Temperature

 measure how hot or cold something is

 pero pano ba natin nasasabi na mainit ba or malamig ang isang bagay. kasi nagiging mainit lang
naman yung isang bagay kapag mas mainit ito satin. diba kunwari may fever yung katabi natin
susukatin natin sila gamit yung temperature natin. tapos sasabihin natin mainit or malamig or
normal lang
 pero pano nagiging accurate nararamdam natin na temperature kung alam natin na mainit or
malamig ba?

Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K), and Rankine (°R) are all units of temperature measurement, but
they are based on different scales and have different reference points.

Celsius (°C):

 Celsius is a metric temperature scale where the freezing point of water is defined as 0°C and
the boiling point of water is defined as 100°C at standard atmospheric pressure.
 The Celsius scale is widely used in scientific, academic, and everyday contexts in most
countries around the world, except for the United States.
 The Celsius scale is named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, who developed it in the
18th century.

Fahrenheit (°F):

 Fahrenheit is a temperature scale commonly used in the United States and a few other
countries.
 In the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is defined as 32°F and the boiling point of
water is defined as 212°F at standard atmospheric pressure.
 The Fahrenheit scale was developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in the early 18th century.

Kelvin (K):

 Kelvin is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI).
 The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale, meaning it starts from absolute zero, the
theoretical lowest possible temperature where particles cease to move. Absolute zero is
defined as 0 Kelvin.
 The Kelvin scale uses the same size unit as the Celsius scale, with the freezing point of water at
273.15 K and the boiling point of water at 373.15 K.
 The Kelvin scale is commonly used in scientific contexts, especially in fields such as physics and
chemistry.
 Because it is an absolute scale, measurements made using the Kelvin scale do not have
degrees.

Rankine (°R):

 Rankine is a temperature scale similar to Fahrenheit but based on absolute zero like Kelvin.
 In the Rankine scale, absolute zero is defined as 0°R, and the freezing point of water is
491.67°R while the boiling point of water is 671.67°R.
  The Rankine scale is not as commonly used as Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin, but it is
occasionally used in some engineering and thermodynamics applications, particularly in the
United States.

In summary, Celsius and Fahrenheit are commonly used scales for everyday temperature
measurements, while Kelvin and Rankine are absolute temperature scales often used in scientific and
engineering contexts.

Fun Fact

the hottest temperature ever recorded on earth

 56.7oC or 134oF
 September 13,1922 in Al Aziziya located in Libya

the coldest temperature ever recorded on earth

 -89.2oC or -128.6oF
 Vostok Station located in Antarctica on July 21, 1983

History

Ancient Greeks

 when air is heated, it expands

2nd Century B.C

 Philo of Byzantium
 in-apply ni Philo of Byzantium yung principle ng Ancient Greeks na when air is heated, it expands
 Nakagawa siya ng invention na ito na thermometer daw meron itong sphere na nag-co contain
ng air na connected sa jug of water gamit ang tube, nakapagnilagay mo sa arawan, ang air daw
sa sphere ay mageexpand ang magrerelease ng bubbles sa water. Kapag nilagay mo naman
daw sa malamig na lugar ang air daw ay contracted kaya ang water ay tumaas sa tube.
 this wasn’t a thermometer didn’t include scale this device is more accurately named a
thermoscope.

Claudius Galenus

 first attempt at measuring the temperature

 create a “neutral” temperature standard
 he mixed equal parts of boiling water and ice to connect a neutral temperature then adding four
degrees of hot and four degrees of cold
 He introduced eight degrees of heat and cold, and a neutral temperature on his nine-degree
scale to show different levels.
 world’s first temperature scale

