CHAPTER I (QUANTITATIVE STUDY) 3.

Use words that create a positive Impression and stimulate reader

Interest.
INTRODUCTION
4. Use current nomenclature from the field of study.
o Sentence Caps
5. Identify key variables, both dependent and independent.
Contents:
6. May reveal how the paper will be organized.
I. Background of The Study
7. Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major
- Presentation of the problem
hypothesis.
- The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem
that needs a solution. o Correlation, relationship, impact, effects
o Wrapper of the gift to attract readers
8. Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words
Possible contents of Background of the study:
➢ (APA 6 STYLE" no more than 12 words in length")
▪ Historical background of the problem
▪ Rationale of the study 9. Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar constructions.
- Main aim
- To convince 10. Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form
▪ Geographical conditions of the study locale of a question.
- Institutional
- Beneficial to research local PLM Format
▪ Motivation in conducting the study
▪ All caps in the TITLE
o A desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of a
▪ Inverted pyramid
situation, circumstance or phenomenon.
▪ Final Title at the end of the study
o A desire to discover something
o A desire to find a better way of doing something or of
improving a product
▪ Personal experiences
- Why do you want to engage in the topic?

Background of the Study is…

▪ A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem

- To convince that there’s a need to conduct the study

II. Statement of the Problem

There should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by

the specific questions or sub-problems into which the general problem
is broken up.
Font: Arial & TNR, size 12, double spacing
o Purpose statement that is on declarative form
Margin: Left is 1.5, Right, Top, & Bottom is 1
✓ Purpose Statement
Paragraphs are all justified
✓ Specific Research Questions
Title: size 13
o In an interrogative form
o Each specific research question should contribute to the Statement of the Problem
achievement of main objective or purpose
The main purpose of the study is to assess the awareness and attitudes
Writing A Title: of female university students regarding breast self-examination. The
findings will be the basis for the development of a health education
Title: material for university students

➢ summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. o Should be on future tenses kapag proposal palang
➢ fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents
and/or purpose of your research paper. Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions:
➢ aim of a title is to capture the reader's attention and to draw
his or her attention to the research problem being 1. What is the profile of the respondents in the following:
investigated.
1.1 Course
o Same variables in the title should be present in the
SOP & instrument 1.2 History of breast health problems in the family
o The title should be reflected what’s inside in the
whole paper 1.3 Sources of health information

Characteristics of Effective titles in academic research papers: 1.4 Performance of Breast Self-Examination

