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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Science – Grade 10
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Biomolecules
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module


Writer: Marmonito G. Rotersos
Editors: Honey Lynne A. Boyles, Romel S. Villarubia, Roland O. Tacan
Reviewers: Erick Venn R. Rollon, Queen Nee P. Hondrada
Layout Artist: Marmonito G. Rotersos
Management Team:
Josephine L. Fadul – Schools Division Superintendent
Melanie P. Estacio – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Christine C. Bagacay – Chief - Curriculum Implementation Division
Honey Lynne A. Boyles – Education Program Supervisor in Science
Lorna C. Ragos – Education Program Supervisor in LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Tagum City

Office Address: E-Park Apokon, Tagum City

Telefax: (084) -215-3504

E-mail Address: tagum.city@deped.gov.ph


10

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in


each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in


answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

2
Let Us Learn!
Hello! Good day!

We have some questions here!

Do you know what you eat?

What does pandemic teach us in consumption of food?

You will find the answer of these questions as you go along. You will
journey in this module with this competency:
1. Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (S10MTIVc-d-22)

Specifically, you will learn to:


a. differentiate the major categories of biomolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and

b. explain the different biomolecules from each other in terms of their


structure and function.

3
Let Us Try!

Marvelous! You are a step forward in completing the module!

How well do you know about Biomolecules?

Let us try to find out by answering the following questions. After


honestly answering this, you may check the answers at the last part of this
module.

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following is an exact pair?


a. Glucose: Disaccharide
b. Sucrose: Monosaccharide
c. Starch: Polysaccharide
d. Triglyceride: Polysaccharide

2. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. These are usually found in


___________.
a. Waxes c. Starches
b. Proteins d. Nucleotides

3. DNA can be used to produce RNA. This RNA can be used to create
__________.
a. Fats c. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins d. None of the above

4. Purine is a type of ___________________.


a. sugar c. Phospholipid
b. Nucleotide d. None of the above

5. Which of the following contains the most lipids?


a. Banana c. Olive oil
b. champorado d. Cheese

6. These are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolized to simpler


carbohydrates.
a. Lipids c. Disaccharide
b. Polysaccharide d. Monosaccharide

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7. What are the possible products if sucrose is hydrolized?
a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

8. What are the possible products if lactose is hydrolized?


a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

9. What is the possible products if maltose is hydrolized?


a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

10. Amino acid in proteins are connected by ________________.


a. Peptide Bonds c. Pepsin Bonds
b. Covalent Bond d. hydrogen Bond

3
Let Us Study
We are learning! We should step further!

What do we know about Biomolecules?

Biomolecules Puzzle

Across:
Down:
3.These are sugars, starches and
1. These are molecules that contain
fibers found in fruits, grains,
hydrocarbons and make up the
vegetables, and milk products.
building blocks of the structures
4. These are the biopolymers, or
and function of living cells.
large biomolecules, essential to all
2. This is a macronutrient that is
known forms of life.
essential to building muscles mass.
Source: 2021. Crossword Puzzle Maker | Education.com. [online] Education.com. Available at:
<https://www.education.com/worksheet-generator/reading/crossword-puzzle/knhpwe> [Accessed 4
May 2021].

All living organisms are made up of a fundamental unit called the cell.
The cell consists of organic and inorganic compounds and elemental analysis
of the cell shows that it is made of various
elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
chlorine etc. All carbon-containing
compounds found in living organisms are
termed as Biomolecules.
Most biological molecules are made
from covalent combinations of six important
elements, whose chemical symbols are
Figure 1. Simple starch
https://courses.ecampus.oregonsta
CHNOPS the letter stand for the chemical
te.edu/ans312/one/carbs_story.ht abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
ml> [Accessed 4 May 2021].

4
oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The four most important elements, which
account for more than 99% of the atoms found in living things are: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Let Us Practice
Well done! You made it this far! Let us continue learning!

After honestly answering this. You may check your answer in the
Answer Key Section.

Activity 1: Where do I belong?

In the pictures located below. Classify them according to the types of


Biomolecules.