Galileo Galilei
  1590s further progress was made
 Tinanong niya ang student niya na "Why does the water level rise when the temperature of the
water in the tank rises?" then sinagot siya ng student niya "Because as the water temperature
rises, the volume rises and the water surface rises, and when the water temperature falls, the
volume decreases and the water surface falls." Hindi niya agad naintindihan yung sagot ng
student niya na yun. Parang ang tagal bago pa niya naintindihan yun kung hindi pa may nag-
contact pa sakanya na doctor tapos shinare sakanya yung observation niya sa pasyente niya sabi
dun "Kapag ang mga tao ay masama ang pakiramdam, ang temperatura ng kanilang katawan ay
may posibilidad na tumaas. Mayroon bang paraan upang tama ang pagsukat ng temperatura ng
katawan upang makatulong sa pagsusuri ng sakit?" Tapos dun palang niya narealize yung sagot
ng student niya. Ginamit niya yung idea ng heat expansion and cold contraction at pagkatapos
ng nakaparaming taon na pagreresearch nag-came up siya sa isang invention na bubble-shaped
glass tube thermometer nung 1592. Yung nagawa niyang thermometer ay glass bulb sa taas
tapos glass tube may colored liquid sa loob nun then meron daw itong na isang cup of water sa
ilalalim. Kapag nagsusukat ng temperature yung air daw sa loob ng glass bulb ay nagkakaroon ng
changes sa volume na tinatawag na thermal expansion and contraction
 kapag mainit bumaba ang level of water
 This is the first scaled thermometer in the world - a gas thermometer.

Ferdinando II de’ Medici

 fellow of Galileo
 1654 he constructed his own new and improved thermometer although this wasn’t the first
thermometer with scale
 the boiling point of alcohol (78.5°C) was lower than that of water (100°C)
 a glass tube filled with red alcohol was sealed with wax, and a scale was written on the glass
tube smaller than those filled with water and air

Santorio Santorii

 1612 – transformed the thermoscope into a thermometer by adding an arbitrary scale

 the first thermometer for medical use.
 yung thermometer ni Santorio ay inimproved para makapag-test ng degree ng tao may lagnat
upang malaman ang temperature nito.

The problem was, several other inventions around this time also designed thermometers each
with their own unique measure. Even though hindi ko kayo nabangit we still acknowledge
your works.

Athanasius Kircher
  1643
 invented the first mercury thermometer
 konti lang yung details about dito kasi kulang ang information sa research na ito. Tapos ang nag-
produce nito ay ang Academia del Cimento nung 1657.

Ole Christensen Røme

 siya ang nag-invent ng first thermometer na may two points of reference gamit ang alcohol or
red wine
 gumawa si Rome ng scale na ang 60 daw ang nagrerepresent na boiling point pero hindi niya
alam na ang boiling point pala ay nakadepend sa atmospheric pressure
 walang freezing point ang page na naglalaman ng information about dun ay nasunog
 pero yung iba in-assume ang freezing point na 7.5 Rome tapos ang body temperature daw ay
22.5 Rome

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

 1714
 212 F boiling point, 32 F freezing point
 He was the first to use mercury in his thermometers...
 he improves the mercury and alcohol temperature,
 Mas binigyan niya ng pansin ang mercury thermometer kasi nag-a-allow ito ng very high scale na
674 F kasi sa alcohol boils na 173 F lang (78.5oC)
 1701 was the worst day in life of 15 y/o Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit kasi namatay ang parents niya
dahil sa mushroom poisoning then dinala siya sa Poland tapos naging bookkeeper siya at hindi
siya naging masaya sa work niya na, sa dami ng beses na tumakabo siya paalis sa trabaho nagfile
na ang amo niya ng warrant of arrest. Dahil dun nagtravel siya city to city sa Europe at dun siya
nahilig sa scientific instrument. Himihingi siya ng tulog sa Mayor ng Copenhagen na si Romer. Si
Romer na famous astronomer.
 1708 nalaman niya yung Romer’s temperature scale at in-adopt niya ito sa works niya, medyo
binago niya ang yung idea nung kay Romer kasi masyadong inconvenient yung fractional
numbers kaya in-scaled up niya yung 7.5 Rome to 8 at yung 22.5 Rome sa 24. ayun ang original
Fahrenheit scale
 then at some point binago niya yung scaling niya times niya sa 4. yung 8 na freezing point naging
32, yung body temperature na dating 24 naging 96. unclear yung naging reason kung bakit nag-
multiply siya.
 He divided these two points in 180 equal segments.
 among other things – used his wife’s armpits to make sure each of his thermometers was
accurately calibrated
 that year super sikat ng scaling na Fahrenheit pero sa ngayon konti nalang yung gumagamit ng
ganoon scaling like sa U.S ito parin ang scaling na mas prefer nila

