Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics

Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics
Lecture slides by:
Dr. Mesay G.
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1. Hydrostatics
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of Fluid mechanics that studies the condition of the equilibrium of a
floating body and submerged body fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and the pressure in a fluid, or exerted by a
fluid, on an immersed body“
 It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium
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1. Hydrostatics
Fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases.
 Fluid Dynamics deals with fluids in motion
 Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on
aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns,
understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling fission weapon detonation.
Where you find Fluid-Dynamics?
• Blood flow in arteries and veins

• Interfacial fluid dynamics
• Geological fluid mechanics
• The dynamics of ocean
• Laminar-turbulent transition
• Solidification of fluids
1. Hydrostatics
 It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion)
and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion).
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as
liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow
of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
2. The Ideal Fluid Approximation
Ideal fluid flow is a simple, but

useful approximation to actual
fluid motion.
Arrows here represent the flow
velocity in a cross-sectional
cutout of the pipe.
The velocity is constant across the
area, there is no rotation, and no
drag (viscosity) near the edges of
the pipe.
Ideal Fluids – four approximations to simplify the analysis of fluid

flow:
• The fluid is nonviscous – internal friction is neglected
• The flow is laminar (steady, streamline flow) – all particles passing through a point
have the same velocity at any time.
• The fluid is incompressible – the density remains constant
• The flow is irrotational – the fluid has no angular momentum about any point. A
small paddle wheel placed anywhere does not feel a torque and rotate
An ideal fluid is defined by the following set of characteristics. The flow of the fluid must be
• steady
The velocity at any point in the flow does not change in time.
• incompressible
The density does not change with pressure.
• non-viscous
There are no sources of internal friction that could remove energy from the flow.
• irrotational
An element (small piece) of the flow traces out a straight path aligned with the fluid velocity, not
a helical pattern around it.
 All fluids are compressible - even water - their density will change as pressure
changes.
 Under steady conditions, and provided that the changes in pressure are small, it is
usually possible to simplify analysis of the flow by assuming it is incompressible and
has constant density.
 As you will appreciate, liquids are quite difficult to compress - so under most steady
conditions they are treated as incompressible.
• Compressible Flow- When the density of flow varies with pressure it is termed as
compressible flow.
• Incompressible Flow- When the density of flow does not varies with pressure it is termed as
incompressible flow.
• Viscous/Non-viscous flow- When the viscosity of the fluid is zero, it is termed as non-
viscous otherwise it is viscous.
1. The Hydrodynamic equations
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as
liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
 In general, all fluids flow three-dimensionally, with pressures and velocities and other flow
properties varying in all directions.
 In many cases the greatest changes only occur in two directions or even only in one.
 In these cases changes in the other direction can be effectively ignored making analysis
much more simple.
 Flow is one dimensional if the flow parameters (such as velocity, pressure, depth etc.) at a given
instant in time only vary in the direction of flow and not across the cross-section. The flow may be
unsteady, in this case the parameter vary in time but still not across the cross-section.
 An example of one-dimensional flow is the flow in a pipe. Note that since flow must be zero at the
pipe wall - yet non-zero in the center - there is a difference of parameters across the cross-section.
 Should this be treated as two-dimensional flow? Possibly - but it is only necessary if very high
accuracy is required. A correction factor is then usually applied.
 Flow is two-dimensional if it can be assumed that the flow parameters vary in the direction of flow
and in one direction at right angles to this direction.
 Streamlines in two-dimensional flow are curved lines on a plane and are the same on all parallel
planes.
 An example is flow over a weir for which typical streamlines can be seen in the figure below. Over
the majority of the length of the weir the flow is the same - only at the two ends does it change
slightly. Here correction factors may be applied.
1. The law of conservation of matter

 stipulates that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it may be
transformed (e.g. by a chemical process).
 Since this study of the mechanics of fluids excludes chemical activity from consideration,
the law reduces to the principle of conservation of mass.

 stipulates that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it may be
transformed (e.g. by a chemical process).
 Since this study of the mechanics of fluids excludes chemical activity from consideration,
the law reduces to the principle of conservation of mass.
• Matter cannot be created nor destroyed - (it is simply changed in to a

different form of matter).
• This principle is known as the conservation of mass and we use it in the
analysis of flowing fluids.
 Continuity equation is based upon ,principle of conservation of mass.
CONTROL Outflow
Inflow
 For a fluid flowing through the pipe at all cross section, the quantity of
VOLUME
fluid flowing per second is constant.

