Ch05: The Laws of Motion

Force
Mass
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s Second Law
Some particular forces; Gravitational Force,
Weight, Normal force, Friction, and Tension
Newton’s Third Law
Applications to Newton's laws
Friction

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Force Measuring Force

Only a force can cause a change in velocity acceleration

Force is a vector
Ex: Push, pull, throw an object; gravity; magnetic attraction quantity
Force is
The force exerted on a standard mass of kg to produce an measured as the
acceleration of m/s2 has a magnitude of Newton (N) elongation of
the spring.
The total (net)
force is the
vector sum of
all forces acting
on the spring.

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 Force: types Newton’s First Law; Inertia Law
Contact forces Field forces In the absence of an external net force…
act through physical contactact through empty space
an object in motion remains in motion with
constant velocity in a straight line.
an object at rest remains at rest
Newton’s First Law: If no net force acts on a body,
the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the body
cannot accelerate.
This means if net force Fnet= 0 acceleration is zero
( a = 0)
Object is said to be at equilibrium

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Example

What are the magnitude

and direction of a third force
Newton’s First Law; Inertia Law
so that the block is
The tendency of an object to resist any change in its
(a) stationary, velocity is called inertia ( nerte iste).
3N 7N The Inertia of the object is proportional to its mass large
(b) moving to the right with frictionless object are difficult to put in motion as difficult to bring to
constant speed 0 m/s. surface rest
Mass
Solution It is an intrinsic property (property of matter), independent
For both cases the block is not accelerating.
of the environment and measurement.
According to Newton's second law, the net force acting on it
■ It can be thought of as the resistance of an object to
must be zero.
The third force should have a magnitude of 4 N and directed to any changes in its velocity (inertia).
the left. Don’t confuse mass with weight which is the
3N 7N
gravitational force exerted on an object.
4N mass is a scalar quantity.
frictionless
surface Relates the force on the body to the resulting
acceleration. Iyad Saadeddin
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 Newton’s Second Law; Acceleration
Law Newton’s Second Law
The acceleration of an object is directly The SI unit of force is Newton (N) N =( kg)( m/s2) =
proportional to the net force acting upon it and kgm/s2.
inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton’s Second Law: The net force on a Some force units
body is equal to the product of the body’s mass and in other systems of

 
its acceleration.

units are given in

å
Table shown
F = Fnet = ma
When solving with problems
with Newton’s laws, we
åF x = ma x åF y = ma y åF z = maz usually draw Free- body
diagram (FBD); Draw the
forces vectors act on each
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Ex: In the Fig. the acceleration, , shown is caused by the three forces
Newton’s Second Law: Ex. . Find the magnitude and direction of the not shown force

Two hokey players åF x = F1x + F2 x = F1 cos 20° + F2 cos 60°

hits a puck as shown. (x-components)
What is the
åF x = 4 . 7 + 4 = 8 .7 N
acceleration of the 8 .7
puck?
åF x = ma x = 8.7 N Þ a x =
0 .3
= 29m / s ²

åF y = F1 y + F2 y = - F1 sin 20° + F2 sin 60°

(y-components)
åF y = -1.71 + 6.93 = 5.22 N
5.22
åF y = ma y = 5.22 N Þ a y =
0 .3
= 17.4m / s ²

Þ a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj = 29iˆ + 17.4 ˆj
0.3 kg
 17.4
a = 29² + 17.4² = 33.8m / s ² q = tan -1 = 31° and
29
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 Some particular forces: Gravity and
Weight Some particular forces: Tension
Gravity is the attractive force every object feels When a cord (or a rope, cable) is attached to a body
towards
 Earth.
   and pulled taut, the cord pulls on the body with a
Fnet = ma Þ Fg = mg Gravitational Force
tension force directed away from the body and
along the cord
Magnitude of
- Fg = - mg Þ Fg = mg gravitational
force
The magnitude of the gravitational
force is the called the weight (W);
which is minimum force needed to lift
a mass m W = mg
Weight can change from planet to planet Note that, when two objects connected by a cord in moving
depending on gravity acceleration but mass system, at a given instant, both objects will have same
is constant. Iyad Saadeddin acceleration and velocity Iyad Saadeddin
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Some particular forces: Normal Force
When a body presses on a surface, the surface pushes
on the body with a normal force that isperpendicular
to the surface.
Newton’s Third Law; Action Reastion Law
If two objects interact, the forceF12 exerted by object on
object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the
force F21 exerted by object 2 on object .

 
F12 = -F21
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 Object at equilibrium: Ex. Object at equilibrium: Ex.
y
Block of mass m at rest on a In the previous example, if we pull the object on
table, find the normal force table by a cord with tension force T, but it still at
magnitude  rest on table (a=0)
 
x
(mass at rest a = 0) Þ å F = ma = 0
we have only forces in y direction

Fnet = å Fy = ma y
= FN - Fg = 0
= FN - mg = 0 åF y = FN + T - mg = 0 (a = 0 Þ ma = 0 - object at rest)
Þ FN = mg - T Normal force get smaller
Þ FN = mg
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and T = mg - FN Iyad Saadeddin
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Accelerated object: Ex. Accelerated object: Ex.