1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study. 2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents on breast self-
examination in terms of:
2. Avoid using abbreviations.
2.1 Purpose
 2.2 Skills
3. What is the level of attitudes of the respondents on breast self-
examination in terms of:
3.1 Importance
3.2 Confidence
3.3 Compliance
4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their level of awareness on breast self-exam?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their level of attitude on breast self-exam?
6. Is there a significant relationship between the level of awareness and
level of attitude on breast self-exam of the respondents?
7. Based on the results of the study, what health education material can
possibly be developed?
III. Hypothesis
▪ a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised
at the beginning of the investigation. Educated guess about
the answer to specific questions.
o the basis is when if you have situating relating
question
▪ Level of significance should be expressed
➢ 0.05 level of significance
- .001 too specific
- .10 is not acceptable
Hypotheses
At 0.05 level of significance, the following hypotheses will be tested:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their level of awareness on breast self-exam.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their level of attitude on breast self-exam.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the level of awareness
and level of attitude on breast self-exam of the respondents
IV. Significance of the Study
▪ state the rationale, timeliness, and/or relevance of the study
▪ the focus should be on the output of the study, who will benefit
from it and how they will benefit, possible contribution to the
fund of knowledge
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to assess the awareness and attitudes of female
university students on breast self-examination as a basis for a health
education manual. Specifically, it is hoped that this research will benefit
the following group of individuals:
Students. This study was greatly beneficial for them because assessing
and determining their attitude and awareness towards breast self-exam
will help a lot in order to correct any misconceptions and lack of
information that the students may have.
School Administrators/ University Clinic. The results of this study
helped the school administrators to easily disseminated the importance
of breast self-exam and breast care to the university students for health
promotion purposes. The clinic improved the student health services
specially pertaining to health.
Future Researchers. This research may serve as a springboard for
conduct of similar studies.
V. Scope & Limitations
For the Scope: topics to be discuss includes:
▪ general purpose, subject matter, topics, population or
universe, locale, period of study (5W and 1H of the study)
o what, where, when, who, why
o how
For Limitations:
▪ a discussion section that presents these limitations
demonstrates to readers that the author is aware of these
limitations and probably took them into account in interpreting
the findings.
Limitation Vs Delimitation
Delimitation
- these identify the weakness of the study
- is not able to control
Limitation
- factors that can’t be covered alam na ng researcher kaya
nilimit niya nalang
- may control
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was concerned in the Attitudes and Awareness of Female
University Students in Breast Self-Examination in which a health
education material was developed. This research was conducted only
at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) in Intramuros, Manila.
The data needed for the study was obtained through the use of a
questionnaire, self-made by the researchers validated and tested for
reliability. The data was gathered within a period of one week during the
first semester of the school year 2010-2011. The 289 respondents of the
study were limited to female undergraduate students of the university
whose age is 20 and above for this is the recommended age for women
to regularly engage to Breast Self-Examination. They were selected
through stratified random sampling from every undergraduate colleges
of the university. The implementation of the developed health education
material was not included as part of the study.
CHAPTER I (QUALITATIVE STUDY)
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
• story line
• still possible to have supporting literatures
Purpose of the Study
• main goal of the study
Example:
• The study aims to explore the lived experiences of Filipino
Grand tour Question
- holistic general question in qualitative
- should have guiding question to support this
Example:
• What is the lived experience of Filipino Cancer Survivors on
Caring? (Ano ang mga karanasan ng mga Pilipinong kanser
survivor ukol sa pagkalinga/pag-aaruga?) Cancer Survivors
on Caring.
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
- discuss in chapter 2
Scope & Limitation
CHAPTER II (QUANTITATIVE STUDY)
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
▪ Review of Related Literature & Studies
o utilizes topical approach
➢ In PLM format, this title will not appear but the first
topic will be the first entry
▪ Topical Approach - combination of literature & studies
in each topic & sub-topic discussion.
▪ Main Topics are the main variables of the study
▪ Go back to title & statement of the problem
▪ Should be at least 5 years old, unless classical data
I. Synthesis
i. This is not a summary of the related literature and studies.
ii. Identify 2 studies similar to the present study and 2 studies
different from the present study. Compare and Contrast.
iii. Reiterate the uniqueness of the present study.
Synthesis
This study is similar with the research conducted by Collins (2005) since
both studies stressed the importance of starting Breast Self-Examination
at the age of 20, and the respondents in Collins' thesis are also female
college students. This research is also similar with the thesis conducted
by Velasco (2009) because it also measured the attitudes of women
towards Breast Self-Examination.
This study differs with Obias (2005) research for the former is concerned
with measuring the awareness and attitudes of female university
students, while the latter expounds on the practices that women affected
with breast cancer employed.
The development of the health education material as an output of the
study is the main uniqueness of this undertaking.
II. Conceptual Framework
▪ Consist of the investigator's own position on a problem after
his exposure to various theories that have bearing on a
problem.
▪ Researcher's new model which has its roots on the previous
models which the researcher had studied.
o Verbal model or proposition
▪ Becomes the central theme, the focus and the main thrust of
the study.
▪ Should be stated plainly as possible. (describing the major
concepts, its representation and symbols use, its meaning.)
o Variables should be seen
o Input, Output, Process
➤ The simple narrative description of the Conceptual Paradigm
III. Conceptual Paradigm
o In TFN it is called Schematic Model
▪ Diagrammatic representation conceptual of a framework.
Depicts in a more vivid way what the conceptual framework
wants to convey.
III. Definition of Terms
o Defining the variables of the study
▪ Categorized into:
a. Lexical/Conceptual Definitions – borrowed it from
another author and adapt it in your study
b. Operational Definitions – define based on how are you
going to used it
▪ Should be Alphabetically arranged
Definition of Terms
For ease and better understanding of the study the following
terminologies were conceptually defined:
Caring: behaviors of nurses applying the ten curative factors of
Watson towards patient as an individual; towards interpersonal
relationship with patients; towards giving bedside care to patients
and towards emotions. (Borromeo, 2007)
Spiritual Intelligence: set of mental capacities which contribute to
the awareness, integration, and adaptive application of the
nonmaterial and transcendent aspects of one's existence, leading
to such outcomes as Critical Existential Thinking; Personal
Meaning Production; Transcendental Awareness and Conscious
State Expansion. (King, 2008).
These outcomes are further defined as follows by King:
Conscious State expansion (CSE): ability to enter spiritual states
of consciousness (e.g., pure consciousness, cosmic
consciousness, and oneness) at one's own discretion.
Critical existential thinking (CET): first component of spiritual
intelligence involves the capacity to critically contemplate meaning,
purpose, and other existential or metaphysical issues (e.g., reality,
universe, space, time, death).
Personal Meaning production (PMP): the second core
component of King's spiritual intelligence is defined as the ability to
construct personal meaning and purpose in all physical and mental
experiences, including the capacity to create and master a life
purpose.
Transcendental Awareness (TA): third component of King's
spiritual intelligence involves the capacity to perceive transcendent
dimensions of the self (e.g., a transcendent self), of others, and of
the physical world (e.g., non-materialism, interconnectedness)
during the normal, waking state of consciousness.
The following are variables defined operationally in this study:
Filipino Staff Nurses: nurses currently employed and assigned at
different areas of the selected hospitals that require them to
perform bedside care; have at least 2-3 years of clinical experience
and is willing to participate in the study.
CHAPTER II (QUALITATIVE STUDY)
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
o Variables emerge
o Emerging design
o Can start to broad question
o A researcher is discouraged to do an in-depth RRL
of qualitative because of great possibility of what you
have read, review of interpretation and conduct of
study and findings of the study might be
contaminated
o Other yung Chapter II nila ay Methodology wala ng
Theoretical framework
▪ Preliminary Review of Literature & Studies (Topical
Presentation - General Concepts)
 • Just to interconnect your study but hindi What to describe in instrumentation?
detailed
▪ Synthesis - what kind of instrument

