BIM and Digital Architecture

BIM and Digital Architecture
V Semester
Mentor - Ar. Ashwathy Nair
Wednesday, October 04, 2023 1

Table of Content
• Building information modeling (BIM) - Introduction

• History of BIM
• Professionals in the Construction Industry
• Professionals Hierarchy in the Construction Industry
• BIM in Construction
• Benefits of BIM
• Phase of BIM in Construction
• Uses of BIM
• BIM Users in Construction Industry
• BIM Dimensions
• BIM in Smart Building
• BIM Dimensions
• BIM Software
• BIM Files
• Advantages of BIM
• Disadvantages of BIM

Building information modeling (BIM) - Introduction
BIM is a “A modelling technology and associated set of processes to produce,

communicate and analyse building models.”
(Eastman et al., 2008)
“A new approach to being able to describe and display the information required
for the design, construction and operation of constructed facilities.”
(BuildingSMART International5)
• BIM is a Process for combining information and technology to create a digital

representation of a project. It Integrates data from many sources and evolves in parallel
with the real project across its entire timeline, including design, construction, and in-
use operational information.
• The term ‘Building’ within Building Information Modelling can be misleading. Rather
than just referring to Buildings, the term should be thought of as the verb to build. The
methodology can be applied to all types of construction projects, both vertical and linear
including infrastructure projects and land surveying.
• BIM is regarded as a process focused on the development, use and transfer of digital Figure 1 : A pictorial description of BIM
information in a building or infrastructure projects, aiming at improving design, Source: https:www.fhwa.dot.gov
construction and the operation phase of such facilities.

Building information modeling (BIM) - Introduction
The real value of BIM lies in the “I” of BIM, i.e. the information that is gathered, integrated into the process and shared transparently between all parties
involved. Information is possibly the most important construction “material”. The sector needs to have access to the right information at the right time
throughout the lifecycle of an asset. Within the construction phase, many problems and errors occur due to shortcomings within the design phase.
Difficulties and restrictions in communication, coordination and standardization are among the problems facing the industry. Communicating design
information effectively, plays a big role in overcoming these interoperability issues. This is where BIM can play an important role. In a traditional process
documents and drawings are communicated between projects stakeholders, making a new file each time the file is shared. In BIM, the model serves as a
database, where information are supplied and pulled out on demand.
BIM is an intelligent software modeling process that architects, engineers, and contractors can use to collaborate on a building’s design, construction, and
operation.
Figure 3 : The BIM use purpose

Figure 2 : The components of BIM use Source: BuildingSMART alliance, National Building Information Modeling
Source: BuildingSMART alliance, National Building Information Modeling Standard Version 1
Standard Version 1
History of BIM
In the early 1980s, architects began to move on from the pin-bar hand drafting method
of documentation that anchored the profession for so many years to more efficient PC-
based Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) solutions. With the introduction of the first
personal computers in the mid-1970s and the development of graphical user interface,
PCs began to emerge as a promising new asset to an architect’s workflow. In subsequent
decades, drawings no longer had to be physically delivered to consultants — with the
growing development of the internet and email, they could instead be sent digitally. The
layer-based CAD system provided a familiar connection to the older hand drawing
method, and DWG (drawing) files soon became the digital standard amongst building
professionals.
Architects became more efficient, and their technological tools grew more sophisticated.
Object-oriented CAD emerged in the early 1990s, and shortly after, parametric solutions
began to surface, utilizing databases and algorithms to both store information about a
building and allow users to make global changes to a model. Where before a
draftsperson would have to make changes to multiple views (plans, elevations, schedules,
etc.) if a modification was made to a building a component such as a door, BIM now
allowed professionals to make a single change that would then parametrically update the
database, which in turn updated every occurrence of that component in a model, saving
time and refining the design and development process of a project.
Figure 4 : A Brief History of Software
S o u rc e : htt ps : / / ww w.res e a rc hgate .n et / fi g ure/ Ri s k -
assessments-and-reductions-forrobots-on-sites-Mitka-et-al-
2012_fig8_319066982
History of BIM
Figure 4.1 : A Brief History of Software

Source: https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/otherpub/misc/future-of-bim_1st-edition_rics.pdf

Why BIM?
In 2002, the same year it purchased Revit, Autodesk released a white paper titled Building Information Modeling, looking at how information technology in
the building industry led to the idea of building information modeling and the characteristics and benefits of BIM solutions. In the paper, Autodesk lists three
core characteristics contained by BIM solutions:
1. They create and operate on digital databases for collaboration.

2. They manage change throughout those databases so that a change to any part of the database is coordinated to all other parts.
3. They capture and preserve information for reuse by additional industryspecific applications.
The company goes further to outline the resulting benefits of utilizing BIM solutions, which it says is higher quality work, greater speed and productivity, and
lower costs for building-industry professionals. As BIM has grown to occupy the core of the day-to-day production work within architecture firms, the need
for staff proficient in the technology has become an underlying necessity. Additionally, bigger, more complex projects with large teams produce highly
sensitive models that must be maintained, audited, and kept up to date. The BIM Specialist enters here as the critical key and point of responsibility in
optimizing an organization's navigation of this dynamic technology.