Figure 2. Simple starch


Image Source by Erick Venn R. Rollon

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acid Protein

Table 1. Biomolecules

5
Guide question:
• What are the differences between the samples to the corresponding
Biomolecules they belong? Briefly discuss its differences.

Carbohydrates
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Lipids
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________

Nucleic Acid
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Proteins
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

The table below shows summary of Biomolecules and its general description.

Table 2. Summary of Biomolecules


Biomolecules Description
• They are molecules made from aldehydes and ketones
containing numerous hydroxyl groups.
• Monosaccharides are composed of a single ring.
Carbohydrates • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides that are
chemically combined.
• Polysaccharides are polymers containing numerous
monosaccharide monomers.
• They are water insoluble molecules that are composed of
Lipids carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Fats and oils are triglycerides that are combinations of
glycerol and three fatty acids.
• Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are found as
Proteins structural materials in hair, nails and connective tissues.
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
are nucleic acids. Both DNA and RNA are polymers that
Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are molecules that are composed of three
parts: a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and
a phosphate group.

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Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides, commonly known


as carbohydrates are macromolecules.
They are made up of monosaccharides
(sugar molecules). Majority of living cells
are rich in carbohydrates and they are the
final products of many metabolisms. For
example, Glucose is the final product of
photosynthesis. Saccharides can be
monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide etc. based on the number
Figure 3. Carbohydrate/simple sugar
of sugar molecules they are made up of. https://dlc.dcccd.edu/images/biology/
lesson3/carbohydrate_isomers.jpg

Figure 4. Carbohydrates
Image Source by Erick Venn R. Rollon

Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and the essential subunit of a
carbohydrate. It gets its name from the prefix "mono," which means "one." At
room temperature, these substances are white solids. They are highly soluble
in water due to the presence of polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their molecular
structures. Glucose (also known as dextrose) and fructose are the most
common monosaccharides. A galactose molecule that has been connected to
a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule.

Disaccharide
A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides mix. Sucrose,
Lactose, Maltose, and other carbohydrates with two monomers are examples.
A condensation reaction occurs when two molecules or sections of the same
molecule join together. One molecule of water is lost during the condensation

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of monosaccharides into disaccharides. Maltose is generated when two
glucose molecules are mixed.

Q1. What is the name of the disaccharide found in cheese and other milk
products?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide molecules are large molecules made up of several
smaller units joined together. The presence of starchy components in these
foods causes them to turn blue-black. A water molecule must have a hydrogen
atom and a hydroxyl group to the site where the bond is broken in order for
starch to be broken. The glucose units can be isolated from one another with
the aid of digestive enzymes. A glucose molecule can be consumed and used
as fuel by the cells as it is isolated from the rest of the starch polymer. Since
the separation of glucose from the polysaccharide takes time, it is released to
the cells gradually. As a result, glucose from starch accumulates in muscle
cells over time, providing energy as required. As a result, athletes often
consume complex carbohydrate-rich meals prior to competing.

Q2. Why do you think marathon runners eat a meal rich in carbohydrates
the day before the race?

___________________________________________________________________________

Lipids
In the previous Biomolecules, you have learned that carbohydrates are
important in providing “instant” energy for cells. There is another class of
biomolecules called lipids that have the “job” of storing energy for later use.
Lipids are also found in hormones and cell membrane components. Oil and
water do not mix because they do not have the same polarity. Also, oils are
composed primarily of long hydrocarbon chains. They are formed reaction
between an alcohol and one or more long–chain carboxylic acids. The most
abundant of the lipids are the fats and oils, also called triglycerides. Table
above shows the structures of common fatty acids. The presence of double
bonds in the fatty acids lowers its melting point. At room temperature, lauric
acid is solid while linoleic acid is liquid.

