GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTIVORES AND ROADS 0 [ear me = Revision Purrose ate AEVISION InoICES edification indicated by —> Thi document i he sroperty of rouoe HF Aewtaine and shal ot be eiconed to tind patie o¢ reproduced without parmiason ofthe owe. mo. 7701. eneGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS Reve: 0 STUDY OF EARTIUORKS ANO ROADS +2 of + 2 somrewrs, ‘ Peat PuRPose 4 1.1 + General remarks 4 1.2 = Details to be included in the job specttication for the works 2 PLANING LEVELS 5 2.1 = Preliminary study 2.2 + Detailed study 5 3 = SANPLING AND MEASUREMENTS ‘ 3.1 = Foundatton sols (subgrades and borrow) 6 3.2 - Base Croade) 7 3.3 - Aggregates 7 3.4 = Weight of samples to be taken 7 3.5 + Mumber of samples and aiacellaneous provisions a 4+ Son tmPROVENENT 8 4.1. = StabiLtzation with Line 8 4.2 - Stabilization with cement or cement and (ime ° 4.3 + Stabilizing of Laterite ° 5 Roko courses 0 5.1 = Definitions 0 5.2 > Properties 0 5.3 - Thickness of courses " 6+ SPECIAL stu>ieS " 6.1.+ Roads in desert areas " 6.2 - Geotextites " 6.3 = suetting clays 2 6.4 > Froet 8 The document ete ropa of Groupe BY Aqua and shal not be cacoaed t thd partes or epreduced without pemiation ofthe ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS 63+ 8 6.6 - Lovee sofls, mud pockets 3 6.7 = Draining and Lovering ground water surface % Sofl-retaining structures “ 6.9 = Wiscel taneous “ 7 + CWOICE OF FILL CONTROL PROCEDURE “ 7.1. Fills without density controt “ 7.2 + In situ density mensurenents. % 7.3 + RIR-O/S method 5 APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY 6 APPENDIX 2: BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 porewwix je PARTICLE SIZE AWALYSIS. 2 This docimant ie the property of rowee Bt Aguas and shal not be eacoted to tind partis or reproduced without permission ofthe owerae 1a ‘This doctment i the propery of Groupe Aeutsoe and shal not be cloned to thin pate or pracuced without pamison ofthe owner. GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTHWORKS AND ROADS Senecal_rosarks The purpose of the Basic Practice for the study of Earthworks and Roads is to provide a single document containing the factors to be taken Into consideration for estinates and for draving up the Job specifications for works. Aependix 1 18 « glossary defining some of the technical terms used. These terme are marked with an feterisk (*) the first time they appear in the text. i ob speci tt + Adwintatraeive and (and-use constraints: = hether certain earthworks must be carried out at « particular tine of year. Mandatory routes and crossing points. Whether preference mist be given to certain types of excavated material for specific purposes, ‘ebanknents behind masonry or at the foot of exbarkwents in arees Liable to floading. Measures to be taken for works on private reeds. Definition of borrow and deposits, if these ere mandatory, and shether certain materials mst be removed to a particular place. = Any constraints on the Contractor, not mentfoned elsewhere, sich might restrict earth-novenent planning. wtepories of enbarkment - ordinary or compacted. “FILL control procedures - Laboratory, control method, densities required, thickness of Layers. * Soil teprovenent = percentage of line and coment, strength required, curing product. + Type of material surfacing. thickness and any spectal conditions for Laying the foundation, base and ferticulars of documents to be drain up by the contractor provisional Layout and completed ‘structure plane, schedules, machinery charts, etc.GENERAL TECHNICAL rows DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTIORKS AND ROADS 2 -siupy ouases 2.4 + Bretiminary study The main im of this study phase 16 to optimise the choice between various possible alternatives eccording to» programe of the Omer's requirements. These requirenants sometines mean that earthworks cannot be performed at the ideal tine or in the ‘deal place, The client must be informed of the technical and financial consequences of his deciston. The conetusion of the preliminary study must accordingly propose a range of technical alternatives, iving the cost of each and its duration within a schedule for the seaton, together with estimated variations in cost and completion times If the decision to start the works 18 delayed. Action to be taken includes the folowing: = discussion with the client shen he draws up his programe, ‘a brief visit to the site or sites, perhaps with « clinoneter, pocket range-finder, compess, ete. systematic acquisition of any technical documents such as maps, aerial photograche and geotoaical sections from the relevant orgenisations, = investigation of contractors* qualifications and avatlability, search for exemples of siniler works previously carried out, + an eatinate of the cost of the detailed etudy, 2.2 - petaited etudy 2.21 ~ Documents The objective {6 to compile the follouing for each site selected: an aduintstrative file (expropriation procedure), b. a geotechnical and hydrological file (soil survey, choice of borrow, study of ground water and water circulation, stability of slopes, special studies), a ground survey file (topography, Layout and dreinage plane, amount of earth to be moved, borrow, earth movenent and water supply possibilities), 6. a meteorological file, 1 special file on the necessary road structures, f. eatinated costs of studiee, vorks and inapection, with a