SUPPLY TO THE TRANSFORMER WHICH IS BASICALLY STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
 IT GET STEP DOWN THE 230 V UPTO 6 V AT SECONDARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER
 THE 6V IS GET RECTIFIED BY USING ALTERNATING PAIR OF DIODES D1 AND D2
 THIS RECTIFIED VOLTAGE GIVEN TO THE LAMP WHICH IS 6V RATING LAMP IT GET GLOWS
 SIMILARLY THE CAPCITOR IS GET CHARGED WITH UPPER PLATE POSITIVE W.R.T LOWER
PLATE
 AND THE SMALL AMOUNT OF PULSATING CURRENT IS START FLOWING THROUGH D3 AND
R1 AND IT GET CHARGE SLOWLY TO BATTERY
 BUT THE SCR IS REVERSE BIASED BECAUSE THE BATTERY VOLTAGE IS SLIGHTLY LESS THAN
REECTIFIED VOLTAGE
 WHEN THE AC MAINS GET FAILS THE RECTIFIED VOLTAGE GOES TO ZERO HENCE THE
CAPACITOR GET CHARGE WITH LOWER PLATE POSITIVE W.R.T UPPER PLATE BY BATTERY
VOLTAGE
 AND THE CAPACITOR PROVIDE TRIGGERING PULSE TO THE SCR AND IT GET FORWARD
BIASED AND LAMP WILL GLOWS USING BATTERY VOLATEG
 THIS IS THE EMERGANCY LIGHTNING SYSTEM WHEN THE AC MAINS FAIL BATTERY GET
GLOWS LAMP WHEN AC IS START THEN BATTERY GET CHARGE

4) EXPLAIN THE UPS SYSTEM

 THE UPS IS STAND FOR UNINTERUPTABLE POWER SUPPLY

 THE UPS SYSTEM IS CONSIST OF RECTIFIER OR BATTERY CHARGER,INVERTER,BATTERY
BANK,TRANSFER SWITCH, CRITICAL LOAD
 RECTIFIER :- IT IS USED TO CONVERT AVAILBLE AC SUPPLY LINES INTO DC SUPPLY AND FED
POWER TO THE INVERTER AS WELL AS BATTERY BANK
  BATTERY BANK :- THE BATTERY BANK IS CONSIST OF NO OF CELLS CONNECTED IN SERIES
AND THE NO.OF UNITS OF CELLS IS DEPEND UPON FOLLOWING FACTORS :- BACKUP TIME
REQUIRED BY UPS,INPUT VOLTAGE REQUIRED BY INVERTER, EFFICIENCY AND LOAD FACTOR

WHEN AC SUPPLY LINES ARE AVAILABLE THE BATTERY BANK GET TRICKLE CHARGE AND
DURING CHARGING IT DRAWN SOME AMOUNT OF CURRENT TO MAINTAIN IT SELF DURING
CHARGING
WHEN THE AC GET FAILS THE BATTERY SUPPLY POWER TO THE INVERTER AND INVERTER IS
FED POWER TO THE CRITICAL LOAD AND WHEN BATTERY GET DISCHARGED THE CHARGING
OF BATTERY IS COMPLETE BY AC SUPPLY
 INVERTER :- IT IS USED TO CONVERT DC SUPPLY INTO AC SUPPLY AND THE FILTER IS
CONNCTED AT THE END OF INVERTER WHICH IS USED TO MINIMIZE THE HARMONICS
DISTORATION BECAUSE THE CURRENT HAVING LARGE DISTORATION AND HIGHLY NON
LINEAR
 TRANSFER SWITCH :- IT IS THE CHANGE OVER SWITCH WHICH IS USED WHEN AC SUPPLY IS
AVAILABLE IT SWITCHED TO AC SUPPLY TO DIRECTLY CRITICAL LOAD
AND WHEN AC GET FAILS IT GET TRANSFER SWITCH TO INVERTER

5) EXPLAIN AC STATIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

 THE FIGURE IS AS SHOWN IN ABOVE FIGURE

 WHEN THE SUPPLY GIVEN TO THE CIRUCIT CURRENT START FLOWING TRHOUGH THE CKT
 THE SWITCH “S” IS CLOSED AND THE T1 AND T2 GET FORWARD BIASED IN POSITIVE HALF
CYCLE AND NEGATIVE HALF CYCYLE RESPECTIVELY
 DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE THE T1 RECEIVED GATE CURRENT THROUGH D2//R2 AND
S AND CURRENT LIMITING RESISTANCE R3 THEN IT GET CONDUCT
 AT THE END OF POSITIVE HALF CYCLE THE T1 GET TURN OFF DUE TO NATURAL ZERO
 DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE THE T2 RECEIVED GATE CURRENT THRIUGH D1//R1 AND
S. AND IT GET CONDUCT
 AT THE END OF NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE T2 GET TURN OFF DUE TO NATURAL ZERO
 WHEN THE LOAD INTERUPT S REMAINS OPEN THE GATE CURRENT IS BLOCK IN BOTH SCR
 HENCE THE NEXT POSITIVE HALF CYCLE SCR DO NOT CONDUCT AND THE MAX. TIME DELAY
FOR BREAKING OF CIRCUIT IS ONE HALF CYCLE

