PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4- STROKE ENGINE

Ex. No: 1
Date:

AIM
To conduct a heat test on a single cylinder diesel engine to study it performance
Under various loads.
DESCRIPTION
The diesel engine is coupled to an alternative through a flexible coupling device
for the engine. A water absorbing the power generated by the engine cooling water line. A
fuel measuring system consisting of a fuel is mounted on a stand burette.
NOTE:
(i). Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level.
Always never run the engine with in sufficient oil.
(ii). Never run the engine with instrument engine cooling water and
Exhaust gas calorimeter.

PROCEDURE
1. Check the fuel level.
2. Check the lubricating oil level.
3. Open three way cock. So that fuel flows to the engine.
4. Supply the way cooling water through inlet pipe.
5. Start the engine by rotating the handle.
6. Load the engine by rotating in the exhaust.
7. Adjust the cooling water flow rate in the exhaust of
Calorimeter
 RESULT
Thus the load test on a single cylinder diesel engine has been conducted &
Performance under various load also studied
VALVE TIMING OF A 4 – STROKE ENGINE
EX No :2
Date:
AIM
To draw the valve timing diagram for four stroke high speed single cylinder
Vertical diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Measuring Tape
2. Chalk piece
ENGINE DETAILS
Type :
Make:
Power:
Speed:
FORMULA USED
Angle of overlap = IVO angle + EVC angle
PROCEDURE
(i) Identify the valves
(ii) Find out the direction of rotation of the crank shaft
(iii) Mark IDC position and BDC position on the flywheel
(iv) Mark the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust on the fly wheel.when
the valves just design to go in that point in the opening of the inlet and exhaust valves, when
the valves completely come up.
(v) Using a thread and scale find out the circumference of the flywheel
(vi) Find the length of the IYO, IVC, EVO, EVC.
(vii) With the help of flywheel diagram draw the spiral diagram
(viii) Angle of overlap can be found out from the following formula
Angle of overlap=IVO angle + EVC angle

SUCTION STROKE

The piston ring is at TDC and is ready to move down having fresh air enters. The
Cylinder through the inlet valve due to suction created. This continues until piston reaches
BDC. At this the inlet valve closes the crank will rotate by this period.
COMPRESION STROKE
During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed and the piston moves
upwards and compress the air enclosed in the cylinder. The air is finally compressed to high
pressure and temperature (about 40-60 kg/cm2 &, 600 to 1060˚C).
EXPANSION STROKE
During this stroke the inlet and exhaust valves are closed and fuel nozzle opens.
Just centre the beginning of the 3rdstroke. The supply of fuel is continued at constant
Pressure and temperature. Gasses pushes the piston to down the fuel valve is closed the
Exhaust valve is opens with the piston reaches BDC.
EXHAUST STROKE
During this stroke the inlet and fuel valve remains closed and exhaust valve
remain open. The piston moves up in and pushes the burned gasses. The piston reaches”
TDC completely the exhaust and is ready for next cycle.

RESULT
The valve timing diagram of the four stroke Diesel engine have been determined and
drawn.
PORT TIMING OF A 2 STROKE ENGINE
Ex. No:2
Date:
AIM
To draw the port timing for a two stroke Petrol engine.
APPARATUS REQUURED
(i). Measuring Tape
(ii). Chalk piece
ENGINE DETAILS
Type:
Power:
Type :
Bore:
Piston Displacement:
Ignition:
Starting:
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
The port timing diagram shows the piston at the crank when the various operation
begin and end.
INLETPORT
It is uncovered 45 to 50 in advance at IDC it is covered 45 to 50 after the IDC.
EXHAUSTPORT
It is uncovered 40 to 55 in advance at the, BDC it is covered 40 to 55 after the
BDC.

PROCEDURE
1. Identify the ports,
2. Find out the direction of retraction by the crankshaft,
3. Mark the opening and closing of the exhaust and transfer ports,
4. Using a tape (or) Thread find out the circumference of the flywheel,
5. Find out the arc length of the opening and closing of the three port,
6. Let the arc length be x cm then
 Angle = (360 * x) / 2Лr
Where, 2лR- Circumference of the flywheel.
7. Draw the port timing with the help of a)] angles calculated from the required
length.
8. A port timing diagram is shown in fig.