Professionals in the Construction Industry
• The Construction Industry is one of the biggest industries after agriculture worldwide and one of the most prominent employment
creators globally.
• The construction industry is broadly divided into the Construction of buildings, Heavy and civil engineering construction, and
Specialty trade contractor.
• It is an amalgamation of various other types of construction companies, so there are hundreds of Job profiles in the entire
construction industry.
Different Professionals in the Construction Industry
1. Architect 7. Contracts Manager 13. Planner / Planning Engineer

2. BIM Coordinator 8. Commercial Manager 14. Project Engineer
3. Project Controller 9. Design Engineer 15. Project Manager
4. Surveyor 10. Site Engineer / Site Manager 16. Quantity Surveyor
5. CAD Technician 11. Estimation and Costing 17. Structural Engineer
6. Construction Manager 12. Health & Safety Professional

1. Architect
An architect plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means providing services in connection with the design and
construction of buildings and the space within site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose.
2. BIM Coordinator
• Building information modeling (BIM) involves generating and managing digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.
• Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) that can be extracted,
exchanged, or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset.
• Individuals use current BIM software, businesses, and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical
infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, bridges, ports, tunnels, etc.
3. Project Controller
Project controls are the set of people data gathering, management, and analytical processes used to predict, understand and constructively influence the
time and cost outcomes of a project or program, through the communication of information in formats that assist effective management and decision
making.
4. Surveyor
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances
and angles.
5. CAD Technician
• As a CAD or computer-aided design technician, you’ll use software to create design plans for buildings and machinery. You could work in various
industries, from engineering and construction to manufacturing.
• You could work in 2D design, known as surface modeling, or 3D design – called solid modeling.
6. Construction Manager
• Construction managers are often the primary catalyst in construction projects. They are responsible for construction sites 24 hours a day.
• Common duties of construction managers include planning, directing, and coordinating activity on construction sites, overseeing project design, hiring
and supervising workers, choosing contractors, and monitoring supplies.
7. Contracts Manager
Construction contract managers help to win building contracts. They also help to control costs and keep construction projects on track. Projects can include
everything from commercial and residential developments to road and rail engineering works.
8. Commercial Manager
Commercial management is the non-technical business discipline within a company or organization, particularly the administration of revenue and expenses
to generate a financial return. Its origins appear to go back to the defense and construction industries in the United Kingdom in the 1590s.

9. Design Engineer
Design engineers research and develop ideas for new products and the systems used to make them. They also work to improve the performance and
efficiency of existing products.
10. Site Engineer / Site Manager
A civil site engineer will manage part of a construction project; they also help with technical advice and supervise other staff members. The work can be
varied as projects can range from working on a large-scale housing estate to building a new shopping complex.
11. Estimation and Costing
Estimators work out how much it will cost to supply products and services to their clients.
12. Health & Safety Professional
As a health and safety adviser or officer, you would use your knowledge and skills to reduce workplace injuries, accidents, and health problems.
13. Planner / Planning Engineer
• Observing existing processes, analyzing staff performance, and addressing deficiencies accordingly.
• Monitoring and tracking project progress, and writing up reports.
• Attending and scheduling meetings as required.
• Delegating tasks
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14. Project Engineer
Project Engineer bridges the boundaries between engineering and project management, leading the technical workers who contribute to building structures
or products.
15. Project Manager
•A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers are responsible for the planning, procurement, and execution of a
project, in any engineering domain.
•Project managers are the first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within the heads of various departments before the problem
escalates to higher authorities.
16. Quantity Surveyor
A quantity surveyor (QS) is a professional working within the construction industry concerned with construction costs and contracts.
Prepare tender and contract documents, including bills of quantities with the architect and/or the client.
Undertake cost analysis for repair and maintenance project work.
•Assist in establishing a client’s requirements and undertake feasibility studies.
17. Structural Engineer
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and structural research components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and
comfort of users or occupants. Their work mainly considers safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic
and social factors.
Professionals Hierarchy in the Construction Industry
Figure 10 : Professionals Hierarchy in the

Construction Industry
Source:
https://www.hierarchystructure.com/constr
uction-jobs-hierarchy/

BIM in Construction
• Building information modeling (BIM) in construction is a process that enables collaboration between all of the professionals working on a building
throughout its lifespan.
• BIM software is used to create a realistic model of a building, but unlike a simple drawing, this model is aware of all of the building’s properties.
• For example, imagine that the architect adds a curve to the front of the building, but the software indicates this will cause a structural problem due to
the materials used. The engineer can then address this change by working on a different view of the same model.
• All of the different “views” of a building interact with each other intelligently and in real-time, so everyone is always aware of how their changes affect
the rest of the building. For example, an increase in the size of windows will add more light to the building, but may also require a change in the HVAC
system to expand cooling capacity.
• Immediate collaboration results in huge improvements in the efficiency of a construction project. Below, we’ll highlight some of the major advantages of
BIM in construction.
Figure 11 : BIM in Construction

