College of Material Engineering

Subject : Heat Transfer

Metallurgy Department
Lecturer: Dr. Ayad Natah
3rd Class
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Flow across in banks tubes:

Many of heat-exchanger arrangements involve multiple rows of tubes, the heat transfer characteristics
for tube banks are of important practical interest. The heat-transfer characteristics of staggered and in-
line tube banks were studied by Grimson. The Reynolds number is based on the maximum velocity
occurring in the tube bank; that is, the velocity through the minimum-flow area.

Determination of Maximum Flow Velocity

a) for flows normal to in-line tube banks

the maximum flow velocity will occur through the minimum frontal area (Sn − d) presented to the
incoming free stream velocity u∞.

𝑆𝑛
in –line arrangement𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢∞ [ ]
(𝑆𝑛−𝑑)

b) For the staggered arrangement

𝑆
𝑢∞ ( 2𝑛 )
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1/2
𝑆𝑛 2 2
[( ) + 𝑆𝑝 ] − 𝑑
2

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 Figure 1. (a) in-line tube rows; (b) staggered tube rows.
2𝑓 − 𝐺 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁 𝜇𝜔 0.14
∆𝑝 = ( )
𝜌 𝜇𝑏

Where:

∆𝒑 = pressure drop , 𝒇 = friction factor , 𝑮 = mass velocity , 𝑵= number of transvers row

𝝆= density, 𝝁𝒃 = average free-stream viscosity, N · s/m2

1- In the line tube row

The empirical friction factor 𝑓 − is given by Jakob

0.118
𝑓 −={0.25 + [(𝑆 1.08
} 𝑅𝑒 −0.16𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛 −𝑑)/𝑑]

2- In the staggered tubes row.

0.08𝑆𝑝 /𝑑
𝑓 −={0.044 + [(𝑆 0.43 +1.13 𝑑/𝑆
} 𝑅𝑒 −0.15𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛 −𝑑)/𝑑] 𝑝

Table 6-2: Constants C and n

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Table 6-4: Correlation of Grimson for heat transfer in Tube bank

Example 4:
Air at 1 atm and 10◦C flows across a bank of tubes 15 rows high and 5 rows deep at a velocity of
7m/s measured at a point in the flow before the air enters the tube bank. The surfaces of the tubes

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are maintained at 65◦C. The diameter of the tubes is 1 in [2.54 cm]; they are arranged in an in-line
manner so that the spacing in both the normal and parallel directions to the flow is 1.5 in [3.81 cm.
Calculate the total heat transfer per unit length for the tube bank and the exit air temperature.

Solution:
The constants for use with Equation (6-16) may be obtained from Table 6-4, using
𝑆𝑝 3.81
= = 1.5
𝑑 2.54
𝑆𝑛 3.81
= = 1.5
𝑑 2.54
So that C = 0.278 n = 0.620
The properties of air are evaluated at the film temperature, which entrance to the tube bank is
𝑇𝑤+𝑇∞ 65 + 10
𝑇𝑓1 = = = 37.5 ℃ = 310.5 𝑘
2 2
𝑃 1.0132∗105
Then, 𝜌𝑓 = 𝑅𝑇 = (287)(310.5) = 1.137 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑊
𝝁𝒇= 1.894 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠 , 𝑲𝒇= 0.027 . ℃ , 𝑪𝒑= 1007𝑗/𝑘𝑔. ℃ pr = 0.706
𝑚

To calculate the maximum velocity, must determine the minimum flow area. From Figure 1 to find the
ratio of the minimum flow area to the total frontal area is (S n − d)/Sn. The maximum velocity is thus.

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where u∞ is the incoming velocity before entrance to the tube bank. The Reynolds number is
computed by using the maximum velocity

The heat-transfer coefficient is then calculated with Equation (6-16):

This is the heat-transfer coefficient that would be obtained if there were 10 rows of tubes in the
direction of the flow. Because there are only 5 rows, this value must be multiplied by the factor 0.92 ,
as determined from Table 6-5. The total surface area for heat transfer, considering unit length of tubes,
is

Where: N is the total number of tubes before calculating the heat transfer, we must recognize that the
air temperature increases as the air flows through the tube bank. Therefore, this must be taken into
account when using

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 1. Zukauskas

Recommended the following relation for tube bandle to take Reynolds number the correlation

𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑏
N𝑢 = C Re Pr 𝑚 = ( )1/4
𝑝𝑟𝑤

‫في حالة المعادن السائلة ال يوجد هناك طبقة انتقالية اذ يتحول من جريان طباقي الى جريان مضطرب‬

For liquid metal flow

𝛿
= 1.64√𝑝𝑟
𝛿𝑡

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2. Lubarsky and Kaufman

recommended the following relation for calculation of heat-transfer coefficients in fully developed
turbulent flow of liquid metals in smooth tubes with uniform heat flux at the wall:

‫يستخدم في حالة االنبوب الناعم والفيض الثابت‬

𝑳
Apply this equation at the bulk temperature for 102 < Pe < 104 and for > 𝟔𝟎
𝒅

3. Seban and Shimazaki

Recommended the following relation for calculation of heat transfer to liquid metals in tubes with
constant wall temperature:

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 𝑳
Apply this relation at all properties at the bulk temperature for Pe >102 and for > 𝟔𝟎
𝒅

4. Skupinshi and Vautrey

Recommended the following relation for calculation of heat transfer coefficient when constant heat
flux.