6) DC STATIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

 IT WORKS ON TWO CONDITION :- NORMAL CONDITION AND ABNORMAL CONDITION

NORMAL CONDITION

 WHEN WE PRESSEED START BUTTON THE SCR 1 AND SCR 2 IS GET FORWARD BIASED
RESPECTIVELY
 IN THIS CONDITION SCR 1 IS RECEIVED GET CURRENT THROUGH R4 AND R3 AND IT GET
TURN ON AND THE CURRENT FLOWING IN THE DIRECTION OF
+VS-LOAD-SCR1-R1- -VS
 AS WELL AS THE CAPACITOR GET CHARGE THROUGH R4 WITH UPPER PLATE POSITIVE W.R.T
LOWER PLATE AND CAPACITOR CHARGED IN THE DIRECTION OF
+VS-R4-+C-C-SCR1-R1- -VS
  WHEN WE PRESSED STOP BUTTON THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH R5 AND IT GET
CONDUCT THE SCR2 HENCE REVERSE VOLTAGE APPERS ACROSS CAPACITOR AND LOAD IS
ISOLATE FROM THE CKT
CURRENT FLOWING IN THE DIRECTION OF
+VS-R4-+C-C-SCR1-R1-VS

ABNORMAL CONDITION

 WHEN THE SUPPLY IS GIVEN TO THE CKT CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT

 THE CURRENT IS MORE THAN RATED CURRENT
 THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS R1 IS MORE AND HENCE SCR FORWARD VOLATEG APPERS
 THE D1,D2,D3 IS IN CONDUCTION STATE AND THE SCR2 IS ON AND SCR1 IS OFF DUE TO
CAPACITOR VOLTAGE LOAD IS SWITCH OFF FROM TH CKT

7) ON LINE UPS EXPLAINATION

 THE ONLINE UPS IS SHOWN IN ABOVE FIGURE

 THE LOAD IS CONNCTED TO THE INVERTER THROUGH UPS STATIC SWITCH
 IT WORKS ON FOLLOWING MODES

MODE 1 :-

 WHEN AC SUPPLY IS AVAILABLE THE RECTIFIER IS CONVERT AC INTO DC AND FED

POWER TO BATTERY BANK AS WELL AS INVERTER AND THE INVERTER IS CONNECTED TO
THE LOAD VIA UOS STATIC SWICTH

MODE 2 :-

 WHEN THE AC SUPPLY IS GET FAILS THE CURRENT AT RECTIFIER IS ZERO AND HENCE THE
BATTERY FED POWER TO TH E INVERTER AND IT ACT AS INVERTER CUM BATTERY
 AND INVERTER FED POWER TO THE LOAD THOUGH UPS STATIC SWITCH

MODE 3 :-

 WHEN THE INVERTER OR STATIC SWITCH GET FAILS THE NORMALLY OFF SWITCH GET TURN
ON AND CONNECT LOAD TO THE AC SUPPLY DIRECTLY HENCE POWER SUPPLY TO LOAD IS
DIRECTLY

APPLICATIONS :-

 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
 HEALTH CARE
 DATA CENTER
 BANKS

8) STATE THE ADVANTAGES OF SMPS

 HIGH EFFICIENCY MORE THAN 94%

 LESS COST
 LOW POWER DISSIPIATIONS
 WIDE AC I/P REQUIRED
 EASY MAINTENANCE
9) STATE THE NEED OF UPS

 AN UNINTRPPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY IS USED TO PROTECT THE CRITICAL LOAD FROM POWER
SUPPLY INCLUDING SPIEKS VOLTAGE DIPS FLUCTUATIONS ETC
 IT IS USED AS STAND BY THE SYSTEM WHEN AC MAINS FAILS

10) SPECIFICATIONS OF UPS

POINTS ON-LINE UPS OFF-LINE UPS

POWER RATING 1KVA,2KVA,5KVA 1KVA,2KVA
230V , 0.5%
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RATING 230V , 0.5%
230V, 5%
50 HZ 2HZ
OUTPUT FREQUENCY 50HZ 2HZ
50 HZ 3%
SINUSOIDAL OR QUASI
NATURE OF WAVEFORM SINUSOIDAL
SQAURE
EFFICIENCY >85% >85%