Source: https://www.autodesk.com/industry/aec/bim

Benefits of BIM
Productivity gain
Productivity gain is one of the major benefits of using BIM and is the top metric organizations expect to improve when they Adopt the technology. Primarily,
BIM realizes this gain through its ability to:
• Minimize project management
• Foster communication and co-ordination
• Identify errors early
• Reduce rework
• Reduce costs
• Improve quality.
Design
As a lifecycle model, BIM begins in the early stages of a project. Designers are likely to benefit from fundamental changes to the design process and the
greater certainty between design intent and the final construction and operation of the building.
Sustainable Design
• BIM technologies provide immediate insight in how design decisions impact building performance, while BIM processes encourage an integrated design
approach - a critical strategy for making projects greener.
• Also green design and construction rely on improving building performance.
• BIM models can also give more information to product manufacturers, which can eliminate waste.
• Using BIM, extended design teams can visualize design changes and simulate how various scenarios will affect building performance.
• With this direct feedback designers can analyze alternatives that will improve energy efficiency, optimize for natural light and ventilation, evaluate
viability and placement of solar panels, and more.

Benefits of BIM
Figure 18 : Benefits of BIM

Source: https://www.autodesk.com/industry/aec/bim

Phase of BIM in Construction
Figure 12 : Phase of BIM in Construction

Source: https://www.bim.com/initiation-phase-bim-project-management-life-cycle.html

Uses of BIM
Figure 13 : Common Model Uses by Project Phase

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 Source: https://psu.pb.unizin.org/bimprojectexecutionplanning/chapter/uses/ 18
Uses of BIM
Figure 14 : Various BIM uses

Source:https://www.academia.edu/7648386/BENEFITS_OF_BUILDING_INFORMATION_MODE
LING_FOR_CONSTRUCTION_MANAGERS_AND_BIM_BASED_SCHEDULING
BIM Users in Construction Industry
Facility
Facility Manager/Owners
Manager/Owners
Builders and BUILDING

Fabricators INFORMATION Architects
Architects
Architects
MODELING
MEP System Civil Engineers

Civil
Engineers Engineers
Structural
Structural Engineers
Engineers
Figure 15 : Various BIM Users
Wednesday, October 04, 2023
Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Managing-information-with-BIM- 20
throughout-the-building-lifecycle_fig2_324091575
BIM Users in Construction Industry
Figure 16 : Various BIM Used Occupation

Source:https://www.academia.edu/7648386/BENEFITS_OF_BUILDING_INFORMATION_MODELING_
Wednesday, October 04, 2023
FOR_CONSTRUCTION_MANAGERS_AND_BIM_BASED_SCHEDULING 21
BIM Dimensions
2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D
Figure 17 : BIM Dimensions

Source: https://revizto.com/en/2d-3d-4d-5d-6d-bim-dimensions/

BIM Dimensions
BIM dimensions give you a better understanding of your construction project and the process of linking additional dimensions of data to your building
models. In this section, we will explore different BIM dimensions, namely 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, and 7D BIM dimensions.
2D BIM dimension
2D dimension is the earliest form of construction models. It constitutes a simple X-axis and Y-axis. These models are generally made by hand using manual
processes or through the use of CAD drawings.
3D BIM dimension (The shared information model)
• 3D BIM is arguably the most popular BIM dimension that all construction companies are familiar with. It is also referred to as a coordinated model.
• 3D represents the 3-dimensional geographical structures of a building – that is the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis of a building. 3D BIM entails the
creation of graphical and non-graphical building information for the sole purpose of sharing it in a common data environment (CDE).
• BIM 3D models are employed to schematic designs, design development and documentation, construction documentation, and record drawings. By
using 3D BIM, you will be able to keep your workers updated on the latest design trends.
Benefits of 3D BIM dimension

• Visualization: Throughout the entire project, 3D BIM would give you a full 3-dimensional visualization.
• It helps to check for possible collision.It aids communication among the workers.
• Ensures transparency during the entire project. Creates a detailed model of the impact the project would have on the environment.

BIM Dimensions
4D BIM dimension
A 4 dimensional BIM model reveals additional dimensional information, known as a scheduling data or time element. This model starts with a 3D BIM, and
then an application of the 4th dimension or 4D BIM, otherwise known as the time element. Hence, 4D BIM is 3D BIM + schedule.
What 4D BIM model does is provide an additional dimension of information to a building project. This process comes in the form of scheduling data. As the
project progresses, this detailed data is added to the components that are being built.

• It helps in planning the building site properly, including the schedule of all the construction stages.
• Not only does it help in planning, but it also helps to increase the quality of the building site planning.
• It brings about a good working relationship and cooperation among the stakeholders with clear deadlines.
• It reduces disputes and unnecessary delays.
5D BIM dimension
• This is 4D BIM + Estimate or cost. The function of 5D BIM modeling is to integrate cost, schedule, and design in a 3D output. This model is charged with
forecasting/predicting the flow of finance for a project and visualizing the progress they have made concerning the project. Visualization brings about
the feasibility and unmatched accuracy in any building project.
• A major difference between the traditional approach and 5D BIM modeling is the rate at which the project cost is updated and modified. 5D approach
means the cost reports can be modified at any given time. This arises as a result of unforeseen circumstances such as a change in design or other
modifications.

