NRB With Students 2nd Edition 1 1

æljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÆ
-afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?sf nflu ljQLo ;fIf/tf_
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

ueg{/sf] sfof{no
@)&& ebf}
k':ts M ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
k|sfzs M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ueg{/sf] sfof{no
n]vg÷;Dkfbg M lrGtfdl0f lzjfsf]6L

czf]ss'df/ kf}8]n
/fdxl/ bfxfn
8f= efujt cfrfo{
efiff ;Dkfbg M s]zjk|;fb cfrfo{

n]cfp6÷cfj/0f M u0f]zdfg dxh{g
klxnf] ;+:s/0f M @)&) k';

k|sflzt ;ª\Vof M !%)) k|lt
k'gd'{b|0f M @)&! kmfu'g

k|sflzt ;ª\Vof M #))) k|lt
kl/dfh{g M @)&& ;fpg

k|sflzt ;ª\Vof M @))) k|lt
d'b|0f M n'lDagL a'4 lk|G6;{

kmf]g M )! $!%%$%@
k|fSsyg
ljBfyL{x?df ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf Pjd\ o'jf ju{df ljQLo 1fg clej[l4
ug{ d2t k'u]sf] / cfpFbf lbgdf of] sfo{qmd yk k|efjsf/L x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;} qmddf tof/ kfl/Psf] k'l:tsfsf] kl/dflh{t
;+:s/0f oxfFx?sf] xftdf 5 .
;fdfGo cy{df ljQLo sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL 1fg g} ljQLo r]tgf xf] .
o;n] dfgj hLjgsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ ljQLo ;fwgx? / ljQLo
sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL r]tgfsf] lIflth km/flsnf] kfg{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
ljQLo kx'Fr Go"g ePsf] g]kfnh:tf] d'n'sdf ljQLo r]tgfsf] clej[l4
cToGt cfjZos 5 . o; r]tgfn] cfd hgdfg;nfO{ a}+lsª tyf
ljQLo ;]jfsf] pkef]uk|lt cEo:t t'NofpF5 . o;af6 ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
ePsf] tLj|| ljsf;n] ljQLo ahf/ / pks/0fdf yk]sf] hl6ntf /
ltgLx?df cGtlg{lxt hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
cfhsf lszf]/ lszf]/L ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf s0f{wf/ ePsf x'Fbf o;
sfo{qmdn] ltg} / o'jf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ d'n'ssf] a}+lsª tyf ljQLo
k|0ffnLaf/] cfjZos hfgsf/L k:sFb} pgLx?nfO{ o;tkm{ cfslif{t
ub{} artsf] dfWodaf6 ldtJooL, g}ltsjfg\, ;Ifd, pBdzLn aGg
k|]l/t u/L efjL lbgdf pgLx? :jod\ / d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[l4df
;d]t 6]jf k'Ug] tYodf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .
ljQLo r]tgfsf] dfWodaf6 cfd hg;d'bfodf a}lsª afgLsf]
ljsf;df yk of]ubfg k'uL artdfkm{t k'FhLsf] l;h{gf, cf}krfl/s
If]qaf6 ;fk]lIft ?kdf ;:tf] Aofhb/df shf{ pkof]u dfkm{t
pTkfbg, pkef]u, nufgL, /f]huf/Ldf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{] tYo
ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 . ljQLo r]tgf
cfd hgdfg;sf] ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] tfklg o; sfo{qmdn]
ljz]if u/]/ ljQLo ;]jf / kx'Frsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt b'u{d u|fdL0f
If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] ;j{;fwf/0f / ljQLo sf/f]af/ / pks/0faf/]
cgle1 lszf]/÷lszf]/LnfO{ s]Gb| laGb'df /fVg'nfO{ d"n st{Jo
7fg]sf] 5 .
;fdfGo a}+lsª k|lqmof / lgodx? ghfg]/ cfkm" 7luPsf], cndndf
k/]sf] tyf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] lghx?nfO{ cGof]ndf /fv]sf]
eGg] h:tf u'gf;fx? cfd hgtfaf6 ;'lgg] u/]sf 5g\ . ljQLo
1fgsf] clej[l4åf/f o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] Go"gLs/0f / ;dfwfg ug{
;lsG5 . ljQLo r]tgfn] a}+lsª ;]jf pkof]u u/L cfˆgf] wgsf]
;'/Iff tyf cfly{s pGglt s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifosf cltl/Qm a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/;lxt lgIf]k ;Íng,
shf{ k|jfx, Aofh lng] lbg] k|lqmof / ;do, shf{ lng' kbf{ ckgfOg]
tl/sf, shf{sf] pkof]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx?, shf{ b'¿kof]u ubf{ x'g]
gsf/fTds kl/0ffdaf/] klg kof{Kt hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u
k'U5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] k|f/Deb]lv g} g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* n]
tf]s]sf d'Vo lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{'sf cltl/Qm ;ef, ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L,
tflnd, ;"rgfsf ;fy} Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] h:tf >Jo tyf 6]lnrnlrq
Pjd\ j[lQlrq h:tf b[Zo dfWodaf6 ljQLo 1fg km}nfpg] sfo{
ub}{ cfPsf] eP tfklg ;dosf] o; laGb'df cfP/ o; cleofgnfO{
cem} lj:tf/ ug'{kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ljQLo r]tgf ;DaGwL
;d;fdlos / dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo ;d]6L tof/ kfl/Psf] k|:t't k'l:tsf
k|sfzg u/L oxfFx?sf] xft;Dd k'¥ofpg] csf{] k|of;sf] yfngL
ljutb]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o; k|sf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ / cTofjZosLo cleofgnfO{ g]kfn /fi6«
a}+ssf] Psn k|of;af6 dfq k"0f{ ?kn] pknlAwd"ns agfpg
;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] d'n'ssf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/L
tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, cfd ;~rf/sf ;fwgx?n] o; sfddf
;lqmotf b]vfpg ljnDa ug{ gx'g] cj:yf 5 . of] ;/f]sf/jfnf
;a}n] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo;Fu ;DalGwt
dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo klg xf] . ;a}sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6 ;Dkfbg
ul/g] o; lsl;dsf] sfo{af6 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n x'g] tYodf
cfzfjfbL aGg ;lsG5 . ljBfno:t/sf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx?df ljQLo
1fg Pjd\ hfgsf/L ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/L cf}krfl/s
lzIffdfkm{t ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmdn] ljBfyL{, lzIfs,
cleefjs Pjd\ :yfgLo:t/df ;DalGwt ;a} nfeflGjt x'g] tYo
:ki6 5 . ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4 b]zsf k|a'4 cfd gful/sn]
cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 ;s]sf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'kg{] dxŒjk"0f{ /fli6«o
cleofg dWo]sf] Ps sfo{ xf] . oxL st{Jo lgjf{xsf] dxŒjk"0f{
s8Lsf] ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'ljwf / ;xof]usf] nflu ljz]if u/]/
!! b]lv !( jif{sf lszf]/ lkF9LnfO{ nlIft u/]/ of] k'l:tsf tof/ u/L
k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] efjL lbgdf qmdzM ;xefuL
;+:yfx?sf] bIftf clej[l4 ug]{, ;~rf/ dfWodx?af6 r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x? klg cufl8 a9fpFb}
hfg]5 . g]kfnh:tf] ljQLo r]tgf tyf ljQLo kx'Fr Go"g /x]sf]
d'n'sdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ljBfyL{nfO{ nlIft u/L ;~rfngdf
NofPsf] …ljBfnodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÚ gfds ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4
sfo{qmd / …ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÚ gfds k|:t't k'l:tsfn] o;
;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] l/QmtfnfO{ w]/yf]/ k"lt{ ug{] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfsf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ePb]lv g} ueg{/sf]
sfof{noaf6 …ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÚ sfo{qmd lgoldt ?kdf
;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx?df ljBfno txd} ljQLo
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg xfl;n u/fpg] d"n Wo]o o; sfo{qmdn]
/fv]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfOPsf] xf] . sfo{qmdnfO{
yk k|efjsf/L agfpFb} n}hfg] p2]Zosf ;fy klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf
;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t'df ;d;fdlos hfgsf/L Pjd\ cfFs8fnfO{
cBfjlws u/L o; k'l:tsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ul/Psf]
5 . oxfFx?af6 k|fKt x'g] cd"No ;'emfj / k|ltlqmofn] k'l:tsfnfO{
yk :t/Lo / k7gLo t'Nofpg dfu{bz{g ug]{5 . ctM k'l:tsfsf]
cWoog u/L o;sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/is[t t'Nofpg cfˆgf] ;'emfj
Pjd\ k|ltlqmof pknAw u/fOlbg'x'g' xflb{s clkn ub{5f}+ .
@)&& ebf}
ljifo;"rL
efu k]h g+=
k|fSsyg
!= ljQLo ;fIf/tf M cy{ / cfjZostf !
@= ljQLo ;fIf/tf M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ $
#= ljBfnodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s M Ps cleofg &
$= g]kfnsf] ljQLo k|0ffnL M ;fdfGo hfgsf/L !!
$=! g]kfnsf] a}+lsª Oltxf; !!
$=@ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s M d'n'ssf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s !#
$=# g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfhtkqk|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? !^
$=$ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? !*
$=% cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx? !*
%= a}+s vftf M cy{ / cfjZostf @)
%=! rNtL vftf @!
%=@ art vftf @!
%=# d'2tL vftf @%
^= art M cfly{s pGgltsf] cfwf/ @*
^=! artsf] kl/ro @*
^=@ art lsg ul/G5 < @*
^=# a}+sdf art ubf{ x'g] kmfObf @(
^=$ art s;/L ug]{ < @(
^=% art sxfF ug]{ < @(
^=^ art ug{ ;lsg] ;+:yfx? #)
&= a}+s shf{ M pBdzLntfsf] k"jf{wf/ ##
&=! a}+s shf{sf] kl/ro ##
&=@ a}+s shf{ lsg lnOG5 < #$
&=# a}+s shf{ lnFbf s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ < #%
&=$ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng lxrlsrfpg gx'g] #^
&=% shf{sf] k|sf/ #&
&=^ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ #(
&=& k'g/shf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf $!
*= ah]6 lgdf{0f M ;r]t gful/ssf] nIf0f $#
*=! ah]6sf] kl/ro $#
*=@ ah]6 lsg agfpg'k5{ < $$
*=# ljQLo 8fo/LM kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u $%
*=$ ljQLo 8fo/Lsf] p2]Zo $%
*=% 8fo/L agfpFbf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ $^
*=^ ljQLo 8fo/Lsf] gd"gf $^
(= ;kmf gf]6 M ;Eotfsf] k|tLs $*
!)= ljk|]if0f M ;d[4 b]z lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ %@
!)=! ljk|]if0fsf] kl/ro %#
!)=@ ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf / pkof]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? %$
!)=# ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? %^
!!= aLdf M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] dfWod %&
!!=! aLdfsf] kl/ro %&
!!=@ aLdf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? %(
!!=# aLdf ug]{ k|lqmof ^!
!@= z]o/ M k'FhL lgdf{0fsf] dfWod ^#
!@=! z]o/df nufgL ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? ^%
!@=@ z]o/ lgj]bg ebf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? ^^
!@=# l8Dof6 vftf ^&
!#= ljb]zL ljlgdo ;DaGwL 1fg ^*
!$= ljB'tLo a}+lsª ;DaGwL 1fg &!
!$=!P6LPd sf8{ &@
!$=@ qm]l86 sf8{ &#
!$=# Any Branch Banking Service (ABBS) &$
!%= Do'r'cn kmG8 M k'FhL ;Íngsf] dfWod &%
!^= ;DklQ z'¢Ls/0f lgjf/0f M ljQLo ck/fw lgoGq0f &&
!&= ljljw *!
!&=! u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO *!
!&=@ ljQLo u|fxs ;+/If0f *@
!*= pk;+xf/M la;f}gL *%
ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
ljQLo ;fIf/tf M cy{ / cfjZostf
kl5Nnf jif{x?df ljZj cfly{s If]qdf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljQLo

;fIf/tfsf] ljifon] 7"nf] rrf{ Pjd\ dxŒj kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ljQLo
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;fdfGo cy{ ;a}sf nflu ljQLo ;]jf eGg] x'G5 .
k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;'ne tl/sfn] ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' g}
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff Pjd\ p2]Zo xf] .
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fn] If]q, lnË, j0f{, hft cflbsf cfwf/df
s'g} e]befj gu/L ;dfg ?kdf ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 k|bfg ul/g]
cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jf k'¥ofpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fVb5 .
o;}u/L ljQLo lzIffn] s'g} klg JolQm;Fu ePsf] cfly{s jf ljQLo
;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Pjd\ ldtJooL pkof]u ug]{ 1fg;d]t
k|bfg ub{5 .
x/]s JolQm;Fu ePsf] ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] s'zn pkof]uaf/]
hfgsf/L lbFb} cfod"ns If]qdf nufgL ug]{ / To;af6 cfly{s
pGglt ug]{ 1fg, ;Lk / snf k|bfg ug'{ ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] nIo xf] .
ljQLo ;fIf/tfnfO{ ljQLo r]tgf tyf ljQLo lzIff h:tf gfdn]
klg a'e\mg ;lsG5 . ljQLo ;fIf/tfn] k};fsf] dxŒj a'e\mg / ;f]
1
cg';f/ To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ lzIff k|bfg ub{5 . k};fsf]

;b'kof]uaf6 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{, ;Lldt
;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L c;Lldt cfjZostfx?nfO{
k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df k"/f ug{ Jojl:yt ah]6 agfpg] tl/sf
l;sfpg] tyf ;Lldt ;fwgsf] Jojl:yt kl/rfng / pRrtd
;b'kof]u ug]{ snf, ;Lk / 1fg ljQLo ;fIf/tfn] k|bfg ub{5 .
csf]{ zAbdf dfgj hLjgsf nflu clt cfjZos k};f jf wg
;DklQ sfg'g adf]lhd dfq cfh{g ug]{, k};f vr{ ubf{ ldtJooL
?kdf ah]6 agfP/ cfo adf]lhd vr{ ug]{, cfkm\gf]] cfosf] s]xL
c+z eljiosf nflu art ug]{ tyf pBd Joj;fo ug{sf nflu
shf{ lng] / ljb]zsf] sdfO cyf{t\ ljk|]if0f (Remittance) sf]
;d'lrt / pTkfbgd"ns pkof]u ug]{ 1fg tyf ;Lk ljQLo r]tgfn]
k|bfg ub{5 . o;sf ;fy}, pBd Joj;fodf slxn]sfxLF cfpg ;Sg]
hf]lvd Joxf]g{ / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu aLdf tyf ;'/If0f
ug]{, u}/sfg"gL 9Ëaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQn] ljklQ NofpF5 eGg]
h:tf ljifodf cfjZos Go"gtd 1fg k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . ljQLo
r]tgfdfkm{t\ JolQm cfkm\gf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ljifodf plrt
lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . o;af6 lghsf] / d'n'ssf] ;d]t cfly{s
pGgltdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
ljZjdf clxn] sl/j @ ca{ %) s/f]8 hgtf a}+lsª tyf ljQLo ;]jfsf]
kx'Fraflx/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
a9fjf lbO{ a9LeGbf a9L hgtfdf a}+lsª tyf ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr
lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] cGt/fli6«o hut\df klg ljleGg lgsfox?
sfo{/t /x]sf] tyf o;tkm{sf] k|of;df cfkm\gf]] ;fy{s e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{sf] nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] klg k|lta4tf hgfPsf] cj:yf
5 . To;}u/L, ljZje/sf sl/j @ ca{ @) s/f]8 afnaflnsfx?
dWo] sl/j Ps ca{ afn–aflnsfx? clxn] klg lg/k]If ul/aLsf]
2
/]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ eg] xfn;Dd ! k|ltzteGbf sd afnaflnsfx?

dfq ljQLo ;fIf/tf / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] bfo/fdf cfPsf
5g\ . ljZje/df sl/j !# k|ltzt o'jfx? a]/f]huf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
o:tf] a]/f]huf/Lsf] c+z sltko d'n'sdf sl/j %) k|ltzt;Dd
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . !% b]lv @% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfx? dWo]
sl/j $) k|ltztsf] dfq a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df vftf /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df oxfFsf] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] efu ce}m klg cf}krfl/s
ljQLo ;]jfaf6 jl~rt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'sdf clxn] klg !*
k|ltzt hlt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] 5 / ;f] hg;+VofnfO{
ul/aLaf6 d'Qm u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ul/aL tyf a]/f]huf/Lsf] of]
eofjx l:ylt, ljQLo ;]jfsf] Go"g kx'Frsf] cj:yfaf6 d'lQmsf] nflu
ljQLo r]tgf jf ;fIf/tf cleofg ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljQLo ;]jfsf]
dfu kIfdf cy{k"0f{ ;'wf/ Nofpg g]kfndf klg ljQLo r]tgf Pjd\
;fIf/tf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ / dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .
To;f] t ljQLo r]tgf ul/ax?nfO{ ul/aLaf6 d'lQm lbnfpg dfq
cfjZos 5 eGg] a'lemg' x'Fb}g . of] lzIff ;dfhsf x/]s JolQmnfO{
cfjZos 5 . plrt ljQLo lzIffn] dfq pBd Joj;fosf ;Defljt
hf]lvdaf6 aRg jf hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .
ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] ;jfndf /fi6«sf ef]lnsf s0f{wf/ cfhsf afn–
aflnsfnfO{ clxn]b]lv g} cy{ tyf ljQ ;DaGwL c;n ;+:sf/, afgL
Joxf]/f Pjd\ cfr/0f l;sfpg yfn]df ef]lnsf lbgdf pgLx?af6
kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«n] /fd|f] k|ltkmn kfpg] s'/fdf ljZj:t
x'g ;lsG5 .
3
ljQLo ;fIf/tf M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL lzIff ljBfno :t/b]lv g} kf7\oqmddf

;d]l6g] u/]sf] / afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/ lszf]/Lx?nfO{ nlIft u/]/
pgLx?sf nflu ljQ eGg] Pp6f cleofg cGt/f{li6«o cfGbf]ngsf]
?kdf g} cl3 a9]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf tyf o'jfd}qL ljQLo ;]jfhGo
sfo{qmdx? ljleGg b]zsf s}of}F a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf tyf o'jf tyf
afnaflnsfsf] xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx?, ;~rf/ dfWodn]
:jtM:k"mt{ ?kdf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
ljQLo 1fgsf] pko'{Qm dxŒj Pjd\ ckl/xfo{tf tyf g]kfndf
klg clwsf+z afnaflnsf / o'jfx? cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;]jfsf]
kxF'reGbf aflx/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ltgnfO{ ljQLo kx'Frsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg afnaflnsf / o'jf nlIft ljQLo ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL ;zQm
cleofgsf] vfFrf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjsf ;a} afnaflnsfx?
k|fylds :t/sf] lzIff ;DkGg u/]/ ljBfnoaf6 lg:sFbf;Dd
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf clgjfo{ ?kdf pgLx?sf] art
vftf x'g'kg]{ / Tof] vftf ;xL 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] 1fg
4
/ ;Lk ;d]t xfl;n x'g'kg]{ cjwf/0ff o; cleofgsf] xf] . o;

cleofgnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg g]kfndf klg xfn}sf jif{x?df ljQLo
;fIf/tf ;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . oL
sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf / o'jfnfO{ cfo tyf art clej[l¢sf ;fy}
nufgLsf ;Gbe{df pko'Qm ljQLo lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] nIo
/fv]sf x'G5g\ .
ljQLo ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] d"n kIfsf ?kdf ljQLo r]tgf, ljQLo
;'/Iff, ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljQLo ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ lnOPsf]
5 . ljZje/sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ dfgj tyf cfly{s clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f / ;Da¢{g ug{ tyf cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ubf{ c¿sf]
clwsf/sf] klg cfb/ ug]{, o'jfx?sf] ¿lrnfO{ Wofg lbO{ o'jfd}qL
Joj;fox? ;~rfng ug]{, ;'/Iff / g}ltstfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/
cfo–cfh{g ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ub}{ afnaflnsf / lszf]/ lszf]/LnfO{
ljQLo tyf ;fdflhs kl/of]hgfsf ;sf/fTds kIfx?af/] 1fg
k|bfg ug]{, ;fdflhs ;b\efj clej[l4df ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/L
cd"No ;Lkx?sf] l;h{gf ug]{ h:tf nIo o; cleofgn] /fv]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ju{sf] zf/Ll/s, af}l¢s, g}lts / ;fdflhs
d"Nodf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/f];\ eGg] klg cleofgsf] nIo
/x]sf] 5 .
ljQLo ;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg
ljljw sfo{qmdx? th{'df eO{ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljleGg
;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaf6 o; ;DaGwdf kxn
x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . of] ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . oBlk g]kfnsf nflu
clxn];Ddsf k|of;x? cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf Go"g /x]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf] o; cfjZostf / dxŒjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] …ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmdÚnfO{ cfˆgf gLlt
5
tyf sfo{qmx?df pRr k|fyldstf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . a}+ssf] bf];|f]

