1

The Big Idea

Circulation and Respiration

How is the respiratory system adapted to its function? How is breathing rate
and heart rate linked to exercise? What does it look like inside a heart? What
causes coronary heart disease and how can it be treated? How is aerobic
respiration different to aerobic respiration?

The circulatory system transports blood around the body so that all cells have
the reactants needed to carry out respiration.

This is the fifth unit we are studying as part of the big idea: Bodies are Systems

To start this unit we will recap our knowledge of the function, organs, and
adaptations of the respiratory system.

We will then learn about the circulatory system; this includes the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
Doing a heart dissection will allow us to apply our new knowledge of the structure of the heart and
vessels connected to the heart. We compare the structure and function of veins, arteries, and
capillaries. Then, we will learn about the composition of blood and the specific function of each
component.

In this unit, we will be applying our knowledge of biology to different diseases, for example, coronary
heart disease (CHD). We will develop our evaluation skills by learning about different methods of
treating CHD and then evaluating which is the best treatment.

Finally, we will recap our knowledge of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, by comparing them and
thinking about how respiration changes in response to exercise. Then we will link this to metabolism,
which is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body .

TASKS:
What subject will this unit focus on? BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS
(circle the correct subject)

There are lots of keywords underlined above. List these into the two columns:

Words I know Words I haven’t seen before

To answer before the unit:

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 1. What are you most excited to learn about in this topic?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. What do you already know about this topic?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think it’s important to learn about our bodies as systems?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. What knowledge from previous science lessons might help us?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. What questions do you have about this topic?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

To answer at the end of the unit:

1. Tick off any words in the ‘words I haven’t seen before’ column that you are now
confident with. Circle any you still need more practice to use.

2. What have you most enjoyed about this unit?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What more would you like to learn about the digestive system as part of the big idea:
‘bodies are systems’?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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Pre-Test
1. Choose the part of the respiratory system that allows air to flow from the mouth into the
lungs. [1]
Tick ( ) one box.

A. Alveoli

B. Bronchus

C. Oesophagus

D. Trachea

2. Choose the statement that correctly describes how the composition of air changes
during breathing. [1]
Tick ( ) one box.

A. Exhaled air contains more oxygen than inhaled air

B. Exhaled air contains less nitrogen than inhaled air

C. Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air

3. Choose an adaptation the alveoli have for gas exchange. [1]

Tick ( ) one box.

A. Thick walls

B. Good blood supply

C. Large air sacs

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4. The bell jar model is used to model how breathing works.
An image of the bell jar model is shown. Balloons represent the lungs.
Choose the reason that balloons are not a good representation of the
lungs. [1]
Tick ( ) one box.

A. A balloon has just one air sac

B. The balloons are too large

C. The balloons are an elastic material

5. Choose the correct word equation for aerobic respiration. [1]

Tick ( ) one box.

A. Glucose lactic acid

B. Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

C. Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

6. Choose the best explanation for why cells carry out respiration. [1]
Tick ( ) one box.

A. Releases energy for processes such as movement

B. It makes energy for the body to use

C. Because animals are always breathing

7. Choose the correct definition of diffusion. [1]

Tick ( ) one box.

A. The net movement of water molecules from a dilute to a
concentrated solution
B. The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient
C. The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient

8. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that diffuses from the blood into alveoli. This means

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 that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is … [1]
Tick ( ) one box.

A. greater than in blood.

B. less than in blood.

C. the same as in blood.

9. Choose the correct surface area and volume of this cube. [1]
Tick ( ) one box.
Surface Area (cm2) Volume (cm3)
A 1 1
1 cm
B 1 3

C 6 1

10. Choose the statement that is correct. [1]

Tick ( ) one box.
A. Multicellular organisms have a higher surface area to
volume ratio than unicellular organisms
B. The greater the surface area to volume ratio, the faster the
rate of diffusion
C. The smaller the surface area to volume ratio, the faster the
rate of diffusion

End of Unit Pre-Test. Turn over to see the answers. Give yourself a mark out of 10.

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 Knowledge Organiser

The Structure of the Lungs

1. The lungs consist of the trachea,
bronchi, alveoli and the capillary
network surrounding the alveoli
2. The lungs are surrounded by the
ribcage which protects them and
allows breathing to occur
3. The trachea is a rigid tube that
allows air to pass from the
atmosphere into the lungs
4. At the end of the trachea are two
branches called bronchi (sing.
bronchus). These allow air to pass in
and out of each lung.
5. The bronchi then divide into bronchioles that carry air throughout the lung tissue
6. Lung tissue consists of millions of alveoli (sing. alveolus).
7. Alveoli have a large surface area and thin walls (just one cell thick).
8. Each alveolus is surrounded by many capillaries that ensure a good blood supply
9. Alveoli allow for the exchange of gases between air and the blood.
10. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood, to be circulated around the body for use in
respiration.
11. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli, to be expelled from the body during
exhalation

The Circulatory System

12. The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the
body in a double circulatory system.
13. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where
gas exchange takes place.
14. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the
body.
15. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of
the right ventricle because it contains more muscular
tissue. This means that it can contract to produce a
stronger beat so that blood can be transported
around the whole body.
16. Valves of the heart ensure one-way flow of blood and
prevent back-flow
17. The aorta transports oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle to the body
18. The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from
the body to the right atrium
19. The pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
20. The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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 21. The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that
act as a pacemaker. This group of cells sends electrical impulses across the heart to trigger
contractions
22. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct an irregular heart rate.

Blood
23. Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets are suspended.
24. Each of these blood components has a different function. The structure of blood cells relates
to their function.
25. Red blood cells are biconcave which increases their surface area. They have no nucleus and
contain large amounts of haemoglobin so that they are able to transport large quantities of
oxygen to respiring cells
26. A lack of red blood cells can result in tiredness, muscle fatigue and anaemia
27. White blood cells protect the body against infection by destroying pathogens
(microorganisms)
28. Plasma is a liquid substance that transports dissolved substances around the body. These
substances include glucose, carbon dioxide, amino acids, hormones, antibodies and urea.
29. Platelets begin the process of blood clotting. This prevents excessive bleeding when a blood
vessel is damaged.

Coronary Heart Disease and Heart Treatments

30. In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries,
narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a
lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
31. Cholesterol is a fatty substance that can build up inside the coronary arteries
32. High blood cholesterol levels are treated using statins.
33. Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol which slows down the rate of fatty
material deposit. Once a person starts on statins, they must take them for the rest of their life
which is a disadvantage.
34. Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open. Stents can also be used to keep other
arteries open, as well as the trachea.
35. A rapid heart rate can be treated using a drug called Digitalis. This drug originates from
foxglove plants and has been used for many years.
36. Cardiovascular diseases are treated by the use of drugs, mechanical devices or transplant.
Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages.
37. In some people heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or
the heart valve might develop a leak.
38. Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.
39. There are advantages and disadvantages to each type of valve. Patients and doctors must
evaluate the different types of valves before making a decision about the best replacement.
40. In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted. Artificial
hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to
allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.

Aerobic Respiration
41. Respiration is an exothermic reaction that is continuously occurring in living cells.
42. The energy transferred during respiration supplies all the energy needed for living processes,
including:
a. Synthesis of new molecules
b. Active transport
c. Keeping warm (in mammals and birds)
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 d. Movement (in animals)
43. Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without
oxygen), to transfer energy.
44. Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
45. The balanced symbol equation for respiration is;
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Anaerobic Respiration
46. Anaerobic respiration transfers less energy than aerobic respiration because the oxidation of
glucose is incomplete
47. Anaerobic respiration in animal cells is represented by the equation:
glucose → lactic acid
48. Anaerobic respiration results in oxygen debt.
49. Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation:
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
50. Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the
manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

Response to Exercise
51. Cardiovascular exercise strengthens heart muscles, improves circulation and controls weight
52. During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy.
53. The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the
muscles with more oxygenated blood. Arteries also dilate to increase the rate of blood flow.
54. If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles. The incomplete
oxidation of glucose causes a build-up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt. During
long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
55. If a heart valve develops a leak, backflow of blood can occur. This can result in less blood
leaving the heart, meaning less oxygen is supplied to cells. This can result in less respiration so
less energy is released. This can mean less efficient muscle contraction.
56. Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted
back into glucose.
57. Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the
accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

Metabolism
58. Metabolism is the sum of all of the reactions in a cell or body
59. A metabolic process is a chemical reaction that takes place inside a cell
60. The energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme
controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules.
61. Metabolism includes:
• conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
• the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty
acids
• the use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise
proteins
• respiration
• breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion

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 Glossary 4.2

Active transport The movement of substances from low concentration to high

concentration, against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Energy from respiration can be used in active transport.

Aerobic In the presence of oxygen.

Aerobic respiration occurs when there is sufficient oxygen.

Alveoli Tiny spherical air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli have a large surface area for diffusion.

Anaemia A medical condition in which a person has fewer than normal red
blood cells or lower than normal haemoglobin concentration.
Sufferers of anaemia may become short of breath easily.

Anaerobic In the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is not enough or no oxygen.

Aorta A large artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
around the body.
The aorta is one of the most important blood vessels in the body.

Artery A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Most arteries carry oxygenated blood, with the exception of the
pulmonary artery.

Artificial Made by humans rather than naturally occurring.

An artificial heart can be used for a patient with heart failure while
waiting for a transplant.

Atrium (Atria) The chambers of the heart that receive blood.