If mass is lifted by the cord and accelerated (T>mg), An elevator moving up and comes to rest (slowing
the block is no more pressing on table Normal force down)
disappear
å F = T - mg = ma
y y

Þ T = ma + mg  
To have acceleration, T must Fnet = ma
be larger the weight
For example, if
åF y = T - Mg = Ma y
m= 2kg and a=0.2 only forces in y - direction
m/s² F = T - mg = ma
Þ å y Þ T - Mg = - Ma Þ T = Mg - Ma
Þ T = ma + mg = m(a + g) Þ the tension is less than the weight
= 12(0.2 + 9.8) = 120 N
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 Hints for solving problems using Newton’s laws Applying solving problems Hints: Ex.
Box pulled by a force F at an angle θ. The box has a
Sketch the situation horizontal acceleration a. find the acceleration and the
Categorize the problem (moving or at rest) normal force
Solution:
Isolate an object and identify the forces acting upon
it (draw free body diagram-FBD). - draw the situation as shown
Establish a convenient coordinate system (x-y) so 2- draw free body diagram (FBD)
that one of the axis is parallel to the acceleration
Apply Newton’s second law to each diagram
Solve for desired quantities
Check your answer
- add coordinate system
FBD (x-y)
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Applying solving problems Hints: Ex. Ex. Atwood machine

Solution:
4- analyse forces in directions of x and
y F
hanged on Light cord and
massless frictionless pulley,
findFind a) a = ? b) T = ?
y

Fx=Fcosθ, Fy=Fsinθ
Fx
5- apply newtons laws
 
å F = ma FBD
For x-direction For y-direction

åF x = max åF y = ma y
F cosq n + F sin q - mg = 0 (a y = 0)
F cosq = ma Þ a =
m Þ n = mg - F sin q Atwood machine
FBD
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Ex. Atwood machine Ex. Atwood machine
For m
åF y = ma y
Or we can apply newton’s second law for a system
T - m1 g = m1a .......... .........(1)
For m2
åF y = ma y
åF system = (å m)asystem
T - m2 g = -m2 a ...................(2)
From (2) In this case we take the direction of motion to be
positive
T = m2 g - m2 a .....(2' )
Sub. (2’) in ( ) Sub. a in ( ) åF system = (å m) a system
m2 g - T + T - m1 g = ( m1 + m2 ) a
m2 g - m2 a - m1 g = m1a
m2 g - m1 g
Þ m2 g - m1 g = m1a + m2 a 2m1m2 Þ The acceleration magnitude a =
T= g m1 + m2
m g - m1 g m1 + m2
Þa= 2
m1 + m2
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Ex. traffic at rest Ex. traffic at rest

Traffic weight 22N, For the traffic light
find T , T2, and T

For the cables joint

points

FBD

From ( )

mg= 22N

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 Ex. Weighting a fish in an elevator incline plane: Ex.
A man weighs a fish (40 N) with a spring scale attached to Assume object of mass m on an incline plane of incline angle θ.
the ceiling of an elevator at rest, Find: We can calculate the acceleration and normal force as follows
(a) the weight if the elevator accelerates upward at 2 m/s
2

(b) the weight if the elevator accelerates downward at 2 ) Good to place our x-axis parallel to the
m/s (c) If the elevator cable breaks, what does the scale
2
acceleration parallel to the incline
read?
2) The gravity force components are
parallel to the plane = mg sinθ
(a) [a is upward (+ve)]
perpendicular to the plane =mg cosθ
) Object will slide with acceleration along
the plane (x-axis) by the effect of mgsinθ

(b) [a is downward (-ve)]

åF x = max
åF y = ma y = 0 (a y = 0)
mg sin q = max
(c) [a = g downward (-g)] Þ n - mg cos q = 0 Þ n = mg cos q
Þ a x = g sin q
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incline plane: Ex.2 Two connected blocks: Ex.

a cord pulls on a box up along a frictionless plane inclined Two blocks connected as shown. Find (a) the acceleration of
at θ= 0°.The box has mass m = 5 kg, and the force from block S, (b) the acceleration of blockH, and (c) the tension in
the cord has magnitude T = 25 N. What is the box’s the cord.
acceleration component a along the inclined plane?

åF x = max
T - mg sin q = ma
FBD
T - mg sin θ
Þa= = 0.1 m/s²
m
mg θ
s in
mg
cosθ

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Two connected blocks: Ex. Two connected blocks: Ex.2
For block M Two objects of masses m and m2 are
( ) attached by a lightweight cord that
passes over a frictionless pulley of
For block m negligible mass as shown. Find the
a) magnitude of the acceleration of the
(2) two objects and
Sub. ( ) in (2) b) the tension in the cord.

