Communicable Diseases:

Viral:

 Chicken Pox (Varicella- Zoster)

Chicken Pox is a highly contagious disease caused by a pathogen called the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV).
It can cause an itchy, blister-like rash. The rash appears first on the chest, back, and face, and then
spreads over the entire body. Chicken Pox is very contagious. If one person has it up to 90% of the
people close to that person who are not immune will also become infected. Chicken pox can also be
serious, even life-threatening, especially in babies, adolescents, adults, pregnant woman and people
with weakened immune systems.

Signs and symptoms: Chickenpox often starts without the classic rash, with a fever, headache, sore
throat, or stomachache. These symptoms may last for a few days, with the fever in the 101°–102°F
(38.3°–38.8°C) range. The red, itchy skin rash usually starts on the belly or back and face.

Communicability: Chickenpox can be distributed through Chickenpox is transmitted from person to

person by directly touching the blisters, saliva or mucus of an infected person. The virus can also be
transmitted through the air by coughing and sneezing.

Prevention: Mask Patients. Providers should avoid contact if they’ve never had chicken pox, patient
isolated until all lesions crusted over and dry.

 Common Cold:

The flu, often known as seasonal influenza, Rhinoviruses are the most common cause. is an acute
respiratory infection brought on by influenza viruses. It is widespread all over the entire world. Most
people get better on their own. A minor infection of your upper respiratory system, which includes your
nose and throat, is a common cold.

Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms of influenza usually begin around 2 days after being infected by
someone who has the virus.

Symptoms include:

sudden onset of fever

cough (usually dry)

headache

muscle and joint pain

severe malaise (feeling unwell)

sore throat

runny nose.
 Transmission:

Direct contact, airborne droplet, contaminated hands and linens.

Prevention: common cold is prevented by wearing mask, washing hands, and drinking vitamins.

 Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily
spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with
the feces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate
sanitation, poor personal hygiene and oral-anal sex.

Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease, but it can cause debilitating
symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. WHO estimates that in
2016, 7134 persons died from hepatitis A worldwide

Not everyone with hepatitis A has symptoms. Adults are more likely to have symptoms than children. If
symptoms develop, they usually appear 2 to 7 weeks after infection. Symptoms usually last less than 2
months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months.

Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as
long as 6 months. If symptoms develop, they can include yellow skin or eyes, Not wanting to eat, upset
stomach, Throwing up, Stomach pain, Fever

Dark urine or light- colored stools, Diarrhea, Joint pain, Feeling tired

Transmission: The hepatitis A virus is found in the stool and blood of people who are infected. The
hepatitis A virus is spread when someone ingests the virus (even in amounts too small to see) through:

 Person-to-person contact

(Hepatitis A can be spread from close, personal contact with an infected person, such as through certain
types of sexual contact (like oral-anal sex), caring for someone who is ill, or using drugs with others.
Hepatitis A is very contagious, and people can even spread the virus before they feel sick.)

 Eating contaminated food or drink

(Contamination of food with the hepatitis A virus can happen at any point: growing, harvesting,
processing, handling, and even after cooking. Contamination of food and water happens more often in
countries where hepatitis A is common. Although uncommon, foodborne outbreaks have occurred in
the United States from people eating contaminated fresh and frozen imported food products.)
 Prevention: The best way to prevent hepatitis A is through vaccination with the hepatitis A vaccine. To
get the full benefit of the hepatitis A vaccine, more than one shot is needed. The number and timing of
these shots depends on the type of vaccine you are given. Practicing good hand hygiene — including
thoroughly washing hands after using the bathroom, and before preparing or eating food — plays an
important role in preventing the spread of hepatitis A.

 Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is
spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus enters the body of
someone who is not infected. Age plays a role in whether hepatitis B will become chronic. The younger a
person is when infected with the hepatitis B virus, the greater the chance of developing chronic
infection. About 9 in 10 infants who become infected go on to develop life-long, chronic infections. The
risk goes down as a child gets older. About one in three children who get infected before age 6 will
develop chronic hepatitis B. By contrast, almost all children 6 years and older and adults infected with
the hepatitis B virus recover completely and do not develop chronic infection.