When blood returns to the heart from the body it enters the right atrium.
Biconcave Concave on both sides (thicker at the edges than the middle).
Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape to give them a large
surface area.

Breathing The action of taking air into and out of the lungs.
Breathing is required to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon
dioxide.

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Bronchus One of two major air passages into which the trachea divides.
Air travels into the body through the nose or mouth, down the trachea
and into either the left or right bronchus.

Bronchiole A smaller branch of the bronchi, at the end of which the alveoli are
found.
The lungs contain many bronchioles.

Capillary The smallest type of blood vessel, from which substances can diffuse in
and out to body tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from an alveolus into a capillary.

Cholesterol A fatty substance that can build-up inside arteries.

People with high cholesterol are at risk of coronary heart disease.

Clot A thick lump of blood cells stuck together.

A blood clot can prevent oxygen from reaching a particular body
tissue.

Coronary Relating to the heart.

Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to heart muscle tissue.

Deoxygenated Having a low concentration of oxygen.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein.

Diffusion The net movement of substances from a high concentration to a low

concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by diffusion.
Ethanol An alcohol that is one of the products of anaerobic respiration in plants
and yeast.
Ethanol is used in brewing alcoholic drinks.

Exhalation The action of breathing out.

Exhalation occurs when air is drawn out of the lungs.

Exothermic A chemical reaction that releases energy.

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are both exothermic reactions.

Fatigue Extreme tiredness, often in muscles.

Muscles may suffer from fatigue if they have a build-up of lactic acid.
Fermentation Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms, such as yeast.
Fermentation of yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Gas exchange The transfer of oxygen from the lungs into the blood and carbon
dioxide from the blood into the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

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Haemoglobin A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Sufferers of anaemia can often have low concentrations of
haemoglobin in their blood.
Inhalation The action of breathing in.
Exhalation occurs when air is drawn into the lungs.

Lactic acid The product of anaerobic respiration in animals.

Lactic acid build up in muscles makes them fatigued.

Metabolism The sum of all the reactions in a cell or body.

Metabolism includes all the breakdown and build-up reactions in a
living organism.

Pacemaker An artificial device that can be fitted to the heart to control an irregular
heart rate.
A pacemaker keeps the heart beating at the correct rate.

Plasma The component of blood within which the other components are
suspended and other substances are dissolved.
Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid that carries substances and the other
blood components around the body.

Platelets The component of blood that helps it to clot.

If someone gets a cut, platelets work to stop it bleeding too much.
Pulmonary The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to
artery the lungs.
The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated
blood.

Pulmonary vein The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart.
The pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.

Oxygen debt The amount of oxygen required to react with the accumulated lactic
acid to remove it from cells.
After a period of vigorous exercise, a person may have an oxygen
debt.

Oxygenated Having a high concentration of oxygen.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery.
Red blood cell The component of blood that carries oxygen.
Red blood cells have no nucleus and a biconcave disc shape to
maximise their surface area to carry oxygen.

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Respiration The chemical reaction which releases energy for cells.
Respiration is one of the life processes (MRS GREN).

Statins A medical drug that can be taken to reduce blood cholesterol and
slow the build-up of fatty deposits on arterial walls.
A disadvantage of statins is that the person has to remember to take
them regularly.

Stent A mesh or tube that can be inserted to keep an artery open.

A disadvantage of a stent is that there are risks associated with surgical
operations.

Synthesis A type of chemical reaction where smaller molecules or substances are

joined to form larger ones.
Amino acids can be joined together to form a protein in a synthesis
reaction.

Transplant The transfer of a tissue or organ into another body.

If people are eligible for a transplant, they join a register to wait for a
suitable donor.

Urea A compound formed from the breakdown of excess proteins.

Urea is a waste product that is removed from the body in the urine.

Valve A structure in the heart or veins that prevents backflow of blood.

Valves ensure that blood continues to flow in the correct direction.

Vein A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.

Most veins carry deoxygenated blood, with the exception of the
pulmonary vein.

Vena cava A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to
the heart.
The vena cava is one of the most important blood vessels in the body.

Ventricle The chambers of the heart that force blood into arteries.
Blood is pushed into the aorta from the left ventricle, which is thicker
than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood over the whole body.

White blood The component of blood that protects against infection.

cell White blood cells recognise cells that are harmful and work to destroy
them.

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 Prior Knowledge Review

Do Now:

1. Define a unicellular organism.

2. Give an example of a unicellular organism.
3. State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
4. Explain the importance of respiration for living organisms.
5. Name the cell organelle that controls the movement of substances into and out of the
cell.

Drill:
1. Calculate the surface area of each cube.
2. Calculate the volume of each cube.
3. Compare the surface area to volume ratio of the cubes.

Read Now:
Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, are living things that are made up of only one cell.
Animals and plants are examples of multicellular organisms, which are made up of many
cells, organised into tissues, organs and organ systems. Unicellular organisms have a large
surface area because they are not surrounded by other cells and when compared to their
volume, they have a large surface area to volume ratio. Multicellular organisms on the
other hand usually have many layers of cells, so have a lower surface area to volume ratio,
as there are many cells that are not on the surface so do not contribute to the surface area
but do contribute to the volume. Different tissues and organs within multicellular organisms
have adaptations that help to increase their surface area to volume ratio as much as
possible, such as villi in the small intestine and alveoli in the lungs.

1. Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms.

2. Give an example of a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism.
3. Do unicellular or multicellular organisms have a larger surface area to volume ratio?
4. Explain the difference between surface area and volume.
5. Describe an adaptation found in a multicellular organism that helps to increase
surface area to volume ratio.

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 Respiration
All living things need energy.
Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all organisms. It is essential for life
because it releases energy.
They use this energy to grow, keep warm, reproduce, to move and do many other things.

Site of aerobic respiration

Most aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria of the cell
Aerobic respiration is respiration that requires oxygen.

Respiration is a chemical reaction

The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Diffusion and Respiration
Diffusion is the net movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion can occur through a selectively permeable
membrane, such as a cell membrane
During gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse
between the alveoli and the blood
Oxygen diffuses from blood into cells for respiration, and
carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells into the blood as a waste
product
The rate of diffusion can be increased by:
• An increase in temperature
• An increase in the concentration gradient (the difference between the high and
low concentration
• An increase in surface area

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 Surface area to volume ratio

Surface area to volume ratio can be calculated by dividing the surface area by the volume of a cell,
an organ or organism

E.g. for this cube we can calculate surface area and volume to then work out the ratio.

Surface area = (2 cm x 2 cm) x 6 = 24 cm2

Volume = 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm = 8 cm3

Ratio = Surface area

Volume
= 24 cm2
8 cm3
=3
3:1
Diffusion in Living Things
Cell membranes are often very thin, creating a very short path for diffusion
Alveoli in the lungs maximise the surface area
Gills are also structured to have a large surface area
Alveoli and gills both have an efficient blood supply, which helps to maintain a large concentration
gradient as substances are carried away quickly

Drill

1. Define diffusion.
2. Name the type of membrane that diffusion can occur through.
3. Explain what is meant by a concentration gradient.
4. Describe three ways to increase the rate of diffusion.
5. Name the substance that diffuses from the alveoli into blood during gas exchange.
6. Name the substance that diffuses from the blood into alveoli during gas exchange.
7. Define a unicellular organism.
8. Compare the surface area to volume ratio of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
9. Give an example of a structure/tissue/organ that is adapted to increase surface
area in a multicellular organism
10. Explain why diffusion is important for respiration
You: Recognising Adaptations
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The image shows an axolotl, which is an amphibian. It absorbs oxygen through its gills by
diffusion.

1. How does the structure of the gills help to increase the rate of diffusion?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What other features of the axolotl would help to maintain a high rate of diffusion?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
Stretch: Why is it important for the axolotl to maintain a high rate of diffusion of oxygen?
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Exit Ticket

1. What is the best definition of respiration?

❑ A. Inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
❑ B. Releasing energy from a chemical reaction
❑ C. Breathing in oxygen so that you can get energy from food

2. Which would be useful adaptations to increase the rate of diffusion?

❑ A. A long path for diffusion and thick blood vessels
❑ B. A short path for diffusion and thick blood vessels
❑ C. A short path for diffusion and an efficient blood supply

3. Unicellular organisms generally allow efficient diffusion because…

❑ A. They are very small so don’t need many molecules to have a high concentration
❑ B. They have a relatively large surface area compared to their volume
❑ C. They have a relatively large volume compared to their surface area

18
 The Structure of the Lungs

Do Now:
1. Identify the organ system that the lungs are part of.
2. Give one difference between inhaled and exhaled air.
3. Explain the difference between respiration and breathing.
4. Is air an element, compound or mixture? Explain your answer.
5. A student investigated how the volume of air breathed was affected by the intensity
of exercise. Identify the independent variable.

Drll:

1. Convert 0.2 mm into SI units.

2. An alveolus is approximately 0.2 mm in diameter. Calculate how many alveoli could fit
into a 0.1 m diameter of lung.
3. Air is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and the remainder is other gases.
Calculate the percentage of other gases present.

Read Now:

The function of the human respiratory system is to allow air to pass in and out of the body
and to allow gas exchange. Oxygen must be taken into the bloodstream and carbon
dioxide must be removed. The lungs are enclosed in the thorax, the part of the body
between the neck and the abdomen. There are two lungs and they are surrounded by 12
pairs of ribs, the movement of which are controlled by intercostal muscles between them.
At the bottom of the lung cavity is the diaphragm, which is made of muscle. Air enters the
lungs through the trachea, which branches into two bronchi. These bronchi split into
smaller branches called bronchioles, and at the end of each bronchiole there is a cluster
of air sacs called alveoli.