BIM Dimensions

• Cost Visualization
• Brings about shorter project cycles.
• Modification of project cost at any given time
• Moe easily understood project scope.
• Helps to alienate any form of budgetary offshoot.
6D BIM dimension(Project life cycle information)
• This BIM dimension is also known as iBIM or integrated BIM. 6D BIM involves the addition of other relevant information that supports the facility’
management and operation in the hopes that it will bring about a better business outcome.
• The 6D process means that a model that was created by a designer gets updated or modified in the course of the construction. This particular model can
be submitted to the owner as an “as-built” model. The model will comprise the necessary information that will be needed in case of any future
maintenance. The information includes things such as warranty information, manual information, operation, and maintenance information, etc.

• It makes decision making very easy and fast.
• During the project lifecycle, 6D BIM brings about a detailed analysis of the economic and operational aspects of the project.
• Helps plan for any maintenance phase.

BIM Dimensions
7D BIM dimension(+ life cycle)
• 7D BIM basically comprises 3D + time schedule + cost intelligence + sustainability. Builders and project managers alike make use of 7D building
information modeling in the maintenance and operation of a project throughout its entire life cycle. Using a 7D CAD in BIM would help optimize the
project management from its design stages, up until its demolition.
• Warranty information, technical specifications, operation manuals are some of the assets data that can be tracked using this dimension.

• 7D BIM helps to monitor the management of the facility or asset right from the design stage to the demolition stage.
• It makes the changing of building parts and general repair of a building/project throughout its entire cycle a very easy task.
• Pinpoint to the contractor, the maintenance process that must be followed.

BIM in Smart Building
“Smart buildings are the solution to check the energy consumed by buildings & the carbon emission caused by them. They are more than automatic
lighting & CCTVs. These buildings are controlled by an intelligent network of sensors and actuators with computing & communication systems that greatly
increases the efficiency of buildings while supporting the inhabitants in their day-to-day activities. Everything from energy consumption, water consumption
to air conditioning, security & lighting are automated.” – Annrin K Thomas, Environmentalist & Civil Engineer at Advenser Engineering Services
The foundation of a smart building is made out of data. In order to leverage the most out of smart buildings everything starting from design, procurement,
fabrication, assembly & implementation to commissioning, operation & maintenance has to be done through a fully integrated platform.
BIM in the case of smart buildings
Unlike constructing conventional buildings, constructing a smart building involves the integration of the core systems of a building such as lighting, electricity
meters, water, Heating Ventilation & Air conditioning systems, firefighting system, water pumps with a network of sensors and an integrated control system.
This is where BIM comes into play

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is all about integrating the several aspects that go into construction and it is the pre requisite in constructing a
smart building. Which makes BIM the right tool in the construction of smart buildings.

How does a Smart Build Environment (SBE) work?
Before we dwell deep into the benefits of incorporating the various BIM services in the construction of smart buildings.
Traditional buildings have provided the inhabitant’s shelter, protection from extreme weather & safety at the same efficiency level for years. Unlike
these buildings, smart buildings can be considered as living organisms connected to an intelligent network.
Smart buildings are constantly evolving while significantly improving efficiency. There will be dozens of smart objects like sensors and actuators installed in
the smart buildings. These smart objects will constantly monitor and interact with their immediate environment and will be in communication with each
other either through Ethernet cables or over an internal wireless network.
Smart buildings are known to make its inhabitants more productive with better lighting, thermal comfort, better air quality and better security at a lower
cost and environmental than the traditional buildings.

Challenges faced in a Smart Build Environment Like we discussed, dozens of smart objects will be ubiquitously installed in an SBE to perform sensing and
control of the immediate environment. The three mail challenges faced in an SBE are
Challenge 1
The physical location where smart objects such as sensors are embedded can greatly affect their performance and ability tocarry out certain tasks. For e.g.
The location of light detecting sensor can greatly affect the ambient light or occupancy it senses.Apart from this, the wireless network of the Ethernet cable
through which these smart objects communicate should be designed to enable perfect communication between them.
Challenge 2
The way these smart objects embedded in SBEs interact with their environment is very crucial. These objects can’t really function solely on the data they
collect from their immediate surrounding rather they need to be fed the space data such as floor plans of the buildings too. In the case of conducting a
performance analysis or energy analysis of the SBE building, along with the information from the sensors & meters data on building architecture and
geometry are also needed.
Challenge 3
Maintaining the smart objects in the building and properly documenting the data from an SBE building is not a walk on the beach. In an SBE building, the
data will be more complicated than the traditional structures

Battling the challenges with BIM
In the pre-construction stages of a project, BIM can be extremely

vital. The data rich graphical model can be utilized to identify any
shortcomings before
first breaking ground.
The primary advantage of designing an SBE building with BIM lies in

the fact that a data rich BIM model can be used to plan the layout
and placement of the sensors, actuators, tags and meters inside the
SBE building. The performance of the SME building can be verified
against the known parameters and the layout and location can be
optimized for the best functional performance.
Incorporating BIM in SBE buildings can be the answer to the

challenge of asset tracking & maintenance during the post
construction phases. A BIM model can store the physical information Figure 19 : BIM in Smart Building
of smart objects & their installed location these data can be Source: https://www.advenser.com/2019/07/30/bim-for-smart-buildings/
visualized in 3D.