Ander Celsius
  1742
 the standard elsewhere is the Centigrade scale
 kung makikita ninyo sa picture 0 ang boiling point at 100 ang freezing point
 May two fixed points and he divided them to 100 divisions.
 bakit nga naging ganoon yung scaling ni Celsius maybe one of the reasons ay may ina-apply siya
study na may ganoon scaling. And maybe why it’s used upside-down scales para ma-avoid ang
negative numbers. Kasi sa Sweden mas malamig ang temperature kaysa mainit saka na-aavoid
nito ang ang logbook error
 after ng mamatay si Celsius ito parin ang ginamit so sino ang nag-reversed ng invention na ito.
 then may isang prof sa Uppsala na nagclaim na nireverse niya yung scale siya ay si Carl Linnaeus

Celsius to Fahrenheit
o
F= (9/5 x oC) + 32
o
C= 5/9 (oF-32)

Carl Linnaeus

 parang nagpagawa siya ng scale na reverse sa Celsius scaling. Then after a year na naman si
Celsius may nilabas ang Uppsala University ay thermometer na ang scaling ay yung 100-degree
ang boiling at 0 ang freezing

1743

 Jeane Pierre Christin – bago daw namatay si Celsius nadiscover na daw siya yung ganoon scaling

So bakit nga Celsius at hindi Christin? Kasi sa matagal na panahon na paggamit ng ganoon scaling wala
naman name na ginamit at ang tawag parin sa scaling nayun ay centigrade scale means 100 steps. Ang
kaso lang ang centigrade ay may ibang meaning daw sa French, Spanish at Italian. Para less confusion
daw tinanggal ng International Bureau of Weights and Measures in 1948 at nagdecide sila na iname ito
after Celsius para maging align ito na mga naunang scientist na i-name after them yung scaling nila gaya
ni Kelvin at Fahrenheit. Saka may isang textbook in German na sa ganoon daw year na si Celsius daw kasi
talaga ang una. Pero sa tingin ninyo undeserving ba talaga na i-name after Celsius yun? Well, to answer
that Hindi kasi kung titingnan natin mas madali nga naman maalala na ang boiling point ay 100 at ang
freezing point ay 0. Mas pinadali nito ang ang lahat. Saka yung oC naman ay hindi lang naman degree
Celsius, or degree Carl, or degree Christin pero para din sa community din ng scientists nagwork over the
century’s para sa scale na ginagamit natin ngayon.

Kelvin (William Thomson)

 1848
 mas pinagulo ng scientist ang buhay natin kasi kay Celsius 100 oC boiling point na at 0oC ang
freezing point.
 But this helps most deep science experiments.
 He said that there is a minimum value to the temperature that any object can reach.
  We know that in 100 oC water reach the boiling point. Pero hindi daw lahat ng object dito sa
earth. Nag-iiba ito mula sa isang bagay patungo sa isa pa. Alam din natin na ang temperatura ay
energy.
 In Kelvin theory, the 0 K is the theorical temperature at which molecules of a substance have the
lowest energy. Lowest energy means the lowest temperature but its an absolute zero
temperature.
 So how does scale this Kelvin scale work compared to Celsius?
 0 K = -273.15oC
 making the freezing point of water at 273.15 K and the boiling point of water at 373.15 K. The
Kelvin scale is an absolute scale, meaning it starts from absolute zero and is used primarily in
scientific contexts.
 The Kelvin scale is designed so one Celsius degree and one kelvin are exactly the same.
 the scientific community uses Kelvin when doing calculations, as this is the SI unit for
temperature.
 This scale having an absolute zero below which temperatures do not exist and is common for all
the existing objects
 He suggested that the fundamental unit of temperature should be based on the behavior of
gases. Kelvin realized that as gases were cooled, they would contract, and their volume would
approach zero at a temperature of -273.15°C. This point was defined as absolute zero.

Kelvin to Celsius
o
C= K – 273.15

William John Rankine

He was a Scottish engineer and physicist born on July 5, 1820, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and he passed
away on December 24, 1872. He made significant contributions to various fields, including
thermodynamics, engineering, and applied mathematics.

Rankine's interest in engineering and science led him to study at the University of Edinburgh and then at
the University of Glasgow, where he earned his engineering degree. He later became a professor of civil
engineering and mechanics at the University of Glasgow, where he conducted much of his influential
research.

