DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

Project report on

CAR SAFETY SYSTEM

Submitted by

AMIT KISHOR POL T-3445

MANOJ SURESH SHINDE T-3450
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
DHANKAWADI, PUNE 411043

2011-2012
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
DHANKAWADI, PUNE 411043
2011-2012

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

“CAR SAFETY SYSTEM ”

Submitted by
AMIT KISHOR POL T-3445
MANOJ SURESH SHINDE T-3450

Is a bonafide work carried out by them under the supervision of and it is approved for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement of ESD & MP Third Year of Engineering University of Pune.

Internal Guide H.O.D,E&TC Dept.

(Prof. S.S. Dudam) (Prof.Y.Ravinder)

Place: Pune
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who, in some way or the other
have lent us a helping hand in the successful completion of the project. Their contribution
to the project has made our task much simpler.

We thank our internal guide, Prof. S.S. Dudam for his guidance and assistance in
times of need. Without their inspiration, the mammoth task of the completion of the
project was impossible.

We extend a token of thanks to all our friends who have helped us to make this
project a success. Last, but not the least, we thank the laboratory staff for providing us
all the books we needed to refer.
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

Fig 1 Block Diagram 8

Fig 2 Circuit Diagram of gas and 10

IR sensor
Fig 3 Circuit Diagram of grip 11
sensor
Fig 4 IR obstacle section 12

Fig 5 IR sensor circuit 13

Fig 6 Gas interface section 14

Fig 7 Grip sensor 15

Fig 8 Power supply 17

Fig 9 Implementation of circuit on 21

Bread board
Fig 10 Schematic of PCB of IR and 22
Gas Sensor
Fig 11 Schematic of PCB of Grip 23
Sensor
Fig 12 PCB Design 24
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………7

1.1Aim &Project definition………………………………………………………....7

1.2Brief History…………………………………………………………………….7

1.3Recent trends and developments in

field………………………………………………………………..………………..7

2 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………......8

2.1 Block Diagram………………………………………………………………....8

2.2 Block Diagram description…………………………………………………….9

3 System Design ………………………………………………………………….…10

3.1 Understanding the system…………………………………………………….11

3.2IR obstacle section……………………………………………………………...12

3.3 Gas interface……………………………………………………………….......14

3.4 Grip sensor…………………………………………………………….………15

3.5Power Supply…………………………………………………………………17

4 Circuit Operation…………………………………………………………..……...20
5 Implementation,Testing And
Debugging……………………………………………………………………..….21

5.1 First Phase……………………………………………………………….……21

5.2 Second Phase……………………………………………………………….....21

5.3 Third Phase…………………………………………………………..……….22

5.6 Final Phase…………………………………………………………………....23

6 List of Components………………………………………………………….….…24

7 Results and conclusion…………………………………………………….….….25

8 Future enhancements……………………………………………………….…...26

9 Applications………………………………………………………………….…...27

10 References……………………………………………………………………....28

11 Datasheets……………………………………………………………………...29
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM & PROJECT DEFINITON:

The project is aimed to provide a circuit for gas leakage alert, grip sensor alert ,parking
sensor alert for which the input will be given to sensors.
It will give more safety to car which will be useful for all those low priced vehicles which
do not come fitted with gas leakage alert and grip control alert system. This circuit with
some slight modification can give more services in low cost.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY:

Speed has been an important and dangerous issue in vehicles. Over the years, most of the
accident and life lost are due to losing a control on steering-wheel of vehicles. On
highways, while having a long drive, the driver will come to sleep, so he will loosen the
grip on steering-wheel. Which will leads to mishap. For low cost vehicles such system
won’t be there to alert driver from sleep.
Also now a days as most of the vehicles are coming on LPG, CNG .To detect the gas
leakage from such vehicle will avoids hazardous accidents.
So there is need for equipment which can alert the driver well in advance audio
indication for losing a control on vehicle.

