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Programming

Lecture 2

PSEUDOCODE & FLOWCHARTS

Dr. Badria Nabil
 Program Development Steps
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 Define the problem. →Human thought

 Plan the problem solution. →
◼ writing the algorithm [pseudo-natural language (English, Arabic)
or
◼ drawing the flowchart diagram).
 Code the program. → High Level Programming
Language (C, C++, Java, …)
 Compile the program. → Machine Code

 Run the program.

 Test and debug the program.

 WHAT IS AN ALGORITHM?
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 An algorithm is a set of ordered steps for solving a

problem.
 Examples:
◼ An algorithm for preparing breakfast.
◼ An algorithm for converting Gregorian dates to Islamic
dates.
◼ An algorithm for drawing a curve.
 Algorithm in Real Life
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 Consider the following …

 Problem: Baking a Cake
 How to solve:
◼ Start
◼ Preheat the oven at 180oC
◼ Prepare a baking pan
◼ Beat butter with sugar
◼ Mix them with flour, eggs and essence vanilla
◼ Pour the dough into the baking pan
◼ Put the pan into the oven
◼ End
 CLASS ACTIVITY
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 Write a simple algorithm for withdrawing

a sum of money at an ATM.
 HOW TO SPECIFY AN
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ALGORITHM?
 An algorithm must be specific enough so that it can
be conveniently translated into a computer program
(using C++, for example).
 An algorithm can be specified:
 Textually

 For example, using pseudo code (see later)

 Graphically

 For example, using flowcharts or UML activity charts

 Pseudocode
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 Pseudocode is a detailed description of what a

computer program must do, expressed in an English
like language rather than in a programming
language.
 An outline of a program, written in a form that can
easily be converted into real programming
statements. It resembles the actual program that will
be implemented later. However, it cannot be
compiled nor executed.
 Pseudocode Example
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 Write a Program to Print the Sum of two integer

Numbers
1. Start the program
2. Read the first number ( N1 )
3. Read the second number ( N2 )
4. Sum the both numbers Sum ➔ Sum = N1 + N2
5. Print the Sum
6. End the program
 Flowchart
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 A flowchart is a type of diagram that graphically

depict the logical steps to carry out a task and show
how the steps relate to each other.
 A flowchart is a graphical representation of the
sequence of operations in a program.
 An algorithm can be represented graphically using
a flowchart.
 Flowcharts Symbols

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End Start Start/End
Print n1 Read n1 Input/Output

N2 = n1+3 N2 = 5 Process (arithmetic operations)

n1 > 3 Decision , can be used with loops

Flowline (move from step to

step)
 Flowchart
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Start Algorithm starts here

Input
Gregorian date Input data from user

Convert Gregorian
date to Islamic date Perform the date conversion

Display
Display the result
Islamic date

End Algorithm ends here

 Example 1
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 Draw a flowchart to calculate the average of three

numbers.
 Solution
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 Input start
 Input three numbers N1,N2,N3
 Processing Read N1,N2,N3
 Average =(N1+N2+N3)/3
 Output Average =(N1+N2+N3)/3

 Average
Print Average

End
 Example 2
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 Draw a flowchart for a program that calculates and

print the area and the perimeter of a rectangle.
 Area = length*width
 Perimeter = 2*( length + width)
 Solution
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start

 Input
Read L, W
 Length

 width
area = L * W
 Processing
 Area = length*width perimeter = 2 (L+W)
 Perimeter = 2*( length + width)

 Output Print area

 Area
Print perimeter
 Perimeter

End
 Example 3
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 Draw the flow chart for a program that calculates

the total salary for an employee using this equation:
Total_Sal = Salary +Overtime
 Solution
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 Input start
 Salary
 Overtime Read Salary
 Processing
 Total_Sal = Salary +Overtime
Read Overtime
 Output
Total_Sal =
 Total_Sal
Salary +Overtime

Print Total_Sal

End
 Statement structures
•18

 Sequence – follow instructions from one line to the

next without skipping over any lines
 Decision - if the answer to a question is “Yes” then
one group of instructions is executed. If the answer
is “No,” then another is executed
 Looping – a series of instructions are executed over
and over
 Decision flow chart
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 Example 4
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 Draw a flowchart for a program that determine if the

temperature degree is above or below freezing.
 Freezing = 32
 Input
 Temp.
 Processing
 Check if Temp is below the 32 → below freezing.
 Check if Temp is above the 32 → above freezing.

 Output
 Print “below freezing” or “above freezing”
 Solution
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 Example 5
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 Draw a flowchart for a program that identifies the

temperature status based on the following
➢ Temperature>=27 is hot.
➢ 27>Temperature>=20 is good.
➢ Temperature<20 is cold.
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 Assignment 1
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 Draw a flowchart for a program that calculates the

Zakat, where the user enter the amount of money
then the program show the zakat.
 Zakat =(2.5/100) * amount.
 If the amount is less than 1000, Zakat =0.
 Assignment 2
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 Draw a flowchart that selects the largest of

three distinct numbers a ,b,c.