PARTICIPATORY RURAL

APPRAISAL (PRA) AND RAPID

RURAL APPRAISAL
 INTRODUCTION
• RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL IS A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
THAT INVOLVES A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM CONDUCTING
SEMI-STRUCTURED ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD. THE GOAL IS
TO QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY GATHER NEW INFORMATION
ABOUT RURAL LIFE AND RESOURCES.
• RRA EMERGED IN 1970S AS A MORE EFFICIENT AND COST
EFFECTIVE WAY OF LEARNING BY
OUTSIDERS,PARTICULARLY ABOUT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS,
THAN WAS POSSIBLE BY LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL SURVEYS OR
BRIEF RURAL VISITS BY URBAN PROFESSIONALS.
RRA IS CHARACTERIZED BY
• CAREFUL PLANNING
• CLEAR OBJECTIVES
• A BALANCE OF PEOPLE INVOLVED
• GOOD CHOICE OF TOOLS AND TEECHNIQUES
• FLEXIBILITY TO RESPOND TO LOCAL CONDITIONS
AND UNEXPECTED CIRCUMSTANCES.
MULTI –DISCIPLINARY TEAM,AND ITS
CHIEF TECHNIQUES INCLUDE
• REVIEW OF SECONDARY SOURCES, INCLUDING AERIAL PHOTOS, EVEN BRIEF AERIAL OBSERVATION.
• DIRECT OBSERVATION, FOOT TRANSECTS, FAMILIARIZATION, PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES
• INTERVIEWS WITH KEY INFORMANTS, GROUP INTERVIEWS, WORKSHOPS,
• MAPPING, DIAGRAMMING
• BIOGRAPHICS, LOCAL HISTORIES, CASE STUDIES
• RANKING AND SCORING
• TIME LINES
• SHORT SIMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES,TOWARDS END OF PROCESS
• RAPID REPORT WRITING IN THE FIELD
• SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
• VENN DIAGRAMS
• WEALTH RANKING
• HISTORICAL PROFILES.
 PARTICIPATORY RURAL
APPRAISAL (PRA)
• PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) IS A
CITIZEN-CENTERED APPROACH THAT AIMS TO
EMPOWER LOCAL PEOPLE TO ANALYZE THEIR OWN
LIVING CONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, AND POTENTIALS.
THE GOAL IS TO ENABLE COMMUNITIES TO IDENTIFY
ISSUES, IMPLEMENT SOLUTIONS, AND MONITOR
EVALUATION. PRA IS USED BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) AND OTHER AGENCIES
INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
• EMERGED IN 1980S IN KENYA.
• A SET OF PARTICIPATORY AND LARGELY
VISUAL TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING GROUP AND
COMMUNITY
RESOURCES.
• IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING PROBLEMS.
• APPRAISING STRATEGIES FOR SOLLVING PROBLEMS.
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PRA ARE:
• EMPHASIS ON PARTICIPATION
• VISUAL METHODS OF COLLECTING AND ANALYZING
DATA.
PRA
• DIFFERENT TOOLS ARE USED TO GATHER AND ANALYZE
INFORMATION.
• IN PRA ,DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ARE UNDERTAKEN BY
LOCAL PEOPLE ,WITH OUTSIDERS FACILITATING RATHER THAN
CONTROLLING
• OUTSIDER FACILITATES LOCAL PEOPLE ANALYZING INFORMATION ,
PRACTICING CRITICAL SELF AWARENESS, TAKING RESPONSIBILITY AND
SHARING THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE AND CONDITIONS TO PLAN
AND TO ACT.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
• TO INCORPORATE THE KNOWLEDGE AND OPINIONS OF RURAL
PEOPLE IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS.
• TO ACQUAINT THE PARTICIPANT WITH THE BASIC CONCEPT AND
METHODS OF THE PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES.
