SELECT Using “group by” you can categorize

List the columns (and expressions) to be
returned from the query
FROM
Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from
which data will be obtained
WHERE
Indicate the conditions under which a row
will be included in the result
GROUP BY
Indicate categorization of results
HAVING
Indicate the conditions under which a
category (group) will be included
ORDER BY
Sorts the result according to specified
criteria
Select column1, column2
From Table1
Where [Condition on rows]
Group by column1, column2
Having [Condition on groups]
Order by column1
*Eliminating duplicate rows in result:
Distinct
eg Select distinct(column1) From Table1 FROM Table-A INNER JOIN Table-B
Comparison Operators Using in Where
Clause
*also,
1. Between
2. And / Or
3. Like
4. is not null
5. In
AND's are required
OR's are optional (1 must be met)
LIKE '%' <-- wildcard
IN (allows multiple LIKE) eg ('a', 'b', 'c') CROSS JOIN
SQL uses single quotes ' ' not double for
strings.
DESC (descending order)
ASC (ascending order)
"\d" lists all tables in directory
"\d table" lists table details
your results into several groups, then
analyse the data in each group based on
your required information.
Aggregate functions such as AVG, SUM,
MIN, MAX and COUNT can be used to
analyse the data in each group
ROUND
eg select round(avg(price), 2) from table1
* will return avg price to 2 decimal points Group by clause: Rule 1
NATURAL JOIN
Equi-Join, one duplicate column is
eliminated and the remained is combined Group by clause: Rule 2
into one table.
Other joins requires specifying the
column to merge on:
ON e.g.
SELECT * FROM TableA INNER
JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name
INNER JOIN
ON Table-A.column1 = TableB.column1
INNER JOIN clause is an alternative to
WHERE clause, and is used to match
primary and foreign keys.
An INNER join will only return rows
from each table that have matching rows
in the other.
[LEFT, RIGHT, FULL, UNION]
OUTER JOIN
Does not require matching columns
produces a complete set of records from
Table A, with the matching records
(where available) in Table B. If there is no
match, the other side will contain null.
Produce the set of records only in Table
A, but not in Table B.
To answer this question, perform the same group by customerid;
left outer join, then exclude the records
we don't want from the right side via a
where clause.
Full outer join/Union join: includes all
columns from each table , and an instance
for each row of each table with matching
records from both sides where available.
If there is no match, the missing side will
contain null.
USES 'WHERE'
FROM Table-A, JOIN Table-B
WHERE Table-A.column1 =
TableB.column1
SELF JOIN
Group by: Example
Determine The Number Of Customers In
Each State.
Select customerstate,
count(customerstate)
from customer_t
group by customerstate;
The first one (or more) columns
nominated in the “select” must also be
nominated in the “GROUP BY”.
The remaining columns nominated in the
“select” must be aggregate functions
(often “count”).
Having
Used for queries on single or multiple
tables
For use with GROUP BY
Like a WHERE clause, but it operates
on groups (categories), not on
individual rows.
________________________________
List the employees whose names
begin with an R.
select employeeid, employeename
from employee_t
where employeename like 'R%';
________________________________
Which employees were hired during
1999.
select employeeid, employeename
from employee_t
where employeedatehired between
'01-Jan-1999' and '31-Dec-1999';
________________________________
For each customer, list the
CustomerID and total number of
orders.
select customerid, count(*)
from order_t
________________________________
For each customer, list the
CustomerID and total number of
orders placed in March 2010.
select customerid, count(*)
from order_t
where orderdate between '01-Mar-
2010' and '30-Mar-2010'
group by customerid;
________________________________
Write an SQL command that will find
any customers who have not placed
orders.
select c.customerid from customer_t c left
join order_t o on
c.customerid=o.customerid where
o.customerid is null;
________________________________
List the names and number of employee
supervised (label this value HeadCount)
for each supervisor who supervises more
than two employees.
select e1.employeename, count(*) as
HeadCount
from employee_t e1 inner join
employee_t e2
on
e1.employeeid=e2.employeesupervisor
group by 1 having count(*)>2;
________________________________
List of supervisors and the number of
employee supervised by them
select e1.employeename, count(*) as
HeadCount
from employee_t e1 inner join
employee_t e2 on e1.employeeid
=e2.employeesupervisor
group by 1;
_______________________________
Write a query to display each item
ordered in order number 1, its
standard price, and total price for each
item ordered.
