Department of History

Research Proposal
Submitted by: Maisam Muhammad Kazim
Roll Number: 0491-BH-His-16
Submitted to: Sir Qamar Abbas
CONTENTS
 Title/Topic
 Statement of the problem
 Hypothesis
 Significance of the study
 Objectives
 Research Questions
 Chapters
 Literature review
 Research Methodology
 Sources
 Time span
 References/ Bibliography
Title/ Topic:
Representation of King Humayun in Colonial and Post-Colonial Historiography

Statement of the Problem:

We have seen that whenever there happened a clash between different civilizations then the
discipline of history becomes a sufferer. The age of European colonization in India which began
in 15th century with the arrival of Vasco da Gama on the port of Calicut firmly established with
the victory of British East India Company in 1857. The British colonizers could only establish
and prolong their rule in India when they subjugate the minds of the Indians and inculcate the
idea of superior West and Inferior East. For this purpose, they used different methods, tools and
techniques. The colonial discourse and Oriental despotism are to name a few. On this basis many
oriental projects were carried out and History of India was manipulated in order to enforce the
supremacy of British on ‘backward’ Indians. This caged the local people into a sense of
inferiority complex which still can be seen today.
After the departure of British from India in 1947 a new era i.e. Post-Colonial period was started.
The theory of Post-Colonialism was a start of a wave of criticism of works that were produced in
colonial period. It simply unfolds the techniques of the British Colonists which they used to
produce ‘Superior-West’ knowledge and which made the glorious past of the Indians appear
darkened. So in nationalists’ works we find a different picture of history.

Hypothesis:
The different representation of Humayu in Colonial and Post-Colonial historiography reflects the
importance of history as a key player in the establishment of one idea and the destruction of
other.

Significance of Study:
The difference in representation of history in the works of colonial and postcolonial
historiographers is the issue which needs to be studied and clearly understood because these kind
of comparisons helps us to come a step closer to the better know how of history and reflects the
importance of context in which a particular work has been carried out. It also gives us a look on
the different ideologies working behind the production of such works which not only varies
between colonial and post-colonial period but we can see the variations within each period.
Objectives:
My research will follow the following objectives;
1) To study the colonial construction of history of Humayun.
2) To study the post-colonial construction of the history of Humayun.
3) To study the differences between these works.

Research Questions:
I have devised some questions for my research paper. They are mentioned as under;
1) How the King Humayun has been represented in books produced by Colonial historians?
2) How the works of colonial historiographers on King Humayun were countered by Post-
Colonial historians?
3) How King Humayun has been represented in school text books in Post-Colonial
Pakistan?

Chapters:
My research paper is comprised of three chapters which are discussed below:
Key Words: Colonial Historiography, Post-Colonial Historiography, Colonization, Humayun,
India, British, Nationalist historians

 Chapter 1:
The chapter number one answer the question about the representation of King Humayun
in the works of colonial historians. How thy represented the second Mughal king? It
elaborates the use of the discipline of history as a tool to justify the rule of British in
India. How these works can be taken as the manifestation of their ideology? What results
they were expecting from it? It will explain the colonial discourse and their idea of
oriental despotism which they devised to justify their rule. It will talk about the colonial
aspirations.
 Chapter 2:
The second chapter deals with the advent of Post-Colonialism and how Post-Colonial
historiographers returned the work of colonizers? How they represented King Humayun
in their works? How they reveal the methods of colonizers and the ideologies which were
working behind it? How the history was rewritten by these historians? What difference
does it make?
 Chapter 3:
The chapter number three highlights the school text books which are the part of
curriculum. How in post-colonial period, Pakistan a formal colony of the British portray the
Mughal king as a part of their history? This is important to explore because it is the reflection
of the thoughts of the people of the subcontinent.
Literature Review:
The literature review for the sources I have used for this research is as follows;

 History of British India by James Mill

The History of British India was written by James Mill who was a 19th century Scottish
historian, economist, political theorist and philosopher. The History of British India
which was published in 1817 was his most prominent work. The novelty about his work
is that he never visited India and had no knowledge of the native language of the Indians
which he thought was a good thing because in this way he was able to maintain the
objectivity. He divided the history of India into three parts i.e. Hindu Period, Muslim
Period and the British Period. In his contemporary time this division was taken as
remarkable and useful by British colonizers while it was criticized later in the post-
colonial period. This book contains several criticisms on the Hindus, their belief system,
their civilization had come under attack and so were the Muslims. He also tells the story
of the British. The book has several volumes. My research is concerned with his Book III
in Volume 2 which is dedicated to the period of Muhammadans and to be more precise
with chapter four of the book on the Mughal Empire. It is relatively a short chapter and
the portion dedicated to King Humayun is even shorter but Mill had tried to give
attention to every important development of his period and his reflection of the character
of King Humayun. This book is useful in understanding the colonial representation of
King Humayun before the event of 1857 which brought changes in the policies of the
British.