Transmision: This can happen through sexual contact; sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection
equipment; or during pregnancy or delivery. Not all people newly infected with HBV have symptoms,
but for those that do,

Symptoms: can include fatigue, poor appetite, stomach pain, nausea, and jaundice. For many people,
hepatitis B is a short-term illness. For others, it can become a long-term, chronic infection that can lead
to serious, even life-threatening health issues like liver disease or liver cancer.

Prevention: The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated. All adults aged 18-59 should receive
the vaccine and any adult who requests it may get the vaccine. All adults 18 years and older should get
screened at least once in their lifetime.

 Measles:

Measles is an infection you get from a virus by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype.
The measles virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat. It’s spread through the air and by coming
into direct contact with someone who has it. The virus can stay active on surfaces and in the air for up to
2 hours.

It’s very contagious. If you haven’t been vaccinated and are in a room with someone who has measles,
you have a 90% chance of getting it.

Part of what makes measles so dangerous is that you can be contagious 4 days before you get the
telltale rash. So, you could easily spread the virus without knowing you have it. You’ll continue to be
contagious for 4 days after the rash goes away.
 Signs and Symptoms: Measles symptoms appear 7 to 14 days after contact with the virus and typically
include high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes. Measles rash appears 3 to 5 days after the first
symptoms.

Transmission: spread by contact with infected nasal or throat secretions (coughing or sneezing) or
breathing the air that was breathed by someone with measles.

Prevention: Handwashing Critical. MMR vaccination part of childhood program.

 HIV/AIDS:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune system. Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of the disease.

HIV targets the body’s white blood cells, weakening the immune system. This makes it easier to get sick
with diseases like tuberculosis, infections and some cancers.

Signs and Symptoms:

 The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection.

 The disease spreads more easily in the first few months after a person is infected, but many are
unaware of its status until the later stages. In the first few weeks after being infected people
may not experience symptoms. Others may have an influenza-like illness including:
 fever
 headache
 rash
 sore throat.

The infection progressively weakens the immune system. This can cause other signs and symptoms:

 swollen lymph nodes

 weight loss
 fever
 diarrhea
 cough.

Transmission:

HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from people living with HIV, such as:

 blood
 breast milk
 Semen
 vaginal secretions
HIV can also be transmitted during pregnancy and delivery to the child. People cannot become infected
through ordinary day-to-day contact such as kissing, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing personal objects,
food or water.

Prevention:

Abstinence (not having sex), never sharing needles, and using condoms the right way every time you
have sex.

Bacterial:

 Tuberculosis:

A dangerous infection known as tuberculosis (TB) typically targets your lungs. The brain and spine are
just two examples of additional bodily regions where it could spread. It is brought on by a type of
bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The illness known as tuberculosis (TB) is brought on by
microbes that travel from person to person through the air. Although TB often affects the lungs, it can
also harm other organs like the brain, kidneys, or spine. If a person with TB does not receive treatment,
they risk dying.

Signs and Symptoms: Development of diseases about 6-12 months after infection. Chills, fever, fatigue,
productive or non-productive chronic cough, weight loss, nights sweats, hemoptysis.

Transmission: inhalation of infective droplets.

(Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, and the droplet
nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of
the lungs).

Prevention:

 good ventilation: TB can remain suspended in the air for several hours with no ventilation.
 natural light: UV light kills off TB bacteria.
 good hygiene: covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the spread of
TB bacteria.
 Influenza:

The flu is caused by an influenza virus. Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne
droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch
something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Fever or feeling feverish/chills

  Cough
 Sore throat
 Runny or stuffy nose
 Muscle or body aches
 Headaches
 Fatigue
 Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than
adults.

Transmission: direct contact especially in crowded areas via airborne, most experts believe that flu
viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. These droplets
can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby.