1. Describe the function of the respiratory system.

2. Identify where in the body the lungs are found.
3. Briefly outline the structure of the lungs.
4. Name the gas that must be absorbed into the bloodstream.
5. Define alveoli.

19
The function of the respiratory system

to allow air to pass in and out of the body and to allow gas exchange

The structure of the respiratory system

Diffusion

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles, of liquid or

gas, resulting in net movement from an area of high
concentration to low concentration.
During gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse between the alveoli and the blood.

20
 Drill

1. Describe the function of the respiratory system.

2. Outline the structure of the lungs.
3. Name the substance that passes from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
4. Name the substance that passes from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
5. Name the process by which particles move during gas exchange.
6. Describe what happens during this process.
7. Describe how the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange.
8. Explain how each of these adaptations allows for efficient gas exchange.
9. Compare the composition of inhaled and exhaled air.

You: The Function of the Lungs

Explain how the blood supply helps make alveoli well

adapted for their function.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

21
Exit Ticket

1. The function of alveoli is to…

❑ A. transport air from the atmosphere into lungs.

❑ B. transport oxygen around the body.

❑ C. exchange gases between air and blood.

2. Alveoli are well adapted to their function because they...

❑ A. are surrounded by rigid tubes to keep them open.

❑ B. have a very large surface area.

❑ C. are connected to bronchi.

3. Choose the correct order that an oxygen molecule travels.

❑ A. Air → bronchioles → bronchi → capillary cell → alveoli → blood

❑ B. Air → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli → capillary cell → blood

❑ C. Air → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli → capillary cell → blood

❑ D. Air → bronchi → bronchioles → capillary cell → alveoli → blood

22
 The Heart and Circulatory
System
Do Now

1. Define diffusion.

2. Describe and explain an adaptation that alveoli have that make them well suited for their
function.

3. Describe the pathway of air as it enters the lungs.

4. State the reactants for aerobic respiration.

5. Explain the difference between a tissue and an organ.

Drill:

1. A person’s heart rate is 70 beats per minute. How many times would their heart beat in 30
seconds?

2. A person investigated how their heart rate was affected by duration exercise. Identify the
dependent variable.

3. The average mass of a human heart is 310 g. Write this in SI units.

Read Now:

The heart is part of the human circulatory system, which transports substances around the body in the
blood. The heart is made up of four sections or chambers, the left and right ventricles and the left
and right atria (sing. atrium). The atria receive the blood as it comes into the heart and the ventricles
pump it out again. The heart is described as a double pump because the right ventricle pumps
blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body. Blood is carried
to and from the heart by many blood vessels. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are
called arteries, while blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins.

1. Describe the function of the circulatory system.

2. Name the four chambers of the heart.

3. Explain why the heart is described as a double pump.

4. Describe where the left side of the heart pumps blood to.

5. Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

23
The heart pumps blood around the circulatory system

1. Which blood vessels carry OXYGENATED blood?

____________________________________________________________

2. Which blood vessels carry DEOXYGENATED blood?

____________________________________________________________

24
There are vessels that connect the heart to the circulatory system

25
Valves ensure blood only flows in one direction

The heart beat is controlled by pacemaker cells

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium
that act as a pacemaker.
This group of cells sends electrical impulses across the heart to trigger contractions.
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct an irregular heart rate.

Batteries in artificial pacemakers last between 6-10 years!

26
Drill

1. Name the four chambers of the heart.

2. Compare the functions of the left and right ventricles.
3. Describe the pathway of blood after it enters the right atrium.
4. Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
5. Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs back to the heart.
6. Explain the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
7. Identify where blood becomes oxygenated.
8. Describe the function of valves in the heart.
9. State where the natural pacemaker cells are found in the heart.
10. Explain when an artificial pacemaker would be used in a patient.

We: Describe the function of the vena cava and where it is found.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

You: Describe the function of the pulmonary artery and where it is found.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

27
Exit Ticket

1. The right ventricle pumps...

❑ A. oxygenated blood to the body.
❑ B. oxygenated blood to the lungs.
❑ C. deoxygenated blood to the body.
❑ D. deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

2. Choose the vessel that transports blood from the left ventricle to the body.
❑ A. Vena cava
❑ B. Aorta
❑ C. Pulmonary artery

3. Natural resting heart rate is controlled by...

❑ A. a group of cells in the right atrium.
❑ B. by signals from the brain.
❑ C. by hormones.

28
 Heart Dissection

Do Now:

1. Name the four chambers of the heart.

2. Describe the function of valves in the heart.

3. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

4. Define diffusion.

5. A person investigates how their heart rate changes when they are asleep compared
to when they are awake. Identify the independent variable.

Drill:

1. Convert 45 mm into SI units.

2. The average left ventricle is 45 mm thick. The average right ventricle is 30 mm thick.
How much thicker is the left ventricle?

3. Write these thicknesses as the simplest possible ratio.

Read Now:
Dissection is the process of cutting apart or separating tissue, and is usually used in the study
of anatomy, of humans or other animals, or in surgical procedures. Much of our
understanding of human organ structures comes from dissections, and they are one of the
most common ways that medical students learn about different parts of the body.
Dissection can also be used to separate diseased parts of tissue from healthy parts of tissue,
such as in the cutting out of cancerous tumours. In the 19 th century, there was such
demand for cadavers (human corpses used for studying) to dissect, that criminals turned to
grave robbing in order to make money. The most famous of these were Burke and Hare in
Edinburgh, who escalated to murder rather than waiting to steal bodies.
1. Define dissection.
2. Describe two uses of dissections.
3. Describe how dissections have helped our understanding of the human body.
4. Explain what is meant by a cadaver.
5. Suggest why instances of grave robbing increased in the 19 th century.

29
 Drill

1. Name the part of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs.
2. Name the part of the heart that pumps blood to the rest of the body.
3. Name the blood vessel that brings blood from the lungs back to the heart.
4. Name the blood vessel that brings blood from the body back to the heart.
5. Compare the composition of blood in the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
6. Describe the function of valves in the heart.
7. Compare the thickness of the left and right ventricles.
8. Explain your answer to Q7.

We: Identifying Structures in the Heart

1) Which side has a thicker ventricle?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
3) Where are the different valves?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
4) What is the function of the valves?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
5) What would happen if there were no valves?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

30
Exit Ticket

1. The vena cava is connected to the...

❑ A. right atrium

❑ B. left atrium

❑ C. aorta

2. Choose the best explanation for why the left ventricle is thicker than the right
ventricle.

❑ A. To act as a pacemaker to control heart rate

❑ B. To pump blood with greater force so it reaches the whole body

❑ C. To pump blood both to the lungs and the body

3. Valves are present in the heart to...

❑ A. ensure blood only flows in one direction

❑ B. keep the atria and ventricles connected

❑ C. make a channel for blood to flow through

31
 Blood Vessels

Do Now:
1. Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the
body.
2. Name the artery that carries deoxygenated blood.
3. Is the left or right ventricle wall thicker? Explain why.
4. Explain the difference between a cell and a tissue.
5. Respiration makes energy. True or false?

Drill:
1. Convert 30 mm into SI units.
2. An aorta has a diameter of 30 mm. What is its radius?
3. The aorta has a circular shape. Calculate its cross-sectional area. Give your answer to
3 significant figures.

Read Now:
The circulatory system is made up of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body.
There are three main types of blood vessel: arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry
blood away from the heart to other organs in the rest of the body. Veins bring blood
back to the heart from these other parts of the body. Capillaries are the smallest blood
vessels and connect arteries to veins in different organs of the body. Capillaries are
where exchange of substances takes place, where oxygen, carbon dioxide and other
small molecules diffuse between cells and capillaries. Exchange of substances does not
happen in the other blood vessels because their walls are too thick. Capillary walls are
only one cell thick, which allows a short path for diffusion.
1. Name the three types of blood vessel.
2. Compare the functions of arteries and veins.
3. Identify the type of blood vessel where exchange of substances occurs.
4. Explain why substances cannot be exchanged through the walls of the other blood
vessels.
5. Name some substances that are exchanged between capillaries and cells.

32
 The function of blood vessels is to transport blood

Giving Blood

When you donate blood, a needle is injected into a vein to draw blood.

1) Why would it be easier to insert a needle into a vein than an artery?

________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Why might it be easier to stop the bleeding when the process is finished?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

33
 Drill

1. Name the type of blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
2. Name the type of blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
3. Name the type of blood vessels where exchange of substances takes place.
4. Name the type of blood vessel that has a wall only one cell thick.
5. Name the type of blood vessel that contains valves.
6. Describe the function of valves.
7. Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure.
8. Compare the thickness of walls in arteries and veins.
9. Name the blood vessels that mostly carry oxygenated blood.
10. Name the blood vessels that mostly carry deoxygenated blood.