 The History of India by Elphinstone

The History of India is a book in two volumes written by Elphinstone who was a
historian associated with the British government and was published in 1841. The writer
has tried to fill gaps that were left by previous historians such as James Mill. The first
volume consists of topographical information of India. Along with this it covers history
of India from the ancient Hindu period to the Ghouri dynasty in India, highlighting
various aspects of history including religion, literature, art and architecture, philosophy
etc. The second volume is a detailed work on Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire in
India including the downfall of the Mughals with the rise of different regional powers.
His chapters on King Humayun shed light more on the political history of his region, the
wars, conflicts, his exile and return.

 History of India as told by Its own Historians by Elliot and Dawson

The History of India as told by its own Historians is a book by Henry Miers Elliot and
John Dowson. It was published in several volumes between the years 1867 to 1877. Elliot
was an English Civil Servant and historian who worked for East India Company for many
 years while Dawson was a British Indologist. It is basically a translation of different
Persian chronicles from the earlier times to the end of the Muhammadan rule in India by
Elliot and edited and extended by Dawson. The authors wanted to reflect the cruelty of
Muhammadan rulers and compare it with the efficiency of the British rulers. I am
concerned with volume four of this book for my research. They used such works like
from Tarikh-i-Hafiz Abru to Tarik-i-Daudi of Abdu-lla. I will be working with Tdrikh-
ilbrdhimi; or, Tdrihh-i Humdyuni, of Ilbrahim bin Hariri. The writer lived in the region
of Humayun. His work is a short history of India to the time of Babur. The writer has
dedicated comparatively less pages to the King Humayun.

 The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama) by Gul-Badan Begam

Humayun-Nama was a notable biographical account of Humayun written by Gul Badan
Begam, his sister. It was written during Akbar’s reign so it is only based up on her
memory. The English translation of it which I am using here was produced in 1902 by
Annette S. Beveridge who was a British Orientalist worked as translator. Humayun-
Nama has not been used by such prominent historians like Erikson and Blochmann and
was not widely known. Beveridge has tried to reproduce Gul-Badan’s work exactly. She
has not only translated Hunayu-Nama but also have provided a detailed biography of
Gul-Badan Begam and her family under Babur, Humayun and Akbar’s rule. Gul-Badan
Begam gives a brief account of Babur’s life and then of his brother Humayun. She has
given more attention to people along with providing details about the events. She
emphasized on various complexities that her brothers faced during the region and how
Humayun faced betrayal of his brothers. From her account we get first-hand information
about Humayun as a person and as a ruler which will help me to analyze Humayu’s
representation. Also, this significant book has remained useful for historians.

 Tarikh-i-Hindustan by Moulvi Zaka Ullah

Tarikh-i-Hindustan is a most prominent work of Moulvi Zakaullah who was a literary
man of his time. This work on history of India is detailed and comprised of a total of
fourteen volumes in Urdu language which provides an extensive history of India. This
work reflects the extent of his study and research. I am concerned with the third volume
of his book which consist of accounts on Babur, Humayun and Sher Shah. He also
mentions a number of primary sources like Abul Fazal’s work, Tarikh-i-Farishta and
many others which also includes some works of the British historians on the basis of
which he penned down this work. He has described about life and times of Humayun
from his birth to his exile to Persia, his stay in Persian and then from his return to India
till his death. He has proficiently written about king Humayun and tried to highlight
every major and minor event of his life. He also focuses on his characteristic qualities and
his religious views. Maulvi Zaka Ullah was a pro-British writer and his work is the
reflection of his ideology.