/0fgLlts of]hgf @)!@–!^ / t];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!&–@!
df d'n'ssf dlxnf, åGåkLl8t, cNk ;ª\Vos hflt, ljkGg ju{,
;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/L ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(
otfsf df}lb|s gLltx?df ljQLo r]tgf sfo{qmdnfO{ dxŒjsf
;fy ;~rfng ug]{ pNn]v x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(
sf] df}lb|s gLltdf …ljQLo ;fIf/tf Go"g /x]sf] sf/0faf6 ljQLo
;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L o; ;DaGwdf
cfjZos /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g]5Ú egL pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL cg'?k
cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; kl5sf df}lb|s
gLltx?df ;d]t ljQLo kx'Fr clej[l4 / ljQLo r]tgf k|j4{gn]
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf gLltx?df pRr k|fyldstf kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
6
ljBfnodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s M Ps cleofg
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ljQLo kx'Fr tyf ljQLo ;fIf/tf clej[l4nfO{

cToGt dxŒj lbPsf] 5 . o;}sf] Pp6f s8Lsf] ?kdf …ljBfyL{;Fu
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÚ gfds sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf
NofOPsf] xf] . ueg{/ 8f= o'j/fh vltj8fn] @)^( r}t * ut] Ps
sfo{qmd dfkm{t of] cleofg 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] xf] .
ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf
nflu ljutdf k|lzIfs
tflnd (Trainers
Training) ;~rfng,
tflnd k'l:tsf
k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f,
ljQLo ;fIf/tf /fli6«o
/0fgLlt d:of}bfsf]
tof/L, ljQLo ;fIf/tf
;DaGwL /]l8of], 6]lnlehg nufotsf ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t\ k|rf/
k|;f/, afn aflnsf tyf o'jf ;fIf/tf dxf]T;j Pjd\ d'b|f
7
;Ktfxdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf, hg r]tgfd"ns ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f

tyf ljt/0f, ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmd, o'jf, afnaflnsf
/ gLlt lgdf{tfx?aLrdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf tyf
afnaflnsf / o'jfsf] hgr]tgfd"ns ¥ofnLsf] cfof]hgf g]kfn
/fi6« a}+ssf] kxndf ePsf pNn]vgLo sfo{x? x'g\ . o;} aLr
afn–o'jf ljQ cleofgdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] k|lta¢tfsf] ?kdf
…ljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÚ sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . o;
cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf ljljw kIfsf af/]df
ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg' g} o; sfo{qmdsf]
d'Vo Wo]o xf] .
g]kfndf ljQLo ;fIf/tf cfh ;a} :t/sf dflg;x?nfO{ cToGt
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf 7"nf cf]xbfsf
dflg;df ;d]t sltko ljQLo sf/f]af/sf] k"0f{ 1fg gePsf] l:ylt
5 . pko'Qm ljQLo lzIffsf] cefjdf plrt lg0f{o lng g;Sbf
uDeL/ cfly{s b'3{6gf x'g uO{ 7"nf] ljQLo Iflt ;d]t Joxf]g'{kg]{
/ ;dfhdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . oBlk
dflg;x?sf] pd]/ ;d"x, z}lIfs of]Uotf, cfl{y{s cj:yf cflbsf
sf/0f ljleGg ju{sf dflg;x?sf nflu km/s km/s ljQLo lzIff
cfjZos x'g] cj:yf /xG5 .
olt eP/ klg k|fylds ?kdf ;a}eGbf ;+j]bgzLn Pjd\ nlIft ju{
eg]sf] ljBfyL{ ju{ g} xf] . art, shf{, ah]6, nufgL, aLdf, shf{sf]
;b'kof]u, gf]6sf] ;+/If0f cflbsf af/]df ;fg}b]lv cWoog cWofkg
u/fO{ pgLx?df c;n cfly{s ;+:sf/ eg{ ;lsPdf pgLx? ;dod}
cfly{s ?kdf ;r]t gful/s aGg k]|l/t x'G5g\ . plrt ljQLo
lzIffsf] cefjdf afnaflnsfx? a9L vlr{nf x'g], art ug{
;r]t gx'g] / eljiok|lt lrGtf gug]{ :jefjsf x'g klg ;S5g\ .
8
sfnfGt/df pgLx? cfly{s cg'zf;gdf sdhf]/, e|i6 cfr/0fo'Qm

tyf cfly{s k|nf]egdf kg]{ :jefjsf gxf]nfg\ eGg ;lsGg . cfly{s
?kdf sdhf]/ ;+:sf/o'Qm gful/sn] cGttf]uTjf cfˆgf afa' cfdf
tyf kl/jf/sf] dfq geO{ /fi6«s} cy{tGqnfO{ w/fzfoL agfpg
;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . pko'Qm ljQLo lzIffn]
g} pgLx?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf lhDd]jf/, gLltjfg\, st{Jok/fo0f /
Odfgbf/ aGg k]|l/t ub{5 . cfly{s 1fg / c;n ;+:sf/ lbO{
c;n gful/s tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf] xf] .
ljBfyL{sf nflu ljQLo r]tgf k|bfg ul/Pdf hLjgsf k|f/lDes
lbgx?af6} art ug{ clek|]l/t eO{ pgLx?df k};fsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{
afgL a:g] x'gfn] eljiodf ck]lIft 9Ëaf6 cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs
sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . afnaflnsfsf] slnnf] dg–dl:tisdf
ljQLo hfu/0fsf] ;"rgfd"ns lzIffn] /fi6«s} eljiodf b"/ufdL
;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . Ps cg';Gwfg cg';f/ afnaflnsfdf
!# jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf cfh{g ePsf] ;+:sf/n] p;sf] hLjgdf *)
k|ltzt e"ldsf v]Nb5 . afFsL @) k|ltzt dfq kl5 kl/jt{g
x'g] ub{5 . o;}n] afnaflnsfsf] slnnf] dl:tisdf el/Psf]
c;n ;+:sf/n] g} pgLx?sf] cfufdL hLjgsf] uf]/]6f], ;lqmotf,
pBdzLntf / ;d[l4nfO{ ;d]t lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
æljBfnodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÆ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljQLo lzIffd"ns
;Gb]z lnP/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf kbflwsf/Lx?
ljBfnodf k'uL ;f] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg k|jfx ub}{
cfPsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{x?nfO{ art, shf{, nufgL, c;"nL, aLdf
tyf ;'/Iff, ljk|]if0f, ah]l6ª, shf{ r'Qmf gubf{ x'g ;Sg] sf/jfxL,
sfnf];"rL / sfnf];"rLdf kbf{ x'g;Sg] gf]S;fgL, d'n'sdf
9
ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr tyf ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;jfn,

ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ gLltut
Joj:yfx?, d'b|fsf] Joj:yfkg, ;kmf gf]6 gLlt, gf]6nfO{ htg
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf, a}+s vftfsf k|sf/ tyf vftf vf]Ng cfjZos
sfuhft / k|lqmof, æcfˆgf] u|fxsnfO{ lrGg'xf];\ -Know Your
Customer : KYC) ;DaGwL Joj:yf, cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
If]qaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf leGgtf cflb ;jfnx? ;DaGwL
1fg k|bfg ug]{ tyf o; ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{ tyf o'jf ju{sf
lh1f;f / wf/0ffx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
ljBfno txb]lv g} ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg xfl;n u/fpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy yflnPsf] æljBfyL{;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+sÆ sfo{qmdnfO{
a}+sn] pRr dxŒjsf ;fy lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd
cGtu{t u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf d"ntM dfWolds txsf
5fq5fqfnfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] kl/ro, art÷shf{sf]
hfgsf/L, vftf vf]Ng] tl/sf, ljk|]if0f, u|fxs klxrfg, ;kmf gf]6
gLlt nufotsf ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
10
g]kfnsf] ljQLo k|0ffnL M ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
$=! g]kfnsf] a}+lsª Oltxf;

g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s a}+lsª Oltxf;n] cf7 bzseGbf a9Lsf]
cg'ej a6'n]sf] 5 . g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] a}+s g]kfn
a}+s lnld6]8 xf] . of] ljqmd ;+jt\ !(($ ;fn sflQs #)
ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf of] a}+s ;/sf/sf]
d'Vo nufgLdf lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf :yfkgf ePsf]
lyof] .
@)!# ;fndf s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] :yfkgf
eof] . o; a}+sdfkm{t g]kfnL d'b|f rngrNtLdf Nofpg] tyf
g]kfndf a}+lsª k|yfsf] ljsf; ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|of; x'Fb} uP .
o;} qmddf lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud,
@)@@ ;fndf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, @)@$ ;fndf s[lif ljsf;
a}+ssf] :yfkgf x'Fb} @)$! ;fndf klxnf] k6s ljb]zL a}+ssf]
;+o'Qm nufgLdf tTsfnLg g]kfn c/a a}+s lnld6]8 -xfnsf]
11
gljn a}+s lnld6]8_ :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfndf a}lsª ljsf;sf]

ultn] gofF df]8 lnof] .
xfn g]kfnsf] ljQLo k|0ffnLdf s]Gb|Lo a}+s, jfl0fHo a}+s, ljsf;
a}+s, ljQ sDkgL, n3' ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a}+s
/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sjf6 cg'dltkqk|fKt cGo ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ .
xfn g]kfnsf] a}+lsª If]qdf ljBdfg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{
…sÚ, …vÚ, …uÚ / …3Ú u/L rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
@)&^ ;fn k'; d;fGt;Dddf …sÚ ju{sf jfl0fHo a}+sx?
@& j6f, …vÚ ju{sf ljsf; a}+sx? @$ j6f, …uÚ ju{sf ljQ
sDkgLx? @@ j6f / …3Ú ju{sf n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf]
;+Vof () j6f k'u]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a}+s
! j6f / /fli6«o ;xsf/L a}+s, xfo/ kr]{h sDkgL tyf ljb]zL
a}+ssf] ;Dks{ sfof{no u/L !@ j6f cGo ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ .
o; aLrdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] …sÚ, …vÚ / …uÚ ju{sf gofF
;+:yfx? :yfkgfsf] nflu cfj]bg lng] sfo{ :ylut u/]sf] 5
eg] kxf8L / b'u{d e]u;Dd ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr ck]Iffs[t
?kdf sd /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;f] If]qdf ljQLo
;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIosf ;fy …3Ú ju{sf gofF n3'ljQ ljQLo
;+:yfx? :yfkgf ug{sf nflu Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf oyfjt\
/fv]sf] 5 . @)&^ ;fn k'; d;fGt;Dddf …sÚ, …vÚ, …uÚ /
…3Ú u/L a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx?sf] ;+Vof s'n
(,#($ k'u]sf 5g\ . k|lt zfvf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;ª\Vof #,#^# /x]sf]
5 . jfl0fHo a}+ssf] zfvf sfof{nosf] pkl:ylt nueu ;a}
:yfgLo txdf lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] cy{tGqn] wfGg ;Sg] IfdtfeGbf a9L ;+Vofdf o:tf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof ePsf] dx;'; u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
12
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv Ps cfk;df ufEg]–ufleg] ;DaGwL gLlt

cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k, a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?
Ps cfk;df ufleg] qmd a9\b} uPsf] 5 . h;af6 a}s
+ tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] k'h
F Lut cfwf/zLnf yk ;an aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
$=@ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s M d'n'ssf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s tTsfnLg /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)!@ cg';f/ @)!#
;fn j}zfv !$ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
d'n'ssf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s ePsfn] o;n] d"ntM d'n'ssf] df}lb|s
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;~rfng / lgodg ub{5 . o;}n] s]Gb|Lo a}+snfO{
…df}lb|s clwsf/LÚ / …lgofds lgsfoÚ klg eGg] ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] g]kfnL d'b|fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, df}lb|s
gLltsf] ;~rfng ug]{, ;/sf/sf] a}+s tyf a}+sx?sf] a}+ssf
?kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . x/]s d'n'sdf Pp6f
dfq s]Gb|Lo a}+s /xG5 . o;sf] cy{ s'g} klg d'n'ssf] df}lb|s
k|0ffnL Ps} vfnsf] x'g] ub{5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s g]kfnsf] ljQLo
k|0ffnLsf] lgofds tyf ;'kl/j]IfsLo lgsfo xf] . g]kfn /fi6«
a}+s :yfkgf x'g'eGbf cl3 @))@ ;fndf ;b/ d'n'sL vfgfaf6
g]kfnL gf]6 lgisfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .
/fi6« a}s P]g, @)!@ cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf p2]Zox?
g]kfnL gf]6 lgisf;gsf] Joj:yf u/L clw/fHoe/ g]kfnL
d'b|f rngrNtLdf Nofpg ;'Joj:yf ldnfpg', g]kfnL d'b|fsf]
ljlgdo b/df l:y/tf sfod /fVg', ljsf;sf] lgldQ k'FhLnfO{
ultzLn agfO{ /fHosf] pBf]uwGbfnfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg lbg' /
g]kfndf a}+s k|yfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' /x]sf lyP .
o; a}+ssf] b"/b[li6 (Vision) / nIo (Mission) o; k|sf/
/x]sf 5g\ M
13
b"/b[li6– cfw'lgs, ultzLn, ljZj;gLo Pjd\ k|efjsf/L

s]Gb|Lo a}+s
nIo– ;an tyf k|efjsf/L df}lb|s, ljb]zL ljlgdo Pjd\
ljQLo If]q gLltx?sf] dfWodaf6 ;du| cfly{s
l:y/tf sfod /fVg] .
;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} o; a}+ssf p2]Zox?df k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . o;} s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
gofF g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] / clxn]
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf sfd sf/jfxLx? o;} P]gaf6 lgb]{lzt x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . o; P]gdf ljQLo If]q :yfloTj ;lxt ;du|df
cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf]
5 . clxn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf p2]Zox? d"No :yfloTj sfod
ug{sf nflu df}lb|s gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog, zf]wgfGt/
:yfloTjsf nflu ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog,
ljQLo If]q :yfloTjsf nflu ljQLo If]qsf] lgodg, lg/LIf0f,
;'kl/j]If0f, ljQLo If]qdf cfjZos t/ntfsf] k|j4{g, ;'/lIft
Pjd\ Jojl:yt e'QmfgL k|0ffnL k|j4{g ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf p2]Zox¿
8 cfly{s :yfloTj / cy{tGqsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ d"No
/ zf]wgfGt/ l:y/tf sfod ug{sf] nflu cfjZos df}lb|s
tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt lgdf{0f u/L ;f]sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{],
8 ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 / a}+lsª tyf ljQLo If]qsf]
:yfloTj sfod u/L a}+lsª tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLk|lt
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug]{,
14
8 ;'/lIft, :j:y tyf ;Ifd e'StfgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{] .

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%*, bkmf $
oL p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ a}+snfO{ ;f]xL P]gn] g]kfnL gf]6 tyf
l;Ssf lgisf;g / Joj:yfkg ug]{, df}lb|s gLlt th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ug]{, ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ljb]zL
ljlgdo ;l~rlt Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug]{, a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfnfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg'sf ;fy} ltgnfO{ lgodg÷;'kl/j]If0f
ug]{, ;/sf/sf] a}+ssf ?kdf sfo{ ug]{, a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfnfO{ cfjZos kbf{ shf{ k|bfg ug]{, e'QmfgL k|0ffnL /
lx;fa ldnfg k4ltnfO{ lgodg tyf Jojl:yt ug]{ nufotsf
sfo{ef/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿
8 a}+s gf]6 tyf l;Ssf lgisf;g ug]{,
8 d"No l:y/tf sfod ug{ cfjZos df}lb|s gLlt th{'df ug{]
/ ;f] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg],
8 ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] tyf ;f] gLlt sfof{Gjog
ug{], u/fpg],
8 ljlgdo b/ k4lt lgwf{/0f ug{],
8 ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug{],
8 jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ a}+lsª tyf ljQLo
sf/f]af/ ug{ Ohfhtkq hf/L ug{], To:tf] sf/f]af/sf]
;DaGwdf cfjZos lgodg, lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf
cg'udg ug{],
15
8 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] a}+s/, ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ljQLo Ph]G6sf]

?kdf sfo{ ug]{,
8 jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] a}+s tyf clGtd
C0fbftfsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{,
8 e'QmfgL, km5\of{}6 -lSnol/ª_ tyf lx;fa ldnfg -;]6nd]G6_
k4ltsf] :yfkgf tyf k|j4{g u/L ;f] sfo{nfO{ lgoldt
ug{],
8 t/ntf Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ cfjZos pks/0fsf]
dfWodåf/f v'nf ahf/ sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ug{],
8 a}+ssf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQ a}+sn] ug'{kg]{ cGo
cfjZos sfo{x? sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg] .
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%*, bkmf %
$=# g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
a}+s eg]sf] d"ntM k};fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;+:yf xf] . a}+snfO{
ljQLo dWo:ystf{ eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . a}+sn] artstf{x?af6
lgIf]k :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] ;f] lgIf]k pBd ug{ rfxg] t/
k};fsf] cefj x'g] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ shf{sf] ?kdf k|bfg
ub{5 . cy{tGqdf Pp6f ;d"x jf ju{af6 bfloTjsf] ?kdf
art ;Íng u/L ;f] bfloTjnfO{ k'gM pTkfbgzLn k|of]hgsf
nflu ;DklQsf] ?kdf shf{ k|jfx ug]{ x'Fbf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?nfO{ ljQLo dWo:ystf{ klg eGg] ul/G5 . a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfx? /fHosf] sfg'g adf]lhd :yfkgf / ;~rfng
ePsf x'G5g\ .
g]kfndf clxn] …sÚ, …vÚ, …uÚ / …3Ú u/L rf/ ju{sf a}+s tyf
16
ljQLo ;+:yfx? / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a}+s /x]sf 5g\ . …sÚ ju{sf