1.3 RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD:

High end vehicles are equipped with much more advanced hardware in which
“Distributed Sensor for Steering Wheel Grip Force Measurement in Driver Fatigue
Detection” automatically alert driver. There are cameras which implanted on back of
vehicle a through image processing technique driver will be able to park vehicle without
seeing back.
Also gas leakage sensors were implemented in vehicle, which avoids accidents
But such equipment cost more and can’t be fitted in low cost vehicles. Considering the
safety issue these low cost vehicles should be provided with low cost without altering the
parts of the vehicle.
7
 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

GAS
SENSOR
OP-AMP
COMPARATOR

IR
BUZZER
SENSOR

GRIP
SENSOR LOGIC
CIRCUIT

Fig. 1 Block Diagram

8
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

The block diagram shows operation of our system which we will be implementing. As
shown in block diagram when the IR led will detect the obstacle and gas sensor will
detect gas ,then output
of both sensor will be compare using op-amp comparator .Then buzzer will get on in sink
mode.

For grip sensor ,when all switches will be off then the buzzer will get on

SENSORS USED:-

Gas : MQ6

Obstacle : IR sensor

Grip : ON/OFF s/w

9
 3. SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig 2circuit dig of Gas and IR sensor

10
 VCC
5V
VCC U1A
1 U1B
R3 R1 R2
100 100 100
74LS02N
4 74LS02N
3
U2
5
2

6
0
BUZZER
U1C
200 Hz

J1A J1B J1C 74LS02N

Key = A Key = B Key = C

Fig 3 circuit dig of Grip sensor

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE SYSTEM:

Buzzer is in sink mode so

Buzzer = ON when comparator output is 0
Buzzer = OFF when comparator output is 1

11
 3.2 IR Obstacle section:

Fig 4 IR sensor interface

As shown in the circuit diagram the IR sensor is at 5v when there is no obstacle. The IR
sensor is connected to the non inverting terminal of OPAMP the inverting terminal is
having a voltage of 2.5v.

So Initially
Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 5v
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v
So, at the output we get 5v which turns off the buzzer

As soon as the obstacle is detected, the voltage of non inverting drops to 0v

Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 0v
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the
buzzer

12
 Fig 5 IR sensor

Here we are connecting a IR based obstacle sensor. The 50 ohm resistor is for current
limiting. The current through the LED is 5v / 50 ohm = 100mamp, which is high for an
LED. But to increase the range of the obstacle sensor we are using a lower range resistor
(50 ohm).

On the receiver side we have connected the IR receiver in reverse bias. So as soon as the
light falls in the IR receiver, the anode voltage increases and when the anode voltage is
more than the cathode voltage then the LED is in forward bias mode and start conducting.
So when obstacle is:

13
 3.3 Gas interface section:

Fig 6 gas sensor interface

The gas sensor is connected to the inverting terminal of OPAMP the inverting terminal is
having a voltage of 2.5v via pot. As shown in the circuit diagram the GAS sensor is at 0v
when there is no GAS
So Initially,
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 0v
Non Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v
So, at the output we get 5v which turns off the buzzer

As soon as the GAS is detected, the voltage of inverting goes to 5v

Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 5v
So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the buzzer

14
 3.4 Grip sensor

VCC
5V
VCC U1A
1 U1B
R3 R1 R2
100 100 100
74LS02N
4 74LS02N
3
U2
5
2

6
0
BUZZER
U1C
200 Hz

J1A J1B J1C 74LS02N

Key = A Key = B Key = C

Fig 7 grip sensor design

As shown in the circuit diagram all the 3 switches are at 5v which is connected to the non
inverting terminal of opamp the inverting terminal is having a voltage of 2.5v.

So Initially
Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 5v
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v
So, at the output we get 5v which turns off the buzzer
As soon as the key is pressed, the voltage of non inverting drops to 0v
Non inverting terminal has a voltage = ov
Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v
So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the buzzer
Here we are using three switches as an input to circuit; the switches will be work as grip
sensors.
15
Initially all the switches will be on as driver will hold the grip that is input to logic circuit
will be logical 1 so output is 0.as buzzer is used in normal mode, buzzer will off
Even if one of the switch will be ON that is driver will drive using one hand output of
logic circuit will be 0 hence buzzer will remains off.
When driver loses his grip, then all the switches will be off that is input to logic circuit
will be 0. Hence output will be logic 1, so buzzer will get ON.
So above all the conditions will be understood by given logic table.

Logic Table:

INPUT FROM SWITCH OUTPUT

0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0

Therefore, when all inputs are zero then and then only buzzer will get on. For all other
cases buzzer will off.

16
 POWER SUPPLY

The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply required
for that system. The steps involved in the designing of the power supply are as follows,

1) Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
2) Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.

Fig 8.power supply design

The bridge rectifier and capacitor i/p filter produce an unregulated DC voltage which is
applied at the I/P of 7805.As the minimum dropout voltage is 2v for IC 7805, the voltage
applied at the input terminal should be at least 7 volts .C1 (1000 µf / 65v)is the filter
capacitor and C2 and C3 (0.1 pf) is to be connected across the regulator to improve the
transient response of the regulator.
Assuming the drop out voltage to be 2 volts, the minimum DV voltage across the
capacitor C1 should be equal to 7volts (atleast).
17
Power supply design of the Project :

The average voltage at the output of a bridge rectifier capacitor filter combination is
given by

Vin(DC) = Vm – Idc / 4 f C1

Where, Vm=√2 Vs and Vs = rms secondary voltage

Assuming Idc to be equal to max. Load current, say 100mA

C = 1000 Gf / 65v, f=50hHz

19 = Vm – 0.1 / 4*50*1000*10¯6

19= Vm – 0.1 / 0.2

Vm=19.5 volts

Hence the RMS secondary Voltage

Vrms = vm / √2

= 19.5 / √2
=19,5 / 1.4421
=13.5 volts

So we can select a 15v secondary Voltage

18
 In our system most of the components used require 5 V as operating voltage such
as micro controller, MAX 232, MCT2E etc. The total current, which our circuit
Sinks from the power supply, is not more than 100 mA. We have used Regulator
IC 7805 that gives output voltage of 5V.The minimum input voltage required
for the 7805 is near about 7 v. Therefore we have used the transformer with the voltage
rating 230v-10v and current rating 500 mA. The output of the transformer is 12 V AC.
This Ac voltage is converted into 12 V DC by Bridge rectifier circuit.

The reasons for choosing the bridge rectifier are:

The TUF is increased to 0.812 as compared the full wave rectifier.

The PIV across each diode is the peak voltage across the load =Vm, not 2Vm as in the
two diode rectifier
Output of the bridge rectifier is not pure DC and contains some AC some AC ripples in it.
To remove these ripples we have used capacitive filter, which smoothens the rippled out
put that we apply to 7805 regulators IC that gives 5V DC. We preferred to choose
capacitor filters since it is cost effective, readily available and not too bulky.

19
 1. CIRCUIT OPERATION

Grip Sensor:

When all switches of the grip sensor are off then the output of first NOR gate will be 1, it
is inverted by NOT gate and given to input of second NOR gate. Then the output of
second NOR gate will be 1 and Buzzer will get on.

Gas Sensor:

Initially output of comparator is high. Because threshold voltage is greater than the output
voltage of the gas sensor .When gas or alcohol is sensed by MQ6 Gas sensor, the coil
inside the gas sensor will get heated and the output voltage of gas sensor will increase. It
is compared by threshold voltage of comparator and if it is more than that output of
comparator will be zero and Buzzer will get on in sink mode.

IR Sensor:

Initially output of comparator is high. Because threshold voltage is greater than the output
voltage of the gas sensor .When obstacle is detected by IR sensor, the output voltage of
IR sensor will increase. It is compared by threshold voltage of comparator and if it is
more than that output of comparator will be zero and Buzzer will get on in sink mode.

20
 2. IMPLEMENTATION , TESTING AND DEBUGGING

5.1 FIRST PHASE:

First we implemented the 1st phase of our circuit in which we tested each sensor
individually to know actual working of the sensors. We also implemented circuit on
MULTISIM and we get desired outputs. So we decided to move on Bread Board to check
the response of circuit.

5.2 SECOND PHASE:

In this phase of our project we purchased the components and implemented it on Bread
Board and check the output with the help of Buzzer.

The way we implemented is as shown below:

Fig. 9 Implementation of circuit on Bread board

21
5.3 THIRD PHASE:

After confirming the necessary result we decided to move on PCB designing.

We started to build schematic of the circuit on Protel 2004, the software which we used
to create PCB layout.

Our PCB schematic layout looked like this:

VCC

R1

8
Res U?A
JP1 2 LM358N VCC
1
3 1
4.7K 3
2
1
4

Gas Sensor
LS1

Buzzer
R2
VCC RPot
10K
8

U?B
JP2 6 LM358N
7
3 2
5
2
1
4

IR Sensor

Fig 10 Schematic of PCB of IR and Gas Sensor

22
 VCC

R1 R2 R3
Res1 Res1 Res1
100 100 100

JP1 U1B
5 U1A
3
4 2
2
6 1
1
JP6 3
switch1 DM7402N
2
DM7402N
1
JP2
Header 2 U1C
3
8
2 LS2
10
1
9
switch2
Buzzer
DM7402N
JP3
3
2
JP4
1
1
switch3
2
LED

Fig. 11 Schematic of PCB of Grip Sensor

23
5.4 FINAL PHASE:

Here we designed the PCB layout with the help of above schematic

Fig 12 PCB Design

24
 3. LIST OF COMPONENTS

R1, R2, R3__________________________________________________ 100Ω 1/4W

Resistors
R4______________________________________________________50 Ω 1/4W
R5______________________________________________________10K Ω 1/4W

R11 ____________________________________________________4.7K POT

R22_____________________________________________________10K POT
R8______________________________________________________50K 1/2W

IC1___________________________________________________________LM358 Op-
amp IC

IC2______________________________________________________74LS02 IC

IC3______________________________________________________ Regulator7805

SW1,SW2, SW3___________________________________________µ S/W

GAS Sensor _______________________________________________ MQ6

Buzzer_____________________________________________________J211

IR led_____________________________________________________MXB79D

D5,D6,D7
D8 diode___________________________________________________1N4007

Heat sink_______________________________________________________ To220

C5_____________________________________________________________1000uf`
C6______________________________________________________________0.1uf

25
 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The system we have designed and implemented which can be used in any of the car
without using pressure sensors, it can be implemented by simple logic circuit without
using controller.

Both alcohol and gas can be detected using MQ6 effectively.

IR sensor can be used as a parking sensor to some extent in very low cost.

26
 5. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

 We can use a controller to add a delay in output of grip sensor, so it will work
effectively.

 With microcontroller interface we can start or stop the engine of the vehicle if
driver is drunk or gas is leaked.

 We can also use an ultrasonic sensor to increase a range of obstacle detector

and control speed accordingly with the help of microcontroller.

 We can use a gsm to send the messages to the remote locations in case of
emergency.
 We can also use a radar system to increase the range.

 We are also exploring and thinking for any other future scope and any
suggestion will be appreciated too.

27
 6. APPLICATIONS

 Main advantage of our project is that we can implement it with very less cost.
In its current form our project can be use in low budget cars.

 We can use IR sensor as parking sensor.

 Now a day’s many of cars are on LPG or CNG so we can use gas sensor in it
to detect leakage of the gas.

 It can also be used in commercial cars to check whether driver is drunk or not.

 We can use Grip sensor on steering of the car to alert the driver from
drowsiness.

28
 7. REFERENCES

BOOKS:

1. Analog Integrated circuits and design by U A Bakshi and A P Godse

2. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits –Ramakant A Gaikwad

3. Circuits –A Bruce Carlson

4. Electronic circuit analysis and design–Donald Neamen

5. Integrated electronics–Jacob milliman,Christos C Halkias

MAGZINES:
1. Electronics for you–5th edition

INTERNET:

1. Google

2. http://www.alldatasheets.com

3. http://www.discovercircuits.com

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APPENDIX 1
 30
APPENDIX 2

31