Rankine is perhaps best known for his work in thermodynamics, where he developed what is now known
as the Rankine cycle. The Rankine cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that is widely used in
engineering, particularly in the design of steam engines and power plants. It describes the process by
which steam engines convert heat into mechanical work.

In addition to his work on thermodynamics, Rankine made significant contributions to the field of
applied mechanics. He developed theories related to the strength of materials and structural analysis,
which had practical applications in engineering and construction.
Regarding the Rankine temperature scale, it is named in his honor. The Rankine scale is a thermodynamic
temperature scale that is similar to the Fahrenheit scale but is based on absolute zero, similar to the

Thermometer

 thermo-meter means “measure of heat” but that’s the same thing as temperature

Mercury Thermometer

 The construction of glass mercury thermometer is a narrow glass tube connected to a bulb on
one end, which contains mercury.
 Temperature, affects mercury, which leads to the expansion of the liquid metal. This makes
mercury travel through the narrow tube. Which scale marked on the body of the tube.
 The scale shows the temperature we measure using different terms.
 But have you ever wondered why mercury? Mercury has a special characteristic that is, the
expansion is uniform on a broad range of temperatures, especially in the range between 32o C to
357oC. But the use of mercury is becoming less because it’s a toxic chemical.
 674 F kasi sa alcohol boils na 173 F lang (78.5oC)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mercury Thermometers

 Advantages
 It is a good conductor of heat and hence, can measure even high temperatures.
 It gives results quickly – has a fast response time.
 It expands linearly and less than alcohol and any other liquid.
 It is more durable than alcohol thermometer because mercury does not evaporate easily.
 It is smaller in size as compared to alcohol one.
 Mercury does not wet the wall of the thermometer, which means that results can be highly
accurate.
 Disadvantages
 It is highly toxic for living beings and the environment if the bulb breaks and mercury leaks out.
 Mercury is difficult to clean, and it can contaminate the surface on which it leaked.
 It cannot measure cold temperatures.

Alcohol Thermometer

 Because of the toxic chemical of mercury alcohol become popular.

 It operates on the same principle as the glass mercury thermometers replacing colored ethanol
instead of mercury, but with added features. In addition to mercury, it’s more suitable to
measure below zero Celsius lower temperatures. Because ethanol has a melting point of -115o C.
 It was discovered that ethanol was more suitable for thermometers than mercury. Unlike most
other liquids, ethanol has a high expansion and the expansion increases uniformly in a vast
range.
 Why colored ethanol? Purified ethanol is colorless. For clear visibility, the color is added to
ethanol.
Alcohol Thermometer Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages
 It is suitable to measure low temperatures because of its freezing point is low.
 It is less toxic than mercury thermometer and hence high on safety factor for human and
environment.
 It has a greater value of temperature coefficient of expansion than a mercury thermometer.
 It is less expensive than a mercury thermometer.
 Disadvantages
 It is less durable because alcohol evaporates faster than mercury.
 It cannot measure high temperature because of a low boiling point.
 It wets the walls of the thermometer, which can adversely impact the accuracy of readings.

Digital Thermometer

Manometric Thermometer

 We used to think that air was just empty space, but in modern age, we know that air contains
matter. Specifically, molecules of nitrogen, oxygen, and many others. These molecules
participate in collisions where they transfer some of their kinetic energy onto whatever they
collide with. This means that air exerts pressure on its surroundings, and we are able to measure
this pressure. Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, because fewer and fewer molecules
have enough kinetic energy to go against gravity to get farther and farther away from the Earth,
resulting in an atmosphere that thins as we go. For this reason, it will be useful to be able to
quantify atmospheric pressure.

Mercury Manometer

 gas pressure is usually measure by manometer

 the simplest manometer consist of a graduated u-shaped glass tube closed at one end and
connected to the gas container at the other end the tube is filled with liquid mercury when there
is normal atmospheric pressure inside the container air pushes a column of mercury up to height
of 760 millimeters of mercury at this height the pressure exerted by the mercury column
balances the pressure exerted by the air as air is removed from the container the air pressure is
reduced and the column of mercury drops down you can read the pressure as the difference
between the mercury levels in the two arms if the container is evacuated completely the
columns of mercury will reach the same height in both arms any other liquid can be used in a
manometer however the height of the manometer depends on the density of the manometric
liquid water is more than 13 times less dense than mercury therefore the water filled
manometer would need a height of about 10 meters.