Conceptual Framework & Paradigm - do it per part

▪ not existing during proposal, but can be developed - what the part measure
after data analysis & interpretation
- how many items
Definition of Terms:
- how many specific items
▪ Conceptual & Operational
- how respondents will answer
▪ placed in Chapter 1 instead of Chapter 2
• follows your SOP then S&L - how answer will be verbally interpreted

CHAPTER III (QUANTITATIVE STUDY) - decoding if any

METHODOLOGY

Contents

A. Research Design
B. Research Locale
C. Samples and Sampling Technique
D. Instrumentation
E. Data Gathering Procedures
F. Statistical Analysis of Data
G. Ethical Consideration

I. Research Design • the higher the score Positive or Negative

▪ Identify the research design that you will be using in the Process undertaken or to be undertaken:
study Example:
▪ Explain based from an authority/source brief explanation - expert validity
of the design and why this is applicable to your study - pre-testing
• E.g., define survey method descriptive design - reliability
and have citation and why did you used this as
your research design. V. Data Gathering Procedures

II. Research Locale
▪ The place where you will conduct the study, its location and
important information about the locale that with significance to
the study like services offered, image, etc.
III. Samples and Sampling Technique
• Representative of the population
▪ Who will be your respondents?
▪ What sampling technique you will utilize, describe the
sampling technique by citing from authors/sources?
▪ Expected sample size (based on what method ex. Slovin, G-
power, power analysis)
▪ Detailed step by step procedure on how the study will be
conducted or was conducted. If it’s an experimental research,
the experimental protocol should be
▪ discuss in this aspect.
VI. Statistical Analysis of Data
▪ Identify in each research problem what statistical treatment
that you will utilized in order to answer the question
▪ Formula to each statistical treatment can be placed in the
Appendix with sample computation
▪ Identify also verbal interpretation
Guidelines:

IV. Instrumentation ▪ Should be presented per statement of the problem

1. What form of questionnaire you will use? Example:

▪ adapted? From whom? "For Problem No.1, Percentage & Frequency Distribution will be
▪ adapted & modified from whom? employed in describing the profile of respondents
▪ what are the things you adapt, what are modified?
▪ self-made (any basis)

2. If adapted: use it as is

3. If adapted & modified, may need to be validated & tested for reliability.

4. If self-made, you need to:

- expert validity
- pre-test
- clarify with the respondents (pre-test)
- test for reliability
Possible Inferential Statistics

Testing difference between 2 group means

▪ t-tests for independent samples - test the difference

between the means of 2 independent groups
▪ t-test for dependent (paired) samples - test the difference
between the means of 2 related groups
▪ median test - test the difference between the medians of 2
independent groups
▪ Mann-Whitney U test - test the difference in ranks of scores
of 2 independent variables
▪ Wilcoxon signed rank test - test the difference in ranks of
scores of 2 related groups or sets of scores

Testing difference between 3 or more group means

▪ ANOVA - test the significance of difference between means;

nominal and interval/ratio
▪ Multifactor ANOVA - extremely important analytic technique
▪ Repeated measure ANOVA used when there are 3 or more
measure of the same dependent variables for each subject
▪ Kruskal-Wallis test-test the difference in the ranks of
scores of 3 or more independent groups; nominal and
ordinal
▪ Friedman test - test the difference in the ranks of scores for
3 or more related set of scores

Testing relationship between 2 variables

▪ Pearson r - test the correlation is different from zero; interval

or ratio VII. Ethical Consideration
▪ Spearman's rho - test that a correlation is different from
zero ▪ Discuss how you will safeguard ethical concerns of the study
▪ Kendall's tau test ▪ Focus on the 7 elements of Research Ethics: (Principles of
▪ Multiple regression - to do some prediction Research Ethics)
▪ Chi Square: nominal data, more than 2
1. Social Value
Hypothesis Testing:
2. Informed Consent
➢ Type I & Type II Error
3. Vulnerability of Research Participants
Type I Error: Rejecting a NULL HYPOTHESIS that is TRUE
4. Risk, Benefits & Safety
Type II Error: Accepting a NULL HYPOTHESIS is FALSE
5. Privacy & Confidentiality of Information
o Sinabi mo na no relationship pero may relationship in reality
6. Justice

7. Transparency