2.

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 FINALS
CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength,
CHAPTER 12 | Electrolyte Solutions Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation
Milliequivalents Dilution, Concentration, &
Millimoles Fortification
Milliosmoles Stock Solutions
Alligation Medial and Alligation
CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Alternate
Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations
Adult and Pediatric Dosage CHAPTER 16 | Reducing and Enlarging
Intravenous Additives/Admixtures Formulas
Rate-of-flow Calculations Ratio and Proportion
Dimensional Analysis
Conversion Factor

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 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
chapter 12

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Milliequivalents
Electrolyte solutions contain species
(electrolytes) that dissociate into
ions.

The milliequivalent (mEq) is the unit

most frequently used to express the
concentration of electrolytes in
solution.

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Milliequivalents
A unit of measure that is related to the
total number of ionic charges in
solution, and it takes note of the
valence of the ions.

A unit of measurement of the amount

of chemical entity of an electrolyte.

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Milliequivalents
Valence = is the total positive charge

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
1. A pharmacist prepares 1 gallon of KCl solution by mixing 565 g of KCl in an
appropriate vehicle. How many milliequivalents of K+ are in 15 mL of this solution?

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
2. What is the percent weight-per-volume (%w/v) concentration of a solution containing
100 mEq of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) per liter? The molecular weight of NH4Cl is
53.5 g/mol.

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Millimoles and Micromoles

the SI expresses electrolyte
concentrations in millimoles per liter
(mmol/L) in representing the
combining power of a chemical
species.

For monovalent species, the numeric

values of the milliequivalent and
millimole are identical.

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Millimoles and Micromoles

A mole is the molecular weight of a

substance in grams.

A millimole is one thousandth of a

A micromole is one millionth of a

mole.

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Millimoles and Micromoles

TAKE NOTE!

SOLUTIONS = solute + solvent

Solute - the one being dissolved

Solvent - the one that dissolves

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
1. What is the mole and millimole of a 50 g of NaCl? (MW of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol)

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
2. How many millimoles of monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4 ~ M.W. = 138
g/mol) are present in 100 g of the substance?

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

OSMOLARITY & MILLIOSMOLES

Osmotic pressure = proportional to the total number of particles in
solution.
Unit used to measure osmotic concentration is mOsmol
Osmolarity is defined as the milliosmoles of solute per L of solution

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

OSMOLARITY & MILLIOSMOLES

Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity in cell biology.

Tonicity is a property of a solution that is equal to the sum of

concentration of solutes which have the capacity to exert an osmotic
force across the membrane.

Isotonic solutions
cause no swelling or
contraction of the
tissues and
produces no
discomfort when
instilled in the eye,
nasal tract, blood or
other body tissues.
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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

OSMOLARITY & MILLIOSMOLES

Number of species = total number of particles in the solution (depends

on the degree of dissociation)

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
1. A solution contains 5% anhydrous dextrose in water for injection. How many
milliosmoles per liter are represented by this concentration?

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CHAPTER 12 | ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

SAMPLE SOLVING
2. How many milliosmoles are represented in a liter of a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)
solution?

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 IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, &
Rate of Flow Calculations
chapter 13

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

Parenteral

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

Intravenous Infusions

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

IV FLOW RATE COMPUTATIONS

Drip sets:
Macroset (standard)- 10, 15, 20 gtts/mL
Microset (pediatric)- 60 gtts/mL

Note: Answers should be rounded off to

whole number.

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

IV FLOW RATE COMPUTATIONS

A. Formula Method

B. Dimensional Analysis

C. Division Factor Method

1. Convert first the flow rate to mL/hr
2. Divide the mL/hr with the DIVISION FACTOR based on the IV drip set
60 gtts/mL = 1
20 gtts/mL = 3
15 gtts/mL = 4
10 gtts/mL = 6
3. Answer will be in gtt/min

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

SAMPLE SOLVING
1. An IV piggyback of 500 mg imipenem-cilastatin sodium diluted in 50 mL D5W is to
infuse over 30 minutes. The set calibration is 15 gtt/mL.

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

SAMPLE SOLVING
2. An IV piggyback of 200 mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride diluted in 100 mL of 0.9%
NaCl is to infuse over 45 minutes. The set calibration is 20 gtts/mL.

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

SAMPLE SOLVING (Basic IV Solutions)

1. How many grams each sodium chloride and dextrose are present in a 1000 mL IV bag
of 0.18% sodium chloride and 4% dextrose?

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CHAPTER 13 | IV Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, & Rate of Flow Calculations

SAMPLE SOLVING (Parenteral Admixtures)

1. Daptomycin (CUBICIN ), 4 mg/kg, is recommended for administration over a 30-
minute period by intravenous infusion in 0.9% sodium chloride. How many milliliters of a
vial containing 500 mg of daptomycin in 10 mL should be added to a 100-mL bag of
normal saline in treating a 165-lb patient?

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 Altering Product Strength, Use of
Stock Solution, & Alligation
chapter 15

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

Dilution
The dilution of a liquid dosage
form, as a solution or suspension,
may be desired to provide a
product strength more suitable for
use by a particular patient (e.g.,
pediatric, elderly, those in disease
states).
Fortification
The fortification of a liquid, solid, or
semisolid dosage form is the
addition of a calculated quantity of
additional therapeutic agent in a
pharmaceutical compounding.

