8/3/24

-
FOUNDATIONS
↳ Footines
↳ Staes
:.... (t

not bi-resistant We both critical

Lowhen material is must
verigy porints for
tensions and critical points for compressions .

-In materials that do not resist tensions -

remove them all, no tensions

12/3/24

Tots
y f -

o'fS
/
-

Tolfs
- ↑
ose

·
-
-
socam * -31 48

e *E
-
b 131'48
↳ EF O'S6
↑
y
*
e

Me -in
-

10/071N/mm2
t

jostings we

draw compressions
outside and tensions
inside to
, contrary
the case
of
columns and

1 25KN/m3
= beams .

axis
columnhis
about
excentricity of Base it is of

- 05)
--

ENXoct Wootina - 134 ('5 115 25 159/81 kn

= -

NX o
. :
= = -
.

↓
e

Mz
=
EMac + ENor fey) .
= 0
-F

ENo ez
My of EMyec + . = 0

Centered + main
system - so we can use the Navier equation :

6x 15961 183
2x 0'OffN/me
= -
-
-
= =

dangerous
150
Co
oO 1500
So t①
~ERIFICATIONS

~ Jorgel
F
t G
o
apply
ratios that
tha
they all

D
-
-. NO TENSIONS ? NOT AT ALL OK ! sagety
A are

implemented in
.

2 . Limitation of compressions :
O'0N/mmt0'IN/mmt One ! alreadyvalue he
fot
max admissible tension .

. , 025
o'S
26 TENSIONS
Tem

/ 0'S)25
~ = ENXoct Wootina 128'52 (2 1 =53'S2KN
-
= =

·
- : .
-

/
/
↑
(

Y 1m

yo
- k T Mzet =
EMzoc + ENxf 2y) =

C +1 +
f128'se) :

f( 0's)) + =
+ 49153 knim

·
1m
↳
as we

Myof"EMype ENX dealing with

a re
+ ez
La
·

X
the
jooting we
Ez
(28'sy) . (0)) -
, =

N A
. = 0 + use value onth
·ase the column
of

Ex 6x
ass000 y
153'2
-zy
= =
-

y
-

I
-

1000 2000
AXIS : Ex
-

NEUTRAL = 0
>
-
-2

conclude that there are 6x = -

065676 000029 #1
c
y 258/29 = -
rm

y
- .

tensions so this is not

gooting .
good
 w Methods to reconsider the
size of
↑
-

↑ hadd
. .
a
gosting estMethodoth to the
poting o some s
problem tensione
es en

pero ---- Frent -

-

A
Conly use when
needing to solve
↓ ht IPRoadd tensions)
OM
↑
d
X Mayp
- od ↑
.

>
-
Just small tensions
Ex H) add usegue for .

es
G
, add
=
=
2 1 hadd 25
.
= -007183N/mmt Ohade =
2 8732m -a lot , not
very
·#000
2000 al
Pactic algo, *

En
& we must how

re-dost-doonges
Check es
ortoserfm

Verification of
maximum new
compressions
.

Ex , max
() = -
0067 -

000029718 (+500) 010 +3 -

-
=
098742 N/mm Gade O'2N/mm =

No !

21/3/24
Base of
column (we get them
from
the diagrams)
-
- NXx
= -

128'S2kn

↑
Mz ec = + 17 4 KN .
m

-Eson
Ir In t Myoc =
0

-z
Base of

Nxe+
footing
153'52KN
- ↑
-y

.
-
=

!
fo

d
Mz -f =
+ 49'53KN -
-- -
-
-
- =

↓ e
W
Myof
= 0
Z

Ind Method
increasing
size
gosting this better properties the section, higher second moment
-
cross
of .
>
- means
of area
-
of
however, excentricity---
>
-
bigger moments

------·
move

G concrete used
,

↑ the
density y
-i Nor 1 28'52 /4 2 05) O
25 228'S2 KN
- -
=
= -
= =
. .

Ya
-

↑
Men =
+'4 + ff128 52) (6/ 5)
/
.
= + 13/79KN .
m
-

need to en
/
they importan
no

al here o
so

under - apply sagety ratios are

=>

estam · -
s
part
tensiones
& t

:· b
·= -
I'S2 10
② .

the lab values

I
13/7 9.106
---
- -
-

y
-

4000 which is
! W
.
2000
100-2000-cube the side
Z

&
12
perpenticular
the bending
to
~ Xi5
a .

hige
the
6x = -00286 + 000004267 1 0
(in this case

y
.
=

not - axis
670/24
y
-
=
mm

-Increasing
size
of footing -
good when having compression problems
>
-

good yor small tension problems but not great

/
better than X

depth method but not totally

increasing .
good
Base of
column (we get them
from
the diagrams)
18'SEKN NXx
= -

128'S2kn
1 /4KN m 17 4 KN
Mz ec +
-

m
.
=

-
~
-
Myoc =
0

jaskr Base of footing

HAp 6x(t)
* d
↓
Nxe+ = 153'52KN
-

4 N

-N
A
+ /'53 kN
. .