BIM Software
BIM Architecture Software

• Autodesk Revit Architecture
• Graphisoft ArchiCAD
• Nemetschek Allplan Architecture
• Gehry Technologies – Digital Project Designer
• Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect
• Bentley Architecture
• 4MSA IDEA Architectural Design (IntelliCAD)
• CADSoft Envisioneer
• Softtech Spirit
• RhinoBIM (BETA)
Sustainability BIM Software

• Autodesk Ecotect Analysis
• Autodesk Green Building Studio
• Graphisoft EcoDesigner
• IES Solutions Virtual Environment VE-Pro
• Bentley Tas Simulator
• Bentley Hevacomp
• DesignBuilder
Figure 5 : BIM Application example

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 Source: https://www.constructiontuts.com/bim-
31
software/
BIM Software
Structures BIM Software BIM Construction (Simulation, Estimating and Const.

• Autodesk Revit Structure Analysis)
• Bentley Structural Modeler • Autodesk Navisworks
• Bentley RAM, STAAD and ProSteel • Solibri Model Checker
• Tekla Structures • Vico Office Suite
• CypeCAD • Vela Field BIM
• Graytec Advance Design • Bentley ConstrucSim
• StructureSoft Metal Wood Framer • Tekla BIMSight
• Nemetschek Scia • Glue (by Horizontal Systems)
• 4MSA Strad and Steel • Synchro Professional
• Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis • Innovaya
BIM Software for MEP

• Autodesk Revit MEP BIM Facility Managment
• Bentley Hevacomp Mechanical Designer • Bentley Facilities
• 4MSA FineHVAC + FineLIFT + FineELEC + FineSANI • FM:Systems FM:Interact
• Gehry Technologies – Digital Project MEP Systems Routing • Vintocon ArchiFM (For ArchiCAD)
• CADMEP (CADduct / CADmech) • Onuma System
• EcoDomus

BIM Software
1. Autodesk Revit
The first program on list is Autodesk Revit. Revit is an established BIM design software that enables users to create, edit, and view building models
in a three-dimensional environment. It is one of the most popular BIM software programs on the market and is used by architects, engineers, and
construction professionals worldwide. The use of Revit to produce 3D BIM models significantly reduces miscommunication and helps create better
visualizations and construction documents.
How does Revit work?

Autodesk Revit is a powerful BIM software solution that can help architects and engineers to collaborate on projects and create high-quality design and
construction documents. Autodesk Revit coordinates changes made by different team members and tracks revisions made to the BIM model. The software
also generates construction documents, such as floor plans, elevations, and sections.
What makes Autodesk Revit different?

One of the main benefits of using Revit is sometimes just that everyone else on the project is also using Revit The interface is quite user-friendly, and it has
robust collaboration tools. Still, a growing set of disgruntled customers believe that there has been lower investment in development compared to other
products in the market.
Figure 6 : Autodesk Revit Logo

Source:https://www.autodesk.com/products/revit/
overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription
BIM Software
2. Plannerly – The BIM Management Platform
Plannerly is a BIM management software loaded with BEP, EIR, AIR, etc templates to make a BIM Manager’s life easy. BIM absolutely need an organized
approach and Plannerly makes it a breeze to define your BIM Execution Plan (BEP) and BIM project requirements and also verify the BIM deliverables.
How does Plannerly work?

Plannerly has Plan, Scope, and Verify modules in a simple web-based BIM application. These modules make it straightforward to define all of your Building
Information Modeling requirements using clear tasks.These tasks can then be tracked and verified all in an integrated workflow.
What makes Plannerly different?

Plannerly is unique because it focuses on BIM and Information Management specifically for design and construction projects. It is also possibly the most
simple of all BIM tools around.
Plannerly also comes jam-packed with all of the BIM document templates required for EIRs, BEPs (and more!) as well as meeting all of the critical ISO
19650 requirements straight out of the box. Another great thing about Plannerly is that it integrates with other BIM software programs such as Autodesk
Revit, BIM 360/ACC, and IFC files, so you can easily transfer data between many platforms.
Figure 7 : Plannerly Logo

Source: https://www.plannerly.com/

BIM Software
3. Trimble Connect
Trimble Connect is a cloud-based platform that provides a central location for managing, viewing, and sharing construction data. Among its primary
functions are design coordination and project management. Those who could use it include MEP specialists, subcontractors, architects, etc. A collaborative
BIM construction software is the aim of Trimble.
How does Trimble Connect work?

Trimble Connect is a powerful tool to help project teams increase productivity and improve project quality. Trimble Connect provides a secure, central
repository for project data, making it easy for project teams to access and update information from any location.
What makes Trimble Connect different?

Trimble Connect is different from other similar collaboration platforms in crucial ways. First, Trimble Connect is designed specifically for the construction
industry, so it includes features relevant to construction projects, such as the ability to create and manage punch lists. Second, Trimble Connect is constantly
being updated with new features and improvements, so users can be confident that they are always using the latest version of the software. Finally, Trimble
Connect has a robust security system to ensure that project data is safe and secure. Trimble Connect’s combination of features makes it the ideal platform
for managing construction projects.
Figure 8 : Trimble Connect Logo

Source: https://connect.trimble.com/
BIM Software
5. BIMCollab
BIMcollab is a BCF-based issue management system that works to eliminate the gaps between different BIM tools (see open BIM concepts for more about
BCF). It’s intended to assist businesses working on construction projects in handling concerns throughout the design and construction phases.
How does BIMCollab work?