We: Compare the function of arteries and veins.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

You: Compare the structure and function of arteries and veins.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

34
 Exit ticket

1. Complete the blanks: ____1____ blood is transported ___2____ the heart by arteries.
❑ A. 1 = oxygenated, 2 = away from
❑ B. 1 = deoxygenated, 2 = away from
❑ C. 1 = oxygenated, 2 = towards
❑ D. 1 = deoxygenated, 2 = towards

2. Choose the only correct statement about capillaries.

❑ A. They contain both muscular and elastic tissue
❑ B. The walls are only one cell thick
❑ C. They are vessels that are connected to the heart

3. Veins have thinner walls than arteries because...

❑ A. A. blood in veins is at a higher pressure
❑ B. blood in veins is at a lower pressure
❑ C. veins need valves

Blood

Do Now:
35
 1. Name the type of blood vessel that carry blood away from the heart.
2. Explain the function of valves in the circulatory system.
3. Explain why substances can be exchanged between body tissue and capillaries.
4. Define diffusion.
5. Compare the surface area to volume ratio of the two cubes.

Drill:
1. Calculate the surface area of each cube above.
2. Calculate the volume of each cube above.
3. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of each cube above.

Read Now:
Blood has a crucial function within the circulatory system. It is how substances are
transported around the body to get to where they are required and is also how the body
protects itself from disease. Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets. Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid in which the cells and fragments are
suspended. It makes up over 50% of blood. Red blood cells transport oxygen, white
blood cells defend against infection and platelets are needed for blood clotting.Name
the three types of blood vessel.

1. Describe the function of blood.

2. Name the components of blood.
3. Describe the function of red blood cells.
4. Describe the function of white blood cells.
5. Describe the function of plasma.

Blood is a tissue made from different components

36
Red blood cells are adapted to their function
Biconcave shape = large surface area to increase rate of
diffusion of oxygen molecules
No nucleus = more space for oxygen-carrying haemoglobin

Drill

1. State the components of blood.

2. Describe the function of red blood cells.
3. Explain how the structure of red blood cells makes them well suited for their
function.
4. Describe the function of white blood cells.
5. Describe the function of plasma.
6. Describe the function of platelets.
7. Explain why blood is a suspension.
8. State which objective lens should be used when focussing a microscope?
9. Write out the equation for how to calculate magnification using the size of the
object and size of the image

37
We: Describe the function of white blood cells.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

You: Describe the function of platelets.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Exit Ticket

1. The components of blood are...

❑ A. plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, hormones and
oxygen.
❑ B. red blood cells and white blood cells.
❑ C. plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.

2. The function of red blood cells is to...

❑ A. protect the body from infectious disease.
❑ B. bind oxygen to haemoglobin, to transport it to respiring cells.
❑ C. clot blood to stop excessive bleeding following a cut.

3. Anaemia can be caused by a low number of red blood cells. Choose a symptom of
anaemia.
❑ A. Lack of iron in diet
❑ B. Prone to infections
❑ C. Fatigue

38
 Coronary Heart Disease

Do Now:
1. Name the components of blood.
2. Describe the function of white blood cells.
3. Describe a structural difference between arteries and veins.
4. Define pressure.
5. Explain what is meant by a balanced diet.

Drill:
1. Explain what is meant by a sample.
2. In a sample of 2500 people, 18% suffer from coronary heart disease. How many people
is this?
3. Describe how this sample could be made more representative of the wider population.

Read Now:
The term coronary refers to things to do with the heart. The word coronary comes from
the Latin corona, meaning crown or King. In ancient and medieval times, the ‘curuner’
was a person who who protected the crown, so it is thought that this term was used to
describe the way blood vessels around the heart protected it. Coronary heart disease is
one of the leading causes of death in the UK, thought to account for the deaths of
approximately one in 8 men and one in 14 women, although the prevalence in women is
also increasing. Coronary heart disease is when the coronary arteries that supply the
heart with oxygen become blocked by the build up of fatty plaques of cholesterol.

1. Explain what the term ‘coronary’ means.

2. Describe the data that shows coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death in the
UK.
3. Describe what is meant by coronary heart disease.
4. Suggest the possible symptoms of coronary heart disease.
5. Explain why you have suggested these symptoms.

39
 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

1) What has happened to the luman of the artery of the person with CHD?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Risk factors for CHD

A risk factor is something that increases the chance of a person developing a disease.
Risk factors for CHD:
- smoking
- sedentary lifestyle with a high-fat diet

Smoking damages the lining of arteries and can encourage the build-up of cholesterol.

40
Treating CHD

Drill

1. Name the type of blood vessels affected in CHD.

2. Describe what happens to affected blood vessels.
3. Describe cholesterol.
4. Name the medication that can be taken to lower cholesterol levels.
5. Name the piece of equipment that can be inserted into arteries to keep them
open.

We: Explain how statins can be used to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

41
You: Explain the two treatment options that can be used to relieve the symptoms of
coronary heart disease.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Exit Ticket
1. A heart affected by coronary heart disease is different to a healthy heart because...
❑ A. the walls of the arteries are thicker.
❑ B. the coronary artery is narrower.
❑ C. the heart has a better oxygen supply.

2. Choose a risk factor for developing coronary heart disease.

❑ A. Smoking
❑ B. A diet high in fat
❑ C. Both A and B

3. Stents treat coronary heart disease by...

❑ A. squeezing fatty materials through coronary arteries.
❑ B. holding coronary arteries open.
❑ C. reducing cholesterol so that it cannot build up in coronary arteries.

42
 Evaluating Methods for
Treating Heart Disease

Do Now:
1. Describe the difference between arteries in a healthy heart and arteries in a heart
affected by coronary heart disease.
2. State two risk factors for developing coronary heart disease.
3. Explain how a stent can be used to treat coronary heart disease.
4. Describe the function of valves in the heart.
5. Explain the difference between a risk and a precaution.

Drill:

1. A person counts 8 heartbeats in 10 seconds. What is their heart rate in bpm?

2. The person has a stroke volume (volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat) of 70 mL.
Write this in SI units.
3. Calculate how much blood this person’s heart pumps in 1 minute.

Read Now:

In severe cases of coronary heart disease, it can lead to heart failure. Heart failure is when
the heart cannot pump enough blood around the body and one or more organs become
starved of oxygen. When heart failure has occurred, stents or statins can no longer be used
to treat the disease, and a heart transplant is often required. The patient is assessed to
determine their suitability for a transplant and put on a waiting list. The first successful heart
transplant took place in 1967 in South Africa and there are now approximately 200 heart
transplants carried out a year in the UK. The waiting list for hearts is always longer than the
number of hearts available so patients can sometimes be offered artificial hearts or plastic
devices while they wait for a heart to become available.

1. Explain what is meant by heart failure.

2. Explain why it is a problem for organs to be starved of oxygen.
3. State when and where the first successful heart transplant took place.
4. Approximately how many heart transplants happen every year in the UK?
5. Explain the difference between heart disease and heart failure.

43
Digitalis is a drug that treats rapid heart rate

Digitalis is extracted from foxglove plants.

Used a drug to treat heart conditions since 1785!
It affects the heart by slowing down heart rate.

Cardiovascular diseases are treated by the use of drugs,

mechanical devices, or transplant.

Mechanical valves – made from synthetic materials

- more hard wearing and last longer
- carry a higher risk of blood clots forming

Biological valves – made from human or cow tissues

- carry a lower risk of blood clots
- may wear out more quickly and need to be
replaced

Drill

1. State where digitalis is extracted from.

2. State the effect digitalis has on the heart.
3. Describe an advantage of a stent.
4. Describe a disadvantage of a stent.
5. Describe an advantage of taking statins.
6. Describe a disadvantage of taking statins.
7. Describe an advantage of using biological replacement valves.
8. Describe a disadvantage of using biological replacement valves.
9. Describe an advantage of using mechanical replacement valves.
10.Describe a disadvantage of using mechanical replacement valves.
11.State a condition that would require a heart transplant.
12.Describe when an artificial heart should be used.

Evaluate: to make a conclusion based on evidence

44
Evaluate the use of stents and statins in patients with severe coronary heart disease.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Exit Ticket

1. Cardiovascular disease can be treated by...

❑ A. a heart transplant.
❑ B. drugs.
❑ C. mechanical devices.
❑ D. All A-C

2. The heart drug digitalis...

❑ A. has been made by chemists in a laboratory.
❑ B. is extracted from the foxglove plant.
❑ C. is made naturally in the body.

3. Choose the best use of an artificial heart.

❑ A. To keep someone alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant.
❑ B. As a heart transplant to replace the faulty heart.
❑ C. To make the patient's heart work harder to allow it to repair.

45
 Aerobic Respiration

Do Now:
1. Describe a disadvantage of a heart transplant.
2. Explain an advantage of using statins over a stent.
3. Name the organelles that are found in both plant and animal cells.
4. Name the organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in cells.
5. State the law of conservation of energy.

Drill:
1. The chemical formula for glucose is C H O . How many of each type of atom are in a
6 12 6
molecule of glucose?
2. Calculate the relative molecular mass of glucose. (C=12, H=1, O=16)
3. Name the compound with the formula H O.
2

Read Now:
Respiration, and aerobic respiration in particular, is one of the crucial life processes of living
things. Respiration is the chemical process that cells use to release energy from breaking down
glucose. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen
and anaerobic respiration is in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration actually involves a
series of chemical reactions, but the overall reactants are glucose and oxygen, and the
products are carbon dioxide and water. Glucose and oxygen are delivered to cells by the
bloodstream, while carbon dioxide and water are removed to the bloodstream.

1. Define respiration.
2. State the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
3. Identify the reactants and products of aerobic respiration.
4. Write a word equation to show the process of aerobic respiration.
5. Describe how cells obtain the reactants for aerobic respiration.