price List and quantities for works. ‘Thi document athe oper of Growpe BH Aautane and shal not be cacosed to td artes or produced without pemisson ofthe ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ‘STUDY OF EARTIORKS ANO ROADS 2.2.2 - Action to be taken The following actions are to be undertaken, in this order: + thorough Investigation of the site, with » topographic survey and borings, and examination of Logistic problone, + Laboratory analyses, + choice of earthworks method, any ofl tmprovenent and the test procedure, + compilation of sinilar price Liste and modifications of price deffnitfone depending on the services required, + pretininary BILL of quantities, = baste cravings + entinated schedule of works, + specifications for the consultation file. 3 SAMPLING AWD NEASURENENTS, wot ‘The main object of soll teats ts to identify foundation soft fn the RTRY classification, In this, soft fs broken don into six clastes, from A to F, according to its behaviour during road Laying, with sib- classes, and a third classification indicating the motsture content of the exlating soll. For example, AS hfs clay with a plasticity index between 20 ond 50 and a high wofature content. 3.1 ~ Foundation softs (subgredes end borrow) only the following teste required, in descending order of importance: = moisture content, wet particle size™ analysis, = Atterberg Linite® (Liquid Limit (LL or WL) and plastic Limit (LP oF 499, Standard Proctor* optimm (fill body) er Modified Proctor optimum (rosde). Note: Very often, the to Proctor optimum teste ‘sesumed to be equal to 90X WFO. fe not done in the laboratory. 95% NPO is generally Tis document isthe propa of Groupe BY Aaitane and shal nox be cacosed 1 nd partie 0” reproduced without permission ofthe nnerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTIVORKS AND ROADS Rev. : 0 Date 390801 In descending order of importance “wot particle size analysis, = modified Proctor optinun test - to set the reference density, determine the quantity of water to be used, + CBR test®, without soaking in regions shere rainfall te lees than 600 mn per yeer, and with normal soaking in other cases in order to measure the bearing capacity of the base, which should be ‘around 60% to 100K of the CBR of the MPO. For a CER without soaking, «common example in arid regione, seneitivity to water should be measured by performing the test mediately on the sanples Used for the Proctor test. 3.3 - Anaregates + Los Angeles teat, + particle size analysis. of sono If fe the weight in grams of the sample and D the diameter in mn of the coarsest particles = Moisture content: From 300 grams for fine homogeneous soil (particle size less then 2 mn) to 3 kg for heterogeneous soil with Large pertictes. ticle size analysis 200

500 gran, Atterberg Limits (LU and Lp): 4600 grams of mortar (obtained by removing particles 0 that D > 0.60 mm + Proctor test (for 3 points on the curved: + tf D <5 mm, Peo ko, 2 1f5 <0 < 20m, Pe 8 kg, +1 D> 20m, P= 30 ka. = COR teat: sf 0 < 20m, Pa 6k +f D> 20m, P= 10 ko. = Los Angeles test: 6 ke. ‘This document athe propery of Crowes EH Aqua and shal ct be scone to thd partie or reproduced without parmiasion ofthe ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ‘STUDY OF EARTHWORKS AND ROADS Rev. : 0 pater 090301 vage: 8 of + The person taking the samples is responsible for Labeling them and merking their positions on a dated plan of the aite, shich must be included with the test results. It fe recomended to take too imny samples rather than too feu. The samples must be taken more than 20 ca below the surface, and always from below the topsoil. The runber of samples will depend on how much the soil varies - between one every 10 kn for a track ‘over homogeneous ground and one every 500 m for a roed over heterogeneous ground. 411 ~ Qblectives The objective of treatment with Lime is to improve the sofl's immediate beering capacity. Lime and cement may be used touether to give the soil high resistance, for example for use In a rood course. ‘Treatment is required in the following cases: fine moist soil in which the borrow-pit moisture content is above the standard Proctor ‘optinum and which cannot be used in the usual way (RTR soil classifications AT h, AZ h and Bm, + to Limit the risk of swelling, in shich case the soil is generally treated with both line ‘nd cement 41.2 ~ ethos ‘As general rule, clay soile with a plasticity Index of more than 17 or @ Liquid Linit of ‘more than 40 require prior treatment with rich Lime, preferably non hydrated. The Line causes the clay to flocculate, which Lovers the plasticity index. This soft fe not hovever protected from bad weather and it requires further treatment with coment, generally 24 hours Later, ina ratio of 6 to 8X. Clayey or silty sofls with a mofsture content higher than the Proctor optimum can also be treated with Lime to lover the moisture content. Adding 1% of quickline reduces the wofature content by 1 to 1.5%, and 1% of hydrated Line by about 0.8%, In welling softs, adding Lime sfgnificantly Lovers the suel ing potent ‘treatment with Line and coment 1s even more effective. + and conbined special equipment and protective clothing are necessary shen using quickline. Tue document te prosary of Groupe Bt Acute and shal not be caiosd thd pares or reproduced without emission oft ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS SSTUOY OF EARTINORKS AMD ROADS 4.1.3 + Stabitization study For f1Uts, the proportion of ime used should result in'an fmediate C&R Index of about 10. For improved subgrade, it should result in a CBR index of at least 25 after soaking. Line treatment {8 generally considered expensive for fille shen the ratio exceeds 4 to 5X. 42> ization 4.21 - obiectives Thia treatment makes it possible to use sandy or clayey materiale for road courses Materials treated in this vay must undergo special Laboratory tests. 