;+:yfnfO{ …jfl0fHo a}+sÚ, …vÚ ju{sf ;+:yfnfO{ …ljsf; a}+sÚ, …uÚ
ju{sf ;+:yfnfO{ …ljQ sDkgLÚ / …3Ú ju{sf ;+:yfnfO{ …n3'ljQ
ljQLo ;+:yfÚ eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . …vÚ, …uÚ / …3Ú ju{sf ;+:yfnfO{
Psd'i6 ?kdf ljQLo ;+:yf eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . oL rf/} k|sf/sf
;+:yfnfO{ Ps} ;fy eGg'kbf{ …a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfÚ elgG5 .
o;}nfO{ a}+lsª k|0ffnL klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu
/x]sf] /sdnfO{ artsf] ?kdf ;Íng u/L To:tf] artnfO{
nufgLsf] nflu /sd cfjZos kg]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ C0fsf]
?kdf /sd pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yfx? g} a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx? x'g\ .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] lgIf]ksf ?kdf art :jLsf/ ug]{
/ shf{ cyf{t\ C0f k|bfg ug]{ sfo{sf cltl/Qm Ps 7fpFsf]
/sd csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg] ljk|]if0f sf/f]af/, ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xL
ul/lbg], k|tLtkq (Letter of Credit-L.C.) sf/f]af/ ug]{ /
cGt/f{li6«o n]gb]gnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg], 8«fˆ6 tyf l6=6L=
dfkm{t k};f k7fOlbg], ;/sf/L sf/f]af/ ug]{, gf]6sf]if ;~rfng
ug]{, ;/sf/L C0fkqx?sf] sf/f]af/ ug]{, ;'grfFbL shf{, cf]e/
8«fˆ6 ;'ljwf, a}+s Uof/]G6L h:tf ljleGg ljQLo sf/f]af/x?
;d]t ub{5g\ .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ug]{ sf/f]af/ lgod jf sfg'g ;Ddt
9Ën] eP gePsf] af/] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .
sfg'g adf]lhd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;~rfng gePdf jf
s'g} cK7\of/f]df kg{ uPdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lgIf]k -k};f_ hf]lvddf
kg{ ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yf gcfcf];\ eg]/ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf] sf/f]af/ x]g]{ cyf{t\ lgodg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
17
$=$ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿

u|fdL0f tx;Dd ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'rF :yflkt xf];\ eGg] clek|fon]
g]kfndf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf b|Q ' ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 .
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf / ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf
:yfkgfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xsf/L ljefun] :jLs[lt k|bfg
ub{5 . xfn g]kfne/ sl/a !$,))) art tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yfx? ;d]t u/L hDdf #$,))) eGbf a9L ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?
g]kfnsf] ljQLo ahf/df ;]jf/t 5g\ . o:tf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?
;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ -;fljssf] ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* ;d]t_
adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ / ltgn] g]kfnsf] ljQLo If]qdf
ljQLo kx'rF clej[l4df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ .
oL ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] ufpFufpF / 6f]n 6f]n;Dd ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfnfO{ ljQLo ;]jf k|bfg ug's{ f cltl/Qm ;b:ox?nfO{ a}l+ sª
afgL klg l;sfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u / ;xsfl/tfsf
cfwf/df ;b:otf ljt/0f u/L ;b:ox?sf aLrdf dfq art
tyf C0f sf/f]af/ ug]{ p2]Zon] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L
;+:yfx? :yfkgf ePsf x'G5g\ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? d"ntM
:jlgodgdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . o:tf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lgofds
tyf ;'kl/j]IfsLo lgsfosf] ?kdf xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;xsf/L ljefun] sfd sf/jfxL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf
;Dk"0f{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] lgodg
tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L bf];f| ]
;'kl/j]IfsLo ;+:yf -Second Tier Institution_ :yfkgf u/L ;f]
sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ of]hgf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
$=% cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf cltl/Qm
18
g]kfnsf] ljQLo ahf/df e'QmfgL ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt

kq k|fKt ;+:yfx?, g]kfn :6s PS;r]~h lnld6]8, lghL{jg
tyf hLjg aLdf sDkgLx?, sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if, gful/s
nufgL sf]if, lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if, shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|
lnld6]8, x'nfs art a}+s / s]xL sdf]l8l6h :6s PS:r]Ghn]
;d]t ljQLo sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;dWo] gful/s nufgL
sf]if, lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if / sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifsf]
lgofds lgsfo g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno xf] eg] aLdf
sDkgLx?sf] lgofds lgsfo aLdf ;ldlt xf] . To;}u/L,
g]kfn :6s PS:r]Gh ln= / sdf]l8l6h PS;r]~h sDkgLx?sf]
lgofds lgsfosf] ?kdf g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{ /x]sf] 5 .
19
a}+s vftf M cy{ / cfjZostf
;j{;fwf/0f JolQm jf
;+:yfsf] /sd hDdf ug{
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
;DalGwt JolQm jf ;+:yfsf]
gfddf vftf vf]lnlbg] /
pgLx?sf] gfddf /sd
/fVg / lemSg kfOg] u/L
btf{ ul/lbg] ljj/0f g}
a}+s vftf xf] . of] Ps k|sf/sf] sf/f]af/ ljj/0f xf] . a}+sn]
;j{;fwf/0f;Fu lgIf]k
-k};f_ lnFbf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfddf vftf vf]Nb5 / ;f] vftfdf /sd
hDdf ug{ / lemSgsf nflu ;'ljwf k|bfg ub{5 . a}s + vftf vf]nk] l5
artstf{ jf u|fxsn] ¿k}ofF hDdf ug]{ ef}r/, kf; a's / r]s a's
kfpF5g\ . vftfdf k};f hDdf ubf{ ef}r/ e/]/ ul/G5 . kf; a'sdf
u|fxsn] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] ljj/0f a}s
+ n] el/lbG5 eg] kl5Nnf lbgx?df
sDKo'6/af6 sf/f]af/ ug]{ o:tf a}s + ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] kf;a'ssf]
20
;§f cfjZostf cg';f/ a}s + :6]6d]G6 pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

o;af6 cfˆgf] sf/f]af/, vftfdf /x]sf] k};f, ;f] jfkt cflh{t Aofh,
/ Aofh cfh{g jfkt lt/]sf] s/ /sdsf af/]df hfgsf/L ldNb5 .
r]s a'saf6 r]s lvr]/ u|fxsn] cfˆgf] vftfdf hDdf ePsf] dWo]af6
cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos k/] hlt /sd lemSg ;Sb5 .
a}+s vftfsf k|sf/ M vftf ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . oLdWo]
rngrNtLdf /x]sf vftfx? rNtL vftf, art vftf / d'2tL
vftf k|d'v x'g\ . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf d"ntM b]xfo adf]lhdsf
vftfx? ;~rfng ul/Psf x'G5g\ M
%=! rNtL vftf
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;dodf rfx]sf] hlt /sd Ps} lbgdf hlt;'s}
k6s klg /fVg tyf lemSg ;lsg] vftfnfO{ rNtL vftf
elgG5 . o; vftfdf /fv]sf] k};fdf ;fdfGotM Aofh k|fKt
x'Fb}g . pBf]uL, Jofkf/L / sfof{nox?sf nflu of] vftf a9L
pkof]uL x'G5 .
%=@ art vftf
art vftfdf /sd hlt k6s klg hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ Pp6f
lglZrt ;Ldfleq /x]/ dfq /sd lemSg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
a}+sn] ;Ldf tf]s]sf] x'g ;S5 . o; vftfsf] /sddf a}+sn]
lglZrt Aofh k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdfGotof ;fgf /sd hDdf ub}{
hfg] / cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf /sd lgsfln/xg' kg]{ JolQmsf
nflu of] vftf pkof]uL x'G5 . ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx?dfem o:tf]
vftf ;jf{lws k|rngdf 5 / nf]slk|o ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf
lbgx?df art vftfaf6 lemSg ;lsg] /sdsf] pRrtd
;Ldf klg a}+sx?n] qmlds ?kdf a9fpFb} nu]sf] kfOG5 .
ljBfyL{, o'jf, u[x0fL, u[x:yL, a"9fa"9Lx? ;a}sf nflu of] vftf
pkof]uL x'G5 .
21
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df g]kfnL gful/sn] JolQmut vftf

vf]Nbf b]xfosf ljj/0f tyf sfuhftx? lbg' kg]{5 .
-!_ gfd, y/ M lnË M
-@_ hGd ldlt M /fli6«otfM
-#_ :yfoL 7]ufgfM lhNnf===============
g=kf=÷uf=kf================= j8f g+==== 6f]n÷ufFp===========3/
gDa/============ 6]lnkmf]g g+==================
df]jfOn g+==================Od]n 7]ufgf===========================
-$_ xfnsf] 7]ufgfM lhNnf============ g=kf=÷uf=kf================
j8f g+==== 6f]n÷ufFp===========3/
gDa/========== 6]lnkmf]g g+==================
df]jfOn g+=================Od]n 7]ufgf============================
-%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Go"gtd Ps ljj/0f / ;f]sf] ;Dk'li6
ug]{ sfuhft
s= gful/stf
gful/stf g+===========hf/L ug]{ lhNnf========= hf/L
ldlt===================
v= /fxbfgL
/fxbfgL g+=======hf/L ug]{ lhNnf===== hf/L ldlt===== clGtd
ldlt ===========
u= dtbftf kl/rokq
kl/rokq g+=======hf/L ug]{ lgsfo=============hf/L
ldlt========================
3= ;jf/Lrfns cg'dltkq
22
cg'dltkq g+======hf/L ug]{ lgsfo=====hf/L ldlt====

clGtd ldlt ==========
-^_ gfjfnssf] xsdf
s= hGd btf{ k|df0fkq jf gfjfns kl/rokq
k|df0fkq÷kl/rokq g+===== hf/L ug]{ lgsfo=====hf/L
ldlt===================
v= cleefjs jf ;+/Ifssf] gful/stf÷/fxbfgL÷dtbftf
kl/rokq÷;jf/Lrfns cg'dltkq
gDa/===== hf/L ug]{ lgsfo======= hf/L ldlt===== clGtd
ldlt ==============
-&_ gful/stf glnPsf] g]kfnL gful/ssf] xsdf
s= ufpFkflnsf jf dxf÷pkdxf÷gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/;
l;kmfl/;÷rnfgL g+=====hf/L ug]{ lgsfo===== hf/L
ldlt========================
-*_ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ -pknAw ePsf]÷cGo lgb]{zg adf]lhd
cfjZos ePsf] xsdf dfq_M
-(_ cfdfafa' jf cfdf jf afa' dWo] s'g} Pssf] k"/f gfd
-gf]6M kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox? -h:t} klt÷kTgL, afh],
5f]/f, 5f]/L, a'xf/L, bfO, efO, ljjflxt dlxnfsf] xsdf
;;'/f÷;f;"_ sf] ljj/0f a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfjZos
7fg]sf] v08df lng ;Sg]5g\ ._
-!)_ ;+nUg /x]sf] k];f÷Joj;foM -;+:yfsf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ;Dks{
g+=, kb, cg'dflgt jflif{s cfDbfgL÷kfl/>lds tyf cGo
ljj/0f_
23
-!!_ lgj]bsn] ;+nUg ug'kg]{ sfuhftx?M

-c_ gful/stf jf /fxbfgL jf dtbftf kl/rokq jf
;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq jf :yfoL n]vf gDa/sf]
k|df0fkq jf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf tyf ;+ul7t
;+:yfsf g]kfnL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] sd{rf/L
kl/rokq jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cg'bfgk|fKt
ljBfno, dxfljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf
sd{rf/L, lzIfs jf k|fWofkssf] xsdf lghsf]
-sd{rf/L÷lzIfs÷k|fWofks_ kl/rokqsf] 5ljlrq
-cf_ xfn;fn} lvlrPsf] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] kmf]6f]
-!@_ ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cfjZos 7fg]sf cGo ljj/0f tyf
sfuhftx? .
:ki6Ls/0fM
-!_ 3/ g+=, 6]lnkmf]g g+=, df]jfOn g+=, Od]n 7]ufgf,
/fxbfgL, k];f Joj;fo, :yfoL n]vf gDa/ h:tf
ljj/0fx? gePsf lgj]bssf] xsdf To:tf ljj/0f
pNn]v ug{ clgjfo{ x'g] 5}g . t/ ;f] ljj/0fx?
cfkm";Fu g/x]sf] Joxf]/f :j3f]if0ff u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ o; lgb]{zg adf]lhd a[xt u|fxs klxrfg k4lt
-ECDD_ ckgfpg' kg]{ u|fxsx?sf] xsdf eg] Psf3/
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] gful/stf jf /fxbfgL jf
dtbftf kl/ro–kq jf ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf]
5lalrq -gfjfnssf] xsdf kl/rokq_ lng' kg]{5 .
-#_ z/0ffyL{sf] xsdf gful/stfsf] ;§f g]kfn ;/sf/
jf cGo cflwsfl/s lgsfon] lbPsf] kl/ro–kqsf]
5lalrqnfO{ cfwf/ lng ;lsg]5 .
24
-$_ gfjfnssf] ;+/Ifs eO{ vftf ;~rfng ul//x]sf]

cj:yfdf ;f] gfjfns jflnu ePkl5 pQm jflnus}
sfuhft ;+nUg u/L jflnun] g} vftf ;~rfng
ug'k{ g]5
{ .
%=# d'2tL vftf
d'2tL vftfdf # dlxgf, ^ dlxgf, ! jif{, @ jif{ / % jif{;Ddsf]
Pp6f lglZrt ;do cjlw tf]s]/ /sd hDdf ul/G5 . t/,
;fdfGotof tf]s]sf] ;doeGbf klxn] g} /sd lgsfNg gldNg]
x'Fbf aLrdf /sd cfjZos kg]{ ;Defjgf gePsf] cj:yfdf
dfq o:tf] vftfdf /sd hDdf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o; vftfdf
/fv]sf] k};fsf] Aofhb/ klg art vftfsf] eGbf s]xL a9L g}
x'G5 . aLrdf /sd cfjZos k/]df o:tf] vftfdf hDdf u/]sf]
/sdsf] k|df0fkq lwtf] /fvL a}+sx?af6 shf{ lgsfNg t ldN5
t/ cGo vftfdf h:tf] t'¿Gt} /sd lemSg gldNg] x'Fbf /sd
lemSg s]xL ;do nfUg] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ C0f lnFbf cfk"mn]
d'2tL lgIf]kdf kfpg] Aofh b/eGbf s]xL k|ltzt a9L Aofh
a}+snfO{ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 .
a}+sdf vftf vf]Ngsf] nflu ;fdfGotof gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq,
kmf]6f], k"0f{ ?kn] e/]sf] cfj]bg kmf/d, cfjZos Go"gtd /sd,
b:tvt gd"gf h:tf ljj/0f cfjZos kb{5 . gfafnssf] xsdf
;+/Ifssf] x}l;otn] cleefjssf] gful/stf, kmf]6f], cfj]bg
kmf/ddf b:tvt cfjZos k5{ . o;sf ;fy} vftf vf]Nbf
u|fxssf] klxrfg k"0f{ ?kdf emlNsg] u/L kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f,
afa' afh]sf] gfd h:tf ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf] p2]Zo ;f] u|fxssf af/]df a}+snfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf hfgsf/L
x'g ;sf];\ eGg] xf] .
r]s (Cheque)
25
vftfdf /x]sf] /sd /sdfGt/ ug{ jf lemSgsf] nflu r]ssf]

k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .
r]s Pp6f To:tf] kmf/d xf], h;sf] k|of]u cfˆgf] art tyf
rNtL vftfdf /x]sf] /sd a}+sn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldf;Dd lgsfNgsf
nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdfGotf r]s tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
klxnf] jfxs r]s (Bearer Cheque) xf] . o:tf] r]ssf] /sd
h'g JolQmn] a}+sdf r]s k|:t't u5{ ;f]xL JolQmn] k|fKt ug{
;Sb5 . bf];|f] cfb]z r]s (Order Cheque) xf] . o:tf] r]ssf]
/sd h'g JolQmsf] gfd r]sdf n]lvPsf] 5, ;f]xL JolQmn] k|fKt
ug{;S5 / r]sdf tf]lsPsf] JolQmn] r]ssf] k5fl8 x:tfIf/
u/L csf]{ JolQmnfO{ lbg;S5 . t];|f] /]vfTds r]s (Crossed
Cheque) xf] . o:tf] r]ssf /sd ;DalGwt JolQmsf] vftfdf
hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ l;w} r]s a}+sdf k|:t't u/]/ /sd
lgsfNg ;lsFb}g .
r]s lvRbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
= r]s lvRg] JolQmn] vftf gDa/ :ki6 n]Vg'kb{5 .
= r]sdf n]lvPsf] ldlt 7Ls x'g'kb{5 / cjlw ;lsg' eGbf
klxn] g} r]s ;f6\g'kb{5 .
= a}+snfO{ lbPsf] gd"gf x:tfIf/ / r]sdf n]lvPsf] x:tfIf/
ldNg'kb{5 .
= cÍ / cIf/df n]v]sf] /sd ldNg'kb{5 .
= r]sdf n]lvPsf] /sd vftfdf /x]sf] /sdn] k'Ug] x'g'kb{5 .
= olb r]sdf cIf/ jf cÍ sf6\g] jf bf]xf]¥ofP/ n]v]sf]
ePdf ;f]sf] cufl8 / k5fl8 x:tfIf/ ug'k{ b{5 .
26
= r]s n]Vbf :jLsfo{ efiff -g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL_ sf] k|of]u

ug'{kb{5 .
= r]s cgfb/ x'g] cj:yf M
lgDg cj:yfdf a}+sn] r]ssf] /sd e'QmfgL gug{ ;S5 M
= olb ldlt 7Ls 5}g eg],
= olb vftf gDa/ 7Ls 5}g eg],
= olb cÍ / cIf/df n]v]sf] /sd ldNb}g eg],
= olb gd"gf x:tfIf/;Fu r]ssf] x:tfIf/ ldNb}g eg],
= olb a}+ssf] lgod cg';f/ lglZrt cjlw eGbfkl5 r]s
a}+sdf k|:t't u/]df,
= olb r]sdf bf]xf]¥ofP/ jf sf6]/ n]lvPsf] 5 t/ o;sf]
cufl8 / k5fl8 x:tfIf/ 5}g eg],
= olb /sd lng cfpg] JolQmdfly a}+ssf s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{
z+sf nfu]df,
= olb cbfntn] vftf ;~rfngdf /f]s nufPsf] 5 eg],
= olb a}+sdf /x]sf] /sdeGbf a9Lsf] r]s sfl6Psf] 5 eg] .
27
art M cfly{s pGgltsf] cfwf/
^=! artsf] kl/ro

eljiosf] pkof]usf nflu jt{dfgsf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL c+z
5'6\ofP/ /flvPsf] k};f cyf{t\ vr{ gu/L arfP/ /flvPsf]
k};fnfO{ art elgG5 . xftdf k};f /x]df vr{ x'g ;Sg]
;Defjgf /xG5 . o;af6 aRg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf vftf
vf]n]/ k};f hDdf ul/G5 . o:tf] k};fnfO{ art elgG5 . x'g
t art 3/df klg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ klg, art eGgfn] a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd eGg] a'lemG5 . of]
Ps lsl;dsf] ;DklQ hf]8\g] jf hDdf ug]{ tl/sf klg xf] .
^=@ art lsg ul/G5 <
art d"ntM JolQmut cfly{s Jojxf/sf nflu ul/G5 .
dflg;sf] hLljsf rnfpg] qmddf ljleGg cfly{s Jojxf/
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}Ù k'FhL lgdf{0f, ;DklQ vl/b, nufgL, b}lgs
Jojxf/sf vr{, cfktsfnLg vr{, k'/fgf] shf{ e'QmfgL cflbsf
nflu art ul/G5 .
28
o;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf nflu klg art ul/G5 .