Apply this relation at all properties at the bulk temperature for

3.6 × 103 < 𝑅𝑒 < 9.05 ×105
102 < Pe < 104

the heat transfer from a sphere cylinder to the surrounding are correlated by

Apply this equation for the Reynolds number range 3.5× 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 1.5 ∗105

Summary of forced convection correlation for in compressible flow inside tubes and ducts

System description:-

1- Friction factor for laminar flow in long tubes and ducts

2- Nusselts no. for fully developed laminar flow in long tubes with uniform heat flux.
𝑃𝑟 > 0.6
3- Nusselts no. for fully developed laminar flow in long tubes with uniform wall temp.
𝑃𝑟 > 0.6
4- Average nusselts no.for laminar flow tube and ducts of intermediate length with uniform temp.

𝐷𝐻 0.33 𝜇𝑏 0.14
(𝑅𝑒 Pr ) ( )
𝐿 𝜇𝑠
𝜇𝑏
0.004 < < 10
𝜇𝑠

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 0.5 < 𝑝𝑟 < 16000

𝐷𝐻 𝜇𝑏 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = 1.86(𝑅𝑒 Pr )( )
𝐿 𝜇𝑠

5- Average nusselts no.for laminar flow in short tubes and ducts with uniform wall temp.

𝐷𝐻
100 < (𝑅𝑒 Pr ) < 1500
𝐿

Pr > 0.7

𝐿
0.0668 (𝐷) 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝜇𝑏 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = 3.66( )( )
𝐷 𝜇𝑠
1 + 0.04(𝑅𝑒 Pr 𝐿𝐻 )

6- Friction factor for fully developed turbulent flow through smooth tubes and ducts.
Recommended correlation:

𝑓 = 0.184/𝑅𝑒 0.2 30.000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 106

𝑓 = 0.316/𝑅𝑒 0.25 5000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 30.000

7- Average nusslets no. for fully developed turbulent flow through smooth long tubes and ducts.

Re > 6000

0.7 < Pr < 16000

L
> 60
𝐷

0.8 0.3
𝜇𝑏 0.14
𝑁𝑢 = 0.027𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 ( )
𝜇𝑠
Recommended:

64 𝜇 0.14 64 𝑇 0.14
𝐹 = 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝜇𝑏) liquid , 𝐹 = 𝑅𝑒 (𝑇𝑠 ) for gas
𝑠 𝑏

8- Average nusselts no. for liquid metals in turbulent fully developed through smooth tube with
uniform heat flux.

𝑁𝑢 = 4.82 + 0.0185 (𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟)0.827

9- Same as above but in thermal entry region when

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 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 < 100

𝑁𝑢 = 3 𝑅𝑒 0.0833

10- Average nusselts no. for liquid metals in turbulent fully developed through smooth tube with
uniform surface temp.

𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 > 100

𝐿
> 30
𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 0.8
𝑁𝑢 = 5 + 0.025 ( )
𝑃𝑒

Heat transfer correlation for external flow:-

Geometry Correlation equation Restrictions

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1- Long circular in gas or
𝑃𝑟 4 1 < 𝑅𝑒 < 106
liquid 𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 ( )
𝑃𝑟𝑠

2- Non circular cylinder in a 𝑁𝑢 = 𝐵𝑅𝑒 𝑛 2500 < 𝑅𝑒 < 105

gas
3- Circular cylinder in liquid
meatls
4- Short cylinder in a gas
5- Sphere in a gas
6- Sphere in a gas liquid
7- Shpere in a liquid metals
𝑁𝑢 = 1.125(𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟)0.413 1 < 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 < 100
𝐷 7 ∗ 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 1.1 ∗ 105
𝑁𝑢 = 0.123 𝑅𝑒 + ( )0.85 𝑅𝑒 0.792
𝐿
2.2 0.48 3.5 < 𝑅𝑒 < 7.6 ∗ 104
𝑁𝑢 = +
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒 0.5
𝑁𝑢 =0.37 𝑅𝑒 0.6 0.7 < 𝑅𝑒 < 7.6 ∗ 104
𝑁𝑢 =2+(0.4) 𝑅𝑒1/2 +
𝜇 1/4
0.06𝑅𝑒 2/3 )𝑃𝑟 0.4 ( 𝜇𝑏 )
𝑠
𝑁𝑢 =2+0.386 ( 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟)1/2 3.6 ∗ 104 < 𝑅𝑒 < 2 ∗ 105

8- Long flat plate with D 𝑁𝑢 =0.20 𝑅𝑒 2/3 1 < 𝑅𝑒 < 4 ∗ 105

9- Half-round cylinder with 𝑁𝑢 =0.16 𝑅𝑒 2/3 1 < 𝑅𝑒 < 4 ∗ 105

flat rear-surface in a gas

10- Square plate dimension ℎ 2 80 < 𝑅𝑒 < 104

perpendicular to flow a gas ( ) 𝑃𝑟 3 = 0.930𝑅𝑒 −1/2
𝐶𝑝 𝜌 𝑢∞
or liquid

11- Tube bandle in across flow 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒 > 10,000

𝑁𝑢𝑃𝑟 0.36 ( )0.25
𝑃𝑟𝑠
𝑆𝑇 𝑛 𝑚
𝐶 = ( ) 𝑅𝑒
𝑆𝐿

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