TORSION:

Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one and twisted at the other end

S
by a torque or twisting moment, 𝑇, equivalent to 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑, which is applied

O
perpendicular to the axis of the bar as shown in the figure. Such a bar

AM
is said to be in torsion.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E

FIGURE:
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, 𝝉:

S
𝑇𝜌
; 𝜌 = 𝑟 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

O
𝜏=
𝐽

AM
𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

R
where:

N
𝐽-polar moment of inertia of the section

O
𝑟-is the outer radius of the section

YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
 S
O
AM
R
N
Angle of Twist, 𝜽;

O
YN
𝑇𝐿
𝜃= , in radians
𝐽𝐺

E
R
where:
R
𝑇 − 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
G

𝐿 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑚, 𝑓𝑡
N

𝐽 − 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝑖𝑛4

E

𝐺 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐾𝑠𝑖

Power Transmitted by the Shaft, 𝑷;

S
O
P = 𝑇𝜔

AM
𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑓

R
where:

N
ω − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑 Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐

O
YN
𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

E
𝑇 − 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑁 − 𝑚 , 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡

𝑃 − 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠, 𝐻𝑃 R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 1:
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50-mm is loaded by torque

S
applied to gears as shown in the figure. Using 𝐺 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝑎 , determine the

O
relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

AM
R
Figure:

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 2:
A hollow steel shaft 3-m long must transmit a torque of 25 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚. The

S
O
total angle of twist in this length is not to exceed 𝜃 = 2.5° and an

AM
allowable shearing stress of 𝜏 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the inside and outside
diameter of the shaft if 𝐺 = 85 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

R
Given:

N
𝜏 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎

O
𝜃 = 2.5°

YN
𝐿 =3𝑚

E
𝐺 = 85 𝐺𝑃𝑎

R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 3:
A solid steel shaft 5-m long is stressed to 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 when twisted through 4°.

S
Using 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎, determine;

O
AM
a) the shaft diameter
b) the power transmitted at 20 rps

R
Given:

N
𝜏 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎

O
𝜃 = 4° 𝑓 = 20 𝑟𝑝𝑠

YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 4:
Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular

S
steel shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter

O
without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m.

AM
Use 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Given:

R
𝜏 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐷 = 100 𝑚𝑚

N
𝜃 = 0.5°/𝑚 𝑑 = 80 𝑚𝑚

O
𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎

YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 5:
The steel shaft shown in the figure rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off

S
O
at A, 20 kW removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎, find

AM
the maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative
to gear C.

R
N
O
Given:

YN
𝑃𝐴 = −35 𝑘𝑊

E
𝑃𝐵 = −20 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝐶 = 55 𝑘𝑊 R
R
𝑓 = 4 𝐻𝑧
G
N

𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
PROBLEM SET:
1.The compound shaft shown in the figure is attached to rigid supports. For the
bronze segment AB, the maximum shearing stress is limited to 8000 psi and for the

S
steel segment BC, it is limited to 12 ksi. Determine the diameters of each

O
segment so that each material will be simultaneously stressed to its permissible

AM
limit when a torque 𝑇=12 𝑘𝑖𝑝−𝑓t is applied. For bronze, 𝐺 = 6𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and for steel,
𝐺 = 12𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

R
N
O
YN
2.A torque T is applied, as shown in Fig. P-321, to a solid shaft with built-in
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑎
ends. Prove that the resisting torques at the walls are 𝑇1 = and 𝑇2 = .

E
𝐿 𝐿

R
R
G
N
E

Fig. P-321
3. A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in Fig. P-322. Using 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited to

S
60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and the angle of rotation at the free end is not to exceed 4 degrees.

O
AM
R
N
Fig. P-322

O
4. The splined ends and gears attached to the steel shaft are subjected to torques

YN
as shown. Determine the angle of twist of gear C with respect to gear D. the shaft
has a diameter of 40 mm.