h:t}Ù ljjfx, a|tjGw, d[To' ;+:sf/, lzIff bLIff, tLyf{6g÷e|d0f,
:jf:Yo pkrf/ cflb sfo{sf nflu art ug]{ ul/G5 .
^=# a}+sdf art ubf{ x'g] kmfObf
tkfO{+ xfd|f] vNtLdf ePsf] k};f vNtLd} /xG5 . olb of]
k};f a}+sdf /flvof] eg] k];f jf Joj;fo ug{ cfjZos kg]{
JolQmn] ;f] k};f shf{sf ?kdf n}hfG5 / p;n] pTkfbgzLn
If]qdf nufgL ub{5 . o;n] p;sf] cfly{s pGglt klg x'G5 /
artstf{nfO{ Aofh klg k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] bf]xf]/f] kmfObf x'G5 .
o;sf ;fy} cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu nufgL ug'{kb{5 . nufgLsf
nflu 7"nf] k'FhLsf] cfjZostf k5{ . tkfO{+ xfd|f] ;–;fgf] artn]
klg a}+sdf 7"nf] k'FhL h'6\g hfG5 / nufgLof]Uo k'FhLsf] lgdf{0f
x'G5 . o;}n] tkfO{+ xfd|f] art eg]sf] k'FhL lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf]
/ ;f] k'FhLsf] nufgL dfkm{t b]z ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'
klg xf] .
^=$ art s;/L ug]{ <
8 cfDbfgL eGbf vr{ sd u/]/,
8 cgfjZos vfnsf vr{df s6f}tL u/]/,
8 b}lgs÷;fKtflxs÷dfl;s÷jflif{s ?kdf s]xL g s]xL
arfP/ .
^=% art sxfF ug]{ <
8 cf}krfl/s a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfdf art M s]Gb|Lo a}+saf6
ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug]{ Ohfhtkqk|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?df art vftf vf]nL art u/]/ .
29
8 cw{–cf}krfl/s ljQLo ;+:yfdf art M ;xsf/L, cfdf

;d"x, jg ;d"x, pkef]Qmf ;d"x cflbdf ;b:o eO{
lgoldt art u/]/ .
8 cgf}krfl/s lgsfodf art M ;fx" dxfhg, 9's'6L,
;fyLefO, Oi6ldq, 3/d} afs; jf b/fhdf /fVg], ;'g
rfFbL, u/uxgf cflbdf nufgL u/]/ . o:tf] art lkmtf{
x'g] sfg'gL cfwf/ gx'g] x'Fbf a9L hf]lvdo'Qm dflgG5 .
8 v'q's] art M ;fgf] sf7sf], kmnfdsf] jf df6f]sf] efF8f]df
3/d} ;fgf] ;fgf] /sd hDdf u/]/ .
^=^ art ug{ ;lsg] ;+:yfx¿
-s_ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf art u/] s] x'G5 <
8 sfg'gtM Ohfhtkq k|fKt lgsfo ePsf] tyf lgoldt
?kdf lgodg / ;'kl/j]If0f x'g] x'bF f a9L ;'/lIft x'G5 .
8 ;dodf lglZrt Aofh kfOG5 .
8 kfgL, aQL, 6]lnkmf]g cflb dx;'n ltg]{ ;'ljwfx?
kfpg ;lsG5 .
8 artsf] ;'/If0f x'Fbf /sd 8'Ag] 8/ sd x'G5 .
8 t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L ljZjfl;nf] x'G5 .
8 7"nf] ;+:yf ePsfn] n]vfk/LIf0f x'g], x/]s jif{ jflif{s
;fwf/0f ;ef ubf{ nufgLstf{nfO{ hjfkm lbg'kg]{,
;~rf/ dfWodn] cfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sg], clwsf/k|fKt
;+:yfx?af6 lgoldt lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf
cg'udg x'g] ePsfn] art ;'/lIft x'G5 .
30
-v_ cw{–cf}krfl/s lgsfodf art u/] s] x'G5 <

8 cf}krfl/s ;+:yf gePsfn] sd ;'/lIft x'G5 .
8 lg/LIf0f gx'g] x'Fbf ;d"xleqs} dfG5]sf] cfk;L
ldn]dtf]df b'¿kof]u x'g ;S5 .
8 kx'Fr ;lhnf] eP klg ;d"xsf] ;b:on] dfq sf/f]af/
ug]{ ;'ljwf kfpF5 .
8 7"nf] /sd C0f lng' k/]df k};fsf] cefj x'g] ub{5 .
8 artdf Aofh sd dfq lbg] / C0fdf rsf]{ Aofhb/
lng] k|rngn] gf]S;fgL kg{ ;S5 .
8 lgsfo÷;+:yf 3f6fdf uPsf] b]vfP/ Aofh÷k|ltkmn
b'a} 8'Ag] ;Defjgf /xG5 jf glbg klg ;lsG5 .
8 n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yf k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf sf/f]af/
/ lx;falstfa kf/bzL{ gx'g ;S5 .
-u_ cgf}krfl/s lgsfodf art u/] s] x'G5 <
8 C0f lng ;lhnf] eP tfklg Aofhb/ pRr x'G5 .
8 sfg'gL k|df0fsf cefjdf lgIf]ksf] ?kdf hDdf
u/]sf] jf ;fk6L lbPsf] /sd 8'Ag] ;Defjgf klg
/xG5 .
8 3/d} art ubf{ rf]/L, 8s}tL, cfunfuL, kmh'n vr{
cflb x'g ;S5 .
8 Oi6ldq ;fyLefOaLr em} emu8fsf] sf/0f aGg
;S5 .
31
8 9's'6L ;~rfnsx? efUg ;Sg] x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ /sd

8'Ag ;S5 / 9's'6L v]Ng] / v]nfpg] b'a}nfO{ sf/jfxL
x'g] x'Fbf ;~rfns efu]df sf/jfxL ug{ ;d]t cK7]/f]
kg]{ x'G5 .
8 ;fx' dxfhgn] ;f]emf ;fbf lg/If/ JolQmnfO{ dgk/L
;t{x? /fv]/ td;'s u/fO{ cGttM C0f lng]
JolQmsf] 3/jf/ g} x8Kg] / C0fu|:ttfsf] hfnf]df
km:g] ;Defjgf k|an x'g] ub{5 .
8 cGo JolQmnfO{ /sd k|of]u ug{ lbFbf p;n] a]OdfgL
u/]df k};f 8'Ag ;Sg] / cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] avt
/sd pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] x'g ;S5 .
8 ;'g rfFbL, 3/ hUuf cflbdf nufgL u/L /fVbf
crfgs efp 36\g uPdf 3f6f x'g], rfx]sf] ;dodf
laqmL gePdf cfˆgf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ sl7g
x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ art ug]{ afgL l;sfpgdf lzIfsx?sf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu 3/df art ug{ ;lsg]
v'q's] art, glhssf] ;xsf/Ldf ul/g] art, a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfdf ug{ ;lsg] art tyf cGo ;Defljt artsf]
dfWodaf/] ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;fy}, cleefjs ju{n] ;d]t cfˆgf gfgLx?nfO{ art ug{
k|]l/t ug'{ TolQs} h¿/L 5 .
32
a}+s shf{ M pBdzLntfsf] k"jf{wf/
&=! a}+s shf{sf] kl/ro

s'g} klg pBd Joj;fo ug{sf nflu ljQLo ;|f]t -k};f_ sf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ufO{–e+};L kfNg, l/S;f lsGg, ;fgf] 7"nf]
Jofkf/ ug{, pBf]uwGbf :yfkgf ug]{ nufotsf s'g} klg cfo
cfh{g ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd k};f rflxG5 . k};f cfkm";Fu gx'g
klg ;Sb5 . o:tf] k};f k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;fx' dxfhgx?n]
pknAw u/fpg] ub{y] / ltgn] C0fL;Fu rsf]{ Aofh c;'n pk/
ub{y] . o;dfkm{t sltko ;fx'x?n] cGofok"j{s C0fsf] cÍ
a9fpg] / gfhfoh ?kdf zf]if0f;d]t ub{y] eGg] ;'lgG5 . t/
cfw'lgs / ljsl;t ;dfhdf o:tf] k};f C0fsf ?kdf a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] pknAw u/fpF5g\ .
oL ;+:yfx? sfg'g adf]lhd :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g] x'Fbf
sfg'g adf]lhd dfq Aofh c;'n ub{5g\ . gfhfoh kmfObf
lng vf]h]df ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;'kl/j]If0f ub{5 / sfg'gL
bfo/fdf dfq ;Lldt x'g lgb]{zg lbG5 . olb gdfg]df a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] sf/jfxLsf] efuL aGg'kb{5 .
33
8 lglZrt cjlwkl5 Aofh;lxt -jf ;fFjf dfq_ lkmtf{ ug]{

;t{df cGo JolQm jf lgsfo;Fu lnOPsf] /sd g} shf{
jf C0f xf] .
8 cfˆgf] /sd k|of]u ubf{ lj:tf/} art ub}{ uP cg';f/
hDdf eO;s]kl5 dfq nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] C0faf6
nufgL ubf{ Ps}k6s t'¿Gt} /sd k|fKt ug{ / nufgL ug{
;lsG5 .
8 cfˆgf] /sd s'g} bfloTj ljgf g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]
C0fn] bfloTj l;h{gf ug]{ / To;sf] nfut Joxf]g'{ kg]{
x'G5 .
8 C0fnfO{ ;fdfGotof shf{ klg eGg] ul/G5 . shf{
;fdfGotof rfn' k'FhL shf{, ;DklQ vl/b shf{, pkef]u
shf{, nufgL shf{ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g] ub{5g\ .
&=@ a}+s shf{ lsg lnOG5 <
8 pBf]u Joj;fodf nufgL ug{,
8 cgk]lIft cfkt ljktdf vr{ ug{,
8 3/fo;L l6sfpsf ;fdfgx? -h:t} ;fOsn, df]6/;fOsn,
df]6/, l6=eL=, lk|mh, cflb_ vl/b ug{,
8 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg,
8 :jf:Yo pkrf/ ug{,
8 ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{df vr{ ug{, cflb .
34
&=# a}+s shf{ lnFbf s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <

8 ltg{ ;Sg] IfdtfeGbf a9Lsf] shf{ jf C0f lng' x'Fb}g .
8 eljiodf C0f r'Qmf ug{ g;s]df JolQmut hdfgLsf
cfwf/df ;f] r'Qmf ug'{ Psf3/ kl/jf/sf] ;d]t bfloTjleq
kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf C0f lng'k"j{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?;Fu ;d]t
;/;Nnfx ug'{k5{ .
8 g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 cg'dlt k|fKt cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx?af6
dfq C0f lng] u/]df cgfjZos 7uL x'gaf6 / rsf]{
Aofhb/af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
8 C0f lng'k"j{ t'ngfTds ?kdf dxFuf] Aofhb/ gnufpg],
cGofok"0f{ ;t{x? g/fVg], ;lhn} sd dflh{gdf lwtf]
/fVg ;lsg], Aofhsf cltl/Qm cGo yk z'Nsx? sd
dfq lng], C0f k|lqmof l56f] Pjd\ ;/n ePsf / ls:tf
a'emfpg l9nf] ePdf rsf]{ hl/jfgf ltg'{kg]{ of gkg]{
h:tf ljifox? ;f]wk'5 u/]/ jf hfgsf/L lnP/ dfq a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] 5gf}6 u/L ;f] ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng'
pko'Qm x'G5 .
8 C0fsf] ;fFjf / Aofhsf] ls:tf slxn]–slxn] / slt–slt
/sd ltg'{kg]{ xf] ;f]af/] k|i6 hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .
8 tkfO{+sf] :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] Pp6f lglZrt c+zn] C0fsf]
;fFjf Aofh ltg{ k'Ug] x'g'k5{ .
8 d'VotM pkef]usf nflu C0f lng] afgLnfO{ 36fpFb} hfg'
kb{5 . cyf{t\ cfDbfgL lbg] sfddf nufgL ug{sf nflu
dfq C0f lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .
35
8 C0f lnP/ nufgL u/]sf] kl/of]hgfaf6 t'¿Gt} cfDbfgL

x'Fb}g eg] To:tf] cfDbfgL gx'~h]n C0fsf] ;fFjf Aofh
s;/L e'QmfgL ug]{ xf] ;f]sf] of]hgf klg agfpg'k5{ .
8 h'g sfdsf nflu C0f lnPsf] xf] ;f]xL sfddf nufgL
u/L cfo cfh{g ug'{kb{5 . olb To:tf] sfddf nufgL
ul/Pg eg] shf{ b'¿kof]u ePsf] dflgg'sf ;fy} kl5 shf{
e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsGg .
8 ;dodf C0f ltg{ g;s]df xhf{gf ltg'{ kg]{, lwtf] lnnfdL
x'g ;Sg], sf/jfxLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
8 ;fd"lxs hdfgLdf C0f lnPsf] eP ;d"xsf cGo ;b:on]
;d]t C0f lng gkfpg] x'Fbf bafa Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
8 a}+saf6 lnPsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf Aofh ;dodf a'emfpg
g;Sbf cGttM shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] sfnf] ;"rLdf ;d]t
kg{ hfg] / C0f lng] JolQmsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf ;d]t
cfFr cfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf ;dod} shf{sf] ls:tf a'emfpg]tkm{
;w}F ;hu /xg'k5{ .
&=$ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng lxrlsrfpg gx'g]
8 s]xL dflg;df a}+saf6 C0f lnFbf 5/l5d]sLn] yfxf
kfpnfg\ ls eg]/ ;fx' dxfhgaf6 rsf]{ Aofhb/df C0f
lng] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6
C0f lnP/ cfˆgf] pBdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFbf tyf ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ubf{ Aofh sd kg{ hfG5 . h;n] Jofkf/ Joj;fo
ubf{ x'g] kF'hLut nfut sd x'g uO{ Jofkf/ Joj:ffodf
l56f] gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L Jofkf/ Joj;fodf
nufgL u/L b]z ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eg]
36
csf]{tk{m /f]huf/L k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] a}+s tyf

ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f lnO{ cfˆgf] pBd Joj;fosf] sfd
ug'{ uf}/j ug{ nfos sfo{ xf] .
&=% shf{sf k|sf/
a}+sn] ljleGg k|sf/sf shf{x? k|bfg ub{5g\ . tLdWo] k|d'v
shf{x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-!_ JolQmut shf{ M To:tf] shf{ h'g a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?n] JolQmut vr{sf nflu k|bfg ub{5g\ . o:tf]
shf{ 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu k|bfg ul/G5 / ;fdfGotof
JolQmut shf{ ;d"x hdfgL jf JolQmut ljZjf;sf
cfwf/df k|bfg ul/G5 . o:tf] shf{ e|d0f ug{, 3/fo;L
;fdfgx? vl/b ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 / o:tf] shf{ ljgf
lwtf] jf lwtf] /fv]/ k|bfg ul/G5 .
-@_ 3/ hUuf C0f M JolQmut k|of]hg jf Jofj;flos
k|of]hgsf nflu 3/ hUuf vl/b ug{, 3/ hUufsf] ljsf;
ug{ / 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ k|bfg ul/G5 . o:tf] shf{ ;fdfGotof
nfdf] cjlwsf nflu k|bfg ul/G5 . o:tf] shf{ ;DalGwt
3/ hUuf lwtf] /fvL lbg] ul/G5 .
-#_ clwljsif{ shf{ M Joj;fonfO{ 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu gub
cfjZos kg]{ x'gfn] ljgf lwtf] 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu a}+s
tyf laQLo ;+:yfn] rfn' k'FhLsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
o:tf] C0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . o:tf] C0fdf Aofhb/ cGo
C0fsf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . k};f cfˆgf] vftfdf g;f/];Dd
o:tf] shf{df Aofh nfUb}g .
-$_ xfo/ kr]{h shf{ M s'g} klg ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] vl/bdf
37
ls:tfaGbLdf e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L lglZrt k|ltzt;Dd dfq

k|bfg ug]{ shf{nfO{ xfo/ kr]{h shf{ elgG5 . o:tf]
shf{df lwtf]sf] ?kdf ;DalGwt ;jf/L ;fwg g} /xG5 .
shf{ glt/];Dd o:tf] ;jf/L ;fwg a}+ssf] gfddf /xG5
/ shf{ ltl/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt wgLsf] gfddf a}+sn] ;jf/L
;fwgsf] gfd;f/L ub{5 .
-%_ cWoog shf{ M olb s'g} klg ljBfyL{n] ljb]z cWoog ug{
/sd cefj ePdf a}+saf6 C0f lnO{ ljZjljBfno jf
sn]hsf] z'Ns e'QmfgL / cGo Joj:yfkgsf nflu C0f
lng ;S5 . To:tf] shf{nfO{ cWoog shf{ elgG5 . o:tf]
shf{ lng ljZjljBfno jf sn]hdf egf{ ePsf] k|df0f /
cfjZos ;DklQ lwtf]sf] ?kdf a}+sdf /fVg' kb{5 .
-^_ Jofj;flos shf{ M Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?nfO{ rn ;DklQ
vl/b ug{ / ;~rfng vr{ e'QmfgL ug{ shf{ cfjZos
kb{5 . To:tf] shf{nfO{ Jofj;flos shf{ elgG5 . o:tf]
shf{ nfdf] cjlw / 5f]6f] cjlwsf] b'j} x'g;S5 . o:tf]
shf{ Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?n] l:y/ ;DklQ vl/b ug{ jf
vr{x? e'QmfgL ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ t/ JolQmut
k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .
-&_ xfOkf]lys]zg shf{ M o:tf] shf{ k|fKt ug{ s'g} klg zLif{s
ljgf / To;af6 k|fKt cfDbfgLdf dflnssf] clwsf/
gnfUg] u/L ;DklQ lwtf] /fvL shf{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
olb ;Demf}tfsf ;t{x? k'/f gu/]df o:tf] ;DklQ a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfk"mn] lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] shf{
;fdfGotof rn ;DklQdf lbg] ul/G5 . o:tf] shf{df
t];|f] kIfsf] lwtf] :jLsf/ ul/G5 .
38
&=^ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{

;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ eGgfn] …;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf nflu Aofh
cg'bfg ;DaGwL PsLs[t sfo{ljlw, @)&%Ú cg';f/ a}Í tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] k|jfx ug]{ shf{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Aofh
cg'bfg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] shf{ xf] . ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{
k|fKt ug{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfhtkqk|fKt jfl0fHo a}+s,
ljsf; a}+s, ljQ sDkgL tyf n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx?df hfg'
kb{5 . ;x"lnotk"0f{ shf{ cGtu{t ( lsl;dsf shf{ kfOG5 .
o:tf] shf{dWo] Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kG5L shf{ kfFr s/f]8
¿k}ofF;Dd, lzlIft o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ ;ft nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf o'jf kl/of]hgf shf{ bz nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
dlxnf pBdzLn shf{ kGw| nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd kfOG5 .
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] lglDt g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqL kl/ifb\n]
…;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] nflu Aofh cg'bfg;DaGwL PsLs[t
sfo{ljlw, @)&%Ú hf/L u/]sf] 5 . sfo{ljlwcg';f/ a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfdfk{mt k|bfg ul/g] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] k|sf/ /
k|lt C0fL clwstd ;Ldf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
-s_ Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kG5L shf{ kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofF;Dd,
-v_ lzlIft o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ ;ft nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
-u_ ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf o'jf kl/of]hgf shf{ bz nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
-3_ dlxnf pBdzLn shf{ kGw| nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
-ª_ blnt ;d'bfo Joj;fo ljsf; shf{ bz nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd,
-r_ pRr / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff shf{ kfFr nfv
¿k}ofF;Dd,
39
-5_ e"sDk kLl8tx?sf] lghL cfjf; lgdf{0f shf{ tLg nfv