8
Source Saturated Unsaturated Others
Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic
Animal Butter 10 29 9 27 4 31
Fat Lard 2 30 18 41 6 5
Beef 3 32 25 38 3 2
Corn 1 10 4 34 48 4
Plant Soybean - 7 3 25 56 9
Oil Peanut - 7 5 60 21 7
Olive 1 6 4 83 7 -
Table 3. Fatty acid content of some triglyceride
l
Oils are liquids at room temperature
and contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or
more double bonds. Most oils, such as
vegetable oil, corn oil, and olive oil are
produced by plants. Fats are solid at room
temperature and contain saturated fatty
acids. Saturated hydrocarbons contain single
bonds and they produced only by animals.
Examples of animal fats are lard and butter.
Figure: 4 Lipids
Cholesterol plays an important role in https://dlc.dcccd.edu/images/biology/less
eukaryotes and especially abundant in cell on3/saturated_and_unsaturated_fatty_ac
id_models.jpg
membranes of animal cells. Small amount of
cholesterol can also be found in the membrane of some organelles inside the
cells, such as the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum. It is not only
abundant in cell membrane, but also in brain tissues of the nervous system.
An important nerve cell, myelin, covers nerve axons to help conduct the
electrical impulses that make movement, sensation, thinking, learning, and
remembering possible. Studies have shown that cholesterol was found to be
the most important factor in the formation of synapses, which greatly affect
our memory and learning ability. Animals are able to use cholesterol to
synthesize other steroids like cortisone, testosterone, and estrogen. Although
cholesterol is an essential lipid for humans, excessive levels of cholesterol in
the blood can lead to deposits in the arteries of the heart. These material
deposits are a leading cause of heart disease. (LeMay Jr, 2000)

Now all foods have calories and different foods have different amounts
of calories. Calories are provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Fats
have the highest concentration of calories. On the average, that’s nine calories
per gram of pure fat. Proteins and carbohydrates each have four calories per
gram of pure protein or pure carbohydrate on the average. Thus,
understanding the role of calories in your diet can help you balance your
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calories in with your calories out, and help you achieve weight management
goals.

On the sample Nutrition Facts label, the serving size of this food is 1
cup and there are 2 servings in this container. There are 260 calories per
serving of this food. If you eat the entire container of this product, you will eat
2 servings. That means you double the calories (260 x 2= 520 calories) If you
eat 2 servings, you will have eaten over 500 calories.

Activity 3: Read me!

Bring any usual snack that has nutrition facts at the back and examine how
much calorie do you eat every serving using the instruction below.

Figure 6. Sample Food Label


l

Figure 6: Food label


Photo Credit: https://byjus.com/biology/biomolecules-in-living-organisms/

Guide Questions:
1. How many calories do you see?
2. Do you see the serving information?
3. What are the other nutrients found in that snack?
4. How was the percentage daily value of your common snack?
5. Lastly, do you find your snack healthy or unhealthy? Why? Why not?

10
Proteins

Figure 8. Amino Acid


l

Primary protein structure


Proteins are made up of the
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
From the activity we had we discover that
egg white, fish, meat, and cheese are
foods rich in proteins. Proteins are also
Secondary protein
structure found in all living cells. They are the
second most common molecules found in
the human body (after water) and make
up about 10% to 20% of the mass of a
Tertiary protein cell. So, whenever you eat protein-rich
structure
foods, your digestive system breaks the
long protein chains into simpler
substances called amino acids. Amino
acids are organic molecules that contain
Quaternary protein structure two functional groups: a basic NH2
amino group and an acidic- COOH
carboxylic acid group.

In Chemistry class amino acids


Figure 9. Primary, secondary, are the building blocks of proteins. Of the
tertiary and quaternary proteins 20 amino acids found in human protein,
only 11 can be synthesized by the body
and 9 have to be supplied by the foods we eat. These 9 amino acids are also
called essential amino acids. Adults only need to obtain eight of them: valine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and
tryptophan. The ninth amino acid - histidine - is only essential for infants.
Your body doesn’t store amino acids, so it needs a regular daily supply of
these essential building blocks.

11
Nonessential is a slightly misleading label because these amino acids
actually fill essential roles, but since they’re synthesized by your body, they’re
not an essential part of your diet. Of the 11 nonessential amino acids, eight
are called conditional amino acids. When you’re sick or under significant
stress, your body may not be able to produce enough of these amino acids to
meet your needs. The list of conditional amino acids includes arginine,
glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, and ornithine. The
remaining three - alanine, asparagine, and aspartate - are nonessential.

