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ScienceSLM G10 Q4 M2 Biomolecules-V-3.0
ScienceSLM G10 Q4 M2 Biomolecules-V-3.0
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Science – Grade 10
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Biomolecules
First Edition, 2021
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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
Thank you.
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Let Us Learn!
Hello! Good day!
You will find the answer of these questions as you go along. You will
journey in this module with this competency:
1. Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (S10MTIVc-d-22)
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Let Us Try!
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3. DNA can be used to produce RNA. This RNA can be used to create
__________.
a. Fats c. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins d. None of the above
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7. What are the possible products if sucrose is hydrolized?
a. glucose + fructose c. glucose + galactose
b. glucose + glucose d. galactose + galactose
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Let Us Study
We are learning! We should step further!
Biomolecules Puzzle
Across:
Down:
3.These are sugars, starches and
1. These are molecules that contain
fibers found in fruits, grains,
hydrocarbons and make up the
vegetables, and milk products.
building blocks of the structures
4. These are the biopolymers, or
and function of living cells.
large biomolecules, essential to all
2. This is a macronutrient that is
known forms of life.
essential to building muscles mass.
Source: 2021. Crossword Puzzle Maker | Education.com. [online] Education.com. Available at:
<https://www.education.com/worksheet-generator/reading/crossword-puzzle/knhpwe> [Accessed 4
May 2021].
All living organisms are made up of a fundamental unit called the cell.
The cell consists of organic and inorganic compounds and elemental analysis
of the cell shows that it is made of various
elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
chlorine etc. All carbon-containing
compounds found in living organisms are
termed as Biomolecules.
Most biological molecules are made
from covalent combinations of six important
elements, whose chemical symbols are
Figure 1. Simple starch
https://courses.ecampus.oregonsta
CHNOPS the letter stand for the chemical
te.edu/ans312/one/carbs_story.ht abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
ml> [Accessed 4 May 2021].
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oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The four most important elements, which
account for more than 99% of the atoms found in living things are: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Let Us Practice
Well done! You made it this far! Let us continue learning!
After honestly answering this. You may check your answer in the
Answer Key Section.
Table 1. Biomolecules
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Guide question:
• What are the differences between the samples to the corresponding
Biomolecules they belong? Briefly discuss its differences.
Carbohydrates
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Lipids
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________
Nucleic Acid
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Proteins
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The table below shows summary of Biomolecules and its general description.
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Carbohydrates
Figure 4. Carbohydrates
Image Source by Erick Venn R. Rollon
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and the essential subunit of a
carbohydrate. It gets its name from the prefix "mono," which means "one." At
room temperature, these substances are white solids. They are highly soluble
in water due to the presence of polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their molecular
structures. Glucose (also known as dextrose) and fructose are the most
common monosaccharides. A galactose molecule that has been connected to
a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule.
Disaccharide
A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides mix. Sucrose,
Lactose, Maltose, and other carbohydrates with two monomers are examples.
A condensation reaction occurs when two molecules or sections of the same
molecule join together. One molecule of water is lost during the condensation
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of monosaccharides into disaccharides. Maltose is generated when two
glucose molecules are mixed.
Q1. What is the name of the disaccharide found in cheese and other milk
products?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide molecules are large molecules made up of several
smaller units joined together. The presence of starchy components in these
foods causes them to turn blue-black. A water molecule must have a hydrogen
atom and a hydroxyl group to the site where the bond is broken in order for
starch to be broken. The glucose units can be isolated from one another with
the aid of digestive enzymes. A glucose molecule can be consumed and used
as fuel by the cells as it is isolated from the rest of the starch polymer. Since
the separation of glucose from the polysaccharide takes time, it is released to
the cells gradually. As a result, glucose from starch accumulates in muscle
cells over time, providing energy as required. As a result, athletes often
consume complex carbohydrate-rich meals prior to competing.
Q2. Why do you think marathon runners eat a meal rich in carbohydrates
the day before the race?
___________________________________________________________________________
Lipids
In the previous Biomolecules, you have learned that carbohydrates are
important in providing “instant” energy for cells. There is another class of
biomolecules called lipids that have the “job” of storing energy for later use.
Lipids are also found in hormones and cell membrane components. Oil and
water do not mix because they do not have the same polarity. Also, oils are
composed primarily of long hydrocarbon chains. They are formed reaction
between an alcohol and one or more long–chain carboxylic acids. The most
abundant of the lipids are the fats and oils, also called triglycerides. Table
above shows the structures of common fatty acids. The presence of double
bonds in the fatty acids lowers its melting point. At room temperature, lauric
acid is solid while linoleic acid is liquid.