Respiration
46
Respiration is an exothermic reaction that is continuously occurring in living cells.
The energy transferred during respiration is needed for:

- Synthesis of new molecules

- Active transport
- Movement (in animals)
- Keeping warm (in mammals and birds)

Respiration can take place aerobically, using oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen, to
transfer energy.

The word and symbol equations for aerobic respiration

Drill

1. Define respiration.
2. Explain the meaning of the term aerobic.
3. State the reactants of aerobic respiration.
4. State the products of aerobic respiration.
5. Name the organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration.
6. Write a word equation for aerobic respiration.
7. Write a symbol equation for aerobic respiration.
8. Balance the symbol equation.
9. Describe how organisms use the energy released through respiration.
10. Describe where animals obtain the reactants for respiration from.

We: Interpreting information about respiration

47
 A food scientist investigates battery chickens and free-range chickens using a
respirometer in each environment.
The table shows the difference in carbon dioxide production between a battery chicken
and a free-range chicken over a 24 hour period.
Volume of
carbon dioxide
Which type of chicken has a higher rate of respiration? produced (cm3)
Battery 0.12
chicken
Free-range 0.18
chicken

You: Interpreting information about respiration

When seeds germinate, they respire. This releases energy to allow the seed to grow.

A scientist investigates the rate of respiration of germinating seedlings at different

temperatures using a respirometer.

Temperature Volume of
(ºC) oxygen used
(cm3)
10 0.02
20 0.05
30 0.10

At what temperature is the rate of respiration greatest?

Exit Ticket

48
 1. Choose a reactant of aerobic respiration.
❑ A. Water
❑ B. Glucose
❑ C. Energy

2. In organisms, respiration is needed for many processes, including ...

❑ A. keeping the body cool.
❑ B. making energy.
❑ C. active transport.

3. During a run, the blood concentration of carbon dioxide is greater than before the
run. Choose the best explanation for this.
❑ A. Aerobic respiration is used less during exercise
❑ B. Movement requires energy to be transferred by respiration
❑ C. More carbon dioxide is breathed out

Anaerobic Respiration

Do Now:

1. State the word equation for aerobic respiration.

49
 2. Explain the meaning of the term ‘aerobic’.
3. Describe a use of the energy released through aerobic respiration in animals.
4. State the organelles that are found in plant cells but not animal cells.
5. Suggest what would happen to the rate of respiration if a person started exercising.

Drill:
1. Write the symbol equation for aerobic respiration.
2. Balance the symbol equation.
3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
(C=12, O=16)

Read Now:
Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of oxygen. This can happen in animal
cells, plant cells and microorganisms. In animals, such as humans, anaerobic respiration
can take place during periods of intense exercise, where the respiratory system cannot
get enough oxygen in to maintain the rate of aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration
is the incomplete breakdown of glucose and releases far less energy than aerobic
respiration. It is difficult for scientists to get an exact measurement, because there are
differences between people and even between different tissues of the same body, but
the estimate is that most tissues can cope with no more than 30 minutes of anaerobic
respiration.

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration.
2. Compare the amount of energy released through aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
3. Describe when anaerobic respiration takes place in animals.
4. Explain why anaerobic respiration takes place at these times.
5. State the maximum time most tissues can undergo anaerobic respiration for.

Anaerobic respiration in animal cells

Anaerobic respiration is respiration that happens without oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration:
• can happen during intense exercise
• transfers less energy than aerobic respiration because the oxidation of glucose is
incomplete

50
 • results in oxygen debt caused by the build up of lactic acid

During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting
efficiently

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells

In plants and yeast, anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and ethanol

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in
the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

1) Why is the fermentation of yeast used to make bread and beer?

________________________________________________________________________________________

Drill
1. Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. State the reactant for anaerobic respiration.
3. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
4. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant cells and yeast.
5. Compare the amount of energy released through aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
6. Explain the term oxygen debt.

We: Compare the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

You: Compare the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
51
 _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Exit Ticket

1. Choose the correct word equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
❑ A. Glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol
❑ B. Glucose → lactic acid
❑ C. Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

2. Choose the best description of fermentation.

❑ A. When beer, wine and bread are made
❑ B. When yeast cells carry out anaerobic respiration
❑ C. When microorganisms carry out anaerobic respiration

3. Choose the correct difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic
respiration...
❑ A. uses glucose as a reactant whereas anaerobic respiration does not.
❑ B. isn't used during exercise whereas anaerobic respiration is.
❑ C. releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.

Response to Exercise

Do Now:

1. Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

2. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals.
3. Compare the amount of energy released through each type of respiration.
4. Explain what is meant by heart rate.
52
 5. Describe what happens to heart rate when a person exercises.

Drill:

1. A person’s resting heart rate is 60 bpm. How many times would their heart beat in 30
seconds?
2. During exercise, the person’s heart rate increases to 140 bpm. Calculate the
percentage increase in heart rate.
3. The person has a stroke volume of 80 mL. Convert this to SI units

Read Now:

Muscles need energy to move. This energy comes from respiration in cells. When a person
(or animal) needs to move more than usual, such as running, their muscle cells need to
respire at a faster rate to provide the muscles with more energy. During exercise, an
animal’s heart and lungs work harder as their breathing rate and heart rate increase. The
breathing rate increases so that oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged more quickly
and the heart rate increases so that oxygen is delivered and carbon dioxide removed from
cells more quickly.

1. Name the process that provides cells with energy.

2. Describe what happens to the rate of respiration when an animal needs to move more.
3. Define breathing rate and heart rate.
4. Explain how increasing the breathing rate helps increase the rate of respiration.
5. Explain how increasing the heart rate helps increase the rate of respiration.

53
 Response to exercise

During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy by:

• Increasing heart rate

• Increasing breathing rate
• Increasing breath volume
• Dilating (widening) arteries

Why is regular cardiovascular exercise so important for health?

• Strengthens heart muscles

• Improves circulation
• Controls weight

The effect of leaky heart valves

Oxygen debt

The incomplete oxidation of glucose during anaerobic respiration causes a build up of lactic
acid and creates an oxygen debt

54
Higher Tier only

Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted
back into glucose

Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the
accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

Drill

1. Describe what happens to heart rate and breathing rate when a person exercises.
2. Define heart rate.
3. Define breathing rate.
4. Explain when anaerobic respiration takes place during exercise.
5. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles.
6. Describe what happens to muscles following anaerobic respiration.
7. Define oxygen debt.
8. State where lactic acid is converted back to glucose.

We: Interpreting data 30

Cardiac output (L/min)

25
Two runners are comparing their
cardiac output when they exercise. 20
15
Describe the pattern shown in the
graph. 10
5
0
Explain the pattern shown in the 80 100 120 140 160 180
graph. Heart rate (bpm)

Person 1 Person 2

One of the runners has a fault in one of their heart valves. Which person is this likely to be?

55
You: Interpreting data 140

Two people measure their heart rates 120

before, during and after exercise. Person A

Heart rate (bpm)

100
Person B
Describe the pattern shown in the graph. 80

60

Explain the pattern shown in the graph. 40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40

Person B is fitter than person A. What Time (minutes)

evidence is there for this in the graph?

Exit Ticket

1. During exercise the rate of blood flow increases because...

❑ A. energy is contained in blood and is transported to muscles.
❑ B. blood contains the reactants for respiration.
❑ C. breathing rate increases.

2. Choose the best description of oxygen debt.

❑ A. The cramping caused when the body cannot obtain enough oxygen for exercise
❑ B. The oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid resulting from anaerobic
respiration
❑ C. The volume of oxygen required for aerobic respiration when exercising

3. A person who has had a heart attack is encouraged to...

❑ A. do more exercise to strengthen muscle in the heart.
❑ B. do less exercise to protect the heart.
❑ C. do less exercise to reduce circulation.

56
 Metabolism

Do Now:
1. Describe two changes that happen to the body during exercise.
2. A student says that muscle cells always respire anaerobically during exercise. Explain
why this is incorrect.
3. Compare the amount of energy released through aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
4. State the products of the digestion of lipids (fats).
5. Explain why large molecules have to be digested.

Drill:
1. Explain what is meant by a rate.
2. Describe one way you could measure rate of respiration.
3. Convert 2.5 minutes to SI units.

Read Now:

Metabolism is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that take place in the
body of an organism. This involves all breakdown reactions, where larger molecules are
broken down into smaller molecules, such as the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids. Metabolism also includes all synthesis reactions, where smaller molecules are joined
together to form larger molecules, for example amino acids joining to form proteins and the
conversion of glucose into large carbohydrate molecules for storage and structure.

1. Explain what is meant by metabolism.

2. Describe the difference between breakdown and synthesis reactions.
3. Give an example of a breakdown reaction.
4. Give an example of a synthesis reaction.
5. Explain the difference between digestion and metabolism.

57
Metabolism is the sum of all of the reactions in a cell or body

A metabolic process is a chemical reaction that takes place inside a cell. Most are
controlled by enzymes that require energy to function.