Another type of protein is the enzymes. It is known as biological


catalysts. These molecules speed up biochemical reactions without
themselves being used up in the process. They are also highly specific. That
is, they act only on certain molecules called substrates (reactants), while
leaving the rest of the system unaffected. The role of an enzyme can be
compared to a lock and a key. The lock will not open unless you use the right
key. In the same manner an enzyme works for a specific substrate like the
enzyme lactase. Its role is to breakdown the sugar lactose into glucose and
galactose.

Q3. List Six foods that are major source of Proteins.


__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling
the production of protein. Like proteins,
nucleic acids are long chain of polymers
consisting of simpler units or monomers.

There are two kinds of nucleic


acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid;
and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA found
mainly in the cell nuclei contains the
genetic information that codes for the Figure 10. Model of nucleotide
sequences of amino acids in proteins.
RNA is found in many places in the cell
and carries out the synthesis of proteins.
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides. They are made up of three
parts: a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a ring-shaped
base containing nitrogen.

The process by which in identical copy of the original DNA is formed is


called DNA replication. An analogy of DNA replication is opening a zipper. As
you open, each side of the zipper acts as a template for the synthesis of a new,
complementary strand. The result is two new DNA molecules, which have the
same base pair sequence as the original double helix. Proteins are the ones
12
responsible for observable traits like curly hair, blue eyes, dark skin, etc. DNA
and RNA molecules direct the synthesis of proteins in the cells. However, this
is beyond the scope of this module.

Below is a summary of the difference between the two kinds of nucleic


acid.
DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Description It contains the genetic It is responsible for the
instruction used in the template in the synthesis
development and of proteins which in turn
functioning of all living control the operation &
organisms. function of the cell
Function Long term storage and Transfer the genetic
transmission of genetic information for the
information creation of proteins from
the nucleus to the
ribosomes
Sugar and Bases Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Phosphate backbone: Phosphate backbone:
Four Bases: Adenine, Four Bases: Adenine,
Table 4. Summary
Guanine, of and
Cytosine, RNA and Guanine,
DNA Cytosine, and
Thymine Uracil
Pairing of Bases A-T (Adenine- Thymine) A-U (Adenine- Uracil)
G-C (Guanine- Cyanine) G-C (Guanine- Cyanine)

Q4. How do biomolecules differ in their structures and functions? Support


your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

13
Let Us Practice More

Activity 4a: The Types of Biomolecules

Below within the box provide the function of a Biomolecules for the pieces of
circle provide the corresponding difference of Biomolecules to each other.

Activity 4b: You belong with me!

Match the following picture to the corresponding Biomolecules.

___1. Carbohydrates a. c.

___2. Protein

___3. Lipids

___4. Nucleic Acid b. d.

14
Let Us Remember

Splendid! Now, let us collect what we have learned together.

Biomolecules! Game Ka na ba?

• Write the correct answer on the space provided.

a. b.

c.
d.

___________________1. Which of the above molecules is a carbohydrate?


_________________2. Which of the above molecules is lipids?
_________________3. Which of the above molecules is a protein?
_________________4. Which of the above molecules is a nucleic acid?

Let Us Assess

Excellent! Just Superb! It’s time to try the fruit of our journey!

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. These are usually found in


___________.
a. Waxes c. Starches
b. Proteins d. Nucleotides

15
2. Purine is a type of ___________________.
a. sugar c. Phospholipid
b. Nucleotide d. None of the above

3. Which of the following contains the most lipids?


a. Banana c. Olive oil
b. champorado d. Cheese

4. DNA can be used to produce RNA. This RNA can be used to create
__________.
a. Fats c. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins d. None of the above