Mz -f =

Myof
= 0
ard pethod -BALANCING THE COMPRESSED BLOCK >
-
reduces excentricity , smaller moment about
y .

(
reduces
A RISTOTLE >
-
area
, bigger compressions
weight of gooting
DESCARTES >
- the counteracts
the
excentricity of columns .

Using

2 de
Descartes
philosophy .

-Fer
EFn = 0

e
en 2+ = 0 - -
<F = -
+27/s2 -

EMz = 0

- ·
M
.
IM =
0
-
12852 .

20'25) + 17'4 -

25/5)
4 Nu
~ ,

w
Gy(t + (2 c
.) :
-

↳
②
X P
solio en

ForTomakessense there
, is a

025
-
u
a

1m
P X
getting bigger
c = + 0'5321 m
-
makes sense

6x =
288151 KN/m
00'28851N/mm)
= 0'2N/mm Gadm
-

asit
&

is

↳
a
compression

houeve as
average compressive
below the bearing capacity
strength is +

the max compressive strength can increase

this this is
y 25%, however in case

not even
enough .

O'ISNImm is still
less than our max

stress value , 028851N/mm) -

131 48 KN
4th Method -
good for tensions Los
also good · f
en ons
but o

e
e.
-
-

↑
↑

s (2015
tes,

Tie
- - -
- - - - -

-
↑ 88444484
en
N + 88448447
I
(

6x
=>

↑Re E
↑ 6xn
-

D
W
Z
+28'S2 3 1148
/4
666
1 25 ↓
428/12S
-

:
&F =0
&

* As
↳L>>
-

-
18's2 -
25 + R =
131'48 28125
↓
-

p
-
+ Ra = 0 -

Re
EMe = 0
-
*
0'IS
~
4'AS

+17'4 128'32/0125 13148(478)

+
-

28/125/4'5) + Ra <4 75) e

Ra = +149 '18/N 6xn =

480 = -
00663 Nn
en
Re +1631945kN
=

6x =
631945 10 .

=
=

06819N/mi
1500
- 1500
 beams beams ?
centering called
centering
no
Why are

tay
( centre the reactions
.

Step O
y
In 1

6x)-

z &
· por
NX
e
NX #0 Mz = 0
My = 0

·1
I
Step 1

z
-
NX
↑
- ley
= >
-

>
-
-

re e

·
(
-

- .......... N .
A .

Nx + 0 NX
Me = by
-
·

My mie
me
=0

es
y
by he
Step 2

↑
neutral axis starts to
- -

up, as the moment

z
N E
-
- is
becoming
·
- - more
ege ey
z
i e 5Mze Men relevant
-

- ........ · N A
.

Nx = 0 Mz, = ·

Noo-ey Me My = 0

Step 3 Tr In

-y
-De
-- * NY
·
NX more
slope &
-
byz
zr
&
-

L to -n Mes Man
-
- . . . . . . . - NA . . · N . A .

-
-
6x(f)

-
central

-
↑ the which
apply
core
region
o

if
on we an

axial ↳

the distribuiton mormal stresses induced

force o
is all with the all tensions
same
sign . All compressions or .

.
The perimeter of
the central core is the
geometrical place
(
-

-y
# force the neutral
which acial
⑧ ·
- &
-
on
if we apply an

↑~ to be section
I axis
going touching the cross

..........
·
is

but not intersecting it

.
-

· A

↑
 To

↑
-en
-

NX
Me Ny(
-- ey
=

=
·

zu h
My
↳
= 0

-
h

O
h
-
I
N A
y T
-
- . =
-... ..
>
- .
- -

Z
-
-

/ /
b

6x Nx fey
-- -y
=
o
=

b -
h

~ The Polar
which
lines
g
is
the
poles
the polio one straight line are all
passing through a en
poit
POLAR LINE INENTRAL AXIS

OOLE = POINT OF APPLICATION OF THE ANAL FORCE .

Lo

A
central
with

vertexes)
as

central
core

many
has the
is

core
a

vertexes
region wrapping
perimeter of
cannot
as sides (and

ever
the
the

cross
mass

therefore
centre

section
have concavities
.
z-

-in
-
-

.......
*
·

I
X

- . . . . .
·

Tr
The central has exactly the
~

of
core same axes

!
!
symmetry than the
. . . . . . . . .
-
-

cross-section has
.

belong ↑ ·↑
·

The does not

central * ↑
~
core
necessary
·-----
·

- -
to the cross-section examble
P in hollow
(for
cross-sections

#
L &
y
M

-
> only
- of
line
followt perimeter
not
uihich do
intersect

"/
-
z(
·-
·*
-
-
/
↑
&
&
-d

I I

& (
ze
--
-*
↑
·
1 /I
↑↑I
S -

-
-

↑↑
/
↑/ .

V ·