select productdescription,
productstandardprice, orderedquantity,
orderedquantity*productstandardprice as
total_price
from product_t natural join orderline_t
where orderid=1;
_______________________________
Write an SQL command to total the
cost of order number 1.
select sum
(orderedquantity*productstandardprice)
from product_t natural join orderline_t
where orderid=1;
_______________________________
Calculate the total raw material cost
for each product compared to its
standard product price. Display
product description, standard price
and the total cost in the result.
select productdescription,
productstandardprice,
quantityrequired*materialstandardprice as
TotCost
from product_t p inner join uses_t u on
p.productid=u.productid inner join
rawmaterial_t r on
u.materialid=r.materialid;
________________________________
For every order that has been received,
display the order ID, the total dollar
amount owed on that order, and the
amount received in payments on that
order. List the results in decreasing
order of the difference between total
due and amount paid.
select t.orderid,sum
(orderedquantity*productstandardprice)
as TotalOwed, paymentamount,
sum(orderedquantity*productstandardpric
e)-paymentamount as Difference from
product_t p,orderline_t l, order_t o,
payment_t t where
p.productid=l.productid and
l.orderid=o.orderid and
o.orderid=t.orderid group by t.orderid,
paymentamount order by Difference desc;
________________________________
Produce a list of all products (product
description) and the number of times
each product has been ordered.
select p.productid, productdescription,
count(o.productid) from product_t p left
outer join orderline_t o on
p.productid=o.productid group by
p.productid, p.productdescription;
________________________________
List names of all employees who are
managing people with skill ID BS12,
list each manger’s name only once,
even if that manger manages several
people with this skill.
select e1.employeename from employee_t
e1,employee_t e2 where
e2.employeesupervisor=e1.employeeid
and e2.employeeid in (select employeeid
from employeeskills_t where
skillid='BS12');
_______________________________
Display the employee ID and name for
those employees who do not possess the
skill Router.
select employeeid, employeename
from employee_t where employeeid
not in (select employeeid from
employeeskills_t where skillid=(select
skillid from skill_t where
skilldescription='Router'));
________________________________
Calculate the number of computer
desks sold by each salesperson.
select salespersonid,
sum(orderedquantity) from order_t
natural join orderline_t where
productid=(select productid from
product_t where productdescription
like '%Computer Desk%') group by 1;
________________________________
List the product ID and the total
amount ordered of that product by the
customer who has bought the most of
that product.
Select p.productid, o.customerid,
sum(orderedquantity) from
orderline_t p natural join order_t o
where o.customerid in (select
customerid from customer_t c where
(select sum(orderedquantity) from
order_t natural join orderline_t where
productid= p.productid group by
customerid having
customerid=c.customerid) >=all (select
sum(orderedquantity) from order_t
natural join orderline_t where
productid=p.productid group by
customerid)) group by 1,2;
List the salesperson who has sold the
most computer desks.
select salespersonid from
salesperson_t o
where (select sum(orderedquantity)
from order_t natural join orderline_t
where productid=(select productid
from product_t where
productdescription like '%Computer
Desk%') and
salespersonid=o.salespersonid group
by salespersonid) >=all (select
sum(orderedquantity) from order_t
natural join orderline_t where
productid=(select productid from
product_t where productdescription
like '%Computer Desk%') group by
salespersonid);
________________________________
Produce a list of all products (product
description) and the number of times
each product has been ordered.
select productdescription,productid,
(select count(*) from orderline_t
group by productid having
productid=p.productid) from
product_t p;
________________________________
Show customers ID and name for all
the customers who have ordered both
product IDs 3 and 4 on the same order.
select customerid, customername
from customer_t where customerid in
(select customerid from order_t where
orderid in (select orderid from order_t
o where 3 in (select productid from
orderline_t where orderid=o.orderid)
and 4 in (select productid from
orderline_t where
orderid=o.orderid)));
________________________________
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