SHEAR STRENGTH VARIATION IN KUTTANAD CLAY WITH

STABILISATION
ASSIGNMENT 2-REVIEW PAPER ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS

UNNIKRISHNAN J R
Reg no: 983 Roll No : 14
S1, M Tech Part Time
CET, TVM
ABSTRACT

In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project are its cost,
performance, durability and time. There is an urgent need for development of new techniques which
enhances the geotechnical properties of soil, as the methods used conventionally were very
uneconomical and time consuming. Construction of engineering structures on weak or soft soil is
considered as unsafe and highly risky due differential settlements, poor shear strength, high
compressibility and high plasticity characteristics. It is necessary to adopt safer, economically
feasible, environmentally sound and cost effective materials to improve geotechnical properties of
Kuttanad clay. Different soil stabilisers are added to the very high plastic clay from Kuttanad and
also studies on other soft clays are also included in this review article.

1. INTRODUCTION

The construction of engineering structures on fine grained soil is a challenging task and
therefore considered as one of the biggest concerns in geotechnical engineering. The behaviour of
structures to be safe and stable, it depends on the properties of the soil on which they are constructed
and the load bearing capacity of the soil can be improved by undertaking a variety of ground
improvement techniques. Soil Stabilization is the modification of soils by blending cost effective and
locally available materials to enhance their physical and geotechnical properties. Soft clays generally
display extremely low strength, high compressibility, low permeability, high plasticity characteristics
and consequently low quality for construction. Thus, treatment of soil is necessary by mixing various
economically feasible and environmentally sound stabilizers that can be effectively embraced to
improve the strength and deformation characteristics of the soft clays.
Kuttanad region is well known for its unique agricultural land in Kerala. Kuttanad soil is fine
grained soil and it is categorised as one of the problematic soils in the world. A good portion of this
region lies below mean sea level and during raining season the area is submerged under water more
than a month in every year. The increase in population and the development of the area has demanded
construction activities to be undertaken in Kuttanad region. It is necessary to adopt safer,
economically feasible, environmentally sound and cost effective materials to improve geotechnical
properties of Kuttanad clay,
2. Properties of Kuttanad Clay

Properties Results
Colour Dark Grey
Natural Moisture Content (%) 105
Specific Gravity 2.4
Grain Size Distribution
Clay (%) 83
Silt (%) 13
Sand (%) 4
Atterberg Limits
Liquid Limit (%) 130
Plastic Limit (%) 42
Plasticity Index (%) 88
Flow Index (%) 102
Toughness Index (%) 0.86
CH (Inorganic Clay of
Soil Classification
High Plasticity)
Standard Proctor Compaction Test
Maximum Dry Density (g/cm3) 1.38
Optimum Moisture Content (%) 27
Triaxial Compression Test
Cohesion (kN/m2) 12.5
Angle of Internal Friction (⁰) 3
One Dimensional Consolidation Test
Coefficient of Consolidation (cm2/sec) 4.25×10-6
Coefficient of Volume Change (cm2/kg) 0.072
Compression Index 0.661
Very Highly
Degree of compressibility
Compressible

Table showing the properties of Kuttanad clay obtained through various tests (1).

3. MATERIALS USED
The materials used for the tests include Kuttanad clay, Traditional stabilizer (Metakaolin),
Non- raditional stabilizer (Terrazyme) ,By-product stabilizer (Crumb Rubber Powder), rice straw with
lime, cement, cement along with lime, other admixtures. Also studies using biopolymer, liquid
stabilizer soiltac, sodium silicate, ladle slag-ground granulated blast furnace slag in similar clay with
very high plasticity included. The details of the materials used in each study are given below.

3.1 Metakaolin (MK)

Metakaolin is fine aluminosilicate having pozzolanic activity. It is manufactured by the
calcination process of Kaolinite clays at a temperature of 550⁰C-900⁰C. Metakaolin used in this study
is shown in Figure 2 and it was acquired from Ashirwad Chemicals, Chennai, India. For improving
the geotehnichal properties of problematic Kuttanad clay, Metakaolin is chosen as a Traditional
stabilizer. It is white in colour and morphous. It had specific gravity of 2.5. Narrow limits of chemical
composition and minor amounts of impurity components are present in Metakaolin obtained from
purest grades of Kaolinite (1).