PRA AS ADDITIONAL CONCEPT IN RRA
• EMPOWERMENT
• RESPECT
• LOCALIZATION
• ENJOYMENT
• INCLUSIVENESS
PRINCIPLES OF PRA
• USING OPTIMAL IGNORANCE
• OFFSETTING BIASES
• BE GENDER SENSITIVE AT ALL TIMES
• REVERSAL OF ROLES
• SEEKING FOR DIVERSITY AND DIFFERENCES
• LEARNING RAPIDLY AND PROGRESSIVELY [FLEXIBLE AND
INTERACTIVE]
FEATURES OF PRA
• INTERACTIVE
• INNOVATIVE
• INFORMAL
• IN THE COMMUITY
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN PRA
• TRANSACT WALK:A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path
(transect) across the community/project area together with the local people to
explore the water and sanitation conditions by observing, asking, listening,
looking and producing a transect diagram.
• The transect walk is normally conducted during the initial phase of the fieldwork.
It is best to walk a route, which will cover the greatest diversity in terms of water
resources and sanitation infrastructure. The transect walk is conducted by the
research team and community members. The information collected during the
walk is used to draw a diagram or map based on which discussions are held
amongst the participants.
• RESOURCE MAP:Resource map is one of the most commonly used PRA methods next to social
map.
• While the social map focuses on habitation, community facilities, roads, temples, etc., the
resource map focuses on the natural resources in the locality and depicts land, hills, rivers,fields,
vegetation etc. A resource map may cover habitation as well. At times, the distinction between
the resource and social map may get blurred.
APPLICATION:
• Topography, terrain and slopes
• Forest, vegetation and tree species
• Soil-type, fertility, erosion and depth
• Land and land use, command area, tenure, boundaries and ownership
• Water, water bodies, irrigation sources, rivers and drainage
• Watershed development, various soil and water conservation measures, denuded areas, etc.
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN PRA
• SEASONAL CALENDER
• RANKING
• MATRIX
• VENN DIAGRAM
• TIMELINES
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN PRA
• DAILY ACTIVITY CLOCK
• FGD’s (FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS)
• WORKSHOPS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRA AND RRA
PRA
• IN PRA,INFORMATION IS OWNED AND
SHARED BY LOCAL PEOPLE .
• OUTSIDERS (PROFFESSIONLAS)GO TO
RURAL AREAS BUT THEY FACILITATE RURAL
PEOPLE IN COLLECTIONS,PRESENTATION
AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION BY
THEMSELEVES.
• THE INFORMATION IS OWNED BY RURAL
PEOPLE BUT USUALLY SHARED WITH
OUTSIDERS.
RRA
• IN RRA,IFORMATION IS ELICITED AND
EXTRACTED BY OUTSIDERS.
• IN OTHER WORDS,PEOPLE GO TO THE
RURAL AREAS,OBTAIN INFORMATION
AND THEN BRING,IT AWAY TO THE
PROCESS AND ANALYZE.
• THE INFORMATION IS OWNED BY
OUTSIDERS AND OFTEN NOT SHARED
WITH RURAL PEOPLE.
PRA
• CAPACITY BUILDING FOR IMPROVED
DECISION MAKING AT COMMUNITY
LEVEL,SITUATIONAL
ANALYSIS,PLANNING AND MONITORING
BY COMMUNITY.
• TEAM COMPARED OF
VILLAGERS,SOMETIMES FACILITATED BY
CRS STAFF PERAON THAT WORKS WITH
LARGER COMMUNITY.
RRA
• INFORM PROJECT DESIGN,GATHER
BASELINE
INFORMATION,MONITOR AND
EVALIATE.
• MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM OF CRS
STAFF AND SPECIALISTS.
PRA RRA
• COMMUNITIES WHERE PROJECT • LIMITED NUMBER OF
ACTIVITIES WILL TAKE PLACE. REPRESENTATIVE SITES.
• ONGOING THROUGHOUT THE LIFE • DISCRETE STUDIES,USUALLY
PROJECT.USIALLY BEGINS WITH TRAINING LASTING 5-7 DAYS.
INITIAL SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS(APPX 10
DAYS)LEADING TO COMMUNITY ACTION
PLAN.
THANK YOU