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Source Saturated Unsaturated Others
Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic
Animal Butter 10 29 9 27 4 31
Fat Lard 2 30 18 41 6 5
Beef 3 32 25 38 3 2
Corn 1 10 4 34 48 4
Plant Soybean - 7 3 25 56 9
Oil Peanut - 7 5 60 21 7
Olive 1 6 4 83 7 -
Table 3. Fatty acid content of some triglyceride
l
Oils are liquids at room temperature
and contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or
more double bonds. Most oils, such as
vegetable oil, corn oil, and olive oil are
produced by plants. Fats are solid at room
temperature and contain saturated fatty
acids. Saturated hydrocarbons contain single
bonds and they produced only by animals.
Examples of animal fats are lard and butter.
Figure: 4 Lipids
Cholesterol plays an important role in https://dlc.dcccd.edu/images/biology/less
eukaryotes and especially abundant in cell on3/saturated_and_unsaturated_fatty_ac
id_models.jpg
membranes of animal cells. Small amount of
cholesterol can also be found in the membrane of some organelles inside the
cells, such as the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum. It is not only
abundant in cell membrane, but also in brain tissues of the nervous system.
An important nerve cell, myelin, covers nerve axons to help conduct the
electrical impulses that make movement, sensation, thinking, learning, and
remembering possible. Studies have shown that cholesterol was found to be
the most important factor in the formation of synapses, which greatly affect
our memory and learning ability. Animals are able to use cholesterol to
synthesize other steroids like cortisone, testosterone, and estrogen. Although
cholesterol is an essential lipid for humans, excessive levels of cholesterol in
the blood can lead to deposits in the arteries of the heart. These material
deposits are a leading cause of heart disease. (LeMay Jr, 2000)
Now all foods have calories and different foods have different amounts
of calories. Calories are provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Fats
have the highest concentration of calories. On the average, that’s nine calories
per gram of pure fat. Proteins and carbohydrates each have four calories per
gram of pure protein or pure carbohydrate on the average. Thus,
understanding the role of calories in your diet can help you balance your
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calories in with your calories out, and help you achieve weight management
goals.
On the sample Nutrition Facts label, the serving size of this food is 1
cup and there are 2 servings in this container. There are 260 calories per
serving of this food. If you eat the entire container of this product, you will eat
2 servings. That means you double the calories (260 x 2= 520 calories) If you
eat 2 servings, you will have eaten over 500 calories.
Bring any usual snack that has nutrition facts at the back and examine how
much calorie do you eat every serving using the instruction below.
Guide Questions:
1. How many calories do you see?
2. Do you see the serving information?
3. What are the other nutrients found in that snack?
4. How was the percentage daily value of your common snack?
5. Lastly, do you find your snack healthy or unhealthy? Why? Why not?
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Proteins
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Nonessential is a slightly misleading label because these amino acids
actually fill essential roles, but since they’re synthesized by your body, they’re
not an essential part of your diet. Of the 11 nonessential amino acids, eight
are called conditional amino acids. When you’re sick or under significant
stress, your body may not be able to produce enough of these amino acids to
meet your needs. The list of conditional amino acids includes arginine,
glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, and ornithine. The
remaining three - alanine, asparagine, and aspartate - are nonessential.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling
the production of protein. Like proteins,
nucleic acids are long chain of polymers
consisting of simpler units or monomers.
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Let Us Practice More
Below within the box provide the function of a Biomolecules for the pieces of
circle provide the corresponding difference of Biomolecules to each other.
___1. Carbohydrates a. c.
___2. Protein
___3. Lipids
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Let Us Remember
a. b.
c.
d.
Let Us Assess
Excellent! Just Superb! It’s time to try the fruit of our journey!
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
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2. Purine is a type of ___________________.
a. sugar c. Phospholipid
b. Nucleotide d. None of the above
4. DNA can be used to produce RNA. This RNA can be used to create
__________.
a. Fats c. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins d. None of the above
2
13.Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
a. sugar c. phosphate group
b. phospholipids d. nitrogen-containing base
Let Us Enhance
You are a step close to the end! This would be a piece of cake!
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Let Us Reflect
I can share with my Study Buddy, that the food we eat are . . . . . .
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
I will tell my family and friends that, lipids can be classified. . . . . . .
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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Let us assess:
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A
11.D
12.D
13.B
14.C
15.C
Answer key to Activities
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Let us try
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
Let us Study
1. Lipid
2. Protein
3. Carbohydrate
4. Nucleic Acid
References
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