¿k}ofF;Dd,
-h_ sk8f pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu ¿= % s/f]8 ;Dd,
-em_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifbaf6
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 lnOg] tflnd cflbsf] nflu ¿= @
nfv ;Dd,
-c_ o'jf ju{ :j/f]huf/ shf{ % nfv ¿k}ofF ;Dd .
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yfx¿
8 Aofh cg'bfg lbOg] shf{sf] e'QmfgL cjlw a9Ldf kfFr
jif{sf] x'g]5 . o:tf] shf{sf] cjlw Joj;fosf] k|s[ltcg';f/
;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] tf]Sg ;Sg]5g\ .
8 g]kfn ;/sf/n] Aofh cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] shf{df
;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] cfwf/ b/df b'O{
k|ltzt ljGb' eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L Aofhb/ sfod ug{'kg]{5 .
8 a}+s tyf laQLo ;+:yfn] lbg] shf{df lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
Aofh b/ dWo] % k|ltzt Aofhb/ cg'bfg ;'ljwf pknAw
x'g]5 . dlxnf pBdzLntf shf{sf] xsdf of] cg'bfg ^
k|ltzt pknAw x'g]5 . t/ kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf]
Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kG5L shf{df @ k|ltzt dfq
Aofhb/ cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
8 C0fLn] kfpg] Aofh cg'bfg ;'ljwf afx]s cGo ;Dk"0f{ Aofh
/sd, ;'/If0f z'Ns / aLdf lk|ldod ;DalGwt a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf, lgIf]k tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if / ;DalGwt aLdf
sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]kl5 dfq Aofh cg'bfg ;'ljwfsf
nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
40
8 h'g p2]Zosf] nflu shf{ lnPsf] xf] ;f]xL p2]Zosf nflu

dfq shf{sf] pkof]u ug{'kg]{5 . ;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfn] cg'udg ubf{ shf{ ;b'kof]u ePsf] gkfOPdf
Aofh cg'bfg ;'ljwf pknAw gu/fOg] / Aofh cg'bfg
;'ljwf lnO;s]sf] eP ;DalGwt C0fLaf6 c;"npk/
ul/g]5 .
&=& k'g/shf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] k|jfx u/]sf] shf{sf] ;'/If0fdf g]kfn
/fi6« a}+saf6 pknAw u/fOg] shf{ g} k'g/shf{ xf] .
s'g} ljz]if ju{, If]q jf Joj;fonfO{ ljz]if shf{ ;'ljwf k|bfg
u/L cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ ultzLn agfpg o; k|sf/sf]
shf{sf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . k'g/shf{ k|fKt ug]{ u|fxs C0fLn]
a}+s tyfljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] shf{df k'g/shf{sf] cjlwe/
g]kfn/fi6« a}+sn] tf]ssf] b/cg';f/sf] Jofh dfq lt/] k'U5 .
g]kfndf pmhf{, 3/]n', ;fgf tyf ?U0f pBf]u, lgof{thGo pBf]u,
ul/aL lgjf/0fnufotsf If]qdf k'gs{hf{sf] Joj:yf ul/Fb}
cfPsf] l:ylt 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] df}lb|s gLltdf sf]le8–!( af6
k|efljt k];f, pBd / Joj;fosf] shf{df kx'Fr clej[l4 ub}{
cfly{s lqmofsnfk lj:tf/sf nflu ;x'lnot Aofhb/df shf{
pknAw u/fpg / b]zsf b'Uf{d :yfg;Dd shf{ ;'ljwf ;xh
ug]{ p2]Zon] k'g/shf{;DaGwL Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g ul/Psf]
5 . k'g/shf{sf nflu pknAw sf]ifsf] % u'0ff;Dd k'g/shf{
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; a}+saf6 k|bfg ul/g] s'n k'g/shf{dWo] @) k|ltzt;Dd
u|fxs cg';f/ d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf
41
ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;afx]s &) k|ltzt;Dd jfl0fHo a}+s, ljsf;

a}+s tyf ljQ sDkgLdfkm{t / !) k|ltzt;Dd n3'ljQ ljQLo
;+:yfdfkm{t Psd'i6 ?kdf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ ! k|ltzt Aofhb/df lgof{thGo pBf]u
/ ¿U0f pBf]u nufotsf tf]lsPsf If]qdf ljz]if k'g/shf{,
@ k|ltzt Aofhb/df n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd k'g/shf{
/ # k|ltzt Jofhb/df tf]lsPsf If]qdf ;fwf/0f k'g/shf{
k|bfg ul/g]5 . o:tf k'g/shf{df C0fLn] qmdzM # k|ltzt, %
k|ltzt / % k|ltzt dfq Aofh ltg'{kg]{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
a+}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ Psd'i6 k|bfg ul/g] k'g/shf{df
k|lt u|fxs n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd k'g/shf{sf] ;Ldf ¿=
!% nfv, ljz]if tyf ;fwf/0f k'g/shf{sf] ;Ldf ¿= % s/f]8
/ u|fxs cg';f/ d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g] ;fwf/0f
k'g/shf{sf] ;Ldf ¿= @) s/f]8 x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
42
ah]6 lgdf{0f M ;r]t gful/ssf] nIf0f
*=! ah]6sf] kl/ro

Pp6f ;r]t JolQmn] cfˆgf] cfDbfgL / vr{aLr ;fd~h:o
sfod ub{5 . cfDbfgLeGbf vr{ a9L eof] eg] xfdL ljleGg
lsl;dsf emd]nfdf kb{5f}F . o;sf] kmn:j?k xfdL C0fu|:t
aGg ;S5f}F . xfd|f] k'FhL lgdf{0f sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . t;y{
cfDbfgL cg';f/ dfq vr{ ug]{u/L ah]6 agfpg' x/]s JolQmsf
nflu TolQs} cTofjZos x'G5 hlt ;/sf/n] /fi6«sf nflu /
;+:yfn] ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu ah]6 agfpFbf x'G5 .
cfˆgf] cfDbfgLaf6 s] k|of]hgsf nflu s] slt vr{ ug]{ eGg]
of]hgf g} ;fdfGo cy{df ah]6 xf] . ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ d'VotM
cfDbfgLnfO{ b[li6ut u/L vr{sf zLif{sx?df k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f u/]/ /sd 5'6\ofpg] ul/G5 . o;y{, ah]6
eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf] cg'dflgt cfDbfgL / To;nfO{
vr{ s;/L ug]{ egL b]vfpg] ljj/0f xf] .
s'g} JolQm, lgsfo, ;+3–;:yf jf ;du| b]zn] ah]6 agfpg]
43
ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof JolQmn] cfDbfgLsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ ah]6

agfpF5 eg] ;/sf/n] vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ ;f] cg';f/
cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t vf]hL /sd h'6fpg] u/L ah]6 lgdf{0f ub{5 .
h:t} M s'g} JolQmsf] dfl;s cfDbfgL ¿= !%,))).– 5 / p;sf]
a;f]af; ;x/df 5 eg] p;n] df]6fdf]6L o;k|sf/sf] ah]6
lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 M
cfDbfgL vr{ dfl;s
dfl;s ¿= !%,))).– 3/ef8f ¿= %,))).–
vfgf ¿= %,))).–
oftfoft ¿= %)).–
lzIff ¿= !,%)).–
cGo vr{ ¿= !,%)).–
art ¿= !,%)).–
*=@ ah]6 lsg agfpg'k5{ <
8 cfˆgf] lglZrt cfDbfgLnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf vr{x?df
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 ug{,
8 cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df k"j{ of]hgf cg';f/ g}
vr{ / art ug]{ lg0f{odf d2t k'¥ofpg,
8 vr{ ubf{ JolQm kl/jf/nfO{ ;r]t / cg'zfl;t agfpg,
8 wg ;DklQ Pjd\ cfDbfgLsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{,
8 cfˆgf] ljQLo cj:yfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg, /
8 eljiosf] of]hgf agfO{ ljQLo nIo k"/f ug{ .
44
o;y{ Pp6f lzlIft, ljQLo r]tgf ePsf] kl/jf/ Pjd\

;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/ JolQm jf kl/jf/n] cfˆgf] cfDbfgL /
vr{af/] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ sDtLdf Ps lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu
ah]6 tof/ u/L cfly{s Jojxf/ ug'{ a'l4dfgL 7x5{ .
*=# ljQLo 8fo/L M kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u
ljQLo 8fo/Ln] ;xefuL JolQmsf] ljQLo Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
o;n] k|of]ustf{nfO{ cfˆgf] vr{, cfDbfgL tyf cGo ljQLo
ljj/0fx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] ;xefuLsf]
ljQLo Jojxf/sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L h:t}M gub / lhG;Ldf k|fKt
cfDbfgL, vr{, art, nufgL / C0fsf af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fpF5 . ljz]if u/L ul/a kl/jf/sf] ljQLo cj:yfnfO{ 7Ls
af6f]df n}hfg ;xof]u ub{5 .
*=$ ljQLo 8fo/Lsf] p2]Zo
!= JolQmut vr{sf] of]hgf tof/ u/L /sdsf] Joj:yfkg
ug]{ jf JolQmut dfl;s cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ah]6 tof/
ug]{ .
@= JolQmut vr{ 36fpg] / cfDbfgL a9fpg] tl/sf kQf
nufpg] .
#= k};f Joj:yfkg ug]{ pko'Qm ;fwg kQf nufpg] .
*=% 8fo/L agfpFbf ug'{kg]{ sfo{
!_ tkfO{sf] JolQmut dfl;s ah]6nfO{ 8fo/Ldf pNn]v ug]{ .
@_ lglZrt lbgdf u/]sf] vr{sf] l6kf]6 ug]{ / To:tf] vr{
ah]6 cg';f/ 5, 5}g x]g]{ .
45
#_ ljQLo 8fo/Lsf] cWoog ubf{ olb tkfO{+nfO{ vr{ a9L

ePsf] eGg] nfu]df lgDg tl/sf k|of]u u/L vr{ s6f}tL
ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M
-s_ sd gub af]s/] lxF8g\ ] jf 8]lj6 sf8{sf] k|of]u sd ug]{ .
-v_ dgf]/~hgsf ;fdfg vl/b gug]{ .
-u_ art nIonfO{ Wofg lbg] / ;f] k"/f ug]{ .
-3_ cfjZos j:t' jf ;]jfx? dfq vl/b ug]{ .
-ª_ hl/jfgfaf6 aRg ;dodf lanx?sf] e'QmfgL ug]{ .
*=^ ljQLo 8fo/Lsf] gd"gf
cfDbfgL tyf vr{ ljj/0f
ljj/0f hDdf /sd ¿=
cfDbfgL
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
C0f lnPsf] /sd
hDdf cfDbfgL /sd
46
vr{
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
C0f lt/]sf]
hDDff e'QmfgL /sd
k'u÷gk'u /sd
47
;kmf gf]6 M ;Eotfsf] k|tLs
n]gb]g tyf cfly{s

sf/f]af/sf nflu xfdLnfO{
gf]6 cfjZostf kb{5 .
clxn] ljZjdf k|foM sfuhL
gf]6 k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
oL gf]6sf] Joj:yf /fHon]
ub{5 . ;f]sf] lhDd]jf/L
sfg'gn] g} s]Gb|Lo a}+snfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljZjsf k|foh;f] ;a} /fi6«n] d'b|f lgisf;g
/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo a}+snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf x'G5g\ .
g]kfndf klg of] lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
axg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
Pp6f ;Eo gful/ssf] st{Jo /fHon] Joj:yf u/]sf] gf]6 tyf
l;Ssfx?sf] ;'/Iff ug'{, To;nfO{ htg Pjd\ ;'ema'emk"0f{ 9Ën]
k|of]u ug'{ / gf]6nfO{ ;kmf /fVg k|of; ug'{ klg xf] . o:tf] afgL
u/]df o;af6 JolQm tyf /fHo b'j} nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . gofF gf]6
48
k|of]u ug{ kfpFbf tkfO{+ xfd|f] dg k|zGg /xG5 . xfdLn] gofF gf]6
k|of]u ug{ kfpFbf k|zGg eP h:t} c¿nfO{ k};f e'QmfgLsf] qmddf
gofF gf]6 lbFbf pgLx? klg k|zGg x'G5g\ . o;af6 gf]6sf] cfo'
a9\b5 . o;n] gf]6 5fKg], ljt/0f ug]{ tyf d}nf em'qf gf]6 k'gM
hDdf u/L To;nfO{ w'Nofpg] sfo{df ePsf] vr{ Go"gLs/0f x'g uO{
/fHosf] ;fwg art x'g hfG5 / /fHonfO{ kmfObf k'Ub5 . /fHonfO{
kmfObf k'Ubf xfdL ;a} nfeflGjt x'G5f}+ .
clxn]sf] o'u ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . ljQLo sf/f]af/df klg k|ljlw
dfkm{t e'QmfgLsf gofF–gofF k4ltx? ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ . r]saf6
e'QmfgL ug]{ tyf ljB'tLo k|0ffnLaf6 e'QmfgL -e-payment_ u/]df
k};fsf] k|of]u sd x'g uO{ gf]6sf] k|rng sd x'g k'Ub5 . o;af6
k};f x/fpg], n'l6g] h:tf eljtJodf gkl/g] x'Fbf e'QmfgLsf gjLg
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . xfdLn] k};fsf] k|of]u sd ug{
;Dej eP;Dd sf/f]jf/sf] e'QmfgL, /sd lng] lbg] sfd tyf vftf
6«fG;km/sf] sfd cgnfOg dfWod jf P6LPd sf8{ nufot ljB'tLo
pks/0fdfk{mt ug]{ jfgL ug'{ kb{5 . gubeGbf a}+s r]s jf k};f
afx]ssf cGo pks/0fsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, e'mqf gf]6x?sf]
k|lt:yfkg ug]{ / hfnL gf]6x?sf] k|of]u gug{ ;r]t /xg'kg]{ af/]df
k|To]s gful/s ;';"lrt x'g' cfjZos 5 .
d'n'se/ ;kmf gf]6 dfq rngrNtLdf Nofpg'sf ;fy} gf]6
Joj:yfkg vr{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfly{s
jif{ @)^&÷^* sf] df}lb|s gLlt dfkm{t ;kmf gf]6 gLlt NofPsf] xf] .
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf u'0f:t/Lo / ;kmf gf]6 rngrNtLdf Nofpg],
RofltPsf], kmf]xf]/ gf]6x? rngrNtLaf6 x6fpFb} hfg' ;kmf gf]6
gLltsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
obfsbf c1fgtfjz a}+s tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] g]kfnL gf]6df
hyfefjL n]Vg], l:6r nufpg] h:tf sfo{ ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f]
49
ubf{ g]kfnL gf]6sf] cfo' 36\g uO{ cgfjZos ?kdf gf]6 5kfO
/ Joj:yfkg vr{df j[l4 x'g hfG5 . t;y{, g]kfnL gf]6k|ltsf]
;+j]bgzLntfaf/] hgtfnfO{ hfu?s agfpg, gf]6sf] cfsif{0f
sfod /fVg klg ;kmf gf]6 gLlt cfjZos x'g uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL gf]6 sfuhaf6 ag]sf] gf]6 xf] . o;nfO{ htg;fy k|of]u
u/]df o;sf] cfo' a9\b5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gf]6x? ljb]zdf 5fKg]
ul/G5 . 5flkPsf] gf]6 g]kfndf Nofpg, g]kfnsf ufpF–7fpF;Dd
k'¥ofpg, k'/fgf] gf]6 ljleGg 7fpFx?af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf lkmtf{
Nofpg] sfo{df /fHon] 7"nf] vr{ a]xf]g'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og,
gf]6df g]kfnL /fli6«o k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, cª\lst x'G5g\ .
o;y{ xfdLn] gf]6nfO{ cfˆg} ;DklQ / /fi6«sf] uf}/j 7fg]/ htg;fy
k|of]u u/]df xfd|f] dg k|;Gg /xg], g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ;Eotf pRr
/fVg d2t k'Ug hfg'sf ;fy} /fHosf] vr{ klg Go"gLs/0f x'g uO{
gf]6 5kfOdf k|of]u x'g] ;|f]t ;fwg cGo sfddf vr{ ug{ kfOg]
x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}, gf]6 hlthlt k'/fgf] eof] To;n] xfd|} :jf:Yodf
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] ;Defjgf klg Go"gLs/0f x'g
k'Ub5 .
d'n'sdf cfly{s sf/f]af/df ePsf] j[l4;Fu} c6f]d]6]8 6]n/ d]l;g
-P6LPd_ sf] k|of]udf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:tf d]l;gdf
k'/fgf, yf]qf gf]6 /fVbf ;f] d]l;gsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg], rfF8}
lau|g] / eg]sf] a]nfdf k};f glg:sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
cem dxŒjk"0f{ kIf s'g} klg ljb]zL gful/s g]kfn cfOk'Ugf ;fy
p;n] ug]{ klxnf] sfd eg]sf] ljb]zL d'b|f lbP/ g]kfnL d'b|f ;6xL
ug'{ xf] . ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;§fdf e'mqf], k'/fgf gf]6x? dfq ;6xL
ul/lbgfn] ljb]zLsf] dgdl:tisdf klxnf] k|efj g} gsf/fTds k¥of]
eg] To;af6 cGo If]qdf klg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] gsf/fTds k|efj
kb{5 . t;y{, d'n'ssf] klxrfg lbg], ;Eotfsf] :t/ Oª\lut ug]{
50
dfWod eg]sf] g]kfnL d'b|f klg xf] . To;}n], ljZj;fd' g]kfnL d'b|f
;kmf / /fd|f] b]lvg' plQs} cfjZos /xG5 .
gf]6nfO{ k6\ofpg], sRofss'r's kfg]{, kf]sf] kf/]/ wfg ds}sf]
esf/Lleq /fVg], df6f]df uf8\g], gf]6df hyfefjL n]Vg] jf s]/d]6
ug]{, cfuf]n] kf]Ng], RofTg], lehfpg] ubf{ gf]6sf] cfo' 36\g] dfq
xf]Og o;af6 dfly elgPem}F /fi6«sf] cd"No ;Dkltsf] b'¿kof]u x'g],
hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] gf]6sf] htg / ;'/If0f
ug'{kg]{ st{Jo k|To]s gful/ssf] xf] . ;fy}, ;–;fgf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu
sfuhL gf]6eGbf ;Dej eP;Dd l;Ssfsf] k|of]u ug]{ afgL a;fn]df
bL3{sfndf /fHonfO{ gf]6 tyf l;Ssf Joj:yfkg nfut sd kg]{
tyf pkef]Qmf 7uLdf ;d]t kg'{ kb}{g .
51
ljk|]if0f M ;d[4 b]z lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/
;fdfGo cy{df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k};f k7fpg] sfo{nfO{

ljk|]if0f elgG5 . cfhef]ln ljk|]if0f zAbn] ljb]zsf] sdfOaf6 k|fKt
/sd eg]/ a'e\mg yflnPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/
g]kfnsf] !( nfveGbf a9L hg;+Vof d'n'saflx/ -ljb]zdf_ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df s"n @ nfv $# xhf/ ^*^
g]kfnL j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] cfFs8fn]
b]vfpF5 . o;/L ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx?af6 d'n'snfO{ pNn]Vo
dfqfdf ljb]zL d'b|f cyf{t\ ljk|]if0f k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{
@)&%÷&^ df ¿=*&( ca{ @& s/f]8 ljk|]if0f lelqPsf] 5 . g]kfn
/fi6« a}+ssf] cWoog cg';f/, ljut bz jif{df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf]
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cf};t cg'kft @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df o:tf] cg'kft @%=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf]
5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0f @)^&÷^* (NLSS 2010/11) cg';f/
sl/a %^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . ljk|]if0f
3/fo;L vr{sf nflu rflxg] cfDbfgLsf] e/f];f aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
a}+s tyf /]ld6\ofG; sDkgLx?af6 k|fKt o:tf] cfDbfgLn] Joj;fo
lj:tf/df nufgLsf] cj;/ h'6]sf] 5 . >ldsnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg
52
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfksf]

lj:tf/af6 ;/sf/sf] cfodf ;d]t a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 .
olt eP/ klg ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt /sdsf] pTkfbgzLn pkof]u x'g
g;s]sf]df cy{ljb\ tyf gLlt–lgdf{tfx? lrlGtt 5g\ . j}b]lzs
/f]huf/df hfg] clwsf+z sfdbf/x? u|fdL0f, cw{lzlIft tyf
clzlIft, ;Lk / bIftfsf lx;fan] sd ;Lko'Qm /x]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf]
cd"No sdfOnfO{ cfˆgf] lbuf] cfo lj:tf/sf ;fy} /fli6«o ljsf;df
o;/L nufpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] r]tgf sfdbf/nfO{ k|bfg ug{
;lsPdf o;sf] plrt pkof]usf] ;Defjgf a9\5 . Pp6f cWoog
cg';f/ g]kfndf cfPsf] ljk|]if0fsf] &*=( k|ltzt pkef]udf, &=!
k|ltzt ;fx'sf] C0f ltg{, $=% k|ltzt afnaRrfsf] lzIffdf,
$=% k|ltzt 3/hUuf nufot ;DklQ vl/bdf, @=$ k|ltzt k'FhL
lgdf{0fdf, @=^ k|ltzt :jf:Yo nufotsf If]qdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o; cf+s8fnfO{ x]bf{ ljk|]if0f s]jn g]kfnLsf] b}lgs
u'hf/f rnfpg] dfWod dfq ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
!)=! ljk|]if0fsf] kl/ro
8 a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf jf cg'dlt k|fKt dlg 6«fG;km/ Ph]G;Lx?
dfkm{t Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf /sd 6«fG;km/ u/]/
k7fpg] sfo{ /sdfGt/ xf] . of] :jb]z / ljb]z b'j}tkm{ ug{
;lsG5 .
8 o:tf] /sd cf}krfl/s a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf dfkm{t
k7fPdf To;nfO{ a}+s 6«fG;km/ elgG5 .
8 s'g} Ps b]zsf gful/s csf]{ b]zdf uO{ cfh{g u/]sf]
/sd a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf jf cg'dltk|fKt dlg 6«fG;km/
Ph]G;Lx? dfkm{t :jb]zdf k7fpg] sfo{ g} /]ld6\ofG;
xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfnLdf ljk|]if0f elgG5 .
53
!)=@ ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf / pkof]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