 Oxford History of India by V.A. Smith

 The Oxford History of India was published in the year 1919 by Vincent Arthur Smith. He
was an Indologist and an Art Historian plus served in the Indian Civil service. Smith has
penned various other works on India like The Early History of India, Asoka, Akbar etc.
The Oxford History of India is a detailed account on Indian history from the Ancient
times to the times of British Government in India under viceroy ship of Lord Lansdowne
till the year 1911. He took off from describing the Pre-historic India, the civilization, the
literature etc. and discusses the ‘Hindu dynasties’ i.e. Maurya, Kushana, Gupta etc. He
describes the dynastical change in Medieval India and conquest of India by
Muhammadan rulers, the rise and fall of Delhi Sultanate, The Rajputs and the Southern
Powers of India. He then narrates the account of the Mughal Empire, their rise, dedicates
separate chapters to Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, the fall of the Empire,
side by side he also discusses the arrival of Europeans in India and the East India
Company. Next to this he talks about the rule of East India Company in detail till the year
1911. He has also followed the line of his predecessors like James Mill and Elliot and
Dawson in the division of history into Hindu and Muhammadan Period. For my research
I am more concerned with his chapter “The Beginnings of the Mughal Empire: Babur,
Humayun and the Sur dynasty, A.D 1526-56” in part VI of the book. It is relatively a
short chapter to discuss twenty years of history. V.A Smith has dedicated less then
hundred lines to produce what he understood of the King Humayun.

 A short history of Muslim rule in India by Ishwari Prashad

A short History of Muslim rule in India is a book by Dr. Ishwari Prashad who was an
Indian historian. His major works are on Muslim rulers and their government in India
especially Tughluq Dynasty and the Mughal Empire. This book of his was published in
1930. In the preface of the book Dr. Ishwar Prashad clearly describes the purpose of this
book that this book is a source of information of history regarding Muhammadan rule in
India for the teachers and the students in India used as a text book of history. He also
talks about the need of this book by claiming that the books produced by European
writers are not sufficient enough as compared to the rapid progression of education in
contemporary times. He starts with the Pre Muhammadan India when India was divided
into different states carries on to the conquest of Sindh by Arabs. He has discussed in
detail the Indian middle ages, the foundation of the Mughal empire to the death of
Aurangzeb. Besides Political history of India he has also tried to highlight social, cultural,
economic aspects of the history of Muslim rule in India. He talks about King Humayun in
chapter number thirteen of his book along with Sher Shah Suri. It is important to consider
that Dr. Ishwari Prashad has separate works on The Mughal Empire and the King
Humayun but these were produced after decolonization of India. I am more concern here
with his work in colonial era. In A short history of Muslim rule in India he has given a
fair attention to the King Humayun which lacks in the work of many European historians
like V.A Smith.

 Cambridge History of India by Wolseley Haig

 The Cambridge History of India was a book by Wolseley Haig who was in Indian Civil
service and a professor of Arabic, Persian and Hindustani in Trinity College, Dublin. This
book was published from 1922 to 1937 in a total of five volumes. For my research I am
concerned with the Volume number four of this book which in on The Mughal empire. It
was planned by Wolseley Haig but because of his illness the plan was carried out by
Richard Burn who was also an English Civil Servant in British India and a historian and
edited the volume four on the Mughals. The book contains a detailed history of the
Mughal Empire comprising of separate chapters on each of the Greater Mughals. The
book also discusses the situation of India during the times of lesser Mughals as well as
other opposing powers like Marathas. The book has a distinctive feature that it dedicates
a whole chapter on the Revenue System of the Mughals and interestingly another on the
monuments of the Mughal Period. The book also has a chapter on the history of Burma.
Different chapters of this book has been written by different authors which includes
Wolseley Haig, Richard Burn, Jadunath Sarkar etc. The chapter to which I am dealing
with here on King Humayun was on credit of Richard Burn. He has successfully
highlighted almost every important development in his period from his division of the
empire to his expeditions and to his fled from India to his return.

 Humayun Badshah by S.K. Banerji

Humayun Badshah is a masterpiece by S.K Banerji published in 1938 nine years before
independence. It is comprised of two volumes. Banerji was a historian, a PHD from
London University. Humayun Badshah was an extended version of his thesis work in
1925. The first volume of the book has commentary on Humayun, Bahadur Shah, and
Sher Shah. This volume contains a total of twenty chapters. The second volume contains
more about events in Humayun’s years in exile. The book is a detailed work on the
second Mughal Emperor Humayun from his life as a Prince to his death. He has tried to
give equal attention to cultural and administration rather than confining only to the
political history. Banerji gave his reflections on King Humayun’s succession, his
relations with his rivals and his brothers, his expeditions, confrontations with Sher khan,
his wrong perceived decisions and the causes of his failure, his exile and return to the
throne. The writer has also provided chronology of some important events which is an
eminent aspect of the book. Dr. Banerji has high praise for the Mughal culture and
civilization and their ideals of government which according to him has deep influence on
India.

 Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A critical Commentary on Elliot and Dawson by S.H.

Hodivala
This book is written by Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala who was an Indian scholar. It is
a rejoinder to the famous book “History of India as told by its own Historian” by Elliot
and Dawson. Elliot and Dawson’s work remained a basic framework for historical
research and an important source of information of Indian history for the students for
many years. Before Hodivala, there were many scholars who identified the short comings
and errors in the book but none of these opinions became much prominent. In the
 meantime, S.H. Hodivala took this responsibility to conduct an assessment of this book to
eradicate errors in interpretation and translation of language. He clarifies his purpose for
writing this commentary which is to review the work of Elliot and Dawson so that the
facts provided could be verified and wrong or misinterpreted ones could be removed so
the people could have a better access to the original sources. The book focuses on
Muhammadan period which according to the writer has limited understanding by the
people. The book was published in two volumes. The first and the original one in 1939
from Bombay and the second volume which is a supplement to the first one was
published in 1957 after the death of the author by his son. The writer had tried to correct
as many errors as he could in the translations done by Elliot and Dawson but there are
many spaces left in the book where Hodivala could not come to any conclusion. The
book also provides some corrected chronology of the Muhammadan era.

 Muslim Civilization in India by S.M Ikram

Muslim Civilization in India is a book by Sheikh Muhammad Ikram who was a Pakistani
historian, biographer and litterateur. He worked as an Indian civil servant in British India
and joined Pakistan Civil Service after independence. There are many known works on
history on his credit. This book of his was publishes in 1964 Columbia University Press,
New York and Ainslie T. Embree was the editor of this book who was also a historian
and an Indologist. This book is basically a political and cultural history of Muslim India.
The writer had the objective in mind to trace out the roots of Muslim civilization in the
region Pakistan or broadly in subcontinent which according to him is very important to
know because the history of Muslims in subcontinent is the growth of Islam in the land of
non-Muslims. The book is very useful for the readers who want a complete history i.e.
political, economic, cultural and religious of the Muslims in subcontinent as it also
includes the religious movements which has a prominent influence on the history. The
writer has greatly emphasized on the importance of the period of 18th century behind the
creation of Pakistan and India. The book is divided into two parts. The first part consists
of chapters on the invasion of Arabs in India, Ghaznavids, Ghauris, and the Delhi
Sultanate. Interestingly the writer has also added a chapter on the interaction of the two
religions i.e. Islam and Hinduism in India. The second part consist of the history of the
Mughals, a period from 1526 to 1858 when the British Crown rule was established in
India. In this comparatively small book the writer has tried to engage every significant
event in the history of the Muslims in the subcontinent as he could and none of the
important information left.

 A short history of Pakistan by I.H. Qureshi

A short History of Pakistan is a book edited by Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi who was a
Pakistani historian and scholar. The book was first published in 1967 from University of
Karachi and several editions came later. The book is a detailed history of the region we
call Pakistan from ancient period to the post partition period. It is a sort of text book for
 the undergraduate students as claimed by I.H Qureshi and for general readers as well. The
author raised the question and tried to answer it that whether the history of the region
now called Pakistan can be traced out separately from the history of India. According to
him some eras of history of this region show commonness with the history of India but
there is a great of regional history as well and at some point of time this region proved to
be decisive for the future of India. I.H. Qureshi wanted this fact to be recognized by
people which is also the purpose of his book. This book is divided into four volumes,
each of them covering a certain period of the history of Pakistan. The book I discusses
the ancient period and starts from Prehistory to the decline of the Hindus with the start of
middle ages. This pre-Muslim period history is a work of A.H. Dani who was a renowned
archaeologist from Pakistan. The book II covers the Sultanate period which is by M.
Kabir. It starts from the Arab invasion of Sindh, discusses each dynasty with detail from
Ghaznavids to Ghauris and from Aibek to Ibrahim Lodhi and ends with the
administration, society and culture in Medieval India. Then comes the book III by Sh. A.
Rashid another historian. This volume comprises of a comprehensive history of the
Mughal Empire and Suri dynasty. Apart from this, their culture, society, administration
and the religious movement at that time. I will be concern with this volume of the book
for my research. The book IV titled as “Alien rule and the Rise of Muslim Nationalism”
is by M.A. Rahim. It covers the history from the arrival of the Europeans to the partition
of Sub-continent and the post partition developments. In short, the book is an easy to
read, comprehensive history of the region Pakistan.