11) EXPLAIN THE WORKING PRINCIPAL OF SMPS

 SMPS IS STAND FOR SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

 SMPS IS USED TO CONVERT UNREGUATED AC/DC INTO REGULATED VOLTAGE SUPPLY
 THEN IT GET FED TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY SWITCH
 THE SWITCH IS OPERATES AT HIGH FREQUENCY LIKE 20KHZ TO 1 MHZ
 THE CHOPPING OF DC INTO HIGH FRQUENCY SQUARE WAVE AND IT IS FED TO THE POWER
ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
 THEN IT IS STEPDOWN AT PREDETERMINE LEVEL OF OUTPUR REQUIRED AND IT GET
FILTERTES AND RECTIFIERING PROCESS TAKES PLACE GIVE REQUIRED OUTPUT AND IT USED
TO COMPARED AGAINST FIXED VOLTAGE
 ERROE SIGNAL IS USED TO CONTROLLED THE ON OFF TIMES OFF SWITCH THUS
REGULATIONS THE OUTPUT

12) EXPLAIN THE CONTROLE FAN SPEED OF MOTOR USING TRIAC

 THE FAN MOTOR IS THE SINGAL PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR. THE SPEED OF MOTOR IS
DEPEND UPON THE RMS VALUE OF VOLTAGE APPLIED TO IT
 IN BOTH HALF CYCLE BY APPLIYING INPUT VOLTAGE CAPACITOR CHARGE THROUGH
POTENTIOMETER R
 AS SOON AS THE CAPACITOR CHARGE AND REACHES BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF DIAC AND
THEN IT GENERATE TRIGGERING PULSE AND FIRED THE TRIAC
 AS SOON AS TRIAC WILL TRIGGERED AND THE VOLTAGE ACROSS TERMINAL A AND B WILL
DROP DOWN TO THE ON STATE VOLTAGE DROP OF TRIAC
 THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE IS NEGLIGIBALY SMALL AND CAPACITOR CHARGE AGAIN WHEN
TRIAC WILL TURN OFF
 THE CHARGING RATE OF CAPACITOR IS DEPEND UPON THE VALUE OF R
 IF THE VALUE OF R IS SMALL THEN CAPACITOR CARGE SLOWLY AND IT BREAKDOWN
VOLATGE OF DIAC IS SMALL TIME HENCE THE RMS VALUE ACROSS FAN MOTOR IS VERY
HIGH AND FAN SPEED INCREASES
  WHEN THE VALUE OF R INCREASES THEN CHARGING OF CAPACITOR INCRESES SMALL AND
TRIGGERING PULSE GENERATED HENCE TRIAC WILL TURN ON AND REDUCED FAN SPEED BY
REDUCING RMS VALUE ACROSS FAN MOTOR
 BY THIS WAY WE CAN CONTROLLED FAN MOTOR SPEED BY USING TRIAC

13) ILLUMINATION CONTROL BY USING TRIAC

 IN POSITIVE HALF CYCLE THE POINT L IS POSITIVE W.R.T NEUTRAL POINT N AND CHARGING
CURRENT OF C1 IS FLOWS THROUGH R1
 AS SOON AS CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REACHES BREAKOVER VOLTAGE OF DIAC AND
TRIGGERING PULSE WIL GENERATE AND HENCE TRIAC IS TURN ON
 NOW TRIAC IS ON SO IT ACTS AS THE CLOSED SWITCH HENCE THE ALL COMPONENT
BETWEEN A AND B POINT SUCH AS R1C1 AND DIAC IS ACT AS THE SHORT CIRCUIT NOW THE
LOAD VOLTAGE IS FLOWS THROUGH THE CKT :- VL=SUPPLY VOLTAGE
 IN NEGATIBVE HALF CYCLE THE “L” IS NEGATIVE W.R.T. “N” AND IN THIS CONDITION TRIAC
AND DIAC IS IN OFF STATE THE CHARGING CURRENT OF C1 IS FLOWS THROUGH R1
 AS SOON AS THE -VE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REACHES BREAKDOWN OF DIAC AND HENCE
TRIAC WILL TURN ON
 DUE TO TURN OFF OF TRIAC ALL COMPONENTS ACTS AS THE SHORT CIRCUIT AND THE
NEGATIVE LOAD VOLTAGE FLOWS THROUGH THE CIRCUIT :- -VL=SUPPLY VOLTAGE
 THE DIAC IS THE BIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE AND IT PROVIDE TRIGGERING PULSE TO THE TRIAC
SO THE TRIAC IS TRIGGERED IN BOTH HALF CYCLE OR POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE APPLIED
VOLTAGE
 THE CAPACITOR IS THE NON POLARISED SO IT CHARGE WITH POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
APPLIED VOLTAGE
 THE CHARGING RATE OF CAPACITOR IS DEPEND UPON THE VALUE OF R1
 BY THIS WAY WE CAN CONTROLLED ILLUMINATION BY USING TRIAC

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