Physical Properties
Colour White
Shape Oval and Flaky
Size 2-10μm
Physical form Powder
Specific Gravity 2.5
Specific Surface Area 10-25 m2/g
Chemical Properties
Composition Percentage %
Silica (SiO2) 52.1
Alumina (Al2O3) 40.5
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 2.5
Calcium oxide (CaO) 1
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.19
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.12
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.5
Loss on ignition (LOI) 0.68

3.2 Terrazyme (TZ)

Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-inflammable liquid, produced by
formulating vegetable and fruit extracts. Terrazyme used in this study was obtained from Avijeeth
Agencies, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, India, shown in Figure 3. For improving the
geotehnichalproperties of problematic Kuttanad clay, Terrazyme is chosen as a Non-traditional
stabilizer. Terrazyme is specially formulated to modify the engineering properties of soil. They
require dilution in water before application. Terrazyme improves the properties of soil and strength of
soil significantly. The physical properties and dosage of Terrazyme are shown in Table 4 and Table 5
respectively. The use of Terrazyme enhances weather resistance and increases load bearing capacity
of soils. These features are particularly evident in fine-grained soils such as clay in which the
formulation affects the swelling and shrinking behaviour. This formulation has the ability to change
the matrix of the soil so that after compaction the soil loses its ability to reabsorb water and the
mechanical benefits of compaction are not lost even after water is reapplied to the compacted soil.
They also improve chemical bonding between soil particles and creating a more permanent structure
that is more resistant to weathering, water penetration and wear and tear. Their efficiency depends
upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. These rganic enzymes come in
liquid form. They are perfectly soluble in water, brown in colour with smell of molasses. Their aroma
has no effect. Neither gloves nor masks are required during handling. (1)(10)
 Identity N-Zyme
Hazardous Components\ None
Boiling Point 100⁰C
Melting Point Liquid Liquid
Specific Gravity 1.05
Evaporation Rate same as water
Solubility in Water Complete
Appearance/Colour Brown clear liquid
Odour Non-obnoxious
Explosion Hazard None
DOSAGE
Dosage of Terrazyme ml/kg of soil (Dry)
200ml/1m3 0.145
200ml/1.5m3 0.097
200ml/2m3 0.072
200ml/2.5m3 0.057
200ml/3m3 0.048

3.3 Crumb Rubber Powder (CRP)

Crumb Rubber Powder used in this study was collected from Dolphin Rubber Industries,
Kottayam, Kerala, India shown in Figure 4. For improving the geotehnichal properties of problematic
Kuttanad clay, Crumb Rubber Powder is chosen as a By-product stabilizer. For this study, the Crumb
rubber powder was produced from used automobile tyres by ambient process through mechanical
shredding, where scrap tyre rubber is ground or processed at or above ordinary room temperature at
ambient temperature. Steel was removed by magnetic separation and one part of textile fibre was
removed by density. The physical properties and chemical composition of Crumb Rubber Powder are
shown below.
Colour Black Black
Shape Irregular Irregular
Surface Texture Rough Rough
Specific Gravity 1.25 1.25
1.18 mm down size (IS
Particle Size
sieve) / 10 to 40 mesh

Composition Percentage (%)

Rubber 54
Carbon Black 29
Textile 2
Oxidize Zinc 1
Sulphur 1
Additives 13
3.4 Influence of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength
Characteristics
In this study, the influence of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on the shear
strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay was determined by conducting Triaxial Compression test as
per IS: 2720 (Part 11) - 1981. An experimental investigation on Shear strength parameters were
conducted on the soil samples treated with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of Metakaolin , 200ml/1m3,
200ml/1.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/2.5m3 and 200ml/3m3 of Terrazyme and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
of Crumb Rubber Powder after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days. Further study was
conducted on evaluating the Shear strength behavior of the soil samples treated with optimum values
of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days
for different normal stresses of 0.5kg/cm2, 1kg/cm2 and 1.5kg/cm2. Triaxial Compression test was
conducted to determine the influence of three different stabilizers on Cohesion(C), Angle of Internal
Friction Φ and Shear strength and the rate of increase in Shear strength characteristics after varied
curing periods. Tests also aimed to determine the optimum values of these materials.(1)(10)

Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of

Curing period

Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of

Curing period
 Influence of CRP on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of
Curing period