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

Stock Solution
are concentrated solutions of active (e.g., drug) or inactive (e.g., colorant)
substances and are used by pharmacists as a convenience to prepare
solutions of lesser concentration.
where:
1

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Dilution)

1. If 400 mL of a 20% (w/v) solution are diluted to 2 liters, what will be the percentage
strength?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Dilution)

2. How many mL of a 1:4000 (w/v) stock solution should be used to make 4L of a 1:2000
(w/v) solution?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Dilution)

3. How many mL of 95% (w/w) sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.820 should be
used in preparing 2 liters of 10% (w/v) sulfuric acid?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Fortification)

1. If 30 g of a 1% hydrocortisone ointment were diluted with 12 g of Vaseline, what
would be the concentration of hydrocortisone in the mixture?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Fortification)

2. How many grams of zinc oxide should be added to 3200 g of 5% zinc oxide ointment
to prepare an ointment containing 20% of zinc oxide?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

Alligation Methods
Arithmetical method of solving problems that involves the mixing of
solutions or mixtures of solids possessing different percentage strengths.

Alligation Medial Alligation Alternate

Method by which a “weighted
average” concentration of two or
more substances of known
quantity and concentration may
be easily calculated
Method used to determine the
quantities of ingredients of various
concentrations to make a mixture of
a desired strength.
NOTE:
One higher in strength
One lower in strength

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Alligation Medial)

1. What is the percentage strength (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of 3000 mL of 60% v/v
alcohol, 1000 mL of 30% v/v alcohol, and 1000 mL of 40% v/v alcohol? Assume no
contraction of volume after mixing.

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Alligation Alternate)

1. In what proportion should 5% and 1% hydrocortisone ointments be mixed to prepare
a 2.5% alcohol?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Alligation Alternate)

2.a The solvent for the extraction of a vegetable drug is 70% alcohol. In what proportion
may 50%, 60%, and 95% alcohol be mixed to prepare a solvent of a desired
concentration?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Alligation Alternate)

2.b The solvent for the extraction of a vegetable drug is 70% alcohol. In what proportion
may 50%, 60%, and 95% alcohol be mixed to prepare 250 mL solvent of a desired
concentration?

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CHAPTER 15 | Altering Product Strength, Use of Stock Solution, & Alligation

SAMPLE SOLVING (Alligation Alternate)

3. A hospital pharmacist wants to use 20%, 5% of zinc oxide ointment, and white
petrolatum. In what proportions should they be mixed to prepare 150g of 3% zinc oxide
ointment?

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 Reducing and Enlarging Formulas
chapter 16

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CHAPTER 16 | Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

These formulas list the amount of each ingredient needed to make a
certain amount of the preparation.
At times, it is necessary to reduce or enlarge a formula to satisfy the
needs of your pharmacy.

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CHAPTER 16 | Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

3 Methods
1.Ratio and Proportion

2.Dimensional Analysis

3.Conversion Factor Method

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CHAPTER 16 | Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

SAMPLE SOLVING (Reducing and Enlarging Formulas)

From the following formula for one rectal suppository, calculate the quantity of each
ingredient required to prepare 24 suppositories

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CHAPTER 16 | Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

SAMPLE SOLVING (Reducing and Enlarging Formulas)

From the following formula, calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make
1000 g of the ointment.

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 TRIVIA NIGHT

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TRIVIA NIGHT
How many mL of 90% (w/w) H2SO4 having a
specific gravity of 1.788 should be used in
preparing a liter of 8% (w/v) acid?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
What is the percentage of zinc oxide in an
ointment prepared by 200 g of 10% ZnO
ointment, 50 g of 20% ZnO ointment and 100 g
of 5% ZnO ointment?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
A person is to receive 36 mg of ammonium
chloride per kg of body weight. If the person
weighs 154 lbs, how many mL of a sterile
solution of ammonium chloride (MW = 53.5)
containing 0.4 mEq per mL should be
administered?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
A physician wishes to administer 1,200,000
units of penicillin G potassium every 4 hours. If
1 unit of penicillin G potassium (MW = 372)
equals 0.6 μg, how many mEq of K+ will the
patient receive in a 24-hr period?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
What is the concentration in mg per mL of a
solution containing 5 mEq of KCl (MW = 74.5)
per mL?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
How many millimoles of monobasic sodium
phosphate (mw = 138 g/mol) are present in
100g of the substance?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
Calculate the osmolar concentration, in terms
of milliosmoles, represented by 1L of 10%w/v
solution of anhydrous dextrose (mw: 180) in
water.

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TRIVIA NIGHT
How many milliosmoles of sodium are
represented in 1L of 3% hypertonic NaCl (MW:
58) solution? assume complete dissociation.

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TRIVIA NIGHT
A patient received 250 mL of an infusion at a
rate of 4OmL/hr. What was the infusion time in
hours, minutes?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
A patient received 500 mL of D5W1⁄2N S at a
rate of 15 drops/min. If the administration set
used delivered 15 drops/mL, calculate the
infusion time in hours,minutes.

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TRIVIA NIGHT
An emergency syringe contains lidocaine, 1 g/5
mL. How many milliliters should be used in
preparing 250 mL of an infusion to contain 4
mg/mL of lidocaine in D5W?

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TRIVIA NIGHT
A solution containing 500,000 units of
polymyxin B sulfate in 10mL of sterile water for
injection is added to 250mL of 5% dextrose
injection. The infusion is to be administered
over 2 hours. If the administration set
calibrates 15 drops/mL, at what rate, in drops
per minute, should the flow be adjusted to
administer the infusion over the designated
time interval?
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