Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Assignment on Wireless Sensor Networks

Course Title: Wireless Sensor Networks

Course Code: CSE 545

Submitted by Submitted To
Subrata Deb Nath Dr. Md. Abdulla Al Mamun
ID: 1602066 Professor
MSc in CSE (Jan-Jun 2023) Department of Computer Science and
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Engineering

HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY,

DINAJPUR-5200, BANGLADESH
Case Study 1:

Topics Description
Title of Paper Monitoring and Detecting of Air Pollution using Wireless Sensors Network
Author Name K. Preethi
Journal Name International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
Year 2016
Objectives Using a wireless sensor network for urban air pollution detection and monitoring
Methods Initially, they used WSN in a number of smaller areas to better manage the massive
amount of data that would be collected from the system and to better coordinate the
various components involved. Each of these smaller areas would have one cluster head,
which would form a cluster with the local nodes, collect data from them,perform
aggregation, and then send the results back to the sink. After that, place the sensor nodes
in each location at random. They will gather the data and use multi-hop routing to
transmit it to the cluster head in the relevant region. There are several sinks that will
transfer aggregated data from the cluster heads to the gateway. There will be a set of
cluster heads assigned to each sink. Results from the sinks will be gathered by the
gateway, which will then transmit them to the database and ultimately our
application.
Materials Zig Bee Model, ARIMA Prediction model
Result The system is prototyped across a limited area, and it will eventually be expanded to
the entire island. As Port Louis is a city and is more susceptible to air pollution than
rural regions, it was chosen as the location for the prototype implementation. The Zig
Bee model makes use of an Air Quality Index (AQI). The pollutants include sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, fine particulate matter, ozone, and total
reduced sulfur compounds.

Case Study 2:

Topics Description
Title of Paper Energy-Efficient Technique for Monitoring of Agricultural Areas with Terrestrial
Wireless Sensor Networks
Author Name Muhammed Enes Bayrakdar
Journal Name Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers
 Year 2020
Objectives The sensor nodes used for monitoring are developed in a simulation environment.
Methods The proposed technique in this paper is based on TDMA-based wireless sensor nodes
and energy efficiency. TDMA-based wireless sensor nodes sense related data from the
surrounding environment and transmit them to the collector station. Energy efficiency
means sensor nodes with the TDMA technique do not face any collision during
transmission and no repetitive transmission is required. Wireless sensor nodes also
work in sleep–awake mode to save energy while in the no-sense condition.
Materials There are a large number of sensors located in a rural areas for the determination of
agricultural availability for a specific fruit or vegetable cultivation. The sensor nodes
communicate in an ad-hoc manner among themselves. Some sensors have been used
as follows: pressure sensor, humidity sensor, temperature sensor, surface wetness
sensor.
Result The structure, h,ardware and workflow of wireless sensor network nodes are designed.
TDMA protocol was chosen as the medium access technique for the energy-efficient
operation of the designed technique. The simulation results show that the sensor
network can quickly collect medium information and transmit data to the processing
center in real-time. It also demonstrates the usefulness of wireless sensor
networks in the proposed agricultural research area.

Case Study 3:

Topics Description
Title of Paper Design and implementation of wireless sensor network for environmental
monitoring
Author Name Andhare, M. S., Pal, T. L., Jayaram, V., Sreelekshmy Pillai, G., Tripathi, V.,
Krishnaraj, M., & Abhilash, K. S.
Journal Name International Journal of Health Sciences
Year 2022
Objectives In order to create descriptive and predictive models for choosing the best routes to
decrease traffic congestion and urban pollution, it is necessary to capture real-time
environmental and traffic data.
 Methods The development of a WSNs concept substantially facilitates the construction of
efficient environmental monitoring and communication systems. This is due to a
wide range of networking elements, significant technical developments in sensor
nodes, and significant variations in the surrounding environment between mining
locations. WSNs keep track of environmental variables including wind, humidity,
and temperature. The sensor network should monitor and record motion, light,
temperature, humidity, and light.
Materials COntiki Os Java simulator (COOJA), TinyOS, Low-cost Infrared Sensors, Gateway
Node, TelosB Mote, PIR Sensor Module

Result Less attention is paid to the constraints that WSN environment-monitoring

applications and deployment conditions have on the energy storage device and more
attention is paid to reducing power consumption and improving data transmission.
To quickly install the infrastructure, the TelosB mote and TinyOS are
merged. The method saves energy while extending the network's life.