 The Mughal Empire by Dr. A. L Srivastava

The Mughal Empire (1526-1803) is a book written by Dr. A. L Srivastava who was an
Indian historian and his area of interest is medieval India and modern history of India.
This book was first published in 1952 and according to the author is a continuation of his
previous work on Delhi Sultanate. The book is based on original sources i.e. Persian,
English, French etc. It was basically a book for the undergraduate students and for the
students preparing for competitive examination. The writer called the Mughal period
from Akbar as a struggle between the nationalism in India and the reactionary forces who
wanted to revive Islam as a supreme power in India and the process started by Akbar was
virtually ended by Aurangzeb who tried to made India an Islamic country. This book
does not focus only on the political history but various aspect of developments like art
and architecture, literature, painting and more which according to Srivastava was a
collective achievement of the Indians. It also includes the narrative on the downfall of the
Mughal Empire and as well as the rise of the power of the Marathas.
This book consists of several chapters narrated in simple language with a content briefly
outlining the inside matter of each chapter. The author has provided in detail the
condition of India at the time when Babur established his rule in India. He not only
focuses on Political condition but explains social, cultural, military and economic
 situation as well. He dedicated separate chapters to each of the Mughal ruler from Babur
to Aurangzeb and on Sher Shah Suri too. The Maratha power has been discussed
thoroughly by the writer so does the later Mughals. Apart from this he finds it important
to discuss the success and failure of the Mughal Empire concisely provided with the
causes for the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Sir Jadunath Sarkar has been frequently
quoted in this book by the writer. In short The Mughal Empire by Dr. Srivastava is
presents some sort of a nationalist view of an Indian writer after independence.

 Medieval India by Satish Chandra

Medieval India is a text book by Satish Chandra who was an Indian historian and his area
of specialization is medieval India. He has been also considered as one of the best
historian of the Mughal Period and a left leaning historian. This book Medieval India was
published in 1978 and remained a part of national curriculum in India especially for
classes XI and XII. This book is divided into two parts: the first part deal with the history
of medieval India till the end of the Sultanate period and the second part deals with the
history of the Mughal Empire. The author emphasizes on the changes and developments
that altered the Indian society and changed into what we see it in the present time. All the
significant events are narrated which influenced the Indian society in Medieval times. He
starts from the Mughals and the Afghans, the arrival of Babur in India, then the period of
Humayun and the tussle with Sher Shah Suri, the age of Akbar and the consolidation of
the Mughal Empire, the Mughals’ venture in Deccan, the period of Jahangir and the role
of Nur Jahan, Shah Jahan and the wealth of the Mughals, Aurangzaib and his policies and
finally the rise of opposing forces in India including Jats, Afghans, Sikhs and not to
forget the rising power of Marathas. The book also discusses the decline of the Mughals.
There are separate chapters to reflect on the economic and social aspects of the society
during Mughal Period and also the developments in religious and cultural affairs. All in
all, the book provides a careful insight in the history of the Mughals.

 Nauabadiyat o Mabad Nauabadiyat by Amir Sohail

Nauabadiyat o Mabad Nauabadiyat or “Colonialism and Post Colonialism” is an edited
book by a new writer Amir Sohail published recently in 2019. The book is a compilation
of essays and articles written by renowned scholars like Dr. Mubarak Ali, Tahir Kamran,
Dr. Nasir Abbas and many others on the topic of Colonialism and Post Colonialism. This
book is important to understand the colonial discourse and the Post-colonial criticism.
The book is divided into three parts. The title of the first part is nazariya or ideology
which includes researched articles on ideology of colonialism. The second part is titled as
tarikh or history. This part consists of the history of colonialism from start and also the
history of the beginning of the colonialism in Indian subcontinent and its development.
The third part of the book which is itelaq or application includes papers on critical review
of Urdu literature and poetry in the framework of colonial and post-colonial ideology.
The writer is basically trying to add to the debate of colonialism and post-colonialism. He
argues that Colonialism in India was established and sustained when British realized that
 they could only prolong their rule in India if they become able to capture their minds.
Colonizers imposed their culture on colonized by using different tool and techniques for
this purpose and the goal of Post-colonial writers is to unfold those methods used by
colonizers. His selection of articles by different scholars show the vastness of his study
and the scope of the book.