Drill
1. Define metabolism
2. State the product of digestion of starch
3. State the product of digestion of protein
4. State the product of digestion of lipids
5. Define an enzyme
6. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism
7. State the different products that glucose can be converted to
8. Name the two compounds that can be combined to form amino acids
9. Describe where urea comes from
10. Explain where the energy for metabolic reactions comes from

We: Describe some of the metabolic processes that take place in animal cells.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

58
You: Describe some of the metabolic processes that take place in plant cells
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Exit Ticket

1. Metabolism is…
❑ A. a chemical reaction that takes place in a cell
❑ B. respiration, photosynthesis and the breakdown of large nutrient molecules
❑ C. the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body

2. An example of a metabolic reaction is...

❑ A. converting glucose to glycogen
❑ B. heart rate
❑ C. active transport

3. Metabolic processes require energy to take place. This energy is transferred from...
❑ A. exercise
❑ B. respiration
❑ C. carbohydrates and fats

59
 Independent Practice

The Structure of the Lungs ................................................................................................................................. 61

The Heart and Circulatory System .................................................................................................................... 63

Blood Vessels ....................................................................................................................................................... 69

Blood .................................................................................................................................................................... 72

Coronary Heart Disease .................................................................................................................................... 76

Evaluating Methods for Treating Heart Disease ............................................................................................. 78

Aerobic Respiration ............................................................................................................................................ 80

Anaerobic Respiration ....................................................................................................................................... 84

Response to Exercise .......................................................................................................................................... 88

Metabolism .......................................................................................................................................................... 91

60
The Structure of the Lungs

SECTION A:

1. The diagram shows parts of the human respiratory system.

a. Add labels to the diagram to identify the parts of the respiratory system.

b. Complete the passage to describe how air moves through our respiratory system.
Air enters our respiratory system through the _____________ or ________. Air then travels down the
___________, which separates into two branches called the ________________. This then separates
into smaller branches called the ______________. At the end of each branch, are tiny air sacs
called ________________.

c. Identify the part of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place.

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Match the adaptations of the alveoli to their functions of allowing efficient gas
exchange.

Thin walls To provide a large surface area for gas exchange

To maintain the concentration gradient by carrying
Good blood supply
away oxygen quickly
Many small alveoli So there is a short path for diffusion

SECTION B:
61
 1. The table below shows information about blood entering and leaving the lungs.

Substance Concentration (arbitrary units)

Blood entering lungs Blood leaving lungs
Oxygen 45 95
Carbon dioxide 50 42

Describe and explain the changes in the composition of blood that occur as it passes through
the lungs.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

2. The diagram below shows the relative concentration of a substance in the blood and the
alveoli.

a. Compare the concentration of this

substance in the blood and the alveoli.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

b. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the expected net movement of these particles.

c. Use the information in the diagram to determine what substance this may be. Explain
your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. Asthma is a common condition where muscles in the airways contract too much, making
them narrower.

a. Suggest why people with asthma may find it more difficult to breathe.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

62
 b. One of the most common treatments for asthma is using an inhaler with the drug
salbutamol. The graph below shows how salbutamol affects the contraction of muscle
fibres in an asthmatic person’s airways.

100
90

Relative contraction of
muscle fibres in airway
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Dose of Salbutamol (units)

Describe the pattern shown in the graph above.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Suggest how salbutamol helps to relieve the symptoms of asthma, such as shortness of
breath.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION C:

A breathalyser is an electronic device that police use to determine

a person’s blood alcohol level. They are usually used to identify
whether a driver is over the legal drink driving limit, particularly in the
case of accidents. Alcohol (ethanol) that is taken into the body
when drinking alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream. The level
of alcohol in blood is higher than in the alveoli, so when blood
containing alcohol reaches the lungs, alcohol is able to diffuse into
the alveoli and is then exhaled. The breathalyser contains sensors
that detect the level of alcohol in the person’s breath.

a. Suggest the advantages of using a breathalyser rather

than a blood test.
b. Explain why alcohol diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
c. Describe the effect of drinking alcohol on reaction time.
d. Ethanol has a melting point of -117.3 ºC and a boiling point of 78.5 ºC. Identify the state
ethanol is in at room temperature.
e. Ethanol is a simple covalent molecule. Explain why it is this state at room temperature.
The Heart and Circulatory System

63
SECTION A:

This is a diagram of a human heart.

a. Complete the table by identifying parts of the heart.

Letter Part
A
B
C
D

b. Name the organ system that the heart is part of.

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Describe the function of this organ system.

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Use the box of keywords to complete the flowchart to show the path that blood takes through
the circulatory system, starting and finishing with the right atrium.

Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Aorta

Vena cava Lungs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Body

Right atrium → __________ → __________ → ________ → _________→ __________ → ________ →

_________→ __________ → ________ → Right atrium

e. Complete the table by identifying whether each blood vessel carries oxygenated or
deoxygenated blood.

64
 Blood Vessel Does it carry oxygenated or
deoxygenated blood?
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava

f. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen to the capillaries in the heart.

___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B:

1. Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that regulate

the rhythm of the heart.
a. On the diagram on the right, add a label to show
where these cells are found.

b. Describe the type of signal that these cells use to

control the heart rate.

___________________________________________

c. Name the piece of equipment that can be fitted to a heart where these cells may not be
functioning correctly.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. When a person exercises, their heart rate increases. Heart rate is the number of times the heart
beats each minute. The volume of blood that is pumped out of the heart in each beat is
called the stroke volume, and is measured in cm3. Scientists investigated how the heart rate
and stroke volume of two people (Person A and Person B) changed as they exercised. The two
people did high intensity exercise for one minute.

The results are shown in the graphs below.

65
 170 90
Heart Rate (beats per minute) Person A
160 80
Person B

Stroke volume (cm3)

150 Person A
70
140 60
Person B
130 50
120
40
110
30
100
20
90
10
80
70 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

a. At what time did the people start exercising?

___________________________________________________________________________

b. Which of the two people is more likely to be an athlete? Give two pieces of evidence from the
graphs.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Suggest two control variables that the investigators used in this investigation.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Cardiac output is the volume of blood sent to the muscles from the heart every minute. It is
calculated using:

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Follow the steps to calculate Person B’s cardiac output at the end of the minute of intense
exercise.

66
 Heart rate = _____________ beats per minute

Stroke volume = _______________ cm3

Cardiac output = ________________

Suggest the unit for cardiac output: _________

e. Suggest whether Person A or Person B has a greater cardiac output.

___________________________________________________________________________

f. Person B is able to exercise at a much higher intensity than Person A. Use your answer from the
previous question and your own knowledge to help explain why.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

67
SECTION C

The blue whale (pictured) has the largest known

heart of any organism on Earth, with a mass of up to
175 kg. This is about the same mass as an adult lion!
The average mass of a human heart is approximately
300 g.

a. Calculate how many times greater the mass

of a blue whale heart is compared to a
human heart.

The average diameter of a blue whale aorta is 23 cm.

b. Describe the function of the aorta.

c. Assuming the aorta is a perfect circle, calculate the cross sectional area of the aorta.

The heartbeat of a blue whale is so loud that it can be detected up to two miles (3.2 km) away.

d. If a boat is 2.4 km away from a whale, how long after the heartbeat will the boat be able to
detect it? Take the speed of sound in water to be 1500 m/s.

Blue whales’ main food source is krill, which are small crustaceans. Krill feed on phytoplankton, which
are a microscopic form of algae that can photosynthesise.

e. Draw a food chain to show the feeding relationships between blue whales, krill and
phytoplankton.

f. Explain where blue whales get energy from.

g. Suggest what would happen to the population of blue whales if krill were killed by a new
disease.

68
Blood Vessels

SECTION A:

1. The circulatory system contains different types of blood vessel.

a. Which type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

b. The cross-sections of two types of blood vessel are shown below.

X Y

What type of blood vessel is vessel Y? ______________

Give two pieces of evidence from the diagram to support your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Describe another structural difference between these blood vessels that is not shown in the
diagram.

___________________________________________________________________________

Section B:

2. Blood vessels transport substances around the body.

a. Name two substances that would be exchanged between blood vessels and body tissue.

69
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Name the type of blood vessel where substances are exchanged.

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Describe how the structure of these blood vessels makes them well suited to their function.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

d. Explain why exchange of substances cannot occur through the other types of blood
vessel.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Both these vessels are in the leg.

e. Give one way in which the

composition of the blood in
vessel X is different from the
blood in vessel Y.

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________ X Y

f. Suggest how this composition would be different if these vessels were in the lungs rather
than the leg.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. The blood supply to parts of the body changes during exercise. The table below shows some
of the changes.

Rate of blood supply (cm3/minute)

Part of body At rest During exercise
Digestive system 1380 560
Skin 490 1650
Brain 625 625
Coronary arteries 135 475
Skeletal muscles 760 6250

a. Calculate the total rate of blood supply to these parts of the body at rest and during exercise.

At rest = ____________________
70
 During exercise = ____________________

b. Describe the patterns shown in the table.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c. Explain how the body is able to increase blood supply.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

d. Suggest a reason for the change in blood supply to the following parts of the body:

Digestive system:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Coronary arteries:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Skeletal muscles:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Section C:

High blood pressure (hypertension) is a health

condition where the pressure in your blood
vessels in unusually high. Normal blood
pressure is a systolic pressure of less than 120
and a diastolic pressure of less than 80. It is
recorded using the units mmHg (millimetres of
mercury).

Systolic blood pressure is how much pressure

your blood exerts against the artery walls
during a heartbeat and the diastolic blood
pressure is how much pressure your blood
exerts against the artery walls between heart beats.