8 /]ld6\ofG; k7fpFbf s]xL ;]jf z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ eP klg a}+s,
ljQLo ;+:yf jf cg'dltk|fKt dlg 6«fG;km/ Ph]G;Lx?
-/]ld6\ofG; sDkgL_ af6 /sdfGt/ ug]{ tl/sf g} ;a}eGbf
a9L ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ / cf}krfl/s tl/sf xf] .
8 ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] /sd cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 gk7fO{
s'g} lghL Jofkf/L, Ph]G6, JolQm jf btf{ gePsf Ph]G;L
dfkm{t :jb]zdf k7fpg] jf :jb]zaf6 ljb]zdf k7fpg]
sfo{nfO{ x'08L elgG5 . g]kfndf x'G8L dfkm{t /sdfGt/
ug'{ jf ljk|]if0f ug'{ u}/sfg'gL sfo{ xf] .
8 cf}krfl/s dfWodx?eGbf sd ;]jf z'Ns / a9L ;6xL
b/ k|fKt x'g] u/] klg x'08L sf/f]af/ st} klg btf{ gx'g]
x'Fbf o; dfWodaf6 k};f k7fpFbf k7fPsf] k};f 8'Ag ;Sg],
;DklQsf] ;|f]t gv'Ng], bfjL ug{sf] nflu s'g} lnlvt k|df0f
g/xg] / u}/sfg'gL ePsf]n] x'08Lsf] sf/f]af/df ;+nUg
b'a} kIf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf]
eflubf/ x'g ;Sb5g\ .
8 cf}krfl/s dfWoddfkm{t k|fKt x'g] /]ld6\ofG;n] d'n'ssf]
cy{tGqnfO{ 6]jf lbO{ b]z ljsf;df d2t k'Ug hfG5
eg] x'08L dfkm{t ul/g] sf/f]af/sf] st} cf}krfl/s /]s8{
g/xg] / clwsf+z /sd ljb]zd} ljleGg cgf}krfl/s
jf u}/sfg'gL k|of]hgdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf d'n'ssf]
cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 . o;n]
g]kfnsf] sdfO ljb]zlt/ knfog x'g ;Sb5 . u}/sfg'gL
lqmofsnfkn] k|f]T;fxg kfpg ;S5 . t;y{ x'08Laf6 k};f
k7fpg] sfo{nfO{ b'?T;flxt ug'{ x/]s gful/ssf] st{Jo
x'g cfpF5 .
54
8 ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0fnfO{ 3/, hUuf, u/uxgf, uf8L

nufotsf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf k|of]u ug]{ k|rngnfO{
Go"gLs/0f u/L To:tf] /sdnfO{ pBf]u, Jofj;fo
nufotsf /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL
ug{ ;s]df bL3{ sfndf o;af6 JolQm, ;dfh / /fi6«
nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
hfg] sfdbf/nfO{ a}+s tyf /]ld6\ofG; sDkgLdfkm{t /sd
k7fpg k|lzIf0f lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
8 /]ld6\ofG;af6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ ;s];Dd s[lif, pBf]u,
Jofkf/–Joj;fo h:tf yk cfDbfgL lbg] pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf nufgL ug'{k5{ . olb oL sfd ug{ cg's"n gePdf
a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yfdf vftf vf]n]/ /fv]df cfkm"nfO{ Aofh
cfDbfgL eO{ kmfObf x'G5 eg] c?af6 ;f]sf] pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf nufgL x'g uO{ pTkfbg, cfo tyf /f]huf/L clej[l4
eO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ;d]t k'Ub5 .
Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fM
8 ljk|]if0f cf}krfl/s a}+s tyf /]ld6\ofG; sDkgLx?af6 g}
k7fpg] .
8 ljk|]if0f ubf{ z'Nsjfkt lnOg] k};fsf af/]df ;f]wk'5 ug]{ .
8 ljk|]if0f k7fPkl5 ;f]sf] pkof]u pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ug]{ .
olb pkef]udf vr{ u/]df ;f] sdfO pkef]u eO;s]kl5 k'gM
cfDbfgL k|fKt gx'g] x'Fbf cfDbfgL x'g] u/L dfq} vr{ ug]{ cyf{t\
ljjfx, j|taGw, hGdlbj;, kf:gL h:tf cg'Tkfbs sfo{df
kmh'n vr{ gug]{ .
55
!)=# ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ M

8 s'g} klg ljk|]if0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ a}+s cyjf /]ld6\ofG;
sDkgLsf] Ph]G6 -clestf{_sf] sfof{nodf hfg] .
8 cfk"mn] k7fpg rfx]sf] /sd, ;+:yfn] lng] sldzgsf] /sd
/ klxrfg v'Ng] j}w kl/rokq -;fdfGotof gful/stf_
;fydf lnP/ hfg] .
8 a}+s jf Ph]G6n] ljk|]if0f k7fpgsf nflu tof/ u/]sf]
kmf/d eg]{ . o:tf] kmf/ddf k7fpg] / kfpg]sf] ljj/0fsf
;fy} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] zfvf :ki6 ?kdf n]Vg] .
8 kmf/d / /sd a'emfO ;s]kl5 a}+s jf Ph]G6n] Pp6f
gDa/ lbG5 . pQm gDa/ uf]Ko ?kdf ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{
JolQmnfO{ lbg] / ;f]xL gDa/ k]z u/L pQm JolQmn] ljk|]if0f
k|fKt ug]{ .
56
aLdf M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] dfWod
!!=! aLdfsf] kl/ro

dfgj ;dfhdf ljklQ jf hf]lvdsf kof{Kt ;Defjgf x'G5g\ .
JolQmut hLjg, /f]huf/L, Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ cflb ;a}df
w]/yf]/ hf]lvd /xG5 . pBd Joj;fo ubf{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
eljtJo tyf b'3{6gf eO{ Iflt x'g ;S5 . o; k|sf/sf
clglZrt hf]lvdx?af6 aRg] pkfo aLdfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .
eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] clglZrt k|sf/sf hf]lvdnfO{ cGoq
x:tfGt/0f u/L ;f]af6 ePsf] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug]{ dfWod aLdf
xf] . ;dfg k|s[ltsf] clglZrt hf]lvdn] u|:t ePsf JolQm jf
;d'bfon] cfˆgf] hf]lvd cg'?k aLdf z'Ns a'emfO{ s/f/sf]
dfWodaf6 aLdf ul/Psf] 36gf 36L Iflt ePdf aLdfsf
dfWodaf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'G5 . b'3{6gf ;Fw} clglZrt x'g]
ePsfn] ;a}sf nflu Ifltk"lt{ lbg] geO{ k|fKt jf hDdf ePsf]
aLdf z'Ns sf]ifaf6 Iflt x'g] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ Iflt eP hlt
a/fa/sf] dfq e'QmfgL lbg] Joj:yf aLdfn] ub{5 .
h:t}Ù @) hgf JolQmx?n] e}+;L kfn]sf 5g\ . tL JolQmn]
57
e}F;Lsf] aLdf u/]sf 5g\ eg] tL k|To]s e}F;Lkfnsn] jflif{s

jf cw{jflif{s jf s/f/ adf]lhd s]xL /sd aLdf sDkgLnfO{
a'emfpg'kb{5 . olb cfkm"n] kfn]sf] e}F;L b'3{6gfjz d¥of] jf
gf]S;fg eof] eg] s/f/ -aLdf ;DaGwL s/f/nfO{ aLdfn]v
jf kf]ln;L eGg] ul/G5_ adf]lhd aLdf sDkgLn] ;f] e}F;Lsf]
d"No a/fa/sf] /sd e}F;LwgLnfO{ pknAw u/fpF5 . o; k|sf/
aLdf ubf{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f x'g uO{ Joj;fodf x'g ;Sg] xflg
gf]S;fgLaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
t;y{, aLdf eg]sf] hf]lvd x:tfGt/0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug]{
pQd pkfo xf] . aLdfsf] ;DaGw s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hf]lvd;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . aLdf hf]lvd x:tfGt/0fsf] Ps s/f/ xf] .
x/]s s/f/ jf ;Demf}tf b'O{ kIfsf aLrdf ;DkGg x'G5 . aLdf
klg b'O{ kIfsf aLrdf x'g] o:t} s/f/ xf] . aLdf ubf{ sDkgL
-aLds_ / aLdf ug]{ JolQm
-aLldt_ aLrdf s/f/ ul/G5 . o;df aLdfsf] ljifoj:t'df x'g]
hf]lvdsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] ef/ aLdfsf] dfWodaf6 aLdsdf ;fg]{
sfd ul/G5 . o;sf nflu aLdf sDkgLn] aLdf z'Ns -lk|ldod_
lnG5 / aLdf z'Ns c+z÷c+z jf Psd'i6 ?kdf klg a'emfpg
;lsG5 . aLdf z'Ns e'QmfgL kZrft\ aLdfsf] ljifoj:t'df
tf]lsPsf] hf]lvdaf6 xflg÷gf]S;fgL ePdf cfkm"n] :jLsf/
u/] cg';f/sf] d"NofÍgdf tf]lsPsf] xbdf ga9\g] u/L aLdf
sDkgLn] Iflt a]xf]g]{ ub{5 . s/f/ b'O{ kIfaLr x'g] x'Fbf Ps
csf{sf] wf/0ff :ki6 x'g] u/L aLdf ;'/If0f dfUg] / Ifltk"lt{ lbg]
JofVof u/L s/f/ ;DkGg x'G5 .
aLdf s/f/nfO{ aLdfn]v elgG5 . aLdfn]vdf aLdf ug{ k|:tfj
ug]{n] aLdf k|:tfj ubf{ pNn]v ul/Psf] pb\3f]if0fnfO{ cfwf/
58
dfgL k|:tfjssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, hf]lvdsf] ljj/0f, aLdf z'Ns

a'emfPsf], aLdf ePsf] j:t'÷bfloTj÷JolQm jf cGo aLdf
ul/Psf] kl/;/ jf aLdf cjlw, ;t{ jf cGo k|ltaGwfTds
Joj:yf j0f{g ul/Psf] x'G5 .
k|To]s s/f/df ;t{ ePh:t} aLdf s/f/df klg hf]lvd kl/jt{g
ePdf ;"rgf ug'{kg]{, bfaL -Iflt_ dfu ubf{ v'nfpg'kg]{ Joxf]/f
pNn]v ug'{kg]{, bfaL ljjfb ePdf ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sf tyf
Ifltk"lt{df s'g} aGb]h x'g] ePdf ;f]sf] ;t{ cflb pNn]v ePsf]
x'G5 .
aLdf d'VotM hLjg aLdf / lghL{jg u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
hLjg aLdfdf cfhLjg hLjg aLdf, ;fjlws hLjg aLdf / DofbL
hLjg aLdf /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] lghL{jg aLdfdf clUg aLdf, ;fd'lb|s
-dfu{:y ;fdfg_ aLdf, xjfO{ aLdf, df]6/ aLdf, OlGhlgol/ª aLdf
/ ljljw aLdf cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} g]kfndf kl5Nnf] ;dodf
;/sf/L:t/af6 :jf:Yo aLdf;DaGwL sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf] 5 .
!!=@ aLdf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
s'/f ga'emL aLdf ubf{ ljleGg emd]nfx? a]xf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM
aLdf ug{ rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yf jf Joj;fo ;~rfnsn] aLdf
ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
8 s] slt cfjZostfn] aLdf ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] / aLdf
u/]kl5 pQm p2]Zo k"/f x'G5 ls x'Fb}g ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]
af/]df k|i6 x'g' kb{5 .
8 aLdfn]vdf OR5fPsf] JolQmsf] af/]df k|i6 9Ën] pNn]v
ug'{kb{5 .
59
8 s'g} hf]lvd ;a}eGbf a9L ;DefJo 5 / aLdf kZrft\

;f] hf]lvd ;'/If0f x'G5, x'Fb}g ;f]sf af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L
x'g'kb{5 .
8 aLdf ubf{ aLdfsf] ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt x'g] tYox?
n'sfpg' x'Fb}g / unt ljj/0f, hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf lbg'
x'Fb}g . olb tYox? n'sfOPsf] jf 9fFl6Psf] kfOPdf
aLdsn] Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ub}{g .
8 aLdf ubf{ cfk"mn] tf]lsPsf] /sd a/fa/ aLdfz'Ns aLdf
cjlwel/ ltg{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g ;f] af/]df klg Wofg
k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
8 aLdf ul/;s]kl5 aLdfn]vdf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f,
;t{, ;'ljwf / cGo k|fjwfgx? xf]l;of/L k"j{s k9\g'kb{5 .
olb cfk"mn] rfx] adf]lhd ePsf] /x]g5 eg] ;DalGwt
aLds;Fu t'¿Gt} ;Dks{ /fVg'kb{5 .
8 aLdfz'Ns a'emfpFbf, k|:tfj kmf/d ebf{ ;xof]u lnOg]
JolQm -aLdf clestf{_ aLdf ;ldltaf6 cflwsfl/s
?kdf Ohfht kfPsf] xf], xf]Og ;f] x]/]/ dfq lghnfO{
ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 .
8 aLdfz'Ns e'QmfgL u/]kl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf gub a'em]sf]
ekf{O lng'kb{5 / ;f] cfk"m;Fu ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 .
8 aLdf ul/Psf] Joxf]/f 3/–kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg' kb{5 . sDtLdf OR5fPsf] JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg'k5{ .
8 aLdfn]v gjLs/0f ldlt Vofn u/L oyf ;dodf aLdfz'Ns
e'QmfgL ug'{kb{5 .
60
8 aLdf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? h:t}Ù aLdfn]v, gub

a'emfPsf] /l;b cflb Pp6} kmfOndf kmfOlnª u/L 3/
hUufsf] nfnk'hf{ h:t} ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 . /sd e'QmfgL
lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu oL sfuhft cfjZos kb{5g\ .
!!=# aLdf ug]{ k|lqmofx¿ M
-s_ hLjg aLdfsf] nflu
!= cfˆgf] hLjgsf] jf cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f /
d"No ;lxtsf] k|:tfjgf tof/ kfg]{ . o;sf] cy{ aLdf
sDkgL jf ;f]sf clestf{n] eg] cg';f/sf] kmf/d
;TotYo hfgsf/L lbO{ eg]{ .
@= olb JolQmsf] aLdf ug]{ xf] eg] cfk"mn] cfˆgf]
:jf:Yosf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] / sDkgLn] tf]s]sf]
lrlsT;s sxfF uP/ :jf:Yo hfFr u/]sf] uf]Ko
k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] .
#= clestf{sf] uf]Ko k|ltj]bgM aLdf sDkgLn]
clestf{af6 aLdf ug{ rfx]sf JolQmsf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s Pjd\ cGo hfgsf/L dfu ub{5 .
$= pd]/sf] k|df0f M hLjg aLdfdf pd]/sf] dxŒj x'g]
ePsfn] pd]/ :ki6 x'g] k|df0fsf] sfuhft k]z
ug'{kb{5 . pd]/sf cfwf/df lk|ldod /sd km/s
kb{5 .
%= k|:tfjgf :jLsf/ M olb ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx? ¿h' ubf{
;To b]lvPdf aLdf sDkgLn] k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/L
lk|ldodsf] /sd dfu ub{5 .
61
^= lk|ldodsf] /sd a'emfO;s]kl5 sDkgLn] aLdf

ePsf] aLdfn]v k|bfg ub{5 .
-v_ lghL{jg aLdf ug'{ k/]df M
!= cfk"mn] aLdf ug{ rfx]sf] ;DklQsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f
;lxtsf] kmf/d eg]{ .
@= aLdf sDkgLn] cfˆgf ;j]{Ifs dfkm{t ;DklQsf]
lj:t[t cWoog ub{5 / aLdfstf{n] lbPsf] ljj/0f;Fu
aLdfsf] ef}lts l:yltnfO{ ¿h' ub{5 .
#= olb ;e]{ ubf{ lbPsf hfgsf/Lx? 7Ls ePdf :jLsf/
ub{5 / lk|ldodsf] /sd e'QmfgL ug{ lgb]{z ub{5 .
$= lk|ldodsf] /sd e'QmfgL ul/;s]kl5 kmf/d h:t}Ù
clUg, b'3{6gf, k|fs[lts ljklQ cflb tf]sL aLdfn]v
k|bfg ub{5 .
62
z]o/ M k"“hL lgdf{0fsf] dfWod
;fdfGo cy{df ;/sf/ jf s'g} sDkgLn] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] /sd