RESULT
The port timing diagram for petrol engine is drawn.
Ex No : 3
Date:

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF A PARALLEL FLOW HEAT

EXCHANGER
AIM:
To determine the effectiveness of the parallel flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS AND APPARATUS REQURED:

Geyser for heating purpose of water.
1. Inside diameter of tube, di = 12 mm
2. Outside diameter of tube do = 12.7 mm

DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters the unit from the same side, flow in the same
direction and subsequently leave from the same side.

FORMULA:

Where,

6. Over all heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the water system.

2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.

RESULT:

Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a parallel flow heat
exchanger is found to be,

Type of flow = Parallel flow

Effectiveness = %
Overall heat transfer co – efficient (U) = W/m2k.
Ex.No.4
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF A COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM:
To find out the effectiveness of the counter flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS AND APPARATUS REQURED:

Geyser for heating purpose of water.
1. Inside diameter of tube, di = 12 mm
2. Outside diameter of tube, do = 12.7 mm

DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters in the same unit from opposite ends travel in
opposite directions and subsequently leaves from the opposite direction and for a given
surface; the counter flow arrangement gives maximum heat transfer and is naturally
preferred for the heating and cooling.

FORMULA:

Where,

6. Over all heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’

 Cold Water Hot Water Thi Tho Tci Tco

1 Counter flow

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the water system.
2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.
RESULT:
Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a counter flow heat
exchanger is found to be,
Type of flow = Counter flow
Effectiveness = %
Overall heat transfer co – efficient (U) = W/m2k.
Ex.No.6

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOLID

Aim: To determine the specific heat of various solids by the method of heat transfer.

APPARTUS:
Calorimeter with stirrer weighing scale
Thermometer boiler (beaker and hotplate)
Small pieces of ice two metal solids (made of different materials)
Paper towels

INTRODUCTION:

Heat capacity of a body is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the
body by 1oC. The specific heat of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass.
Thus, heat capacity = mass x specific heat. The specific heat is essentially a measure
of how thermally insensitive a substance is to the addition of energy. The water
equivalent of a body is the mass of water, which would require the same amount of
heat as the body in order to raise the temperature through one degree Celsius.

The method of mixtures makes use of the principles that when two bodies at different
temperatures exchange heat, the quantity of heat lost by the warmer body is equal to
the heat gained by the cooler body, and some intermediate equilibrium temperature is
finally reached. This is true provided no heat is lost or gained from/to the
surroundings. The purpose of the calorimeter is to prevent heat lose to the
surroundings. There are three methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection and
radiation.

In this experiment, a heated solid of known mass and temperature is dropped in the
calorimeter containing known mass of cold water. The equilibrium temperature is
then measured. The magnitude of the heat lost by the solid must be equal to the
magnitude of the heat gained by the water, and calorimeter with stirrer.

Mass of the solid (metal) in kg = m

Specific heat of the metal = c
Initial temperature of (hot) solid = T1
Mass of calorimeter with stirrer = m1
Mass of cold water = m2
Initial temperature of cold water = T2

Final equilibrium temperature of mixture = T3

Specific heat of calorimeter( Aluminum) = c1 = 900 J/kgCo
Specific heat of water = c2 = 4186 J/kgCo
Heat lost = -Heat gained

Heat lost by the solid = ( m )( c )[(T2 - T1)]

Heat gained by water + (calorimeter & stirrer) = (m2)(c2)(T3 – T2) + (m1)(c1)(T3 – T2)
 Equating heat lost to heat gained:

-(m )(c)(T3 – T1) = m2 (c2) (T3 – T2) + m1c1(T3 – T2) equation 1.

This equation is used to compute the unknown specific heat, c, of the metal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill the beaker about half way with water and start heating it.

2. Record the name of the metal being used in the data table.

3. Weigh the solid (m) metal, and then lower it into the beaker of hot water by
means of a thread, to avoid burns.

4. While the solid is being heat go to step 5.

5. Weigh the inner chamber of calorimeter and the stirrer, together.

6. Fill the inner chamber of the calorimeter about half way with cool water and
add one or two small pieces of crushed ice to the water.

7. Weigh the inner chamber of the calorimeter, stirrer and cold water (m1 + m2).

8. Place the inner chamber of the calorimeter into the outer calorimeter jacket
and place the lid on, then record the temperature of the cold water (T 2). Be
sure to stir the water first.

9. Record the temperature of the hot solid when the temperature becomes steady
(T1). This should occur after the water boils. Hint: The metal should be the
same temperature as the hot water.

10. Now quickly transfer the solid from the hot water to the calorimeter
without splashing any water. You must do this very quickly.

11. Place the lid onto the calorimeter and stir the water very gently and record the
final equilibrium temperature (T3). Don’t break the thermometer, while
stirring.

11. Repeat the previous steps for a different meta

 DATA
TABL
E

METAL #1 METAL #2

Quantity: Metal 1: Metal 2:

Mass of the solid metal
(kg)
Initial Temperature of the
hot metal (oC)
Specific heat of calorimeter 900 J/kgCo 900 J/kgCo
(J/kgCo)
Mass of calorimeter and
stirrer (kg)
Mass of calorimeter, stirrer,
and water (kg)
Mass of cold water
(kg)
Specific heat of cold water 4186 J/kgCo 4186 J/kgCo
(cal/gCo)
Initial Temperature of cold
water (oC)
Final equilibrium
Temperature
(oC)

Ex. No:9
Date :
COP TEST ON A VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct a performance test on a refrigerator test rig with LPG (hydro
carbon) refrigerant to determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP)

DESCRIPTION

A refrigerator consists of a compressor connected by suitable pipe lines to

a condenser, a capillary tube and an evaporator. Refrigerant in vapour state from
the evaporator is compressed in the compressor and sent to the condenser.
Here, it condenses into liquid and it is then throttled. Due to throttling,
temperature of the refrigerant drops and the cold refrigerant passes through the
evaporator absorbing heat from the object to be cooled. The refrigerant is then
returned to the compressor and the cycle is completed.

The refrigerant used is a purified form of a hydrocarbon blend (50% each

by weight) of Propane (R290 – C 3H8) and iso-Butane (HC-600a – C4H10). This
mixture is a ‘Zoetrope’ blend - the refrigerant evaporates and condenses over a
range of temperature instead of a single temperature as in Freon 12 or other
refrigerants. This refrigerant is an environmentally friendly refrigerant and is used
as a substitute for CFC refrigerants such as Freon 12. Regular cooking gas
LPG/Propane cannot be used as a refrigerant because of the contaminants.

The test rig consists of a hermetically sealed compressor. The

compressed refrigerant from the compressor is sent to an air cooled condenser
and the condensate in liquid form is sent to the expansion valve/capillary tube for
throttling. Due to throttling, temperature of the refrigerant falls and the cold
refrigerant absorbs heat from the water in the evaporator tank. The refrigerant is
then returned to the compressor.

A suitable filter is fitted in the refrigerant line from condenser to evaporator.

A thermocouple is provided to measure the temperature of the water in the
evaporator tank. An energy meter is provided to measure the energy input to the
compressor. Suitable pressure gauges are provided at the compressor inlet - low
pressure (evaporator outlet), condenser inlet (compressor outlet), condenser
outlet - high pressure (before throttling) and evaporator outlet (after throttling) to
study the refrigeration cycle operating between the two pressures.

A thermostat is provided for cutting off the power to compressor when the
water temperature reaches a set value. A voltmeter and an ammeter are provided
to monitor the inlet power supply. A voltage stabilizer is provided for the
protection of compressor. Provisions are provided in the refrigerant pipe lines for
charging the test rig with additional refrigerant if necessary, Additional 4 no’s of
thermocouples are fitted at the condenser and evaporator inlet and outlet for
studying the temperature at the 4 points in the refrigeration cycle.

FORMULAS

Where

mw - volume × ρ = 0.25 ×0.3 × 0.23× 1000 = 17.25 kg

t1 - time taken for 5˚C reduction in temperature in sec.

dT - Tinitial-Tfinal (˚C)

n - Number of revolution of energy meter

 K - Energy meter constant in rev/KW.hr

t2 - time taken for ‘n’ revolution in sec

TABULATION

Where
1. P1, T1 - Pressure, Temperature at entrance of compressor or outlet of
evaporator.
2. P2, T2- Pressure and Temperature of gas at entrance to air cooled
condenser or discharge of compressor.
3. P3, T3 - Pressure and Temperature of the liquid at expansion device.
4. P4, T4 - Pressure and Temperature of the liquid at the entrance to
evaporator.
PROCEDURE

1. Check all the electrical connections.

2. Fill the evaporator tube with water; the level should be maintained 1 inch below from top of
the tank.
3. Keep the solenoid valve switch off. Keep the capillary valve open condition.
4. Check the evaporator and condenser pressure which are equal.
5. Switch on the main.
6. Keep the normal position first provided in digital temperature indicator controller.
7. Set the temperature required by pushing press button.
8. Compressor gets ON after 2-Minutes time delay.
9. The system performs through expansion valve then closes the capillary valve switch ON.
Solenoid valve note the following reading.
10. Switch off unit once the reading are taken.

RESULT

Thus the actual and theoretical COP has been determined.

With capillary valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =

With expansion valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =
Ex. No: 10

Date;

COP TEST ON A VAPOUR COMPRESSION AIR-CONDITIONING TEST RIG

AIM

To conduct a performance test on an air conditioning test rig. To determine the coefficient of
performance (C.O.P).

DESCRIPTION

The test rig consists of a hermetically sealed compressor. The compressed refrigerant from
the compressor is sent to an air cooled condenser and condensate in liquid form is passed through a
capillary tube for throttling. Due to throttling, temperature of the refrigerant falls and the cold
refrigerant passes through a liquid / vapour air heat exchangers to absorb heat from the air cooler to
the evaporator. The vacuum refrigerant is provided to cut off compressor when the air temperature
reaches the liquid value.

A gauge glass to visually observe the refrigerant is fitted in the refrigerant line from condenser
to evaporator. A filter is also provided in the refrigerant line to remove any moisture. Wet bulb and
dry bulb thermometer are provided to measure the energy input to the compressor and fan. A
voltmeter and an ammeter are provided to monitor the power supply conditions.

Provisions are provided in the refrigerant pipelines for charging the test rig with additional
refrigerant if necessary suitable pressure gauges are provided at the inlet and outlet of the
compressor and evaporator to study the refrigerant vapour pressure at the various points.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Fill up the evaporator tank with a known quantity of water (say 20 liters)

1. Switch on the compressor.

2. After about 5 minutes (After steady state had set in) note the initial energy meter reading and
water temperature in the evaporator.
 3. After a known period of time, say 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading and water
temperature. Before noting the water temperature, physically stir the water to ensure that the
temperature is uniform in the water tank.

4. Allow the system to stabilize for 15-20 min

5. After stabilization note the following readings T1,P1,T2,P2,T3,P3,T4,P4 – pressure and

temperature of four salient points of the refrigeration system.

6. Dry bulb temperature (DBT) wet bulb temperature (WBT) and air at inlet and outlet of the
cooling coil.

7. Calculate the C.O.P

NOTE

1. Ensure the wet bulb thermometer is always immersed in water.

2. Align the Pitot tube to flow in such a direction that the water level in the manometer is
maximum, before taking a velocity reading.

3. Refrigerant pressure form the pressure gauge can be used to study the vapour pressure at
various points in the refrigerant cycle and prepare an enthalpy pressure diagram.

FORMULA

2. From R22 chart at inlet temperature, pressure to compressor at P1 and T1.

P = Observed reading × (0.0689+1.03)

4. Net refrigerating effect = m (h1-h4) KJ/min

Here h1, h2, h3, h4 values are taken from the R-22 graph
Where

m - Mass flow rate of R-22

n1 - number of revolution of compressor energy meter

t1 - time taken for n1 revolutions

N1 - rpm of compressor motor

n2 - number of revolution of fan energy meter

t2 - time taken for n2 revolution

N2 - rpm of fan motor

Here N1=N2=1200 rpm

RESULT

Thus the actual and theoretical COP has been determined.

With capillary valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =
With expansion valve
Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =
Ex No : 7.
Date:

Determination of thermal conductivity of solid

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of a poor conducting material (asbestos).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Guarded hot plate test rig, measuring jar.

THEORY:
Thermal conductivity is define as the quantity of heat conducted across a unit area normal to
flow direction in unit time for unit temp gradient along the flow.
K= -q /A dL/dT

Where,
q – Heat conducted in watts
A – Area of cross section of conduction heat transfer in m2
d L – Length in m
d T – Difference in temp across d L ( ˚C )
Top section average (d T) = T 3 = T4 / 2 – T 1 + T2 / 2
Bottom section average (d T) = T 7 = T8 / 2 – T 9 + T1 / 2
q = Voltage X Current X 0.86 watts
PROCEDURE:
Supply small quantity of energy to the source ‘H’ (main heats mH). Now adjust input to ring
heats, so that temp is same as that of main heats. Allow water through cooling circuit slowly. Allow
30 – 60 minutes for the temp to stabilize note down the temp, voltage, current and measure the
water flow rate (m3 / s).
Repeat the experiment at different temperature values by adjusting the input conditions.

Result:
The thermal conductivity of a poor conducting material (asbestos) is determined as
Average Top specimen K = 0.44 w/mk
Average Bottom specimen k = 0.42 w/mk
Ex No : 8
Date:

Determination of thermal resistance of a composite wall.

AIM
To find out the amount of heat transferred from a composite wall.

SPECIFICATION

 Slab assembly arranged symmetrically

 Nichrome wires wound on a nickel heater
 Open type dimmer.

INTRODUCTION

Heat conduction is the made of heat transfer accomplish vice two mechanism.
By molecular interaction where by energy exchange takes place. By Kinematics motion direct
impact energy of molecular at relatively higher energy level impact energy of adjacent molecules at
lower energy level .This type of energy transfer always exist so long there a temp gradient.

DESCRIPTIONS

The apparatus consists of a control heater and watched between two sheets. These types of
slabs are provided on both sides of heater which terms composite structure. A small hand press is
pronded to ensure perfect contact b/w the slabs.

A dimmer stat is provided to vary heat input of heated by using heater and it is measured by a
digital voltmeter and ammeter. Thermo couples are embedded between interfaces of slabs.
FORMULA

Thermal Conductivity:-

Where
K1 - Thermal conductivity of mild steel
K2 - Thermal conductivity of bakelite
 K3 - Thermal conductivity of wood
L1 - Thickness of mild steel = 10 cm
L2 - Thickness of bakelite =10 cm
L3 - Thickness of wood = 10 cm

PROCEDURE

 Check the electrical connections

 The unit is switched on
 Give the heat input by adjusting the element state.
 The temp selector switch is used to note down the readings
 The Experiment is stopped once the steady state conditions are reached.
 The calculations are made on the reading.

RESULT

Thus the amount of heat transferred from composite walls = W.

 TABULATION

Voltmeter in Temperature in 0C
Current
Volts
S.No in Amps T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
Ex No : 5
Date:

DETERMINATION OF HEATING VALUE OF A FUEL.

AIM:
To determine the flash and fire point of a given bituminous material.

APPARATUS:
Pensky- martens closed cup tester, thermometer, heating source, flame exposure.

THERORY:- At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen materials leave out
volatiles. And these volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to
qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at
which the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test
conditions. The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at
which the bituminous material gets ignited and burns.

PROCEDURE:
1. All parts of the cup are cleaned and dried thoroughly before the test is started.
2. The material is filled in the cup upto a mark. The lid is placed to close the cup in a closed system.
All accessories including thermometer of the specified range are suitably fixed.
3. The bitumen sample is then heated. The test flame is lit and adjusted in such a way that the size
of a bed is of 4mm diameter. The heating of sample is done at a rate of 5o to 6 oC per minute.
During heating the sample the stirring is done at a rate of approximately 60 revolutions per minute.
4. The test flame is applied at intervals depending upon the expected flash and fire points and
corresponding temperatures at which the material shows the sign of flash and fire are noted At high
temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen materials leave out volatiles. And these
volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to qualify this temperature
for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at which the vapour of
bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions. The fire point is
defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the bituminous material
gets ignited and burns.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION: RESULT:

The temperature at which the flame application that causes a bright flash ____________ oC
and temperature at which the sample catches fire ________________oC.