The results indicated a maximum increment of 320% in Cohesion for soil samples treated
with an optimum value of 6% of Metakaolin when compared to 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme with an
increment of 264% and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder with 142.4% increment after a curing period
of 14 days. It also indicated a maximum increment of 383.3% in Angle of internal friction for soil
samples treated with an optimum value of 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder when compared to 6% of
Metakaolin with an increment of 306.7% and 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme with 253.3% increment after
a curing period of 14 days.
The percentage increment in Shear strength for soil samples treated with an optimum value of
6% of Metakaolin and 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme moderately decreased with the application of normal
stresses from 0.5kg/cm2 to 1.5kg/cm2 with increase in curing period. While the percentage increment
in Shear strength for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder
continuously increased with the application of normal stresses from 0.5kg/cm2 to 1.5kg/cm2 with
increase in curing period.(1)
3.5 Biopolymers
The biopolymers used in this study were chosen because of their availability at their
reasonable prices compared to other biopolymers. Xanthan gum was procured from Kachabo Gums
pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra and Guar Gum was procured from Swastik Gum Industries, Ahmedabad.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide that is made by the Xanthomonascampestris bacterium, and is
generally used as a viscosity thickener due to its hydrocolloid rheology. Xanthan gum has been
introduced to geotechnical engineering to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of silty sand via pore
filling as well as to increase the undrained shear strength of soil by increasing the liquid limit.
Another recent study has reported possibilities for using Xanthan gum as soil strengtheners.
(Ayeldeen et al., 2016). Guar gum is also a polysaccharide consisting of the galactose of sugars and
mannose. The backbone in guar gum is a linear chain of β 1, 4 – linked mannose remains to which
galactose residues are 1, 6 – linked at every second mannose, creating short side branches. Guar gum
is more solvable than many other biopolymers and is a better stabilizer. (Ayeldeen et al., 2016)
A modified Proctor Compaction test as per IS 2720 part 7 was performed for determining the
maximum dry density and its corresponding optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive
strength tests as per IS 2720 part 10 were performed on soil-biopolymer specimens. The specimen for
the test had a diameter about 3.9cm and length of 7.5cm. As per the mentioned standard, the loading
speed should be about 0.5 to 2% axial strain/min.(3)

3.5.1 Effect of biopolymers on compressive Strength

Fig. 3, shows the variation of compressive strength for different concentrations of biopolymer
contents. The UCS value increases with increase in gum concentrations upto optimal content for both
the biopolymers. This is because; the biopolymers can be directly bonded to clay particles via cation
bridging and hydrogen bonding between the electrically charged fine particles which leads to higher
mechanical enhancement. Beyond the optimal dosage, the UCS value decreases due to the higher
viscosity, which result in lack of bonding between clay- gum- water mixtures. The maximum
compressive strength for Xanthan gum was found as 90.3kN/m2 and for Guar gum as 95.1kN/m2.(3)

3.6 LIME & RICE STRAW

The soil used for the study is clay collected from Kuttanad in Alleppey district, The soil was
partially air dried before the commencement of the experiments. Quick lime is used in this project,
which is known as Calcium oxide (CaO). The Rice Straw used for the study is collected from
Kuttanad region in Alleppey district . The Rice Straw was air dried to remove moisture from it.
In order to find the effect of lime and Rice Straw fibres on Kuttanad clay, UCC tests, Light
compaction tests and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. The Kuttanad clay was air
dried and ground to required fineness. It was then mixed with different percentages of lime (2 %, 4 %,
6 % and 8 %) as in Fig 2 (a). UCC tests were conducted on these samples after 2 hours. The optimum
percentage of the lime corresponding to the maximum unconfined compressive strength was found
out. The effect of lime on dry density and moisture content was also found out. CBR test was
conducted on the clay with optimum percentage of lime content and corresponding moisture content.
The lime stabilized Kuttanad clay was reinforced with different percentages (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%,
and 1%) of Rice Straw fibres as in Fig 2 (b) and the optimum percentage of fibre corresponding to
maximum unconfined compressive strength was determined. The effect of fibre on dry density and
moisture content was also found out. CBR test was conducted on the clay with optimum percentage of
lime content and different percentages of Rice Straw fibres.(4)

UCC strength of different % of Rice Straw Fibre at 6% Lime

The Engineering properties of the Kuttanad clay to be used as a pavement material have
improved due to the addition of Rice Straw fibre along with small quantities of lime. The maximum
CBR value of 5.095 is obtained for 0.5% Rice Straw at optimum lime content of 6% giving moderate
subgrade strength, which can be effectively made use in the unpaved road construction in Kuttanad
region. The optimum percentages of lime and rice straw for unconfined compression test are obtained
as 6% and 0.5% respectively. The percentage increase in strength obtained for unconfined
compressive strength test is found to be 19.7%. Even for a small replacement of Rice Straw fibre we
get a high percentage increase in the properties due to the combined effect of lime and Rice Straw
fibre. Lime has improved the strength characteristics and changed chemical composition of clay. It
also reduced swelling potential of highly plastic clay. (4)

