M PERATU

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T AND HEAT R
group two
 MEMBERS OF THE GROUP

Rahelya Agita Br Ni Wayan Putri Feri Maulana Aulia RIzkika Destri Yanti Br Purba
Ni Komang Nita
Singarimbun Juniantari Dewi Rohman Azzahra Rahayu 2313071025
2313071018 2313071005 2313071002 2313071015 2313071031
UNDERSTANDING TEMPERATURE

Temperature is a quantity to express the degree of hotness

or coldness of an object.
Temperature can also be expressed as a qualitative measure
of an object. This temperature can be measured because of
the kinetic energy inKelompok
an object.Larana
So, the greater the kinetic
energy of an object, the higher its temperature will be.
Conversely, the lower the air temperature, the lower its ability
to hold water vapor, causing the air to become saturated with
water vapor.
 TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

BIMETAL DIGITAL MERCURY PROBE

THERMOMETER THERMOMETER THERMOMETER TERMOMETER
 TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

WALL RESISTANCE SIX BELLANI OPTICAL

THERMOMETER THERMOMETER THERMOMETER THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

THERMOCOUPLE GAS
THERMOMETER TERMOMETER
 TEMPERATURE SCALE ON A
THERMOMETER

Making a scale on a thermometer begins with

setting two fixed points as a reference, namely
the lower point and the upper point, the lower
point indicates the freezing point, while the
upper point indicates the boiling point. The
distance between the two reference points is
divided into units of degrees and adjusted to the
level of accuracy.
 TEMPERATURE SCALE ON A
THERMOMETER
There are four temperature measurement scales that have been recognized today,
namely Celsius (C), Farenheit (F), Reamur (R), and Kelvin (K).

CELSIUS (C) FARENHEIT (F)

The celsius scale is based on the melting point of
ice and the boiling point of water at a pressure of
1 atm (atmosphere). The melting point of ice is
used as the lower fixed point (given a limit of 0),
while the boiling point of water is used as the
upper fixed point (given a limit of 100). So,
according to the celsius scale, the distance
between the lower fixed point and the upper
fixed point is 100 scale units.
Fahrenheit made a thermometer scale using the
lower fixed point is the temperature of melting
ice, which is given a limit of 32. While the upper
fixed point, which is the temperature of boiling
water at 1 atm of air pressure is given a limit of
212. So, according to Fahrenheit, the distance
between the lower fixed point and the upper
fixed point of the thermometer is 180 scale units.
 TEMPERATURE SCALE ON A
THERMOMETER
REAMUR (R)
The Reamur scale was invented by Rene Antoine
Ferchault de Reaumur, a French scientist. The
freezing point of water on the Reamur scale is
the same as the celsius scale, which is 0
degrees. However, the boiling point of water is
given the number 80 degrees. The first Reamur
scale thermometer was made using liquid
alcohol.
KELVIN (K)
On this scale, the way to determine the lower
reference point does not use the temperature of
melting ice, but uses absolute zero. According to
the Kelvin scale, ice melts at 273 K and water
boils at 373 K with an air pressure of 1 atm. So,
the Kelvin scale has the same scale distance as
the celsius scale, which is 100 units
 THERMOMETER SCALE
CONVERSION
Celsius (C) temperature conversion
1. Celsius to Fahrenheit temperature conversion formula: °F = (9/5) x °C + 32
2. Celsius to Kelvin temperature conversion formula:K= °C + 273.15
3. Celsius to Reamur temperature conversion formula: °R = (4/5) °C
4. Celsius to Rankine temperature conversion formula: °Ra = (°C + 273.15) × 9/5

Fahrenheit (F) temperature conversion

1. Temperature conversion formula from Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F - 32) x 5/9
2. Temperature conversion formula from Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K = (°F + 459.67) ×
5/9
3. Temperature conversion formula from Fahrenheit to Reamur:R= 4/9 (F-32)
 THERMOMETER SCALE
CONVERSION
Kelvin (K) temperature conversion
1. Temperature conversion formula from Kelvin to Celsius: °C=K-273.15
2. Temperature conversion formula from Kelvin to Fahrenheit: °F (Kx
9/5)-459.67
3. Temperature conversion formula from Kelvin to Reamur: °R = 4/5 (K-
273)

Reamur temperature conversion (R)

1. Temperature conversion formula from Reamur to Celsius: °C = °R / 0.8
2. Temperature conversion formula from Reamur to Fahrenheit: °F = (°R ×
2.25) + 32
3. Temperature conversion formula from Reamur to Kelvin:K (°R / 0.8) + 273.15
 EXPANSION AND APPLICATION
OF THE TEMPERATURE CONCEPT

The definition of expansion is a change in the dimensions of an object

due to changes in temperature. Expansion occurs because the particles in
an object move faster when the temperature rises and move slower when
the temperature falls. Basically, there are three common types of
expansion: length expansion, area expansion, and volume expansion. The
concept of temperature is a very important parameter in understanding
expansion and is used to measure the extent to which an object
experiences a change in temperature. Expansion can occur in solids, liquids
and gases
 The following is some material about expansion and the application of the temperature concept:

1 .Length Expansion:
Length expansion occurs when an object experiences a change in length due to changes in temperature.

2 Wide Expansion:
Area expansion occurs when an object experiences a change in area due to changes in temperature.

3 Volume Expansion:
Volume expansion occurs when an object experiences a change in volume due to changes in temperature.

4 Temperature Concepts:
Temperature is a measure of the intensity of hot or cold an object.
 Some examples of the application of the concepts of temperature and expansion in
everyday life are:

- Installation of window frames is given more space so that the glass does not break when
exposed to heat.
- In the installation of electrical network cables, the length of the electrical cable is increased,
this is because the electrical cable experiences length expansion. Electrical cables will appear
tight in the morning and visible during the day. The cable experiences expansion due to
exposure to heat from sunlight.
-when it cools again, the nail shrinks and the two plates can be connected tightly. Nowadays,
riveting is often done in bridge construction, automotive factories, and ship hull construction.
 EXPANSION IN
EVERYDAY LIFE

Expansion is a phenomenon in which objects become

larger when heated and smaller when cooled.
Expansion occurs in various types of materials,
including metal, plastic, wood, and various other
materials
 HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF EXPANSION IN
EVERYDAY LIFE:

1. Hot air balloons can fly if the air inside the balloon is heated.
When air is heated, it expands to become less dense than its
surroundings. This provides an upward buoyant force, so the hot
air balloon can fly.
2. Railway tracks are made of metal which can expand due to heat or experience
thermal expansion. When the day is hot, the hot air temperature will cause the metal
making the rails to expand. This can cause the rail to bend or break the train track
connection, causing an accident when the train passes. To avoid the bad effects of
this expansion, a small gap is given at each train connection taking into account the
expansion

3. Bimetallic chips are chips in the form of two metals with different expansion
coefficients. The two bimetallic metals will expand differently at the same
temperature. Bimetallic chips are used as temperature sensors, fire alarms, and
thermostats

4. Bridges and roads made of concrete can also experience expansion due to changes
in temperature. If small gaps are not provided in concrete bridges and roads,
expansion can cause cracks or fracture of the concrete structure.
and many other examples
THANK
YOU