From m

or åF system = (å m)asystem
( )
mg - T + T = ( M + m)a
and
m
Þa= g
M +m
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Two connected blocks: Ex.2 Friction

From m2 Frictional forces are common and important in our daily
lives:
(2)
due to friction we can walk on earth
From ( ) Sub in (2) car under danger can stop due to friction when
breaking
you can’t move heavy crate when pushing it due to
friction force is due to the
Frictional
interaction of two adjacent surfaces
at the atomic or molecular level
force is needed to break the welding
between surfaces frictional force
Sub. In (2) due to action reaction

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 Friction Properties of Friction
when applied force is Property 1. If the body does not move, then the static frictional
small object is static force fs and the component of F that is parallel to the surface
applied force F = static balance each other. They are equal in magnitude, and isfs directed
frictional force fs opposite that component ofF.
when applied force
exceed the maximum Property 2. The magnitude of fs has a maximum value fs,max that
static frictional force is given by μs is coefficient of static
object will move we friction
will have kinetic frictional Property 3. If the body begins to slide along the surface, the
force fk magnitude of the frictional force rapidly decreases to a valuefk
Friction is always given by
parallel to the surface of μk is coefficient of kinetic
interaction and opposite friction
to the direction of applied The coefficients do not
Friction is proportional to the normal force.
force or motion Friction is independent of area. depend on weight or speed
and generally range between
When there is no applied μs is generally larger than μk .
0.00 and Iyad . Saadeddin
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Friction: Ex. Car breaking Friction: Ex. Box on rough surface

A car driving with a FN vi 2 kg Box on surface with friction. Ifμs=0.5 and μk=0. find
speed vi. an a) how large should F be to get box just start moving?
fk
emergency breaking b) once it’s moving, find the acceleration
made It to stop in a Solution: analyse F to its
m
distance of 2 0 m as g components
shown. If μk between a) Just Start moving not
tiers and street is 0. , moving (a=0), but, fs is at its
find it’s initial speed vi å F x = ma x
maximum
åF x = max
v 2 = vi2 + 2aDx F cosq - f s = 0 (a = 0) Þ F cos 25° - m s mg + m s F sin 25° = 0
Þ - f k = ma F cos 25° - m s n = 0 ........(1) F (cos 25° + m s sin 25°) = m s mg
0 = vi2 + 2aDx
Þ - m k FN = - m k mg = ma We can find n from y-direction m s mg
Þ vi = - 2aDx ÞF=
Þ a = -mk g = åF y = ma y cos 25° + m s sin 25°
Þ vi = - 2(-5.88)(290) = 58m / s 0.5(12)(9.8)
= -(0.6)(9.8) = -5.88m / s 2 n + F sin 25° - mg = 0 (a y = 0) F = = 53 N
cos 25 + (0.5) sin 25
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 Friction: Ex. Box on rough incline
Friction: Ex. Box on rough surface surface
b) When moving we have acceleration a 2 kg Box on incline surface with friction.
and kinetic friction fk as shown If μs=0.5 and μk=0. find
åF x = ma x
Fsin25°
a) At what angle the object just start moving
F cos q - f k = ma b) once it’s moving, find the acceleration
Solution: a)Object not moving (a=0) fs,max
F cos 25° - m k n = ma f Fcos25°

F cos 25° - m k n
k åF x = ma x
Þa= , mg sin q - f s ,max = 0 (a = 0)
m
n = mg - F sin 25° (from y - direction) Þ mg sin q - m s n = 0 .......... (1)
Þ mgsinq - m s mg cosq = 0
Þ sinq = m s cosq
Þa=
F cos 25 - m k (mg - F sin 25)
åF y = ma y
m Þ tan q = m s Þ q = tan -1 m s
n - mg cosq = 0 (a y = 0)
53 cos 25 - (0.3)((12)(9.8) - 53 sin 25)
a= = 1.6m / s ²
Þ n = mg cosq .........(2) sub for FN in (1) q = tan -1 0.5 = 26.6°
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Friction: Ex. Box on rough incline

surface Friction: Ex. Two connected objects
2 kg Box on incline surface with friction. Ifμs=0.5 Two objects of masses m and m2 are
and μk=0. find connected by a lightweight cord over a
b) once it’s moving, find the acceleration lightweight, frictionless pulley as shown.
Static friction becomes kinetic fk<fs object force of magnitude F at an angle θ with
accelerates at same angle in part (a) the horizontal is applied to the block m
which is on a rough surface.The
åF x = max a coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and surface is µk. Determine
mg sin q - f k = ma the magnitude of the acceleration of the
Þ mg sin q - m k mg cosq = ma two objects.
Þ a = g sin q - m k g cosq
åF system = (å m) a
F cos q - m k n - m2 g = ( m1 + m2 ) a, but n = m1 g - F sin q
Þ a = (9.8)(sin 26.6°) - (0.3)(9.8)(cos26.6°)
2
a = 1.7m / s

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