5. These are Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolized to simpler


carbohydrates.
a. Lipids c. Disaccharide
b. Polysaccharide d. Monosaccharide

6. What are the possible products if sucrose is hydrolize?


a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

7. Testosterone is an example of what kind of biomolecule?


a. Lipid c. Nucleic acid
b. Protein d. Carbohydrates

8. If lactose is being hydrolized, what are the possible products?


a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

9. What are the possible products if maltose is hydrolized?


a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose

10. Amino acid in proteins are connected by ________________.


a. Peptide Bonds c. Pepsin Bonds
b. Covalent Bond d. hydrogen Bond

11. Lipids are composed of _________________.


a. Nucleotides c. Monosaccharide
b. Amino Acid d. Glycerol and fatty acid

12. Which of the following is NOT a biomolecule?


a. Cholesterol c. Enzyme
b. Cellulose d. Water

2
13.Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
a. sugar c. phosphate group
b. phospholipids d. nitrogen-containing base

14.Which of the following is a possible base pairing in a DNA strand?


a. A-G c. A-T
b. A-U d. T-G

15.Which of the following is an exact pair?


a. Glucose: Disaccharide
b. Sucrose: Monosaccharide
c. Starch: Polysaccharide
d. Triglyceride: Polysaccharide

Let Us Enhance
You are a step close to the end! This would be a piece of cake!

Activity 5. Fill me up!

Place the correct answer on the space provided to complete the


concept map.

Fatty acid lean meat lipids monosaccharide

protein nucleic acids nucleotide starch

Figure 12. https://sciencemusicvideos.com/ap-biology/module-6-menu-


biochemistry/the-four-biomolecule-families/

17
Let Us Reflect

Congratulations! Might what to share your deep thought on this!

I Learned today, that Biomolecules . . . . .


___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

I can share with my Study Buddy, that the food we eat are . . . . . .
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
I will tell my family and friends that, lipids can be classified. . . . . . .
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

18
19
Let us assess:
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A
11.D
12.D
13.B
14.C
15.C
Answer key to Activities
19
Let us try
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
Let us Study
1. Lipid
2. Protein
3. Carbohydrate
4. Nucleic Acid
References

2021. Crossword Puzzle Maker | Education.com. [online] Education.com.


Available at: <https://www.education.com/worksheet-
generator/reading/crossword-puzzle/knhpwe> [Accessed 4 May
2021].
2021. [online] Available at:
<https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/carbs_story.
html> [Accessed 4 May 2021].

2021. [online] Available at:


<https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/carbs_
story.html> [Accessed 4 May 2021].

Byjus.com. 2021. GDPR. [online] Available at:


<https://byjus.com/biology/biomolecules-in-living-
organisms/> [Accessed 4 May 2021].
2021. [online] Available at:
<http://www.cteonline.org/portal/default/Curriculum/Viewer/
Curriculum?action=2&view=viewer&cmobjid=177679.> [Accessed 5
May 2021].
2021. [online] Available at:
<http://www.slideshare.net/gurustip/carbohydrathttp://edtech2.boi
sestate.edu/jonfreer/502/jigsaw.htmles-lipids-and-proteins-
presentation> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
2021. [online] Available at:
<https://myorganicchemistry.wikispaces.com/Cellulose?responseTok
en=1a9131f668de1a94603bbdfb79f69128> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
Diffen.com. 2021. DNA vs RNA - Difference and Comparison | Diffen.
[online] Available at: <http://www.diffen.com/difference/ DNA vs
RNA> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
Sciencemusicvideos.com. 2021. The Four Biomolecule Families –
sciencemusicvideos. [online] Available at:
<https://sciencemusicvideos.com/ap-biology/module-6-menu-
biochemistry/the-four-biomolecule-families/> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
Dlc.dcccd.edu. 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://dlc.dcccd.edu/images/biology/lesson3/saturated_and_unsa
turated_fatty_acid_models.jpg> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
Dlc.dcccd.edu. 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://dlc.dcccd.edu/images/biology/lesson3/carbohydrate_isomer
s.jpg> [Accessed 5 May 2021].
Photos by Erick Venn R. Rollon

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Tagum City

E-Park, Apokon, Tagum City

Telefax: (084)-216-3504

Email Address: tagum.city@deped.gov.ph

21

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