Fallacies:

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your
argument. To detect fallacies, it is required to examine the argument’s content. Here are
some examples of common committed errors in reasoning and thus, coming up false
conclusion and worse, distorting the truth.

Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity):

appealing to a person's unfortunate circumstance as a way of getting someone to
accept a conclusion or by exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings of pity and guilt.
Example:
"You need to pass me in this course, since I'll lose my scholarship if you don't."

Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance):

The argument offers lack of evidence as if it were evidence to the contrary.
Example:
“No one has ever proven that UFOs haven't visited Earth yet, so I believe that they
have.”

Equivocation:
refers to the use of an ambiguous word or phrase in more than one sense within the
same argument. Because this change of meaning happens without warning, it gives the
argument invalid or even misleading meaning.
Example:
“Soil is natural. Natural things are good for you. So, it’s okay to ingest soil.”

Composition:
Refers if parts or members of a whole will have the same properties. This leads to
wrong conclusions because what is true of the different parts is not necessarily true of
the whole.
Example:
“One bird is quiet so a flock of birds will be quiet.”

Division:
an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole
must also be true of all or some of its parts.
Example:
“The boys in my neighborhood like to play basketball after school. So, my new neighbor,
Kevin, will like to play basketball with them.”

Argumentum Ad hominem (Against the person):

is an attempt to discredit someone’s argument by personally attacking them. Instead of
discussing the argument itself, criticism is directed toward the opponent’s character,
which is irrelevant to the discussion.
Example:
“You have no idea what you're talking about; you've only lived here for six months.”

Argumentum ad baculum (Appeal to force)

An argument where force, coercion, or even a threat of force is used in place of a
reason to justify a conclusion.
Example:
"Do what I say, or I'll hurt you."

Argumentum ad populum (Appeal to the people)

Refers to a claim that something is true simply because that’s what many people
believe. In other words, if many people believe something to be true, then it must be
true.
Example:
“All the cool people are voting for Bernie; you should vote for him too.”

False cause (post hoc)

occurs when someone incorrectly assumes that a causal relation exists between two
things or events. This is an improper conclusion because either such a relationship
does not exist or the evidence in support of it is insufficient.
Example:
“According to a recent study, individuals who listen to heavy metal music are more likely
to engage in aggressive behavior. Therefore, heavy metal music causes violence.”

Hasty generalization
It is a claim made based on insufficient evidence. Instead of looking into examples and
evidence that are much more in line with the typical or average situation, you draw a
conclusion about a large population using a small, unrepresentative sample.
Example:
“I've met two people in Greece so far, and they were both nice to me. So, all the people
I will meet in Greece will be nice to me.”

Begging the question (petition principii)

It is an argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. It is an
attempt to prove something is true while simultaneously taking that same thing for
granted. This line of reasoning is fallacious because the assumption is not justified by
any evidence.
Example:
“Wool sweaters are superior to nylon jackets as fall attire because wool sweaters have
the higher wool content.”

References:
https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/equivocation-fallacy/

https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/_documents/academics/support/learning-centers/writing-
reading-learning-ctr-rockville/student-resources-tech/fallacies.pdf

https://www.palomar.edu/users/bthompson/Ad%20Ignorantium.html#:~:text=Ad%20Ignorantiam
%20(Appeal%20to%20Ignorance)&text=Description%3A,%2C%20therefore%20it%20is%20true.%22

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/fallacy-of-composition/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_division#:~:text=A%20fallacy%20of%20division%20is,or
%20some%20of%20its%20parts.
https://www.softschools.com/examples/fallacies/fallacy_of_division_examples/524/

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/ad-hominem-fallacy/

https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Appeal-to-Force

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/ad-populum-fallacy/

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/false-cause-fallacy/#:~:text=False%20cause%20fallacy%20examples
%20include,video%20games%20causes%20violent%20behavior

https://www.scribbr.com/fallacies/begging-the-question-fallacy/