3.7 CEMENT AS BINDER

In the current study ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade was used as the binder. Initially the
effect of cement stabilization was evaluated by varying parameters such as IW, W/C and curing
period. And then the effect of different composite binder combinations with mineral admixtures and
puzzolonic materials such as quick lime (CaO), Ground granulated blast furnace slag GGBS) and Fly
ash (FA) on Kuttanad soil stabilization was studied. Further for W/C ratio of 3.33 addition of FA,
GGBS, Silica fume (SF), Sodium Silicate (SS) and Fine sand to cement on the strength of Kuttanad
clay was evaluated (2)
 It can be seen from Figure 3 that with reducing W/C ratio there is an increase in the strength
developed. Even though the cement percentage corresponding to the W/C ratios used in the study is
high (more than 25 %) the strength attained is very low. This might be due to the organic content
present in the soil hindering the cement hydrolysis and subsequent strength development. It can also
be inferred that up to W/C ratio of 5 there is a marginal improvement in the UCC strength but when
the W/C ratio further reduces to 3.33 the strength gained is significant. This is because the organic
components gets enough calcium at lower water cement ratios so that surplus calcium is available in
solution to aid the cement hydration and hardening reactions contributing to better strength
development. From (Figure 4) the fabric changes happening over reduction in W/C ratio it can be
concluded that the cementation compounds are still insufficient to bind the clay fabric in case of high
W/C ratio whereas at the lowest W/C ratio the cement matrix is continuous binding the clay
aggregates contributing to a significant strength gain. .(5)

3.8 CEMENT LIME

Quick lime as reported as a possible replacement for cement was tried in different proportion
with cement and the UCC tests were done on stabilized soil samples. For IW 165 % and W/C ratio 5,
Cement(C) - Quick Lime (L) binder combinations of 75C-25L and 50C-50L were tried and the UCC
strength at the end of 14 days curing was found. UCC strength of the sample with only cement as
binder was 99 kPa where as with lime replacement the strengths significantly reduced to 33 kPa
(75C-25L) and 25 kPa (50C-50L). Development of strength happens when the added lime reacts with
the clay minerals. As soon as lime is added, pH increases and there is De-flocculation of soil fabric
and removal of organics adsorbed on to the minerals. The organic matter hinders the reactions
between added lime and the clay minerals present in the soil hence there is no beneficial effect of lime
replacement observed. Diatom silica is also found not reacting with the added lime confirming the
role of components such as organic content and sesquioxides (Van Capellen et al. 2001) present in the
soil inhibiting its solubility, finally retarding the puzzolonic reactions responsible for strength
development.

3.9 CEMENT –MINERAL ADMIXTURE

It can be clearly seen that the effect of replacing a portion of cement with either of the mineral
admixtures (GGBS / FA) results in strength loss when compared to the cement alone case. Hence it
reinforces the fact that the positive effect of puzzolonic reactions is not enough to offset the role of
cement which is replaced. Both lime released and lime added have insignificant role to play in
enhancing the strength of the Cement - Mineral admixture stabilized Kuttanad soil.(5)

Effect of various additives on UCC strength of cemented soil

3.10 Liquid stabilizer ‘Soiltac

The types of soils were selected in this study i.e., Carbondale soil (clay with high
plasticity (CH)) and Galatia soil (silt of low plasticity (ML)) for stabilization purpose. A copolymer
liquid stabilizer ‘Soiltac’ has been selected for this study. According to the manufacturer, the
polymer used in the present study is non-toxic and non-hazardous. The pH value of the polymer
is 5.5. Typically, polymer stabilizers are vinyl acetates or acrylic copolymers suspended an emulsion
by surfactants. The polymer stabilizer coats soil particle and physical bonds are formed when the
emulsion water evaporates leaving soil-polymer matrix. Laboratory tests includes basic index
property tests like hydrometer, Atterberg limit, specific gravity test; and engineering property tests
like standard Proctor, UCS and CBR tests. All tests were performed according to respective ASTM
standards
 With the addition of polymer, UCS values were increased upto 1.5% stabilizer and then
decreased for 3.0%. Also, for each polymer contents, UCS values were increased with increase in
curing time. The maximum increment was obtained when soil was mixed with 1.5% stabilizer and
cured for 28-days. The maximum percentage increase in UCS value observed for Carbondale soil
was 220%. The UCS value oF untreated soil was 171.82 kN/m2 and when the soil 50 mixed
with 1.5% polymer and cured for 28 days, the UCS value was increased to 550.34 kN/m2. The
increase of UCS value with the addition of polymer stabilizer may be due to the adsorption of
polymer emulsion into the clay particles. Polymer can absorb on the surface of clay mineral through
electrostatic attraction, van-der Waal forces, and hydrogen bonding. The polymer absorption
also depends on various factors such as type of polymer, temperature, molecular weight of polymer
etc.
UCS value for 5.0% polymer addition was lower than the UCS for 4.0% polymer addition. It
is found that the UCS values were increased significantly with increase in curing time upto 8-days
and then remained almost constant.(6)