71
Left untreated, high blood pressure can damage the arteries by making them less elastic. This can
mean a decrease in the flow of blood through them, reducing the amount of oxygen being pumped
around the body.

a. Explain what is meant by pressure.

b. Give another unit that can be used to measure pressure.

c. When the muscular tissue in arteries contracts, it is elastically deformed. Explain what this
means.

d. Mercury has been traditionally used in devices used to measure pressure. Mercury is the only
metal that is liquid at room temperature. It exists as two isotopes, which as Hg-200 and Hg-202.
70% of mercury exists as Hg-200 and 30% exists as Hg-202. Use this information to calculate the
relative atomic mass of mercury.

Blood

SECTION A:

1. Blood is a tissue that is made up of different components. Red

blood cells and white blood cells are two of these
components.

a. State the other two components of blood.

_____________________

_____________________

b. Match the blood components with their functions.

Red blood cells Help blood to clot

White blood cells Protect against infection

72
 Plasma Carry dissolved substances

Platelets Carry oxygen around the

body

c. Name the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Hormone

Haemoglobin

Capillary

d. Label the blood components in the diagram below.

SECTION B:

4. The blood supply to parts of the body changes during exercise. The table below shows some
of the changes.

73
 Number of red blood cells per cm3 of blood (millions)
Sample Person A Person B
1 4.1 5.6
2 4.1 5.1
3 4.1 5.7
4 4.0 5.5
5 3.9 5.6
Mean

e. Identify the anomalous result.

f. Complete the table by calculating the mean number of red blood cells per cm3 of Person A’s
blood and Person B’s blood.

g. Explain the advantage of taking a mean.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

h. Suggest how these measurements could be made more representative.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

i. The average human body contains approximately 5000 cm3 of blood. Assuming that Person B
is average, estimate how many red blood cells they have in their body.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

j. Anaemia is a condition where a person’s blood does not contain enough healthy red blood
cells. Is Person A or Person B more likely to be anaemic? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

k. Explain why sufferers of anaemia may easily get tired.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

l. EPO (erythropoietin) is a method of blood doping that is banned in competitive sports. It

involves injections which stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, as
well as increasing the production of haemoglobin.

Explain why EPO may give athletes an unfair advantage.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
74
 ___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION C:

Platelets are fragments of large cells that have the very important function of blood clotting. Without
blood clotting, someone could lose a lot of blood from a small cut. When there is a cut to a blood
vessel, blood clotting allows the cut site to be ‘plugged’ to prevent further bleeding. When there is an
injury, a protein called von Willebrand’s Factor (VWF) is released from cells that line the inside of
blood vessels. Platelets are recruited to the site of injury because they stick to the specific shape of
VWF molecules and therefore carry out clotting where it is needed.

There is a common genetic disease called von Willebrand’s disease, that approximately 1% of the
population suffer from. Type 1 von Willebrand’s disease is caused by inheriting a dominant allele of
the VWF gene. The sufferers that have this dominant allele have mutations in the gene that codes for
VWF, which means that the protein structure is altered and faulty. Sufferers of this disease may have
prolonged nose bleeds, frequently bleeding gums, and long-lasting bleeding after cuts or surgery.

1. Describe the role of platelets following a cut.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why platelets do not contain nuclei.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the function of von Willebrand’s factor.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain why a sufferer of von Willebrand’s disease would have long-lasting bleeding after cuts
or surgery.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain how a mutation in the gene can cause altered protein structure of VWF.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. Determine the genotypes and

phenotypes of children who have a
father who has von Willebrand’s
disease (genotype = Dd) and a
mother who isn’t a sufferer.
Complete the Punnett square.

75
Coronary Heart Disease

SECTION A:

1. Two arteries are shown below. One artery is found in a healthy heart, the other is found in a
person suffering from coronary heart disease.

A B
a. Identify which artery would be from the person suffering from coronary heart disease.

_____________________

b. Describe the differences between the healthy artery and the artery that shows signs of
coronary heart disease.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c. Give two lifestyle risk factors that may increase the risk of a person developing coronary heart
disease.

____________________________________

____________________________________

d. Explain what would need to happen to an artery affected by coronary heart disease for a
heart attack to occur.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B:

2. Compare how coronary heart disease can be treated with statins or a stent.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
76
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Coronary heart disease is associated with risk factors including smoking and eating a high-fat
diet. Scientists hypothesise that as there are risk factors that can increase the risk of a person
developing coronary heart disease, there may be factors that can reduce the risk of a person
developing coronary heart disease. Scientists suggest that one of these factors could be
exercise.

Scientists investigated the link between exercise and coronary heart disease in the following
way:
- They used two groups of people
- One group walked, the other group ran
- The walking group walked for 1 hour, the running group ran for 30 minutes
- People in each group expended the same amount of energy during their exercise

The table below shows the results of the investigation.

Health Condition Percentage reduction in risk of developing

health condition
Walking Running
High cholesterol 8.7 5.1
Coronary heart 9.1 6.2
disease

a. Name two factors that should be controlled.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Describe the results shown from this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c. Suggest how another group could be used to provide more information about the relationship
between exercise and the risk of developing a health condition.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

d. Explain how high cholesterol can cause coronary heart disease.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Coronary heart disease is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) as it affects the cardiovascular

(circulatory) system. The table below shows the relationship between cardiovascular disease
and smoking.

77
 Exposure to smoking (number Relative risk of developing
of cigarettes per day) cardiovascular disease
0 1
1-19 1.34
>20 1.42

a. Describe any patterns shown in the table.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain why smoking is described as a risk factor rather than a cause of coronary heart
disease.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c. Suggest why scientists and health experts are now more concerned about high-fat diets as a
risk factor for cardiovascular diseases than smoking.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION C:

5. Cholesterol is a fat synthesised in the liver from saturated fat in the diet. Cholesterol is
important for cell function, but too much cholesterol can lead to coronary heart disease when
it is deposited on arterial walls.

a. Explain the role of the liver in the digestive system.

b. Cholesterol has the chemical formula C 27H46O. State the number of atoms of each element
that make up a molecule of cholesterol.
c. Define a molecule.
d. Is cholesterol likely to involve covalent or ionic bonding? Explain your answer.
e. Calculate the relative molecular mass of cholesterol.
f. A healthy blood concentration of cholesterol is 40 mg/dL. The average human body contains
5 litres of blood. Calculate the mass of cholesterol that would be found in a healthy body.

Evaluating Methods for Treating Heart Disease

1. Evaluate the use of stents and statins in patients with severe coronary heart disease.

78
 Stent Statins

Advantage(s)

Disadvantage(s)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

2. Evaluate the use of human heart valves and cow tissue heart valves for a valve replacement.

Human heart valve Cow tissue heart valve

• Have been used for over 20 years • Have been used since 2011

• Donor has to be found • Made from cow artery tissue

• Inserted during an operation, where • Inserted by attaching to a stent and

the patient’s chest is opened pushing through blood vessels to the
heart

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
79
 ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3. Evaluate the use of an artificial heart and a heart transplant for a patient with heart failure.

Heart transplant Artificial heart

• Average survival is 14 years after • Can last for up to 5 years while

transplant waiting for a transplant

• Donor has to be found • Made from silicone and different

metals

• High risk of rejection • Does not contain biological

material, lower risk of immune
rejection

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Aerobic Respiration

SECTION A:

1. What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

80
 Tick (✓) one box.

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

oxygen + water → glucose + carbon dioxide

2. Complete and balance the symbol equation for aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + _____________ → 6CO2 + ___________

3. Select the correct word from the box below to complete the sentence.

absence presence

Aerobic respiration takes place in the _____________ of oxygen.

4. Name the cell organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration.

___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B:

5. Eukaryotic cells constantly respire in order to release energy.

a. Give two examples of eukaryotic cells.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Give two uses of energy released by respiration in eukaryotic cells.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. The table below shows the concentrations of different substances outside and inside a cell.

Substance Concentration (relative units)

Inside cell Outside cell

Sodium ions 15 105
Potassium ions 90 5
Chloride ions 10 120

81
a. Choose the correct words from the box below to complete the sentences.

diffusion osmosis active transport

Sodium ions move into the cell by _____________.

Potassium ions move into the cell by ________________.

b. Calculate how many times greater the concentration of potassium ions is inside the cell than
outside the cell.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c. Which of the processes named in the box above requires energy?

___________________________________________________________________________

d. Name the process that provides this energy.

___________________________________________________________________________

7. A respirometer can be used to measure the rate of

respiration in living organisms. Some students
investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of
respiration of a moth. Their experimental set up is shown
in the picture.

a. Identify the independent variable in this investigation.

___________________________________________
b. Suggest how the students could change the values of
the independent variable.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

The students’ results are shown in the graph below.

82
 60

50
Reading on respirometer (mm 3)

40

30 10
ºC

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (minutes) Use the
following
steps to calculate the rate of respiration of the moth.
c. What was the reading on the respirometer at the start of the experiment?

____________________________________________________________________________

d. What was the reading on the respirometer after 10 minutes at 10 ºC?

____________________________________________________________________________

e. The difference in the readings is the volume of oxygen that the moth used. What volume of
oxygen did the moth use in 10 minutes at 10 ºC?

____________________________________________________________________________

f. The rate of respiration can be estimated using the following equation:

Volume of oxygen used

Rate of respiration =
Time
Use the equation to calculate the rate of respiration of the moth at 10 ºC.

___________________________________________________________________________
g. Suggest a unit for the rate of respiration (use the equation to help you).