 School text books

Research Methodology:
The method I will use here for my research will be the Discourse Analysis. As my research is
more centered on the ‘representation’ of the Mughal king which can be explore through analysis
of text and language.

Sources:
My research comprises on the sources which includes some books which are both from colonial
era and post-colonial era. For my assistance I have also used a primary source from the period of
Emperor Humayun. The books which I used for this research are mostly those I found in my
University’s library and internet archive.

Time span:
I will require a time span of almost three to four months for the completion of my research paper.
References:
Books:
1) James Mill, History of British India, Vol.2, (James Madden and Co.: London, 1817).
2) Mountstuart Elphinstone, History of India, Vol.2, (Cambridge University Press: London,
1841).
3) Elliot and Dawson, History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol.4, (Trubner and
Co.: London, 1872).
4) Abbas Khan Sirwani, Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi, trans. Elliot and Dawson, (Trubner and Co.:
London, 1872).
5) Gul-Badan Begam, The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama), trans. Annette S.
Beveridge (Guildford: Billing and Sons, LTD., 1902).
6) Abu’l Fazl, Akbar Nama, Vol.1, trans. H. Beveridge (Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1907).
7) Maulvi Zaka Ullah, Tarikh-i-Hindustan, Vol.3, (Aligarh: 1916).
8) V.A Smith, Oxford History of India, (The Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1919).
9) Wolseley Haig, Cambridge History of India, Vol.4, (S. Chand and Co.: Delhi, Lucknow,
Bombay, Calcutta, Patna, 1937).
10) S.K Benerjee, Humayun Badshah, (Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford, 1938).
11) S.H. Hodivala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A critical commentary on Elliot and
Dawson, (The Geeta Printing Press: Bombay, 1939).
12) Ishwari Prasad, The Life and Times of Humayun (Calcutta Press Private Limited:
Calcutta, 1955).
13) S.M Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India, ed. Ainslie T. Embree (Columbia University
Press: New York, 1964).
14) I.H. Qureshi, A short History of Pakistan, (University of Karachi: Karachi, 1967).
15) Dr. A.L Srivastava, The Mughal Empire (1526-1823 A.D), (Shiva Lal Agarwala and Co.:
Agra, 1952).
16) Satish Chandra, Medieval India, (National Council of Educational Research and
Training: New Delhi, 1978).
17) Amir Sohail, Nauabadiyat Mabad Nauabadiyat, (Aks Publishers: Lahore 2019).
Bibliography:
1. Benerjee, S.K. Humayun Badshah. Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford. 1938.
2. Begam, Gul-Badan, The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Billing and Son, LTD.:
Guildford. 1902.
3. Chandra, Satish. Medieval India. National Council of Educational Research andTraining:
New Delhi, 1978.
4. Elliot, Henry Miers and Dawson, John. History of India s told by its own Historians.
Trubner and Co.: London, 1872.
5. Elphinstone, Mountstuart. History of India. Cambridge University Press: London, 1841.
6. Fazl, Abu’l, Akbar Nama.Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1907.
7. Haig, Wolseley. Cambridge History of India. S Chand and Co.: Delhi, 1937.
8. Hodivala, S.H. Studies in Indo Muslim History: A critical commentary on Elliot and
Dawson. The Geeta Printing Press: Bombay, 1939.
9. Ikram, S.M. Muslim Civiliation in India. Columbia University: New York, 1964.
10. Mill, James. History of British India. James Madden and Co.: London, 1817.
11. Prashad, Ishwari. The Life and Times of Humayun. Calcutta Press Private Limited:
Calcutta, 1955.
12. Qureshi, I.H. A short History of Pakistan. University of Karachi: Karachi, 1967.
13. Sirwani, Abbas Khan. Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi. Trubner and Co.: London, 1872.
14. Smith, V.A. Oxford History of India. The Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1919.
15. Sohail, Amir. Nauabadiyat Mabad Nauabadiyat. Aks Publishers: Lahore, 2019.
16. Srivastava, A.L. The Mughal Empire (1526-1823 A.D). Shiva lal Agarwala and Co.: Agra
1952.
17. Zaka Ullah, Maulvi. Tarikh-i-Hindustan. Aligarh, 1916.