3.11 SODIUM SILICATE AS LIQUID BASED STABILIZER ON SHEAR STRENGTH

OF MARINE CLAY

The preparation of the soil sample is very important in this study. A series of Standard Proctor
Compaction tests was conducted to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum
dry density (MDD) to be used for the preparation of unconfined compressive test specimens. After
completing this laboratory, the specimens were prepared by 90 % of MDD (wet side) of natural soils.
Dry material of marine clay with addition of TX-85 and selected moisture content was thoroughly
mixed and placed into a steel mould with size 80 mm in height and 36 mm in diameter. Then the
molded specimens were left to cure in the polythene bottle and placed above water in a closed
container in a room where the temperature 27±2°C. All specimens of untreated and treated soils
containing 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 % (% by dry weight of soils) sodium silicate were prepared using this
method. In order to simplify the presentation of results, a specimen designation scheme was
employed. The characters indicated the C for clay, UT for untreated, SS for sodium silicate.
 Curing times of 0, 3, 7 and 28 days were used in this study. A minimum of three samples for
each curing time were prepared in order to provide adequate data to validate the results. The
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test has been used on all specimens based on British Standard
1377 part 7:1990 [8] with a constant stress rate at 16 mm/min. Each specimen was compressed until
peak load was achieved where the applied load was recorded by a data acquisition system. The UCS
test is to determine the compressive strength of treated and untreated soil using sodium silicate as
stabilizer. Triplicate sample were used to get a consistent and accurate result.(7)

3.12 Ladle slag-ground granulated blast furnace slag

The ladle furnace basic slag (ladle slag, LS), is a by-product produced in the stage of the steel
refining process . There are around 30 million tons of LS produced worldwide per year, the current
solution is simply landfilling it, which is costly and not sustainable. The properties of LS vary with
the steel refining procedure to obtain the desired steel grade, but the main chemical and mineral
compositions are similar. The LS is constituted of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO. The main minerals
of LS are portlandite (Ca(OH)2), fluorite (CaF2), calcite (CaCO3), mayenite (Ca12Al14O33,
C12A7), merwinite (CaMg(SiO3)2), brucite (Mg(OH)2), larnite (β-Ca2SiO4, β-C2S), and belite (γ-
Ca2SiO4, γ-C2S).
GGBS is a by-product produced from the blast furnace iron making and well known as a
‘green binder’, in terms of low energy consumption and low emission of CO2.
This study investigated the utilization of LS-GGBS blend for soft clay stabilization, where the
LS was intended to activate the GGBS for stabilization of soft clay, as well as immobilization of
heavy metals in LS. The stabilized clays with different binder contents and LS:GGBS ratios were
cured at different periods and tested for UCS and leaching of heavy metals .The UCS of LS-GGBS-
stabilized clay was plotted against the LS:GGBS ratio in Figs. 2 and 3. The pure LS-stabilized clays
showed negligible strength at the four ages, confirming that LS was a weak hydration material. The
pure GGBS-stabilized clays also yielded negligible strength at 14 days, but achieved considerable
strength after 28 days for 30% binder content or 56 days for 20% binder content, confirming GGBS
had certain hydration property. LS could increase the strength development rate of GGBS, e.g.
stabilized clays with LS:GGBS ratios of 2:8–5:5 all yielded higher UCS than the pure GGBS-
stabilized clay with the same binder content at 14, 28, and 56 days.(8)

Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized clay with 20%

Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized clay with 20%

CONCLUSION
Various studies and conducting experimental investigations are on the combined effect of
Traditional, Non-traditional and By-product stabilizers on geotechnical properties of soil after varied
curing period and soil properties are improved much. Kuttanad clay treated with Traditional
stabilizers showed maximum improvement in shear strength behavior, reduced plasticity and
consolidation characteristics after 14 days of curing period when compared to Non-traditional and By-
product stabilizers. Biopolymers are environmental friendly alternatives to conventional soil
stabilizing agents like cement, lime etc.
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