____________________________________________________________________________

h. Suggest a suitable conclusion for this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
i. Suggest how the students could have improved the accuracy of their results.

83
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Root hair cells absorb water and ions, including nitrates, from the soil. A scientist
investigated whether oxygen affected the rate of absorption of nitrates from the soil.

The scientist used two seedlings, one with oxygen bubbled through and the other with no
oxygen added. They determined the mass of nitrate ions absorbed by the two seedlings
over a period of 3 hours.

Their results are shown in the table below.

Time (minutes) Mass of nitrate ions absorbed (arbitrary

units)
Seedling with Seedling with no
oxygen added oxygen added
0 0 0
30 90 80
60 120 95
90 155 110
120 180 115
150 195 120
180 225 125

a. State a suitable conclusion for this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. The scientists says that this provides evidence that root hair cells absorb nitrate ions by active
transport. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
SECTION C:

9. Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from glucose.

a. Explain why it is incorrect to say that cells ‘make energy’.
b. Identify the energy store found in food such as glucose.
c. Explain what is meant by efficiency in an energy transfer.
d. Intensive farming methods aim to increase the biomass efficiency transfer in a food chain.
Explain how.
Anaerobic Respiration
SECTION A:

84
 1. Select the correct word from the box below to complete the sentence.

absence presence

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the _____________ of oxygen.

2. What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Glucose + oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water

Glucose → Lactic acid

Glucose → Ethanol + carbon dioxide

3. Select the correct word from the box below to complete the sentences below.

bacteria yeast carbon dioxide glucose lactic acid ethanol

a. The microorganism used in baking and brewing is ____________.

b. The product of anaerobic respiration useful for brewing alcohol drinks such as beer is
___________________.

c. The product of anaerobic respiration useful for baking bread is ___________________.

4. Complete the table to show the features of the different methods of respiration in human cells.

Type of respiration Reactant(s) Product(s)

Aerobic

Anaerobic

SECTION B:

5. The table below shows the energy released through different methods of respiration in human
muscle cells.
Type of respiration Energy released (kJ) per
gram of glucose
Aerobic 22.8

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 Anaerobic 1.2

a. Compare the energy released through each type of respiration.

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___________________________________________________________________________

b. Suggest why human muscle cells may respire anaerobically.

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c. Give two other differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

1. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

d. Anaerobic respiration is also used in industry for brewing and baking. Describe this
process and identify the products that are useful.
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6. The product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells is lactic acid.

a. Explain why lactic acid is produced during exercise.

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___________________________________________________________________________

b. Suggest how muscles feel when lactic acid levels are increased.

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A group of scientists looking at athlete performance investigated how the speed at which
an athlete runs affects the lactic acid concentration in their blood.

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The scientists provided the following information
about the investigation:
• Each athlete runs on a treadmill at a set speed
(measured in m/s)
• After 15 minutes a blood sample is taken to
measure lactic acid concentration
• The athlete rests until their heart rate and
breathing rate have returned to normal
• The athlete then repeats the exercise at a
different treadmill speed
• The gym where the athlete ran on the
treadmill was kept at 20 ºC

c. Identify three control variables in this investigation.

1. ________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________

The results of the investigation are shown in the graph below.

7
Lactic acid concentration

6
(arbitrary units)

0
4 5 6 7 8
Treadmill speed (m/s)

d. Describe the pattern shown between 5 and 8 m/s.

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___________________________________________________________________________

e. Calculate the change in lactic acid between 5 and 8 m/s.

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f. The results between 4 and 5 m/s do not follow the same pattern as the other results. The
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 heart rate of the athlete increased between 4 and 5 m/s. Suggest why this may cause
the results seen between 4 and 5 m/s.

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g. Once the athlete has finished exercise, it takes time for the heart rate and breathing
rate to return to normal. Explain why.

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SECTION C:

7. Yeast is a microorganism that can be

used in brewing and baking. The
diagram shows a yeast cell.
a. Is yeast a prokaryotic or eukaryotic
cell? Explain your answer.
b. Identify the organelles that yeast
cells have in common with plant
cells.
c. Describe a method that could be
used to view a yeast cell under a
microscope.
d. A student views a yeast cell at 400x
magnification. The image appeared
1.6 mm in diameter. Calculate the actual size of the yeast cell.

Response to Exercise

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Section A:
1. Select the correct term from the box below to complete the word equation for anaerobic
respiration in muscles.

water lactic acid carbon dioxide ethanol

Glucose → ____________

2. In which organ is lactic acid broken down?

Tick (✓) one box.

Stomach

Liver

Small intestine

3. Match the term with their correct descriptions.

Heart rate The number of breaths per

minute
Breathing rate How much air is taken into the
lungs in each inhalation
Breathing volume The number of times the heart
beats per minute.

4. Choose the correct words from the box to complete the sentence.

carbon dioxide lactic acid oxygen blood

Oxygen debt is the amount of ___________ required to react completely with accumulated
____________________ to remove it from the body.

SECTION B:

5. A healthy lifestyle includes regular exercise. State two health benefits of regular exercise.

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 1. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. A scientist used four people to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate. The scientist
measured the resting breathing rate of each person, got them to exercise for 10 minutes and
then measured the breathing rate as the person finished exercising. The scientist also
measured how long it took for each person’s breathing rate to return to resting following the
exercise.

The results are shown in the table below.

Person Resting breathing Breathing rate after Time taken for

rate (per minute) exercise (per minute) breathing rate to
return to resting
(minutes)
A 13 39 5
B 11 28 3
C 12 37 6
D 14 49 10

a. Explain what is meant by resting breathing rate.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. Compare Person A’s breathing rate during exercise to their resting breathing rate.

___________________________________________________________________________

c. Which of these people is likely to be the fittest? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________

d. Suggest two reasons why this may not be a valid experiment.

1. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

e. Explain why breathing rate increases during exercise.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
f. Give two other changes that may happen in the body during exercise. Do not refer to
breathing rate.

1. ________________________________________________________________________
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 2. ________________________________________________________________________

g. During periods of vigorous exercise, muscles may begin to respire anaerobically. Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

h. Muscles may begin to ache during periods of vigorous exercise. Explain why.
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SECTION C:

7. A person measures their heart rate as they walk, rest and run over a period of time.
a. Describe what would happen to their heart rate as they changed from walking to running.

_______________________________________________________________________________
b. The person walked 450 metres in 5 minutes, rested for one minute and then jogged 300
metres in two minutes. Sketch a distance-time graph for the person on the graph below.

c. Calculate the speed (in SI units) at which the person walked and the speed at which they
ran.

d. Use your answers from question c to sketch a velocity-time graph for this exercise.

e. Explain the difference between speed and velocity.

Metabolism

SECTION A:

1. Select the correct term from the box below to complete the definition of metabolism.

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 respiration reactions energy digestion

Metabolism is the sum of all the ______________ in a cell or body.

2. Which is the correct definition of metabolic rate?

Tick (✓) one box.

How many chemical reactions happen in the body

The rate at which chemical reactions occur in the body

How quickly a person can digest food

3. Metabolic rate is affected by the level of activity in a person’s lifestyle.

Name another factor that is likely to affect a person’s metabolic rate.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. One metabolic reaction in animals is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Describe one
other metabolic reaction in animals.

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___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B:

5. A group of scientists investigated the metabolic rate of 100 men and 100 women. They
recorded their results in the table below.

Mean metabolic rate (kJ/m2/hour)

Age Men Women
(years)
10 49 49
20 42 39
30 38 35
40 35 32

a. Describe how the scientists would have calculated the mean.

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___________________________________________________________________________

b. Give two conclusions that could be drawn from this experiment.

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 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
c. Calculate the percentage decrease in mean metabolic rate of women between 10 and
40 years of age.
Use the equation:
Decrease in metabolic rate
Percentage decrease = × 100
Original metabolic rate

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___________________________________________________________________________

d. Regular exercise can help to increase metabolic rate. Describe and explain the changes to
the body that occur during exercise.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. Body mass is a factor that affects metabolic rate. Body mass is also a factor on a
person’s life expectancy. Having a body mass that is too low or too high compared to
the ideal body mass affects a person’s life expectancy, as shown in the graph below.
A person with a body mass of 100% has the ideal body mass.

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 16

Predicted decrease to life expectancy (years)

14

12

10

0
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Body mass compared to ideal body mass (%)

a. Explain what it means for a person to have a body mass that is 120 % of the ideal body
mass.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b. In the UK, life expectancy (as of 2020) for men in 79 years and for women is 83 years. A
woman has a body mass of 78 kg but her ideal body mass is 60 kg.
Use this information and information from the graph to predict the age that this woman
will live to.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

SECTION C:

7. One metabolic reaction is the breakdown of carbohydrates such as starch to form glucose.
a. Explain why starch has to be digested.
b. Describe a test you could use to identify whether or not a food contained starch.
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The table below shows a person’s blood glucose concentration in the period after they have
eaten a starch-rich meal.

Time after eating Blood glucose

(hours) concentration
(mg/dL)
0 90
1 130
2 100
3 85
4 90
5 90

c. Write a word equation for the chemical reaction through which starch is digested.
d. Name the enzyme that catalyses this reaction.
e. Name the organs in which starch digestion occurs.
f. By which process is glucose absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream.
Describe this process.
g. The process from the previous question will not always be able to occur. Explain what
happens in that case to maintain blood glucose concentration.
h. Describe where the energy required for this process comes from.

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