;Íng ug{ hf/L u/]sf] ljQLo cf}hf/nfO{ lwtf]kq elgG5 . o;
cGt/ut ;/sf/L C0fkq, l8a]~r/ tyf sDkgLn] hf/L u/]sf]] z]o/,
a08, l8a]~r/x? /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]
jfkt nufgLstf{nfO{ /sd e'QmfgLsf] k|Tofe"lt jfkt lbOg] lg:;f
sfuh jf k|df0fkqnfO{ z]o/ k|df0fkq elgG5 .
;fdfGotof k|lt lsQf z]o/sf] c+lst d"No ¿= !)).– sfod ug]{
rng 5 . z]o/ vl/bstf{ sDkgLsf dflns x'g\ . sDkgLsf] nfe–
xflgdf k|To]s z]o/wgLsf] cfˆgf] z]o/ lsQf adf]lhdsf] lx:;f
/x]sf] x'G5 . z]o/sf] cjlw sDkgLsf] cfo' h:t} cljlR5Gg /xG5
t/ nufgLstf{nfO{ aLr}df /sdsf] cfjZostf k/] bf];|f] ahf/
-z]o/ ahf/_ dfkm{t laqmL u/L /sd k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{
gofF vl/bstf{ sDkgLsf] gofF z]o/wgL aG5 .
;Ël7t ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] Joj;fo lj:tf/ ug{, j:t' pTkfbg ug{,
cfjZos rn crn ;Dklt vl/b ug{, j:t' tyf ;]jf ;DaGwL
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; Pjd\ lj1fkg h:tf sfdsf nflu rflxg]
63
k'FhLsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ z]o/ nufotsf lwtf]kq lgisfzg

ub{5g\ . o;af6 nufgLstf{nfO{ nufgLsf] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
lwtf]kqsf dfWodaf6 nufgLstf{x?;Fu 5l/P/ /x]sf] art pBf]u–
wGbfdf kl/rflnt eO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] of]ubfg
k'Ug hfG5 .
vf;u/L sDkgLsf] z]o/ cu|flwsf/ / ;fwf/0f u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . cu|flwsf/ z]o/df nfef+z kfpg] b/ lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
o:tf z]o/nfO{ tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt nfef+z ljt/0f u/]/ afFsL /x]sf]
/sd ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] efjL ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;~ro ug]{
ul/G5 . ;fwf/0f z]o/df nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{n] nufgLsf] dfqf
cg';f/ :jfldTj k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf d'gfkmfdf ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] lx:;f
k|fKt ub{5g\ . ;fwf/0f z]o/wgLnfO{ sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt
rog ug{ dtbfg ug]{ / cfk"m klg pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg] clwsf/
;d]t x'G5 . sDkgLn] gfkmf ubf{ cfˆgf z]o/wgLnfO{ gub nfef+z
jf af]g; z]o/ ljt/0f ub{5 . sDkgL vf/]hLdf uPsf] cj:yfdf
C0fkq wgL / cu|flwsf/ z]o/wgLnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/;s]kl5 afFsL
/x]sf] /sd dfq ;fwf/0f z]o/wgLn] k|fKt ub{5g\ . o;/L ;fwf/0f
z]o/df ul/g] nufgL a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . a9L hf]lvd p7fpg
tof/ x'g] nufgLstf{nfO{ dfq ;fwf/0f z]o/df nufgL ug{ pko'Qm
dflgG5 . nufgLstf{sf] k|d'v p2]Zo sd hf]lvddf a9L d'gfkmf
cfh{g ug'{ xf] .
z]o/ k|df0fkq lwtf] /fv]/ a}+s÷ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 shf{ kfpg tyf
z]o/ ahf/sf a|f]s/ dfkm{t z]o/ g} laqmL u/L gubsf] cfjZostf
k'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . sDkgL / ahf/sf] ;xL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]n]
ahf/sf] ptf/ r9fjdf ;d]t z]o/ vl/b laqmL u/]/ nfe lng ;Sg]
cj:yf /xG5 .
64
!@=! z]o/df nufgL ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

= sDkgLsf ;+:yfksx¿sf] l:ylt
h'g sDkgLsf] ;]o/df nufgL ug{ rfx]sf] xf], ;f] sDkgLsf
;+:yfksx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, sDkgL ;~rfng ;DaGwL
cg'ej, xfn ;+nUg k];f, Joj;fo / tL Joj;fosf] ljQLo
l:ylt, Jofj;flos 5lj, ;fdflhs klxrfg, cGt/f{li6«o
;Dks{ h:tf tYoaf/] hfgsf/L lng'kb{5 .
= sDkgLsf] ljQLo l:ylt
;DalGwt sDkgLsf] clws[t k'FhL, r'Qmf k'FhL, C0f
Joj:yfkg, d'gfkmfsf] l:ylt, cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t, v'b
gfkmf÷gf]S;fg, k|lt z]o/ cfDbfgL, ;l~rt gfkmf, hu]8f
sf]ifx?, jf:tljs ;DklQ, vr{ Joj:yfkg, sd{rf/Lsf]
pTkfbsTj h:tf ljleGg ljQLo kl/;"rsx?af/] hfgsf/L
lng'kb{5 .
= Joj:yfkg ;d"x
Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] / sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
bIftf / cg'ej, sfo{;Dkfbg :t/, pgLx?n] ljutdf
cGo s'g} lgsfosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] eP
To;sf] kl/0ffd, sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLsf] hflu/
5f]8\g] b/af/] klg hfgsf/L lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .
= j:t' tyf ;]jf
sDkgLn] pknAw u/fpg] j:t' tyf ;]jf / ahf/df
ltgsf] dfu tyf cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf, laqmL ljt/0fsf]
65
l:ylt, bL3{sfnLg dfu / laqmL ljt/0fsf] ;Defjgf, gofF

j:t' tyf ;]jf ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf, ;DefJo cfly{s tyf
Jofj;flos kl/jt{g tyf cfly{s rqmdf cfˆgf] cl:tTj
arfO{ /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ;fy} efjL /0fgLltaf/] klg
hfgsf/L lng' dgfl;j x'G5 .
!@=@ z]o/ lgj]bg ebf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
8 Ps JolQmn] PseGbf a9L b/vf:t lbg gx'g] .
8 b/vf:t;fy :jod\n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] gful/stfsf]
k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ .
8 cleefjssf] b:tvtaf6 gfafnssf] gfddf klg b/vf:t
lbg ;lsg] .
8 gfafnssf] xsdf hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk k]z
ug'{kg]{ .
8 cfj]bsn] u/]sf] b:tvt z]o/ laqmL ubf{ ul/g] b:tvt;Fu
b'¿:t ldNg'kg]{ .
8 cfj]bssf] 7]ufgf, afa' afh]sf] gfd, b:tvt nufotsf
ljj/0fx? la;{g] ;Defjgf klg x'g] x'Fbf kmf]6f]slk u/]/
;'/lIft clen]v /fVg pko'Qm x'g] .
8 afF8kmfF8df gk/]sf] z]o/jfktsf] /sd lkmtf{ lng /sd
hDdf u/]sf] cw{s§L clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug'k{ g]{ x'Fbf
;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{ .
8 b/vf:t kmf/ddf cfj]bssf] a}+s vftf, a}+s÷ljQLo
;+:yfsf] gfd, 7]ufgf tyf vftf gDa/ / xfn;fn} lvr]sf]
kmf]6f] ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ .
66
!@=# l8Dof6 vftf

l8Dof6 vftf To:tf] ljB'tLo vftf xf] h;df nufgLstf{n]
cfˆgf] z]o/nfO{ ljB'tLo ?kdf /fVg ;Sb5 . l8Dof6 ug'{
eg]sf] ef}lts jf sfuhL z]o/nfO{ ljB'tLo ?kdf /fVg] k|s[of
xf] .
l8Dof6 vftf s;/L vf]Ng] <
8 l8kf]hL6/L ;xefuL (DP) sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf jf cGo z]o/ a|f]qm/sxfF hfg] / pQm ;+:yfn]
lbPsf] kmf/d eg]{ . cfjZos sfuhft h:t}Ù gful/stfsf]
k|ltlnlk, kmf]6f] a'emfpg] . ¿h' ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu ;fydf
;Ssn sfuhft klg n}hfg'kb{5 .
8 DP n] vftf vf]Nbfsf] lgod / ;t{x? k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy}
;f]sf nflu cfjZos /sdsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
8 DP n] lbPsf] gDa/ / hfgsf/L 7Ls xf] ls xf]Og egL
;Dks{ ub{5 / lbPsf hfgsf/Lx? ¿h' ub{5 .
8 lgj]bgnfO{ btf{ ul/;s]kl5 tkfO{nfO{ DP n] vftf
gDa/ / u|fxs kl/ro gDa/ k|bfg ub{5 . cj tkfO{+n]
cfˆgf]] l8Dof6 vftf cgnfOgdf rnfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . t/
;f]sf nflu DP n] lbPsf] Username / Password k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 .
67
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;DaGwL 1fg
g]kfnafx]s c¿ b]zsf d'b|fx? g]kfnsf nflu ljb]zL d'b|f x'g\ .

o;nfO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo klg elgG5 . x/]s b]zsf nflu ljb]zL d'b|f
cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljb]zL d'b|f w]/} ;l~rt ePdf b]znfO{
kmfObf x'G5 . o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . xfdLn] cGo
b]zaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft ubf{ ljb]zL d'b|fdf e'QmfgL ug'{kb{5 .
olb ljb]zL d'b|f cefj x'g uPdf cfoft jfktsf] e'QmfgL ug{
sl7gfO kb{5 . o;f] ePdf d'n'ssf] cy{tGq ;ª\s6df kg{ ;S5 .
ljb]zL d'b|f ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'G5 . :jb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
lgof{t, ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf] cfudg, g]kfnL sfdbf/n] ljb]zdf sfd
u/]/ k};f k7fPdf / ljb]zL ;/sf/ / ;+3 ;+:yfn] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u
u/]df g]kfnn] ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ub{5 . clxn] g]kfnsf] ljb]zL d'b|fsf]
d'Vo ;|f]t j}b]lzs /f]huf/ xf] . cfoftsf] bfFhf]df lgof{t a9\g
g;s]sf sf/0f g]kfnn] lgof{t dfkm{t yf]/}dfq ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ug]{
u/]sf] 5 . ko{6gaf6 g]kfnn] ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ug]{ ;Defjgf w]/}
5 t/ o;tkm{ xfdLn] cem} y'k|} k|of; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbL alxgLx?n] ljb]zdf >d u/L sdfP/
68
k7fPsf] k};fn] b]zsf] 7"nf] cfoft jfktsf] e'QmfgL ug{ ;3fPsf]

5 . o:tf] k};fnfO{ ljk|]if0f (Remittance) elgG5 . g]kfnaf6 w]/}
eGbf w]/} o'jfx? aflx/ hfgfn] b]zleq >dzlQmsf] cefj eO{
7"nf] dfqfdf cfoft ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . tTsfnsf nflu j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ /fd|f] b]lvP klg bL3{sfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/eGbf d'n'sleq
g} nufgL u/L pTkfbg, cfo tyf /f]huf/L a9fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;n] d'n'snfO{ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{ d2t ub{5 .
g]kfndf lelqPsf] ;du| ljb]zL ljlgdosf] 9's'6L lhDdf lnO{ ;f]sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljb]zL
d'b|f /fHosf] ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] hyfefjL k|of]u u/L b'¿kof]u
ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfkm}Fn] sdfPsf] eP klg ljb]zL d'b|f ;/sf/L lgsfon]
tf]s] adf]lhd dfq vr{ ug{ kfOG5 . o;sf] b'¿kof]u u/]df sfg'g
adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] ub{5 .
g]kfnL d'b|fsf] cGo d'b|f;Fusf] ;6xL b/nfO{ ljlgdo b/ elgG5 .
clxn] ef=¿=;Fu g]kfnL d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ l:y/ 5 . of] b/ xfn
ef=¿= !)).– a/fj/ g]kfnL ¿= !^).– tf]lsPsf] 5 . c¿ b]zsf]

d'b|f;Fu ljlgdo b/ ahf/df :jtGq 5f]l8Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ c¿
b]zsf] d'b|f;Fusf] ljlgdo b/df tn–dfly eO/xG5 .
xfd|f] b]zn] cGo b]zaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft ug'{k/]sf]
5 . ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL ug{ g]kfnn] c¿ b]zsf] d'b|fsf] dfu a9L
69
ug'{k/]sf] 5 . o; sf/0f g]kfnL d'b|f sdhf]/ x'g uO{ c¿ b]zsf] d'b|f

k|fKt ug{ w]/} g]kfnL d'b|f ltg'{kb{5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] :jLs[lt glnO{ s;}n] klg ljb]zL d'b|fsf] sf/f]af/
ug{ kfOFb}g . d'n'sleq ljb]zL d'b|fsf] rng ug{ cyf{t\ sf/f]af/ ug{
klg kfOFb}g . ef=¿= nufot ;Dk"0f{ ljb]zL d'b|f ;f6]/ g]kfnL d'b|f
dfq sf/f]af/ ug'{kb{5 . d'n'sdf g]kfnL d'b|f dfq sf/f]af/ u/]df
df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb5 / d"No lgoGq0f
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
g]kfndf ljleGg jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, dlgr]~h/ sDkgL
tyf s]xL 7"nf xf]6nx?, 6«feN;÷6«]lsª, 6';{ Ph]G;Ln] ljb]zL d'b|fsf]
sf/f]af/ ug{ :jLs[lt lnPsf 5g\ . ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xL ubf{ tL
:jLs[ltk|fKt sDkgL;Fu dfq sf/f]af/ ug'{kb{5 . ;f] sf/f]af/ u/L
/l;b of lg:;f klg lng'kb{5 . o;f] ePdf /fi6«sf nflu cfDbfgL
x'g] ub{5 / ljb]zL d'b|fsf] clen]v klg /xG5 . oL a}+s tyf
sDkgLx?n] ug]{ ljb]zL ljlgdo sf/f]af/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f klg g]kfn
/fi6« a}+sn] ub{5 .
70
ljB'tLo a}+lsª ;DaGwL 1fg
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} a}+lsª tyf ljQLo If]qdf gofF gofF

k|ljlwx? lelqO/x]sf 5g\ . ljB'tLo a}+lsª -O–a}+lsª_ eGgfn]
ljB'tLo d]l;gsf] ;xfotfn] a}+s tyf u|fxssf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ ljgf
g} a}+sn] u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg lsl;dsf ljQLo ;]jf
eGg] a'lemG5 . o; cGtu{t P6LPd, df]jfOn kmf]g, sf8{, OG6/g]6
a}+lsª nufotsf pks/0f kb{5g\ . o; vfn] k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6
u|fxsx?n] a}+ssf af/]df ljleGg ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy} /sd
x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] ;Ddsf ;]jfx? k|fKt ub{5g\ . o:tf] k|ljlwsf
dfWodaf6 a}+s vftf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L, cfjZos /sdsf] /sdfGt/,
cfjZos /sd /fVg] tyf lemSg] nufotsf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? klg
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
jt{dfg ;dodf oL pks/0fsf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] 5 . oL pks/0fn]
k};fs} sfd ug]{ ePsfn] lognfO{ ljB'tLo d'b|f -E Money_ klg
eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} ljB'tLo d'b|fsf] gofF
pks/0f / k|of]u ;d]t a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;fwgn] k};fsf]
sf/f]af/sf] dfqf 36fpg'sf ;fy} e'QmfgL ug{sf nflu k};f g} af]Sg'kg]{
71
emGem6af6 d'Qm u/fPsf 5g\ .

vf;u/L OG6/g]6 a}+lsªn] o;df
w]/} ;'ljwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k9\gsf
nflu sf7df8f}Fdf a;]sf] 5f]/fnfO{
lbSt]ndf a;]sf] afa'n] lbSt]nd}
cjl:yt a}+ssf] vftfdf k};f
hDdf ul/lbPkl5 ljgf nfut
5f]/fn] sf7df8f}Fdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{
k};fsf] n]gb]g tyf e'QmfgLnfO{ cem ;'/lIft / l56f]5l/tf] agfPsf]
5 . o;af6 gub k};fsf] k|of]u sd x'g uO{ d'b|f Joj:yfkgdf
ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] vr{ Go"gLs/0fdf ;d]t d2t k'u]sf] 5 .
!$=! P6LPd sf8{
P6LPd (Autometed Teller Machine-ATM) sf8{ Ps
lsl;dsf] ljB'tLo sf8{ xf] . s'g} klg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf
vftf vf]ln;s]kl5 ;f] ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf a}+sn] u|fxsnfO{
P6LPd sf8{ -ATM Card_ pknAw u/fpF5 . of] sf8{ a}+s
jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] cfˆgf] vftfdf /x];Ddsf] /sd d]l;gsf]
;xfotfaf6 lemSg / vftfsf] df}Hbft ljj/0faf/] hfgsf/L
lng ;lsG5 . vftfdf ePsf] hlt dfq /sd rnfpg kfOg]
x'Fbf o;nfO{ 8]la6 sf8{ klg eGg ;lsG5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] vftfjfnfnfO{ ATM sf8{ pknAw
u/fpFbf sf8{sf ;fy uf]Ko lkg gDa/ -Pin Number_ klg
pknAw u/fpF5 . ATM d]l;g sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 a}+ssf]
lgb]{zg cg';f/ rNg] ePsfn] ;f] sf8{ d]l;gdf l5/fpg]
ljlQs} p;n] lkg gDa/ dfu ub{5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] cfˆgf] uf]Ko
lkg gDa/ 6fOk u/]kl5 vftfdf k};f 5 eg] cfkm"n] rfx]hlt
/sdsf] cÍ lyr]kl5 d]l;gn] Tolt g} /sd k|bfg ub{5 . o;/L
72
ATM sf8{af6 /sd lemSbf b}lgs ?kdf tf]lsPsf] /sdsf]

;Ldf;Dd dfq} lemSg ldN5 . ATM sf8{ / o;sf] lkg gDa/
hlxn] klg ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 . ATM sf8{sf ;fy a}+sn]
lbPsf] pko'{Qm lkg gDa/ s;}nfO{ klg eGg' jf ;'gfpg' x'Fb}g .
sf8{ x/fof] eg] ;f] sf8{ kfpg] JolQmn] sf8{sf] b'¿kof]u u/L
gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
cfhsf] o'udf ATM sf8{sf] k|of]u a9\bf] qmddf 5 . g]kfn /fi6«
a}+ssf] cfFs8f cg';f/, @)&^ k'; d;fGt;Dddf &@ nfveGbf
a9L ATM sf8{ k|of]udf cfPsf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ cke{m6
/sdsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] v08df a}+s aGb ePsf] cj:yfdf
;d]t ATM sf8{sf] k|of]u u/L h'g;'s} ;dodf /sd lemSg
;Sg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;af6 Psflt/ ;]jfu|fxLsf]
;dosf] art x'G5 eg] csf{lt/ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{
cfˆgf sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfd 36\g uO{ a}+s ;~rfng vr{
;d]t Go"gLs/0f x'g uPsf] 5 .
!$=@ qm]l86 sf8{
qm]l86 sf8{ klg a}+sn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ljB'tLo
sf8{ g} xf] . o;nfO{ pwf/f] sf8{ eGg ;lsG5 . of] s'g} klg
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf ljZjfl;nf u|fxsnfO{ hf/L
ub{5 . o; sf8{åf/f ;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm";Fu k};f gx'Fbf klg
j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;Sb5 . ;f] sf8{ dfkm{t a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] u|fxsnfO{ shf{ pknAw u/fpF5g\ . ;]jfu|fxLn]
cfkm";Fu k};f ePsf] a]nf a}+snfO{ shf{ e'QmfgL ub{5g\ .
sf8{ hf/L ug]{ a}+sn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ C0fsf] Ps ;Ldf tf]lslbg]
ub{5 . ;/;fdfg vl/b ul/;s]kl5 ;]jfu|fxLn] k};f e'Qmfg ug{
sf8{sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . of] sf8{af6 tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf;Dd gub
lemSg klg ;S5g\ . a}+lsª If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu}
73
qm]l86 sf8{sf] k|of]u cTofjZos aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;df klg