Prevention:

1. Avoid close contact. Avoid close contact with people who are sick. ...
2. Stay home when you are sick. ...
3. Cover your mouth and nose. ...
4. Clean your hands. ...
5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. ...
6. Practice other good health habits.
7. Vaccinations

 Impetigo:

Impetigo is a widespread, extremely contagious infection of the epidermis' outermost layers that is
almost always brought on by gram-positive bacteria. It typically appears as itchy or severe erythematous
plaques with a yellow crust. The lesions are rapidly distributed and very contagious. A skin infection
known as impetigo is brought on by either one or both bacteria Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
aureus.

Signs and symptoms: Symptoms include red, itchy sores that break open and leak a clear fluid or pus for
a few days. Next, a crusty yellow or “honey-colored” scab forms over the sore, which then heals without
leaving a scar.

Transmission: spread through direct contact with other people with impetigo, including through contact
with drainage from impetigo lesions. Lesions can be spread (by fingers and clothing) to other parts of the
body.

Prevention: Appropriate personal hygiene and frequent body and hair washing with soap and clean,
running water is important to help prevent impetigo.

 Gonorrhea:
 Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the
cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men.

Signs and Symptoms:

 watery, creamy, or greenish vaginal discharge.

 pain or burning while urinating.
 an urge to urinate more frequently.
 heavier periods or spotting between periods.
 pain during penetrative vaginal sex.
 sharp pain in your lower abdomen.
 itching and soreness in your anus.
 rectal bleeding or discharge.

Transmission:

Gonorrhea is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of an infected
partner.

Prevention:

 Use a condom if you have sex. ...

 Limit your number of sex partners. ...
 Be sure you and your partner are tested for sexually transmitted infections. ...
 Don't have sex with someone who appears to have a sexually transmitted infection. ...
 Consider regular gonorrhea screening.
 Chlamydia:

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria. Chlamydia infections are
treatable and curable. However, its symptoms are often unnoticeable. It’s important to receive
treatment for chlamydia as soon as possible. Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious complications
and cause permanent damage to your reproductive organs.

 Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia

trachomatis

Signs and Symptoms:

 Painful urination.
 Vaginal discharge.
 Discharge from the penis.
 Painful sexual intercourse in women.
 Vaginal bleeding between periods and after sex.
 Testicular pain.

Transmission:

Chlamydia spreads through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone with the infection.
 Prevention:

 using a condom every time you have vaginal or anal sex.

 using a condom to cover the penis during oral sex.
 using a dam (a piece of thin, soft plastic or latex) to cover the female genitals during oral sex or
when rubbing female genitals together.
 not sharing sex toys.

Fungal:

 Ringworm:

Ringworm of the body (tinea spp.) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It's usually an itchy, circular rash
with clearer skin in the middle. Ringworm got its name because of its appearance.

Signs and symptoms:

 Itchy skin.
 Ring-shaped rash.
 Red, scaly, cracked skin.
 Hair loss.

Transmissions:

Direct skin-to-skin contact with infected people or pets, or indirectly by contact with items such as
barber clippers, hair from infected people, shower stalls or floors.

Prevention:

1. Keep your skin clean and dry.

2. Wear shoes that allow air to circulate freely around your feet.
3. Don't walk barefoot in areas like locker rooms or public showers.
4. Clip your fingernails and toenails short and keep them clean.
5. Change your socks and underwear at least once a day.

 Pneumocystis pneumonia:
Pneumocystis pneumonia or PCP is a fungal infection in one or both lungs. It is common in people who
have a weak immune system, such as people who have AIDS.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Symptoms of PCP may develop over a period of weeks or months. The most common symptoms
to watch for include:
 Fever that comes on suddenly
 Cough
 Trouble breathing. It often gets worse with activity.
 A dry cough, with little or no mucus
 Chest tightness
 Weight loss
 Night sweats

Transmission:

 PCP spreads from person to person through the air.

Preventive:

The medicine most used to prevent PCP is called trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX),