SEMINAR REPORT

ON

MODULAR WASTE/RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION

OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN REMOTE LOCATIONS

Submitted by:

ANJU JOHN

In partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI - 682 022
NOVEMBER 2013
 COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING
KOCHI - 682 022

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this report titled MODULAR WASTE/RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN
REMOTE LOCATIONS is a bona fide record of the seminar presented by ANJU
JOHN. This seminar has to be included towards the partial fulfilment of the require-
ment for the award of B. Tech. Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at
Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Staff Co-ordinator Head of the Department

 DECLARATION

I declare that this is a bona fide report of the S7 seminar titled

MODULAR WASTE/RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM FOR
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN REMOTE
LOCATIONS done towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of B. Tech. Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
at Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Submitted by:
ANJU JOHN
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This seminar would not have been successfully materialized
had it not been for the several people who have directly or
indirectly helped me. I am extremely indebted to all of them and I
whole heartedly thank everyone for their valuable support. I am
grateful to Dr. G. Madhu my principal for providing us with good
facilities and a proper environment for this accomplishment. I
thank Dr. Usha Nair, Head of the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for her support and appreciation. I thank
Dr. C.A. Babu and Dr. Asha E. Daniel in guiding us reach such a
standard to deliver a seminar with no hesitation. I am grateful to
Mrs. Sheena K. M., my class co-ordinator for all her guidance
and I am highly obliged everyone all for their valuable
suggestions, appraisal and guidance.
I am also thankful to my seniors, friends and those people
who helped us with valuable information through several
discussion boards over internet. I truly admire my parents for
their constant encouragement and enduring support, which was
inevitable for the success of my ventures.
Above all, I thank God Almighty for the ever abiding kind
blessings.
Seminar Report Modular Waste/Renewable Energy System

INTRODUCTION
Since the discovery of electrical energy man has been using the conventional (non –
renewable) sources for its production. These include hydro power , thermal power and diesel
power. Since diesel and thermal power plants uses diesel and coal ,which are fast depleting in
the present scenario ,their use for power production has been minimized. Hydro electric
power plants also are greatly dependent on the climatic conditions of the region and recent
trends show a decrease in annual rainfall received in various parts of the world. The
conventional sources are failing to meet the power demand of the people especially in the
developing countries. We experience power outrages throughout the country during various
periods of the year. The planet is progressively marching towards a serious electric energy
crisis, owing to an escalating desire of electric energy becoming greater than its supply. Also
due to the depletion of fossil fuels we will be forced to shut down all the power plants using
such sources. The environmental consequences of extensive use of fossil fuels have already
begun to surface. The excessive use of fossil fuels is one of the primary causes of global
warming and acid rain, which have started to affect the earth’s climate, weather, vegetation
and aquatic ecosystems .

The time has reached for us to think about the alternate sources of energy. These
include all the renewable sources such as wind energy ,solar energy ,geothermal energy etc.
However these are also not widely practiced due to the high installation and maintenance
cost. However production and continuity of power is essential for all cultural and social
activities of human beings. It is in this scenario a new method for production of electricity
from food, animal or human waste is being developed by an ongoing research. Every day in
India, 1000 children die from drinking dirty water and it is reported that 80% of the
population suffers from pollution-induced diseases and fatalities. The general public,
children, tourists, businesses, municipalities, panchayats even animals - everyone is affected
by the filth that litters our streets and pollutes our waterways.

Figure 2
Figure 1

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The above pie charts shows that the world is greatly dependent on the exhaustible
sources for the production of electricity and also that organic wastes constitute more than half
of the garbage that is being dumped into the earth. Water and food supplies can be
contaminated by waste material if methods to isolate potentially hazardous organic wastes are
not available[1].Hence by effectively clubbing the need for electric power and the proper
management of waste we can develop the desired output.

This paper presents a research effort that is developing a modular distributed energy
system based upon the anaerobic fermentation of organic waste to produce hydrogen, thermal
energy, potable water and sanitized fertilizer. It is initially intended for use in remote
locations and in disaster situations. It is anticipated that the modular energy system will be
housed in a conventional shipping container for ease of manufacture, transportation, and
installation. One key aspect is the utilization of a renewable solar thermal energy system to
produce process heat. By using a high efficiency solar thermal collector system it is possible
to greatly reduce the parasitic energy losses and increase overall efficiency[1].

The modular energy system produces multiple products and associated values. Value
streams include; hydrogen for production of electricity, waste disposal, heat for buildings,
drinking water, and possibly a marketable chemical product produced from process carbon
dioxide. Once proven, it is anticipated that the technology will be leveraged to larger
applications. Preliminary estimates indicate that when all costs and benefits are considered,
this technology has advantages over many other alternatives for remote and disaster recovery
applications[1].

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Process description
Solar Preprocessing
Initially the waste products are being collected and the organic waste products are
separated from other wastes and are taken for solar preprocessing. Currently, methane
produced by biological means is used in many locations globally as a fuel for the local
production of electricity by reciprocating engines [1,2]. Heating the feed material from a
municipal sewage treatment plant to 1000C for 45 minutes inhibits bioactivity of
methanogens , thereby inhibiting methane production ,which is a greenhouse gas[1,3].
Sufficient heat can be produced from a solar collector located on the top of the proposed
modular system to sanitize the waste material before and after the production of bio
hydrogen as well as providing limited additional heat for purposes such as producing potable
water by distillation and heating buildings. The solar thermal energy system employs vacuum
tube solar collector technology[1].Efficiency is more in such a system as vacuum reduces
heat loss to outside due to convection and conduction[4].

Production of Electricity

The main process in the production of electricity from waste includes biological
production of hydrogen. Biological production of hydrogen gas offers a sustainable method
for the production of fuel with a concurrent minimization of waste. Bio hydrogen production
can be accomplished using either photosynthetic or anaerobic microorganisms. Much of the
current interest in the biological production of hydrogen focuses on photosynthetic
processes[1].

Figure 3

Under anaerobic conditions, hydrogen is produced as a by-product during conversion

of organic wastes into organic acids. Acidogenic phase of anaerobic digestion of wastes can

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be manipulated to improve hydrogen production [5] . Typical hydrogen concentrations

produced in the fermentation using food waste are 22% after 48 hours. This hydrogen will be
used to produceelectricity in a reciprocating engine or fuel cell[1].Upon combustion of
hydrogen we get water as the byproduct and hence it is pollution free.

Production of heat and potable water

Heat is captured using the solar collector for pre and post heating of waste materials
and also for heating of water produced after combustion of hydrogen. The heat trapped by the
solar vacuum collectors is stored using molten salt ,which is usually a combination of sodium
nitrate ,potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate and is later used for heating[6]. This heat is also
used for sanitizing the fertilizer produced after the whole process. The fertilizer or disposal
after the whole process is generally heated to 100 degree Celsius. Heat produced can also be
recovered for heating of buildings and other structures[1].

Water is the byproduct of combustion of hydrogen in the fuel cell or the reciprocating
engine. This is made potable by heating it using the solar heater and can be distributed as safe
drinking water.

Process Flow
The process flow diagram of the modular waste power generation is as depicted
below. The solar collector collects heat from the sun and stores it using molten salt. The heat
stored is then given to Hydrogen feed stock processing where the raw material is preheated to
inhibit the activity of methanogens and also to the post process sanitizing chamber ,where the
waste products are sanitized to be used as fertilizers. This heat is also given for auxiliary
purposes like heating of buildings ,boiling of water etc.

The feedstock after preheating is given to the bioreactor ,where hydrogen is produced
by anaerobic fermentation and is passed through the gas conditioner where it is removed of
all the other impurities and is fed to the fuel cell or a reciprocating engine which produces
DC power which is further changed to AC by using an inverter for distribution purposes and
to integrate it with the existing power grids. The bioreactor is monitored using a system
control which maintains the optimum pH levels ,pressure level and temperature levels inside
the bioreactor for effective fermentation and to increase the efficiency of hydrogen
production ,thereby increasing power generation.

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Figure 4

The remaining feedstock after the use in bio reactor is given out for post sanitizing where the
waste is heated again to high temperatures and is sanitized to be used as a fertilizer. After
production of electricity hydrogen produces water as a waste product which is also heated to
high temperatures and given out as potable water.

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POWER PRODUCTION
As electrical engineers ,we are mainly interested in the power production part of the
modular waste processor. In the process, electricity is produced by using hydrogen which is
produced by the anaerobic fermentation of the feed material. The production of hydrogen
other than other gases possesses the following advantages :

a) It is considered a clean fuel, since water is the exclusive product obtained from the
combustion of this molecule. No other harmful emissions are present[7].
b) It presents a high energy yield of about 142.35 kJ /g[7] .
c) Hydrogen is a valuable gas as a clean energy source and as feed stock for some
industries[5].
d) Biological production of hydrogen has significant advantages over existing chemical
methods ,such as being cost effective[5].

BIOREACTOR

The bioreactor is similar to any other reactor except in the mode of generation of
power and the feed material used. The main purpose of the bioreactor is providing an
effective medium for the production of hydrogen which is then used as a fuel for production
of electricity. It is also the chamber where the feed material after preheating is fed into.The
production of hydrogen in the bioreactor is as explained below :

The proposed model makes use of either photosynthetic or anaerobic microorganisms

for the production of hydrogen. There are numerous types of microorganisms that are found
to produce hydrogen during anaerobic condition. Strictly anaerobic bacteria are the most
common class of bacteria that produced hydrogen. To date, most of the research on hydrogen
production involved anaerobic bacteria due to its high production rate and the ability to use a
wide range of carbohydrates including wastewater. Clostridium sp. is a typical acid and
hydrogen producer which ferments carbohydrate to acetate, butyrate, hydrogen, carbon
dioxide and organic solvent.
Clostridium butyricum , Clostridium acetobutyricum ,Clostridium tyrobutyricum are
examples of anaerobic and spore forming hydrogen producer. There are two pathways to
produce hydrogen which are butyrate pathway or acetate pathway[8]. Theoretically, 4 mole of
hydrogen can be produced from a mole of glucose via acetate pathway and 2 mole of
hydrogen can be produced from a mole of glucose via butyrate pathway and hydrogen
production is contributed by hydrogenase enzyme[9].

Dark-fermentation processes produce a mixed biogas containing primarily hydrogen

and carbon dioxide . The route for producing hydrogen when acetate and butyrate are the
main sub-products is as shown [7]:

C6H12O6  2H2O + 2CH3COOH +2CO2 +4H2 : acetate pathway

C6H12O6  CH3CH2CH2COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2 : butyrate pathway

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The hydrogen produced is separated using membrane technology which is the most
efficient method for separation. The carbon dioxide produced is eliminated using
organometallic reagents and nanocatalysts[1].

The efficiency of hydrogen produced is directly proportional to the physical and

chemical characteristics of the bioreactor. Optimizing the process with optimal pH ,pressure
and temperature levels are essential in order to maximize the hydrogen yield. Increasing the
production of hydrogen means to increase the substrate concentration which directly
influence the size and weight of bioreactor and hence its efficiency and practical viability [1].

Experimental results for optimum hydrogen production

Mixed bioreactors were operated for continuous hydrogen production using

anaerobically digested sludge that had been heat treated at 100°C for 15 minutes as microbial
seed. The experimental set-up employed in this study is shown in figure. Upon successful
start-up, the operation of the bioreactor was optimized to maximize hydrogen production. The
process optimization included determination of optimum operating pH, combination of
temperature and duration of heating of settled biomass, frequency of heat treatment, chemical
oxygen demand (COD) loading rate and HRT. A series of batch test results showed that a pH
of 5.5 was optimum for hydrogen production without any detection of methane as evident
from the highest hydrogen conversion efficiency as indicated in Figure 6 . Batch tests also
showed that heat treatment of seed inocula at 70-90oC for 15- 20 minutes enhanced the
hydrogen production by more than five times with respect to control (without heat treatment).

Figure 5

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Seminar Report Modular Waste/Renewable Energy System

Figure 6 Effect of pH on Hydrogen Production in Batch Studies

A continuous bioreactor was operated for about 140 days at a substrate concentration
of 20 g/L (sucrose) in a semi-batch feed at an HRT of 24 hr. The seed sludge was preheat-
treated at 100°C for 15 minutes followed by a series of heat treatment at 70oC for 20 minutes
on day 29 (Phase I), day 113 and day 129 (Phase III). The result is presented in Figure 7. In
Phase I, heat treatment was applied to only one third of total biomass and the reactor showed
no significant improvement in hydrogen yield. In Phase III, when all of the biomass was heat
treated, the hydrogen production rates increased from 5.0 L/day to 8.3 and 13.0 L/day,
respectively on day 113 and day 129. The corresponding hydrogen yields increased from 0.85
mole H2/mole sucrose to 1.42 and 2.2 mole H2/mole sucrose, respectively on day 112 and
day 130. Thus, the repeated heat treatment was effective in selecting hydrogen producers and
activating spore germination.

Figure 7 Biohydrogen Production Rate With Periodic Heat

Treatment Bioreactor

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

An operational pH of 5.5 was shown to be optimal for hydrogen production.
Hydrogen-producing bacteria have specific growth rates 2 to 4 times higher than the


hydrogen oxidizing methanogens.
Both initial heat treatment of the seed inoculums and repeat heat treatments of the
biomass during the reactor operation promoted hydrogen production by eliminating
non-spore forming hydrogen consuming microorganisms and by activating spore


germination.
Sustainable hydrogen production was possible with pH control and repeat heat
treatment of settled sludge at 70oC for 20 minutes.

Electricity from the hydrogen produced in the bioreactor

a) Fuel Cell

The hydrogen produced in the bioreactor is fed to a

fuel cell for producing electricity. A fuel cell converts the chemical
energy from a hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction
with oxygen. They are made up of three adjacent segments: the
anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. At the anode a catalyst
oxidizes the hydrogen, turning it into a positively charged ion and a
negatively charged electron. The electrolyte is a substance specifically
designed so ions can pass through it, but the electrons cannot. The freed
electrons travel through a wire creating the electric current. The Figure 8 A Fuel Cell
ions travel through the electrolyte to the cathode. Once reaching
the cathode, the ions are reunited with the electrons and the two react oxygen, to create water
or carbon dioxide[10].Fuel cell is typically a battery or a cell and hence produces direct
current. The basic equations of a fuel cell are given below. This can be effectively converted
alternating current by using thyristor powered inverters and thus can be integrated to the
conventional sources using smart grids or micro grids.

Anode reaction: 2 H2 + 4 O H-  4H2O+ 4 e-

Cathode reaction: O2 + 4 e- + 2 H2O  4 OH-

Overall reaction: 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O

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b) Reciprocating Engine

The hydrogen produced can also be used as a fuel for the reciprocating engine
which is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a
rotating motion and this rotary motion is used for rotation of turbines which may further be
coupled with alternators for production of electricity. Electricity so produced can easily be
integrated with the existing power grids .Also it will be easier to restore existing
reciprocating engine based systems that uses conventional sources as fuel with the modular
waste plant[11].

Figure 9

Hydrogen concentration versus Power output

The graph indicates that as hydrogen concentration increases in the
mixture power generated also increases to a certain extent and then it becomes
stable for sometime and gradually begins to drop .Also as temperature increases
a decreasing trend is seen in the power production.Hence it is important for us
to identify the optimal operating conditions of the bio reactor and also design a
system according to the input and output conditions so as to maintain an
optimized production of energy.

Figure 10

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SySTEM DESIGN
It is anticipated that the optimal parameters determined from the matrix test data and
response surface analysis will be used to train a neural network that will then be used to
control the bio-reactor[1]. An artificial neural network (ANN) or simulated neural network
(SNN), is an interconnected group of natural or artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or
computational model for information processing .In most cases an ANN is an adaptive
system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through
the network[13]. An energy model has been developed to scope key design aspects and
operating variables for a full sized modular energy system.

Figure 11 Artificial Neural Network for System Design

Current hydrogen production levels indicate that it is possible to house a bio-reactor

of size sufficient to produce a quantity of hydrogen to supply a reciprocating engine driven
generator with an average output of 2 KW. A base production volume of biomass per kilowatt
is calculated based upon the preliminary hydrogen production . The length of a bio-reactor
with a 1.5 meter diameter required to produce the necessary hydrogen at maximum demand
of 2 kW would be 8 meters. The hydrogen production levels employed are conservative since
there was minimal selection of the microorganisms or waste streams in the preliminary
results. The current model assumes a food waste concentration of approximately 5% in the
bio-reactor. As described previously, there are indications from the current research and in
the literature that this concentration can be significantly increased thereby reducing the size
of the bio-reactor. It should thus be possible to obtain significantly higher hydrogen
production levels and consequently dramatically reduce the physical size of the reactor
vessel. Preliminary laboratory tests indicate that gas produced by the bio-reactor is
approximately 25% hydrogen[1].

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It may be possible to store limited amounts of hydrogen in the bio-reactor by increasing

pressure. This could provide a means of providing limited peaking capability. However it is
observed that hydrogen production levels are decreased as pressure is increased. Methods to
minimize this effect while still allowing for limited storage of hydrogen are being considered.
One key factor in sizing the unit is the concentration of waste material in the bio reactor.
Initial tests were performed at a 0.98 mass ratio of water to substrate. Recent optimization
efforts have decreased this to 0.75 thereby significantly reducing the size and mass of the bio-
reactor[1].

The basic design approach is depicted as shown[1] :

Figure 12 Basic system design approach

The processing of waste material depends on the availability of heat from the solar
thermal system which depends on the availability and intensity of sunlight. Methods to store
thermal energy are being developed to reduce the effect of times when there is little or no sun
light. The availability of solar energy influences the system energy balance and hence the
amount of energy available for ancillary purposes such as production of potable water [1,12].
Ancillary aspects such as the value of waste isolation, potable water, and heat are also being
considered as part of the overall design process. The next phase of this research will involve
the construction of a bench top reactor based on these designs that will operate with dryer
waste material and use solid material handling techniques[1].

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Advantages
There are many benefits to be gained from the modular waste process[14]:

 Cost effective thermal treatment process and established proven technology.

 No extensive preparation of waste material is required and the facility is adaptable to
changes in the mix of waste material.
 Modular waste process recovers energy in the form of electrical power and heat. The
5MW of electricity that the island's facility produces is sufficient to light and heat
5000 homes.
 It diverts waste from landfill, thus preventing methane emissions, which can
contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
 Municipal waste is a non fossil fuel. Recovery of energy from this source by this
means that less fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil need to be burned - preserving
this limited resource for future generations.
 The modular waste plants are designed as all weather facilities and operate on a 24
hour, 7 day per week basis. Discharging of waste is under cover and odours are
minimised by extraction fans, which provide the primary air for the process.
 The process produces by-products, which can be recovered and recycled. Metals are
returned to scrap recycling and inert bottom ash is used as a secondary aggregate.
 The production of electricity from hydrogen , which is a clean fuel ,makes the process
pollution free as the byproduct is mainly water.
 Also producing hydrogen instead of methane reduces the amount of methane
(greenhouse gas )given out to the atmosphere and hence reduce global warming.