Ps lkg gDa/ cfjZos kb{5 . ;f] lkg gDa/ hlxn] klg uf]Ko
/fVg'kb{5 .
qm]l86 sf8{sf] dfWodaf6 a}+s vftfdf /x]sf] df}Hbftsf]
;Ldf;Dd, vftf gvf]nL ef}r/sf] cfwf/df /sd hDdf u/]sf]
xb;Dd jf u|fxssf] ljZj;gLotfsf cfwf/df ;d]t tf]lsPsf]
shf{ ;Ldf pknAw u/fpg] ul/G5 . vftfjfnfn] pkof]u u/]sf]
/sd lglZrt cjlwleq a}+sdf hDdf ug'{kg]{ ;t{df clwsf+z
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] qm]l86 sf8{ hf/L ug]{ k|rng
nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 .
!$=# Any Branch Banking Service (ABBS) :
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] u|fxsnfO{ lbPsf] Pp6f ;'ljwf
xf], h;df u|fxsnfO{ s'g} klg a}+ssf] Pp6f zfvfdf vftf
vf]nL vftfsf] ;~rfng sDKo'6/ g]6js{df hf]l8Psf] s'g}
klg zfvfaf6 ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf] cy{ sDKo'6/ g]6js{df
hf]l8Psf] zfvfaf6 k};f /fVg / lemSg ;Sb5 . h:t} M g]kfn
a}+ssf] e}/xjfdf /x]sf] zfvfdf vftf vf]Ng] u|fxsn] b]zel/sf
;Dk"0f{ zfvfaf6 e}/xjfsf] vftfdf k};f /fVg / ;f] vftfaf6
k};f lemSg ;Sb5 . o;n] gub af]s]/ lx8\g'kg]{ hf]lvdnfO{
sd ub{5 .
74
Do'r'cn km08 M k'“hL ;ª\sngsf] dfWod
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu nufgLsf] ljsNk 5}g . nufgLsf

nflu k'FhL cfjZos kb{5 . k'FhL eg]sf] k};f xf] . o;nfO{ ;|f]t
jf ;fwg klg eGg ;lsG5 . s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ jf s'g} klg
Joj;fodf yk nufgL u/]kl5 dfq} d'n'sdf pTkfbg a9\b5 .
o;af6 nufgLstf{nfO{ cfo tyf ;f] sfo{df ;+nUg hf]sf]xLnfO{
klg /f]huf/L k|fKt x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ x/]s /fHon] nufgL
clej[l4sf nflu k|of; ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] nufgL ;/sf/L, lghL
tyf ;xsf/L h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] klg x'g ;S5 .
ljleGg JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?n] cfkm";Fu /x]sf] ;–;fgf] /sd nufgL
ug{ cj;/sf] vf]hL ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . t/ ;do, kof{Kt hfgsf/L,
ljQLo ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf]
cefjsf sf/0fn] nufgL ug{ ;ls/x]sf xF'b}gg\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf
;–;fgf nufgLstf{sf] /sd ;Íng u/L k'FhL tyf d'b|f ahf/df
nufgLsf] Joj:yf÷jftfj/0f ldnfO lbgsf] nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf]
sf]ifnfO{ ;fd'lxs nufgL sf]if -Do'r'cn km08 M Mutual Fund_
elgG5 . o:tf] sf]ifdf nufgL ug{sf] nflu sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt
75
;+:yfn] ;–;fgf JolQmut nufgLstf{af6 /sd ;Íng ug]{ /

nufgLsf l;4fGtx?sf] cfwf/df sd hf]lvd tyf pko'Qm k|ltkmn
k|fKt x'g] u/L nufgLsf] Joj:yfkg ub{5 . JolQmut tj/df k'FhL
ahf/df nufgL ug{sf] nflu ;"rgfsf] cefj x'g], kof{Kt ljQLo
hfgsf/L gx'g], ljZn]if0fsf] Ifdtf gx'g], ;do, kof{Kt k'FhL /
ahf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gaf/] kof{Kt 1fgsf] cefjnfO{ k"/f u/L
sd hf]lvddf pko'Qm k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] tl/sfn] nufgL ug]{ /
b]zsf] k'FhL lgdf{0fdf ;d]t of]ubfg lbg] dg;fon] o:tf sf]ifx?sf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;–;fgf] k'FhLsf] ;Íng u/L k'FhL lgdf{0f, Jofj;flos Joj:yfkg,
nufgLdf ljljwLs/0f, nufgL Joj:yfkgsf] nfut Go"gLs/0f,
t/ntfsf] ;'ljwf / s/df 5'6 nufotsf kmfObfsf] nflu Do'r'cn
km08df nufgL ul/G5 . g]kfndf jfl0fHo a}+sx?åf/f k|jl4{t Do'r'cn
km08 sDkgLx?n] o; k|sf/sf] ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL
sDkgLx?n] nufgLstf{sf] cfjZostf / k|rlnt sfg'gsf] cwLgdf
/xL lglZrt cjlw;Dd /sd ;Íng u/L aGb ug]{ of]hgf -Close
Ended Scheme_ / ;w}Fel/ /sd ;Íngsf] nflu v'nf /xg] of]hgf
-Open Ended Scheme_ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf PsfOx? nufgLstf{nfO{
laqmL u/L nufgLsf] nflu /sd ;Íng ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
76
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f M ljQLo ck/fw lgoGq0f
sfg'gn] gug'{ eg]sf] sfd u/]/ sdfPsf] ¿k}ofF jf s'g} klg

lsl;dsf] wg ;DklQ slxNo} cfˆgf] x'Fb}g . To:tf] wg sfnf] wg xf]
/ u}/sfg'gL klg . u}/sfg'gL sfd ug]{, sfnf] wg sdfpg] / sfnf]
wg vr{ ug]{ JolQm b]zs} ck/fwL xf] . To:tf] k};fn] 3/ lsg]df, 3/
a]r]df, vfP/ ;s]df jf cGo h] sfd u/] klg ck/fw x'G5 . To:tf]
wg s'g} klg a]nf b]zn] hkmt ug{ ;Sb5, hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sb5 /
h]n;d]t hfg] cj:yf /xG5 .
u}/sfg'gL wgnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] sfg'gL wg egL b]vfpg] sfd
u/]df To;nfO{ ck/fw dflgG5 . To:tf] ck/fwnfO{ ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f
-Money Laundering_ klg elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf sfnf] wgnfO{
;]tf] agfpg] sfo{ g} ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f xf] . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ug]{
JolQmn] u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ c¿ s;}nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub{5 . ;DklQsf]
:j?k / k|s[lt ?kfGt/0f ub{5 . ;DklQsf] oyfy{ ;|f]t, nIo, :yfg,
xsflwsf/, :jfldTj, ultljlw n'sfpg], abNg], 5Ng], 5'6fpg] k|of;
ub{5 . cGo s'g} sfg'gL tl/sfaf6 cfh{g ePsf] h:tf] b]vfpg] sfd
ub{5 . o:tf] JolQmn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf /sd /fVg], lemSg],
77
3/hUuf, df]6/, ;'g rfFbL lsGg] a]Rg], nufgL ug]{ h:tf sfd ub{5 .
s;}n] klg p;sf] u}/sfg'gL ;|f]t kQf nufpg g;sf];\ egL gofF
gofF sfuh l;h{gf ub{5 . t/ cGTodf To:tf] s'/f kQf nfUgf;fy
p;sf] ;a} ;DklQ hkmt x'G5 . To:tf] JolQm ljb]z uP klg /fHon]
5f8\b}g . cGttM p;n] Ps g Ps lbg sfg'gL sf/jfxL ef]Ug} kb{5 .
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f /f]Sg ;s]df ;xL sfd ug]{, d]xgt / kl/>d
ug]{x?sf] lxt x'g]5 . unt dfG5]x? sf/jfxLdf kg]{5g\ . b]zn]
kfpg] s/ /fh:j 5Ng] cj:yf /xFb}g . 3';, 7uL, ha/h:tL c;'nL
x'g] 5}g . ;Ifd, k9] n]v]sf, OdfGbf/ >dhLjL dfG5]x?df lg/fzf
cfpg] 5}g . OdfGbf/ / ;Ifd dfG5]n] k|f]T;fxg kfpg]5g\ . ldlxg]t
/ kl/>dn] k|>o kfpg]5 . o'jf tyf ;Ifd hgzlQm ljb]z knfog
x'g] 5}gg\ . d'n's lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfu{df cl3 a9\g]5 .
o;af6 cfly{s sf/f]af/df kf/blz{tf cfpg] / ljQLo cg'zf;g
;d]t sfod x'g]5 . 5nsk6 ug]{ kfvf nfUg]5g\ . sfd / d]xgt
ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . gful/sn] cfˆgf] /ut kl;gfn]
g]kfns} ljsf; ug]{5g\ . ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs, /fhg}lts ;a} If]qdf
OdfGbf/ dfG5]x?sf] afx'No /xg]5 . s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;
hfUg]5 . cf}Bf]lus / nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g]5 . /f]huf/L
/ pTkfbg a9\g]5 . cfly{s nfe x'g yfn]kl5 ;a} If]qdf cl:y/tf
sd x'Fb} hfg]5 . b]z ;d[4 x'g]5 . ljs[ltx? sd xF'b} hfg]5g\ . gofF
l;h{gfTds dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg]5 . zflGt / ljsf;sf]
af6f] v'Ng]5 . o;df Pp6} s'/f cfjZos 5 M xfdL g]kfnsf ef]lnsf
s0f{wf/n] /fd|f] dfq sfd ug]{ k|0f u/f}F . unt ug]{ hf] sf]xLlj?4
sf/jfxL x'g'k5{ eGg] dfu u/f}F / sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgfdf ;r]t
gful/ssf] kl/ro lbg] sfd u/f}+ .
78
;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf ;DaGwdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f

8 sfg'gn] gug'{ eg]sf] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .
8 u}/sfg'gL sfd u/] ck/fw 7xl/G5 .
8 3'; lng' lbg', s/ 5Ng', 7Ug', rf]g'{ h:tf sfd u}/sfg'gL sfo{
x'g\ .
8 u}/sfg'gL sfd u/]/ sdfPsf] wg–;DklQ sfnf] wg xf] .
8 sfnf] wgnfO{ sfg'gL b]vfpg] sfdnfO{ ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cyf{t\
Money Laundering elgG5 .
8 o:tf] sfd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf /sd /fVg], lemSg], 3/

hUuf df]6/ ;'g rfFbL lsGg] a]Rg], nufgL ug]{ h:tf sfd u/]/
kmQ] ug]{ ul/G5 .
8 ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fnfO{ /f]Sg hxfF / hlxn] klg ;|f]t vf]lhG5 .
8 a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfdf lgIf]k /fVbf, 3/, hUuf jf ;'g rfFbL lsGbf
;|f]t vf]Ng' k5{ .
8 sfnf] wg s'g} klg a]nf b]zn] hkmt ug{ ;Sb5 .
8 hl/jfgf x'g ;S5 / h]n hfg] cj:yf ;d]t /xG5 .
8 wg ;lsP/ 6f6 klN6P klg ;hfo cjZo x'G5 .
8 ljb]z uP klg o;af6 pDsg kfpFb}g .
8 sfnf] wg sdfpg]nfO{ sf/jfxL x'g ;s] ;xL sfd ug]{, d]xgt
/ kl/>d ug]{sf] lxt x'g]5 .
79
8 unt dfG5]x? sf/jfxLdf kg]{5g\ .

8 cfly{s sf/f]af/ kf/bzL{ eO{ cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod x'g]5 .
8 d]xgt / kl/>d ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g]5 .
8 d'n's zflGt, ljsf; / ;Dd[l4sf] dfu{df cl3 a9\g]5 .
o; k|sf/ d'n'sdf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lj?4df cleofg rnfpg /
sfnf] wg /f]Sg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / ;/sf/sf
cGo w]/} lgsfon] ;dGjofTds ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf
nflu a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yf, g]kfn ;/sf/sf cflwsfl/s lgsfon]]
dfu]sf] sfuhft / uf]Ko ;"rgf lbO{ ;xof]u ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf]
st{Jo xf] .
80
ljljw
!&=! u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf pGgltsf
;fyL x'g\ . ltgLx?n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ljljw vfn] ljQLo ;]jf
k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ljleGg ;]jf ;'ljwf gful/snfO{ k|jfx ug'{
a}+ssf] st{Jo klg xf] . o; k|sf/sf ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt gePdf
;DalGwt zfvfdf u'gf;f] ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
u|fxsx?nfO{ a}+sn] lbg] ;'ljwfx?df sdL cfPdf jf a}+s /
u|fxssf aLrdf u'gf;fx? ePdf u|fxsn] a}+ssf] ;DalGwt
zfvfdf u'gf;f] n]vfpg ;S5g\ . ;fdfGotof pQm zfvfsf]
k|aGws g} u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO clwsf/L /xG5 . zfvf k|aGwsn]
u|fxsnfO{ af]nfO{ jf gaf]nfO{ pQm u'gf;f]sf ;DaGwdf vf]htnf;
u/L sdL sdhf]/L ePsf] b]lvPdf u'gf;f]sf] ;'g'jfO ub{5 .
t/ u'gf;f] cfˆgf] sfa'eGbf aflx/ ePdf pQm u'gf;f]nfO{ d'Vo
sfof{ndf k7fpF5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ k|To]s
a}+sn] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]s} x'g'kb{5 .
pSt u'gf;f] d'Vo sfof{nodf /x]sf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO clwsf/L
81
;dIf k|:t't ul/G5 . pQm clwsf/Ln] 5fgljg u/L u'gf;f]sf]

;dfwfg lgsfNg] k|of; ub{5 / cfˆgf] lg0f{o ;d]t lbG5 .
olb a}+ssf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] lg0f{o lrQ
ga'e]mdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf /x]sf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO OsfO{df
u'gf;f] ug{ ;lsG5 . ;DalGwt a}+s, u'gf;f] ug]{ u|fxs / g]kfn
a}+s;{ P;f]l;P;gsf] ;+o'Qm 5nkmnaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
lgsfNg] ul/G5 . o;/L klg u'gf;f] ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df
u|fxs÷a}+s cbfntdf uO{ cbfntsf] lg0f{o lng ;Sb5g\ .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ;Dks{ ug]{ 7]ufgfM
6]lnkmf]g g+=M $$!(*)$, % / &
PS;6]G;g g+= !&@
Od]nM gunaso@nrb.org.np
!&=@ ljQLo u|fxs ;+/If0f

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf vftf vf]n]/ lgIf]k /fVg], shf{ lng] jf
ljb]zaf6 cfkmGtn] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0f lng] jf a}+s hdfgth:tf
;]jf pkof]u ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yf ljQLo u|fxs x'g\ . g]kfndf
@)&& h]7 d;fGtdf æsÆ, ævÆ / æuÆ ju{sf ;+:yfdf # s/f]8
!* nfv lgIf]k vftf, !% nfv @% xhf/ shf{ vftf 5g\ .
To:t} @)&^ k'; d;fGtdf n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfsf $% nfv
*) xhf/ ;b:o / @* nfv $ xhf/n] C0f pkof]u u/]sf
5g\ . o;afx]s lak|]if0f lng] / cGo ;]jf lng] u|fxssf] ;+Vof
;d]t w]/} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ g]kfndf ljQLo u|fxssf] ;+Vof
a9\b} uPsf] eGg ;lsG5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 ljQLo ;]jf lnFbf gful/ssf]
82
x}l;otn] pgLx?n] kfpg] Go"gtd clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g' g}

ljQLo u|fxs ;+/If0f xf] . a}+saf6 kfpg] ;]jfsf af/] ;';"lrt
x'g', ;]jfsf] 5gf}6sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g', ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ ljQLo
;+:yfaf6 zf]if0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg', u|fxsx?aLr lgIf]k Jojxf/
kfpg', ljQLo ;+:yfn] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf / To;df nfUg] Aofh jf
z'Ns lgwf{/0f x'g] ljlw, kf/blz{tf v'nf x'g', ljQLo ;fIf/tf
k|fKt ug'{ ljifo u|fxs ;+/If0fsf] ljifosf] bfo/fdf kb{5 .
o; cnfjf lgodgsf/L lgsfon] u|fxsnfO{ k/]sf] dsf{, xfgL
/ ;d:ofnfO{ ;lhnf] dfWodaf6 ;DalGwt lgsfodf /fVg
;Sg] Joj:yf / k/]sf To:tf u'gf;fsf] tTsfndf ;dfwfg ug]{
;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ljifo klg u|fxs ;+/If0fleq kb{5g\ .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] PsLs[t lgb]{zg, @)&^ dfkm{t ljQLo u|fxs
;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ b]xfosf
lgb]{zgx? hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
8 a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cfˆgf u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg ug]{
;]jf ;t{;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} k|sf/sf ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs
?kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 . o:tf ljj/0fdf ljQLo
;]jf tyf pks/0fx?sf cltl/Qm ;f];Fu ;DalGwt z'Ns,
sldzg, Aofhb/, hl/jfgf, xhf{gf nufotsf ;DaGwdf
ckgfpg'kg]{ k|lqmof Pjd\ ;t{x? ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
8 cfkmgf u|fxs;Fusf] sf/f]af/df k|of]u x'g] sfuhftx?
g]kfnL efiffdf pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 .
8 Ho]i7 gful/s, km/s 9Ën] ;Ifd / ;fIf/ gePsf
JolQmnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ ;xh ?kn] a}+lsª
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] To:tf
u|fxsx?nfO{ ljz]if sfp06/ tf]sL ;]jf lbg'kg]{5 .
83
8 lgIf]k vftf vf]Nbf, r]s hf/L ubf{, vftf ;~rfng ubf{,

vftf vf]n]sf] ^ dlxgfkl5 vftf aGb ubf{, :6]6d]G6 lbFbf
jf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf ¿= b'O{ nfv;Ddsf] PaLaLP;
;]jf k|bfg ubf{ u|fxsaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] ;]jf z'Ns lng
kfOg] 5}g .
8 shf{ k|jfx ubf{ lng] k|zf;lgs ;]jf z'Ns, clu|d
e'QmfgL z'Ns / k|ltj4tf z'Nsafx]s shf{;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ z'Nsx? Aofhb/df g} k|ltlalDjt x'g'kg]{5 .
cfˆgf u|fxsx?nfO{ cGo ;+:yf÷lgsfo dfkm{t ;]jf lng]
;Gbe{df ;f] ;]jf jfkt To:tf ;+:yf÷lgsfox?nfO{
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ nfut eGbf j9L x'g] u/L ;]jf z'Ns c;'n
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
8 ¿= %) nfv;Ddsf] ;Ldf sfod ePsf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]
shf{ e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d e'QmfgL z'Ns nfUg] 5}g . ;f]
;LdfeGbf a9Lsf] shf{sf] xsdf shf{ lnFbfsf] avt
tf]lsPsf] ;t{ jf Aofhb/ yk÷kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0f
clu|d ?kdf shf{ r'Qmf ug{ rfx]df To:tf] clu|d e'QmfgL
u/] jfkt s'g} lsl;dsf] z'Ns lng kfOg] 5}g .
8 u|fxssf] uf]kgLotf sfod ug'{kg]{ ;"rgf tyf ljj/0fx?
nufot lx;falstfa, vftf axL, >]:tf / n]vfsf] ljj/0f
cGo c;DalGwt Pjd\ cglws[t JolQmnfO{ lbg' x'Fb}g .
84
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pgLx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ljQLo r]tgfd"ns lzIffaf6 ;Eo,
;';+:s[t, kl/is[t cfly{s gful/s agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ljBfyL{x?
oyf;dodf pBdzLn aGg ;Sg] / o;af6 pgLx?sf ;fy} d'n'ssf]
;d]t ;d[l4df 6]jf k'Ug uO{ eljio pHjn /xg] x'G5 .
xfd|f] h:tf] u|fdL0f Pjd\ lgjf{xd'vL cy{tGq ePsf] b]zdf ljQLo
;fIf/tfsf] cfjZostf u|fdL0f If]qdf cem a9L 5 . ljBfyL{;Fu /fi6«
a}+s sfo{qmdnfO{ p2]Zod"ns Pjd\ glthfd'vL agfpg' cfjZos
5 . o:tf] k'lgt sfo{df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Psn k|of; dfq kof{Kt
geO{ ;Da4 ;a}n] xft]dfnf] u/L ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
ljQLo ;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, ltgsf ;+3 ;+u7g, lzIff dGqfno, ;fd'bflos
tyf lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf / pgLx?sf ;+3 ;+u7g;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo
u/L cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, ljQLo r]tgf clej[l4df
85
:yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;~rf/ dfWod, gful/s

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h¿/L b]lvG5 .
o; sfo{qmdnfO{ lglZrt If]q, ;do, ju{df dfq ;Lldt ug{
x'Fb}g . o; sfo{qmdnfO{ jif{el/ g} pTs[i6 9Ën] ;~rfng ug]{ af/]df
Pp6f vfsf agfO{ of]hgfa¢ ?kdf cufl8 a9\g' h¿/L 5 . g]kfn
/fi6« a}+sn] o; ;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;a} ljBfyL{, hg;fwf/0f tyf
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?af6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f ljBfno :t/sf kf7\oqmddf g} ljQLo ;fIf/tfsf
x/]s kIfx?nfO{ qmdzM ;dfj]z ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf] nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|lta¢tf / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf
;a}eGbf kmnbfoL / pkof]uL /xg] 5 .
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