THE

PHILIPPINES
IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
 OBJECTIVES
1st 2nd 3rd
LEARNING OBJECTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
● analyze the different
● evaluate the link social, political, financial, ● understand Jose Rizal in
between Rizal and and social changes that the framework of his
society happened within the times.
nineteenth century. 2
IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS
TIMES, WE WILL GO BACK TO THE IMPORTANT EVENTS THAT
TRANSPIRED IN THE PHILIPPINES BY EXAMINING;

Economic context
SOCIAL CONTEXT
POLITICAL CONTEXT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
End of Galleon Trade
GALLEON TRADE (1565-1815) – was a
boat "Galleon" 250-year exchange going to
and from between Manila (which landed
first in Cebu) and Acapulco, Mexico.

ANDRES DE URDANETA, in escort under

Miguel Lopez De Legazpi – began the
exchange when they found an arrival
course from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.
End of Galleon Trade
The following are among the stocks sent to Mexico from the Philippines through this trans-
Pacific exchange: Mango de Manila, Tamarind, Rice, Carabao, Chinese tea and materials,
Cockfighting, Fireworks show and Tuba (coconut wine).
Opening of the Suez Canal
SUEZ CANAL – an artificial
sea-level waterway in Egypt
connects the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea through the
Isthmus of Suez.

November 17, 1869 – it was

formally opened following a
10-year of development (1858-
1869) .
 The opening of the Suez Canal
• Preferred position in business endeavors, , particularly among Europe and
East Asia.

• The importation of business items as well as of books, magazines, and news

papers with liberal thoughts from America and Europe.

• Supported the illustrados, particularly Jose Rizal, to seek after instruction

abroad and learn logical and liberal thoughts in European scholarly
establishments.
Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
• Between 1820 and 1870 - the Philippines was well on its
method of building up a fare crop economy.

• The exploitation of the Philippines' natural assets and

progress of a fare crop economy - were marvels of the
nineteenth century.

• The advancement of the fare crop industry in the Philippines

was propelled by the business endeavors of North European
and North American vendors, who gave capital, association,
and access to outside business sectors
 Monopolies
• For the rest of the 19th century –the Chinese
instantly took advantage of this commercial
opportunity, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in
monopoly contracting in the Philippines.

• Even before 1850 – monopolies on some

products had been established, which were
basically controlled by the colonial
government.
1712-1864 - Spirituous liquors monopoly

1764 - Betel nut monopoly

1782-1882 - Tobacco monopoly

1805-1864 - explosive monopoly

 Tobacco Monopoly

• Among these monopoly systems, the most controversial and oppressive to

locals was perhaps the tobacco monopoly.
• March 1, 1782 –Governor-General Jose Basco placed the tobacco industry
under government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.
• 1882 –the tobacco monopoly was finally abolished. It lasted for exactly
100 years.
• A century of hardship and social betrayal caused by the tobacco restraining
infrastructure provoked Filipinos in common and Novo Ecijanos, in specific,
to look for flexibility from colonial subjugation.
SOCIAL CONTEXT
Education in the 19th Century
European arrangement of Education - the
schools were set up and run by Catholic
missionaries.

Religion – was made as a compulsory subject at

all levels.

First formal schools were the parochial schools.

19th century – colleges began to acknowledge

native Filipinos.
• 1863 – a legal pronouncement set up a
state-funded educational system in the
Philippines.

• Colleges (likeness secondary school

today) were built up for young men and
young ladies.

• University training was opened.

• 19th century – colleges began to

acknowledge native Filipinos.
The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

• Elimination of the ship exchange

• Development of business
agribusiness

• Haciendas of sugar, espresso, and

hemp
 The Rise of the Inquillinos
• Inquilino - means "tenant".

• The 19th Century Inquilino or tenant system in the

Philippines is far better understood as a qualified
system of tenancy.

• This system eventually became very profitable that

some inquilinos acquired lands of their own and
entered in other gainful commercial ventures.

• Inquilinos paid a fixed rent in which the amount was

determined by the size and quality of the land being
cultivated.
Conflicts between estate owners and
workers:

• the collection of excessive taxes and land

rent
• the decline of sharing agreements
• extreme demands for labor services
• capricious fixing of crop prices.
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
 Liberalism
• They are founded on ideals of freedom
and equality.

• Liberals believe that government is

necessary to protect individuals from
being abused by others

• The liberals in Spain considered the

Catholic Church as an enemy of reforms.
• French Revolution (1789 – 1799) –started a political revolution in
Europe and some other parts of the globe.
• “Having Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” – as its battle cry, this
revolution became a period of fundamental change in the political
history of France as the French governmental structure was
changed from an absolute monarchy into a more liberal
government system founded on the principles of citizenship and
inalienable rights.
• Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre the First liberal
governor-general in the Philippines and the role model for the
experience of liberalism of the country.
• After the liberals in Spain had deposed Queen Isabel II in the
1868 mutiny, a provisional government was formed, and the
new government extended to Spanish colonies the reforms
they implemented in the motherland.
• The provisional government was appointing Carlos Maria De
la Torre as Governor-General of the Philippines 1869 - 1871.
• He is widely considered to be the most beloved of the
Spanish Governor-General ever assigned in the country.
The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
● Bourbon reform policies – were an
advantage that was under Spain from
1565 to 1898.

● Its impact, at least, is that it gave

people, especially the natives in the
Philippines, the idea that colonization
could be done without much
intervention from the Catholic
Church.
 The Cadiz Constitution
• During the Napoleonic control of Spain – a liberal
constitution was declared in Cadiz (March 1812).
• Cadiz Constitution – drafted by chose agents, was
placed by and by in practically all the zones of the
Hispanic Monarchy still leveled out of the Spanish
crown.
• Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto were the first delegates from the
Philippines who made their vow of office in Madrid.

• Cadiz Constitution, which was officially executed in Manila not long after setting up the
standards of an all-inclusive male suffrage, national power established government and
opportunity of the press, and supported land change and free venture.

• Governor-General Manuel Gonzales Aguilar required an appointment of Manila

authorities, which brought about the determination of Don Ventura de Los Reyes. A
well off trader and individual from the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as the appointee.

• The Vigan-conceived Don Véntura de Los Reyes was a child of poor Ilocano guardians. He
participated in the Ilocos revolt drove by Diego Silang in 1762, however later on occupied
with the vegetable and indigo business. He was one of the agents who marked the
Constitution, yet it was simply following a year that those in Manila thought about its
announcements."
• King Fernando VII (May of 1814) – announced it invalid and reestablished
absolutism. Notwithstanding, Cadiz was an exceptionally critical period in the
political history of the Spanish-talking world in any event.

• In the Philippines, one vital statement of faith epitomized in the Constitution

was the exclusion of the locals from paying tributes and rendering open
administrations dependent on its equity provision.
Seeing Rizal’s Life
in His Society
“We see the life of an individual in his/her society, and
society in the life of an individual.” – is a widely
accepted principle in various social sciences.
Sociological Imagination – one unique feature of
Rizal is that he did know not only the valuable
information about his society but also had a
quality of mind that helped him use the
information in a way that he could think about
what was going on in the world and of what might
be happening within himself.
Rizal's Social Qualities:
• He knew his place in the more
noteworthy plan of things,
• He comprehended the cultural powers
molding his life, and;
• He had the option to react in manners
that profited others.
THANKS!
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