Case Study 4:

Topics Description
Title of Paper A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground
Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy.
Author Name Andrea Abrardo and Alessandro Pozzebon
Journal Name Sensors
Year 2019
Objectives Creating a WSN for monitoring underground environments
Methods The system was created particularly for the so-called "Bottini," or the ancient
aqueducts carved out of the Italian city of Siena. The adoption of a traditional star
topology is unfeasible according to the findings of a measurement campaign
conducted in the deployment scenario because the transmission range of LoRa (Long
Range) technology is restricted to a maximum of 200 m. As a result, a topology for
a linear sensor network based on multi-hop LoRa chain communications is
suggested. In this case, an ad-hoc transmission system is proposed with the objective
of reducing the average energy dissipation resulting
from clock offsets. It optimally analyzes the wake-up time of all nodes.
 Materials LoRa Radio Module, GSM Radio Module, e Semtech SX1272 LoRa
Result This paper presents a LoRa-based monitoring system created particularly for a
particular subterranean environment (the Siena "Bottini"). The suggested approach
can also be used in a variety of applications, such as pipelines and mines, where
linear topology is the only practical choice.

Case Study 5:

Topics Description
Title of Paper Environmental Monitoring based on the Wireless Sensor Networking Technology: A
Survey of Real-World Applications
Author Name Eirini Karapistoli, Ioanna Mampentzidou, and Anastasios A. Economides
Journal Name International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems
Year 2014
Objectives Examines practical wireless sensor network-based environmental monitoring
applications (WSNs)
Methods Just a few deployments have more than 200 nodes, in contrast to theoretical predictions
of enormous networks with thousands of nodes. Eighty percent of the installations
examined had 50 nodes or fewer, while 34 percent have fewer than ten nodes. To gather
the sensory data, almost all networks contain a sink node or base station. Also, a
sizeable portion of the installations in the study had an architecture with many sinks. A
standard mote linked to a computer is used as the base station hardware in close to 50%
of the installations. In addition, about 47% of the installations create ad hoc networks
to wirelessly transport the environmental data
they have gathered.
Materials Mica2 (Mica2 Datasheet, 2005), MicaZ (MICAz Datasheet, 2005) and Imote2 (Imote2
Datasheet, 2008) platforms, TinyOS operating system, bridging software for
GPRS/GSM data transfer, Atmel’s ATMega AVR architecture, Tmote Sky, Fleck 3
node, Beagleboard
Result This research examines practical wireless sensor network-based environmental
monitoring applications (WSNs). To give readers a broad overview of the technologies
employed, the circumstances under which the deployments were carried out, and much
more, authors further divide these 111 deployments into five distinct field categories:
agricultural monitoring, environmental monitoring, air-water pollution monitoring,
 monitoring of destruction phenomena, as well as monitoring of
livestock and wild animals.

Case Study 6:

Topics Description
Title of Paper IoT-Based Fish Farm Water Quality Monitoring System
Author Name Chiung-Hsing Chen, Yi-Chen Wu, Jia-Xiang Zhang and Ying-Hsiu Chen
Journal Name Sensors
Year 2022
Objectives To keep an eye on the fish farm's temperature, pH level, dissolved oxygen content,
water level, and life expectancy
Methods This system employs an Arduino Mega 2560 as its central processing unit to gather
various water quality data and a PLC to operate the machine and single-chip
integrated motor control of the intelligent measuring arm. It has an LPWAN
extension board installed for data transfer and comprehensive breeding pond
monitoring. It can show the data using LabVIEW and the database of the terminal
server, making it simple for breeding managers to use and not requiring the
construction of an extra base station. LPWAN is not a solution and cannot take the
place of all wireless transmission applications, while having the advantages of low
power consumption, long distance transmission, low transmission volume, and low
cost. For instance, immediate applications and high-speed transmission needs need
the use of different transmission methods.
Materials A robotic arm, LPWAN, Arduino Mega 2560, PLC, LoRaWAN, PH sensor,
conductivity sensor, dissolved oxygen sensor,
Result The use of an intelligent system will aid in breeding decision-making, control
learning, and the calculation of the most appropriate decision-making control
parameters, all of which will contribute to the stability of the grouper model farm
breeding environment and increase the effectiveness of grouper breeding.

Case Study 7:
Topics Description
Title of Paper Design and Development of Water Quality Monitoring System based on Wireless
Sensor Network in Aquaculture
Author Name ZHANG Mingfei, LI Daoliang and WANG Lianzhi*
Journal Name International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture
Year 2010
Objectives Creating a new system architecture based on WSN to monitor water quality in
aquaculture in real-time
Methods The following are the stages involved in monitoring an application instance: (1) To
execute the water quality data collection, storage, and distribution, wireless
acquisition nodes are deployed in the crab ponds of local farmers and are directly
coupled with the water quality sensors, including temperature, water level, PH, and
DO (dissolved oxygen) sensor. (2) Data from the acquisition node is sent to the
monitoring system center by routing nodes that are deployed between the crab ponds
and the monitoring system center. Using a routing node will increase the
communication's range and ensure a seamless exchange of information. (3) Data is
sent from the system utilizing the ZigBee protocol to the water quality monitoring
system for use in decision-making. (4) The monitoring system receives data,
including information on node voltage and water quality. Monitoring systems can
control the water quality environment and decision-making using the data on water
quality. (5) Deliver control commands to the control device, as well as notifications
to the user's PDA and SMS-based remote valve control.
Materials Zigbee Protocol, GPRS
Different sensors PH, water level, water temperature, oxygen reading
A software development tool is Visual studio 2005, and develops, compile, debug
in Windows XP. The software architecture based on .NET framework,
Result The wireless sensor network hardware monitoring apparatus is installed in the Yixing
Jiangsu province local farmers' crab ponds. Software for monitoring water quality
has been installed at PengYao Ecological Park's control center. The monitoring
system is a digital, intelligent, and efficient realization that successfully guarantees
the quality of aquaculture water. Results from the actual deployment are meant to
demonstrate the system's dependability and real-time qualities as well as
its positive impact on environmental water quality monitoring.
 Case Study 8:

Topics Description
Title of Paper An Integrated Wireless Multi-Sensor System for Monitoring the Water Quality of
Aquaculture
Author Name Jen-Yung Lin, Huan-Liang Tsai and Wei-Hong Lyu
Journal Name Sensors
Year 2021
Objectives To create and implement a cutting-edge wireless multi-sensor system that combines
temperature, pH, DO, and EC sensors to monitor freshwater aquaculture's water
quality.
Materials ThingSpeak IoT, ESP32 Wi-Fi module, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO),
and electrical conductivity (EC) sensors
Methods To monitor the water quality of freshwater aquaculture, this paper proposes a novel
wireless multi-sensor system that combines temperature, pH, DO, and EC sensors
with an ESP 32 Wi-Fi module. This system collects sensing data and salinity
information that is directly derived from the EC level. The ThingSpeak IoT platform
provided the data on water temperature, pH, DO, EC, and salinity levels. ThingView
APP then rendered the data in a user-friendly manner. Initially, an ESP32 Wi-Fi
platform was combined with these sensors. A Wi-Fi network subsequently
transferred the sensor observations and the calculated salinity from the EC level to
an on-site Wi-Fi access point (AP). The collected data was then sent to the
ThingSpeak IoT for further transmission and display as a web-based monitoring
system that may be seen immediately by internet browsing or the
ThingView APP.
Result The suggested multi-sensor Internet of Things system performs well under sterile
cultivation conditions for freshwater aquaculture. From the perspective of smart
aquaculture, the proposed wireless multi-sensor IoT system has several advantages
over multiple single sensors, including (1) much easier setup and maintenance; (2)
greater cost effectiveness; (3) simultaneous on-site monitoring of multiple sensing
parameters near an aquatic cultivation field; and (4) sufficient accuracy and
reliability with pre-calibration even for commercialized sensor devices.

Case Study 9:
 Topics Description
Title of Paper Web Enabled Plant Disease Detection System for Agricultural Applications Using
WMSN
Author Name S. Aasha Nandhini, R. Hemalatha, S. Radha, K. Indumathi
Journal Name Springer Nature
Year 2017
Objectives Using WSN, identify and categorize leaf disease
Methods In order to identify and categorize the illnesses in leaves, a unique compressed
sensing-based web enabled disease detection system (WEDDS) is presented in this
work. The segmentation of the sick leaf is suggested using a statistically based
thresholding method. To simplify storage, CS measurements of the segmented leaf
are sent to the cloud. At the monitoring location, the measurements are obtained
and the characteristics from the segmented picture reconstruction are recovered.
Support vector machine classifier is used for the analysis and classification. The
accuracy of the proposed WEDDS' performance has been assessed, and it is
contrasted with the methods now in use.
Materials Raspberry pi 3, Thingspeak, MATLAB, Python
Result It is seen from the findings that the suggested system exhibits an overall detection
accuracy of around 98.5% and a classification accuracy of about 98.4% when the
proposed WEDDS is simulated using MATLAB. As compared to other illness
detection systems that are already documented in the literature, the suggested
system performs better.

Case Study 10:

Topics Description
Title of Paper Design implementation of wireless multimedia sensor networks for dryland
agriculture
Author Name K Rantelobo1, H F J Lami, A C Louk, B Bernandus and T Olviana
Journal Name Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Year 2017
Objectives This study attempts to verify the findings of empirical analysis and direct
 observations in the field of dryland agriculture.

Materials Raspberry Pi device's camera, Wi-Fi sensing.

Methods It is anticipated that using the WMSN communication system in conjunction with
the advancement of Wi-Fi sensing and the CSI technique would produce the best
results for transmitting data from sensors to the IoT network. The use of this
technology is anticipated to result in a more notable increase in pixels for delivering
more accurate, detailed photographs of the items and data described in
this study.
Result As a preliminary outcome, the research can be conducted using the suggested
approach with a 640 480 pixel restriction. Analog data that included multimedia data
was also used in tests. The first findings indicated that, in general, the suggested
method appears to have promise for the application of WMSN in the sector of
dryland agriculture, where a visual sensor in the form of a camera with
640x480 pixels may send and receive image/object data was monitored.