 The basic feed stock for the system is local waste material and hence does not have
issues with the logistics of fuel transportation as do most other conventional energy


sources.
The use of solar thermal energy leverages value and provides an opportunity for
enhancing the value of renewable energy production locally.

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Disadvantages
• Due to the modular design and size of the system, the electric production efficiency
will not be as great as many other more conventional sources that rely on energy
produced from fuels such as petroleum based fuels.
• Installation cost will be high ,due to the presence of solar collectors and a neural
network based bio-reactor controller.
• Along with hydrogen carbon dioxide and nitrogen are also produced. If they are not
removed effectively using organometallic catalysts ,the entire idea of this process
will be ruined.
• These are suitable only for organic waste.
• The process is highly dependent on sunlight ,which is not available throughout the
day or year in the same intensity. If thermal storage methods fail ,the system will
render ineffective.
• The percentage of hydrogen obtained from modular waste processes in the present
scenario is quite low and this directly affects the efficiency of the entire system.

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Conclusion
A source of energy is essential for maintaining or developing almost all human
activities. This paper presents developing of a modular distributed energy source that
processes food, animal, or human waste to produce hydrogen for production of electricity
locally as well as additional ancillary energy. This approach utilizes a renewable solar energy
system to produce process heat. Excess energy from the solar system can be used for limited
building heated and production of potable water. The developed system will process food,
animal and human waste streams that potentially can produce health issues and thereby
reduce or eliminate many associated concerns. The system produces hydrogen which has
value for production of electricity locally in a fuel cell or reciprocating engine, but also
leverages the other associated value streams to produce additional benefit. Due to the
modular design and size of the system, the electric production efficiency will not be as great
as many other more conventional sources that rely on energy produced from fuels such as
petroleum based fuels. But, when all the direct and ancillary benefits are considered, this
approach offers many advantages over conventional approaches.

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References

[1] Modular Waste/Renewable Energy System for Production of Electricity, Heat, and Potable Water
in
Remote Locations : 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference
Robert Kramer, Libbie Pelter, Ralph Branch, Alexandru Colta, Bodgan Popa, Evert Ting

[2] C. Lin, C. Lay, “Carbon/nitrogen-ratio effect on fermentative hydrogen

production by mixed microflora”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29, pp. 41-
45, 2004.
[3] C. Lin, C. Lay, “Carbon/nitrogen-ratio effect on fermentative hydrogen
production by mixed microflora”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29, pp. 41-
45, 2004.
[4] http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solar_thermal_collector

[5] “Biohydrogenproduction from waste materials” :

Thaus Hijawi,Moneer Bshara,Nidal Mari;Dept of chemical engineerin
An –Najah University

[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/thermalenergy

[7] Hydrogen production: Two stage processes for waste degradation

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech : journal home
X. Gómez !, C. Fernández, J. Fierro, M.E. Sánchez, A. Escapa, A. Morán

[8] Biohydrogen production from biomass and industrial wastes by dark fermentation
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/he
Mei-Ling Chonga, Vikineswary Sabaratnamb, Yoshihito Shiraic, Mohd Ali Hassana,

[9] Chen X, Sun YQ, Xiu ZL, Li XH, Zhang DJ.

Stoichiometeric analysis of biological hydrogen production by fermentative bacteria.
Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006;31:539–49.

[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fuelcell

[11] Biohydrogen Production from Renewable Organic Wastes

Shihwu Sung (Primary Contact), Dennis A. Bazylinski, Lutgarde Raskin

[12] R. Kramer, L. Pelter, W. Liu, R. Branch, R. Martin, K. Kmiotek,

“Utilization of Solar Heat for Processing Organic Wastes for Biological
Hydrogen Production”, Energy Engineering, 108, 3, pp. 51-64, 2011

[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuralnetworks

[14] www.sita.co.im/energy_recovery/benefit_of_energy_from_waste.

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