BIMCollab is a web-based application for model coordination and clash detection that helps AEC professionals to work together on BIM projects. The
features of BIMcollab include real-time collaboration, model comparisons, and visualizations. The platform allows users to connect with project partners
and view BIM models in real-time, facilitating collaboration and coordination. BIMCollab also provides a range of tools for markup, issue tracking, and
version management, helping teams resolve issues quickly and avoid potential conflicts.
What makes BIMCollab different?

In addition, the platform offers a range of integrations with leading BIM software applications, making it easy for users to connect with their existing
workflows.
Figure 10 : BIMcollab Logo

Source: https://www.bimcollab.com/
BIM Software
Figure 10 : BIM Softwares

Source: https://bimcorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/BIM-Coordiantor.png

BIM Files
BIM files are file formats that contain information-based templates that are shared between different inter-disciplinary professionals involved in the design
and construction processes.
There are many ways in which data can be handled in a BIM workflow, and as a result, many different file formats can be used. The variety of formats is
closely linked to the tools and platforms used in a BIM process and the purpose and level of detail of the information contained. BIM file formats are divided
into proprietary and non-proprietary file formats.
BIM file format: proprietary formats and open formats.
Proprietary file formats are readable only by your software and other permitted software. This use of proprietary formats can hinder interoperability if
project team members use different types of software.
Among the main proprietary formats we have:
● RVT: this is Autodesk’s proprietary format for Revit files and can only be opened in Revit and is used to design and document building structures, floor
plans, walls and other elements, analyze the performance of the building, view its structures and collaborate between different teams.
● PLN: this is Graphisoft’s proprietary format for ArchiCAD files and contains 3D models used by architects to design building, interior, exterior and
landscape structures complete with data related to the structure’s lifecycle.

BIM Files
● EDF: this is the proprietary format of ACCA software for Edificius files and contains information on various aspects of an entire project: materials, width,
inclination of the various elements of the building, GANTT charts, photorealistic renderings and video tours of the project.
● NWD: This is Autodesk’s proprietary format for Navisworks files that are used to display 3D building models or structural projects, for interference analysis
and detection, and more.
● EDL: this is the proprietary format of ACCA software for EdiLus files containing designs of reinforced concrete, masonry, steel and wood structures and
used for structural calculation of buildings, analysis of results and detection of interference, creation of work plans and detailed documents.
Open-ended BIM file formats are formats for which the structure is known and are therefore vendor-independent, which means that they can be read and
edited by any type of software and thus promote interoperability and collaboration among team members.
Among the main open formats we mention:
● IFC: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is the most common nonproprietary format for BIM. It’s an open, neutral file format that contains a model of a
building or structure, including spatial elements, materials, and shapes. The IFC file format is a software-independent format and can be opened by
numerous programs (some of which are also certified by buildingSMART) such as Revit , Navisworks, Edificius, Allplan etc. ACCA software has the most BIM
software certified by buildingSMART, providing an additional guarantee of reliability and consistency to IFC data exchanges.
● COBie: Construction Operation Building Information Exchange (COBie) is a non-proprietary data format that allows you to share resource data rather than
graphical/geometric data. It’s used to transfer data and documents created during design and construction to end users or facility managers.

Advantages of BIM
Building Information Modeling Services (BIM) is the modern and intelligent digital illustration of approaching the design and documentation of various types
of building projects.
Modern BIM technology provides a comprehensive view of the actual essentials of a construction project to designers, installers as well as the cost
consultants.
BIM offers multiple benefits not only to professionals but to the building owners too. BIM has revolutionized the entire face of the AEC industry through well
defined innovative processes. The construction process, facilities management system, and the entire life span of any construction along with the
conceptualization of the demolition stage are defined by BIM.
Advantages of working with Building Information Modeling Services (BIM):
Preconstruction Project Visualization
Before the shovel hits the ground BIM can plan and visualize the entire project. Space-use-replication and 3D BIM visualizations allow you to experience
what the construction will look like providing you the ability to make changes before construction starts. Having visualization before energy-efficient starting
the construction cost effective and time minimizes time-consuming and expensive and alterations later.
Reduced Cost With Moderate Risk
• Studies reveal that BIM has achieved positive results in saving costs in multiple ways. The coordinated team through BIM leads to reductions in tender
risk premiums, lower insurance costs, and many more cost benefits.
• Close collaboration and overview of the project before its start allows for fabrication and reduces waste on unutilized materials. Documentation labor
costs and miscommunication gets reduced with the use of project data, real collaboration, and a single document repository, BIM 360 Docs.