E
R
R
G
N
E
FLANGED BOLT COUPLING:

S
O
AM
R
N
O
YN
In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see figure

E
above), the torque is transmitted by the shearing force 𝑃 created

R
in the bolts that is assumed to be uniformly distributed. For any
R
number of bolts, 𝑛, the torque capacity of the coupling is;
G

𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 ; 𝑃 = 𝐴𝜏
N

𝜋𝑑 2
E

𝑇= 𝜏𝑅𝑛
4
If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque capacity is;
𝑇 = 𝑃1 𝑅1 𝑛1 + 𝑃2 𝑅2 𝑛2

S
O
where:

AM
The subscript 1 refer to bolts on the outer circle and subscript 2 refer
to bolts on the inner circle. See figure.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional
R
to their radial distances from the shaft axis. The shearing strains are
G

related by;
N

𝛾1 𝛾2
=
E

𝑅1 𝑅2
Using Hooke’s law for shear, 𝐺 = 𝜏 / 𝛾, we have;

S
𝜏1 𝜏2 𝑃1 Τ𝐴1 𝑃2 Τ𝐴2

O
= 𝑜𝑟 =

AM
𝐺1 𝑅1 𝐺2 𝑅2 𝐺1 𝑅1 𝐺2 𝑅2

R
If the bolts on the two circles have the same area, 𝐴1 = 𝐴2, and if the

N
bolts are made of the same material, 𝐺1 = 𝐺2, the relation between 𝑃1 and

O
𝑃2 reduces to;

YN
𝑃1 𝑃2
=

E
𝑅1 𝑅2
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem 1:

S
A flanged bolt coupling consist of ten 20-mm diameter bolts spaced evenly around

O
a bolt circle 400-mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling

AM
if the allowable shearing stress in the bolt is 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

R
N
Given:

O
YN
𝐷 = 400 − 𝑚𝑚

E
𝑑 = 20 − 𝑚𝑚
R
R
𝜏 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
G

𝑛 = 10
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem 2:

A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm diameter steel bolts on a bolt

S
circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mm diameter steel bolts on a concentric

O
bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, as shown in the figure. What torque can be

AM
applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem 3:
A plate fastened to a fixed member by four 20-mm diameter rivets arranged

S
as shown in the figure, determine;

O
a) the maximum shear stress developed

AM
b) the minimum shear stress developed

R
N
Given:

O
𝑛=4

YN
𝑑 = 20 𝑚𝑚

E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem 4:

A flanged bolt coupling consists of six 12-mm diameter steel bolts evenly spaced

S
around a bolt circle 300-mm in diameter, and four 19-mm diameter aluminum bolts

O
on a concentric bolt circle 200-mm in diameter. What torque can be applied

AM
without exceeding shear stress 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the steel or 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the aluminum?
Assume 𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐺𝑎𝑙 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

R
N
O
Given:

YN
𝐷𝑠𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑙 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑠𝑡 = 12 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 19 𝑚𝑚

E
R 𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 6 𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 4
R
𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑙 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝑎
G

𝜏𝑠𝑡 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑎𝑙 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎

N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
PROBLEM SET

S
1. In a rivet group subjected to a twisting couple T, show that the

O
torsion formula τ = Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress t at

AM
the center of any rivet. Let J = ΣAρ2, where A is the area of a rivet
at the radial distance ρ from the centroid of the rivet group.

R
N
O
2. A flanged bolt coupling consists of six ½ -in. steel bolts evenly

YN
spaced around a bolt circle 12 in. in diameter, and four ¾ -in. aluminum
bolts on a concentric bolt circle 8 in. in diameter. What torque can be

E
applied without exceeding 9000 psi in the steel or 6000 psi in the
R
aluminum? Assume 𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 12𝑥106 psi and 𝐺𝑎𝑙 = 4𝑥106 psi.
R
G
N
E
PROBLEM SET:
3. Six 7/8-in-diameter rivets fasten the plate as shown in the figure to

S
the fixed member. Determine the average shearing stress caused in each
rivet by the 14 kip loads. What additional loads P can be applied before

O
the shearing stress in any rivet exceeds 8000 psi?

AM
R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E