Control surface
 Or in the other words, for a steady and incompressible flow, rate of flow
of liquid remains constant at different sections.
 For steady flow: there is no increase in the mass within the control volume
 Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time r2
r1
CONTROL Outflow
Inflow
VOLUME
Control surface
 For steady flow

• If the fluid is incompressible so:
r1  r2  a cons tan t r2
 A1v1  A 2 v 2
• This is called the equation of continuity for an r1

incompressible fluid
• The product of the area and the fluid speed (volume flux)
at all points along a pipe is constant.
2. The law of conservation of energy

 states that energy may be neither created nor destroyed.
 Energy can be transformed from one guise to another (e.g. potential energy can be
transformed into kinetic energy), but none is actually lost.
 Engineers sometimes loosely refer to ‘energy losses’ due to friction, but in fact the
friction transforms some energy into heat, so none is really ‘lost’.
3. The law of conservation of momentum

 States that a body in motion cannot gain or lose momentum unless
some external force is applied.
 The classical statement of this law is Newton's Second Law of Motion,
i.e.
 force = rate of change of momentum
1. Aerodynamics
What is aerodynamics?
•Aero Air
• Dynamics Deals with bodies in motion
• Air is a mixture of gases composed principally of nitrogen and oxygen. Since air is a
combination of gases, it follows the laws of gases.
• Air is considered a fluid because it answers the definition of a fluid, namely, a substance
which may be made to flow or change its shape by the application of moderate pressure.
• Air has weight, since something lighter than air, such as a balloon filled with helium, will rise
in the air.
1. Aerodynamics
Air is made up of approximately 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen by volume, with the remaining
1% being made up from other gases.
The ratios of the gases (21%, 78% and 1%) vary little with height although the moisture content
drops with increase in altitude.
Aerodynamics is the study of the dynamics of gases, or the interaction between moving object and
atmosphere causing an airflow around a body.
As first a movement of a body (ship) in a water was studies, it is not a surprise that some aviation terms
are the same as naval ones – rudder, water line, keel beam, speed measured in knots (nautical miles).
1. Aerodynamics
The understanding of basic aerodynamics – the possibility of flight, forces acting on aircraft in
flight, why aircraft is designed with particular flight control systems, - is important for
understanding the maintenance of aircraft systems.
As a part of physics aerodynamics gives laws determining forces acting on aircraft and its
behavior in interaction with atmosphere
Aerodynamics as the science describing body’s movement in an air. Thus it is a branch of

dynamics which deals with the motion of air and other gases, with the forces acting upon an
object in motion through the air, or with an object which is stationary in a current of air. In effect, in
aviation aerodynamics is concerned with three distinct parts. These parts may be defined as the
aircraft, the relative wind, and the atmosphere.
Group Assignment question Two
Discuss the Classical aerodynamic theory.

Group Assignment question Two
Describe the Modern aerodynamic theory in detail

Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics - MG - Lec3

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Lecture slides by:

 Fluid Dynamics deals with fluids in motion

Where you find Fluid-Dynamics?

• Blood flow in arteries and veins

Ideal fluid flow is a simple, but

Ideal Fluids – four approximations to simplify the analysis of fluid

• The fluid is nonviscous – internal friction is neglected

• The fluid is incompressible – the density remains constant

1. The law of conservation of matter

1. The law of conservation of matter

1. The law of conservation of matter

• Matter cannot be created nor destroyed - (it is simply changed in to a

fluid flowing per second is constant.

1. The law of conservation of matter

1. The law of conservation of matter

 For steady flow

• This is called the equation of continuity for an r1

2. The law of conservation of energy

3. The law of conservation of momentum

Aerodynamics as the science describing body’s movement in an air. Thus it is a branch of

Group Assignment question Two

Discuss the Classical aerodynamic theory.

Group Assignment question Two

Describe the Modern aerodynamic theory in detail

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