Advantages of BIM
Improved Design and Construction Process
Building Information Modeling Services professionals create very comprehensive and meticulous models that leave minute chances of confusion, conflicts,
and the probabilities of rework. BIM can help to provide and improve the design and process of construction analytical processes. Reports suggest that
efficiency measures during the design and construction stage and construction stages improve by above 50%.
Improved Quality and Performance of Construction
• BIM has emerged as a comprehensive tool that is capable of getting better the overall excellence of the construction that has benefitted the customer
satisfaction.
• The performance of the infrastructure is based on its quality of construction and employing BIM has evolved a nearly 35% improvement in performance
and efficient working of the structure with an energy-efficient and friendly environment.
Savings on materials
BIM systems track and monitor resources and provide detailed information on needs even before construction begins. You are less likely to order more than
needed and can replenish supplies only when necessary.
Early detection of problems
Conflicting elements in a building’s design are identified during the modeling phase, preventing costly changes during construction.

Disadvantages of BIM
Incompatibility with partners
BIM is not yet universally used among construction professionals. There is always the possibility that one of your partners or subcontractors may not use
BIM and may not be able to use your models.
Legal issues
The legal ramifications of using BIM software have not yet been extensively tested, let alone settled.
Cost of software
BIM software requires a substantial investment in new technology. The advantages usually make the investment worthwhile, but only if the software is used
to its full capacity.
Lack of experts
The relative newness of BIM means that there are limited numbers of experts working in the field. Your software purchase may require an additional
investment in training and education.

Disadvantages of BIM
Figure 19 : BIM Disadvantages

Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a54d/ebb8ea29fba2ebc5dce4418028128631534d.pdf

Kuwait International Airport Terminal II
Literature Study

Introduction
Area of 6,996,600 sq. meters

Designed by Foster + Partners
The new terminal is to be completed by 2022.
A capacity of 13 million passengers a year.
It has an edge length of almost 1.2 km, a clear height of up to 25 m and a roof area of 320,000 m².
The project adapted latest design and construction methodologies have been used throughout the
project.
M a ny lo c a l a n d i nte r n at i on a l c o n s u l t an t s h ave b e e n i nv o l ve d a n d a m a s s i ve B I M
modeling/coordination process have been utilized. (7 International design firms resolving 100.000 Figure 1 : View of Kuwait International Airport
design clashes / issues) Terminal II
Source: https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-
It was not only with e-mail communication but also through various cloud collaboration tools.
gallery/kuwait-international-airport
Uses of BIM in Kuwait International Airport Terminal II
BIM Modeling BIM Coordination Software Development - Develop advanced

• Customized families of structural columns • Issue Management software in-house
• Structural Framing • NWC Export Dynamo Script
• Ceiling coordination Structural Analysis • Dimension Recover
• Design verification • Duct/Pipe/Tray Opening

BIM Modeling
Structural columns Ceiling coordination Structural Framing
Project’s unique design, required many customized families. Suspended ceiling is flush with the bottom of the beam Through the basement up to mid Level trapezoidal ribbed
For example, structural columns that intersect with the level so there is no space between the structural beam and slab was the dominant structural system. Just like some of
upper level's expansion joint, must be splitted and they the ceiling. As a smooth transition, to achieve this the columns, there were also steel beams with concrete
should be reinforced accordingly. structural beams have been modelled with the specified encasement.
GRC Cladding.
In this case modeling of 9 different parametric beam
families, ending up in total 276 different structural framing
types with the option of GRC Cladding on more real than
25,000 structural frame elements.
Figure 3 : Structural BIM Model Penetrated Structural Beams

Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-
autodesk-bim/
Figure 2 : Rendered Structural BIM Model Figure 5 : Structural BIM Model - Ribbed Slab
Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-autodesk- Figure 4 : Structural BIM Model Penetrated Structural Beams Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-
bim/ Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps- autodesk-bim/
autodesk-bim/
Modelled 19 different shaped column families. In the end Moreover this design required to have peneterations on This approach also enabled to extract the real information
261 column types w ith di fferent var iatio ns of the structural beams for MEP systems which then required from the BIM Model and generate the Bill of Quantities
reinforcement, encasement and options of white concrete a tremendous coordination with MEP and Architecture precisely.
material, with steel protection, or both at the same time. disciplines. Check out the naked BIM Models where the
structural beams are penetrated for fire suppression pipes
BIM Coordination Software Development
Issue Management Develop advanced software In-house
Before starting the clash detection process, a BIM execution plan has been provided by Develop custom software solutions that respond to unique needs. We use our experience
the BIM Management team and published among the disciplines. of Structural Analysis combined with our Computer Science proficiency to create best-fit
solutions for each project.
It provided each project team a clear guidance on tools, procedures and systems that
were to be used for the design, coordination and utilization of BIM. • NWC Export Dynamo Script
• Dimension Recover
One of the main importance of the BEP is that it enabled disciplines to work on models • Duct/Pipe/Tray Opening
that shared the same standards such as the project coordinates and parameters.
Duct/Pipe/Tray Opening
Navisworks software put into use at this stage and each discipline’s architect/engineer This dynamo script enabled us to double the speed for opening the necessary openings
were responsible for ensuring the exporting procedure of the models to NWC format on a where the MEP interferences occur. Before developing this script we searched for some
weekly basis. So every week the clash detection was renewed and published to the cloud. readily available add-on for creating the openings, however we were not satisfied with
the software on the market. Then we decided to develop our own program.
Figure 6 : Cloud Issue Management Platform Figure 7 : Dynamo Script

Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-autodesk- Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-autodesk-
bim/ bim/
Design verification
The physical model build in Revit, the analytical model geometry automatically gets created in
parallel on-the-fly, leaving us only the definition of material and loading properties. And then we
can directly transfer the analytical model from Revit to Robot. The integration of Revit with Robot
Structural Analysis allowed us to exchange the model data perfectly.
The structural analysis first by setting up the Analytical model in Revit. However, it is vital to carry
out the finite element analysis correctly. Therefore, an in-house application called Find Double
Nodes and we overcame the problems of analytical nodes being unconnected and precision issues.
With the help of Robot Structural Analysis software, we could easily test the effects of the
structural loads that we defined in Revit. The integration between Revit and Robot allowed
updating the analysis model in Robot after making changes in the physical model.
Reusing data from the BIM model to run the analysis in Robot, not only maximizes the efficiency,
but also removes the rework and provides convenience on revisions.
Figure 9 : Analytical model

Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-autodesk-bim/
Figure 8 : Structural Analysis results in the report

Source:https://www.airport-technology.com/news/bial-taps-autodesk-bim/
References
https://www.academia.edu/7648386/BENEFITS_OF_BUILDING_INFORMATION_MODELING_FOR_CONSTRUCTION_MANAGERS_AND_BIM_BASED_SCHEDULING
https://www.constructionplacements.com/job-profiles-in-the-construction-industry/#gsc.tab=0
https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/what-is-bim
https://www.advenser.com/2019/07/30/bim-for-smart-buildings/
https://www.teamsystemconstruction.com/magazine/what-is-bim/
https://archinect.com/jobs/search?q=architect&q_radius=0&region_id=&location=&submit=Search
https://www.constructiontuts.com/bim-software/
https://bimcorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/BIM-Coordiantor.png
https://www.constructionmonitor.com/blog/2015/12/03/pros-cons-of-using-a-bim-model-for-your-next-project/
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a54d/ebb8ea29fba2ebc5dce4418028128631534d.pdf
https://www.sotham.co.uk/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-bim/
https://power.buellcenter.columbia.edu/essays/beyond-business-usual-bim-and-future-public-works
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Use-of-BIM-throughout-the-project-life-cycle-41_fig1_320042150
https://psu.pb.unizin.org/bimprojectexecutionplanning/chapter/uses/
http://apppm.man.dtu.dk/index.php/BIM-based_information_flow_during_construction_phase
https://www.autodesk.com/autodesk-university/class/Kuwait-International-Airport-Terminal-2-New-Success-Story-2019
https://www.wernersobek.com/news/film-bim-model-for-kuwait-int-airport/
https://sofistikforyou.com/kuwait-international-airport-the-overall-finite-element-model-and-its-importance-of-open-bim/
https://metenders.com/project_cms/project/terminal-2-project-kuwait-international-airport
https://publications.aecom.com/global_aviation/projects/kuwait_international_airport
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343088229_Kuwait_International_Airport_Terminal_2_engineering_and_fabrication_of_a_complex_parametric_meg
astructure

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BIM and Digital Architecture

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BIM and Digital Architecture

Mentor - Ar. Ashwathy Nair

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 1

• Building information modeling (BIM) - Introduction

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 2

BIM is a “A modelling technology and associated set of processes to produce,

• BIM is a Process for combining information and technology to create a digital

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 3

Figure 3 : The BIM use purpose

Figure 4.1 : A Brief History of Software

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 6

1. They create and operate on digital databases for collaboration.

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 7

Different Professionals in the Construction Industry

1. Architect 7. Contracts Manager 13. Planner / Planning Engineer

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 8

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 10

10. Site Engineer / Site Manager

11. Estimation and Costing

12. Health & Safety Professional

13. Planner / Planning Engineer

14. Project Engineer

15. Project Manager

16. Quantity Surveyor

17. Structural Engineer

Figure 10 : Professionals Hierarchy in the

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 13

Figure 11 : BIM in Construction

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 14

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 15

Figure 18 : Benefits of BIM

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 16

Figure 12 : Phase of BIM in Construction

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 17

Figure 13 : Common Model Uses by Project Phase

Figure 14 : Various BIM uses

Builders and BUILDING

MEP System Civil Engineers

Figure 16 : Various BIM Used Occupation

Figure 17 : BIM Dimensions

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 22

3D BIM dimension (The shared information model)

Benefits of 3D BIM dimension

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 23

Benefits of 4D BIM dimension

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 24

Benefits of 5D BIM dimension

6D BIM dimension(Project life cycle information)

Benefits of 6D BIM dimension

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 25

7D BIM dimension(+ life cycle)

Benefits of 7D BIM dimension

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 26

BIM in the case of smart buildings

This is where BIM comes into play

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 27

How does a Smart Build Environment (SBE) work?

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 28

Wednesday, October 04, 2023 29

Battling the challenges with BIM

In the pre-construction stages of a project, BIM can be extremely

The primary advantage of designing an SBE building with BIM lies in

Incorporating BIM in SBE buildings can be the answer to the