4.2.2 ~ Tapes of soit treated = Fine sand: $ to 7% coment. = Plastic silt (PI from 15 to 30): conbined treatment with 2 to 3X Line and 3 to 6% conent. = Wonrplastic site (PI < 15) conbined treatment with 1 to 2% Line and & to 7X cement. Treated sofl can be used In foundations and even in bases (after prior laboratory tests). Tt should be borne in mind that the problem of adherence of the surfacing to a Layer ‘treated in this way hes not been completely solved. 4.3 ~ Stabilizing of laterite Laterite can be stabilised by adding coment (at least 38) or by correcting particle size. For exemple, {f the soaked CBR after 4 days ts less than 60, laterite con be improved by mixing it with 15 to 30x of sand or sand-gravel mix. Very often gravelly Laterite fs not amenable to inprovenent by fedding fine send. 1t can be improved by adding chippings with a continuous 0/40 etze grading. It erite 1a very clayey, on attempt may be mace to stabilise ff with Lime (6 to 5K) or coment (3 to 5%) so as to obtain 2 crushing strength of 20 to 30 MPa cig/en’y after 28 days. If the plasticity ‘index exceeds 20, bxing can be done on site. If ft fa below 15, mixing should be done in a plant, ‘Alloving a maxim of tho hours betueen mixing and compacting. Tus document ete property of Groupe BY Atala and shal not be calosed oth pertes or reproduced without pemision of tha owner52- ‘ia document athe oper of Groupe EM Aqutane and shal not be caconed to tid partite or reoradced witout parmiason of te owner GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS The different Layers consist off ~ Subacade, treated vertically and hortzontally, Improved (lime and coment) and compacted. The top ‘of the improved subgrade forms the road bed. + Foundation, made of tipped FILL with @ specific envelope of grading (e.g. sand-gravel mix). ~ fae, made of recombined natural sand-gravel mix, of sanc-gravel mix crested with hydraul te binders Ceanent, granulated slag, flue ash or natural pozzolane) or with hydrocarbon Binders (pure bitumen or bituninous emulsion). The foundation and the bese are also know ae cushion courses. = Ceriming with cut beck). ~ Surfacing - one, two or three Layers, the top Layer being made of asphaltic or cement concrete. Properties, Materials for surfaced pavenents must have @ high bearing capacity and resistance to attri mat be Insensitive to moisture, Roed course materials are defined by their particle size. Envelopes of grading for foundations and bases are given In Appendix 3. The hardiess of aggregates (untreated sand-gravel mix for the foundation and bese) ie meesured by the Los Angeles test. Maximum figures are given in the teble below, partie * 8 % FOUNDATION % 4 was 3 3 ASPHALTIC CONCRETE 3 3 SURFACE DRESSING 3 3GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUOT OF EARTHVORKS. AND ROADS ai of ‘These figures are based on French reccamerdat fone, and in some countries It my be difficult to fi ‘acoresates necting these specifications. If the Los Angeles value exceeds 50, the foundation and base wilt wear much sore quickly. The figures given for asphaltic concrete and the surface dressing ‘mst not be exceeded, otherwise the structure of the Layers will suffer. 5.3 - Thickness of Recommended thicknesses for Layers, depending on traffic during construction and after completion, ‘quality of materials, and the busget allowed for the project, are given in charts in manuals such = Warwel de conception des chausetes neuves faible trafic (SETRA-LCPC), = Guide pratique de dineraionnenent pour Les pays troplenux (CERT), ~ Guide technique. Dimensionenent des renforcenents de chaussées souples (SETRA-LCPC). 6 ~ SPECIAL smupiEs Whenever possibte, it is preferable for special studies to be made during the design phase rather than ‘during works. The desfgner should consult the following List, which fs not exhaustive, to decide in each cease whether such studies are desirable. 6.1 = Rosde in desert oreos, = In regione subject to sand storms, wind, cuttings and enbanknents shere send might accumulate ‘should be avoided. The finished Level of the road should normally be no more than 15 cm higher than the surrounding ground. Windroxa should be flattened. “Active dunes should normally be avoided by laying the road parallel to their general direction. hen an active dune has to be crossed, the crossing should be at right angles, and on an cexbanknent. It fs tmportent for the rosdbed to be extra wide in areas subject to drifting aand, particularly on eabenknents where traffic camot be diverted onto the adjacent natural ground. + Sonetines sollte which appear firm subside under heavy Loads or under machinery. The bearing capacity of fech fech {8 poor unless it can be well compacted through a Layer of good ‘soil. In this case, the partly adulterated mixture of the top Layer may be aultable under a fill, With no need to renove and replace ft. 6.2 ~ Geotentitest Geotextiles are often used in earthworks for vartous purposes: #4 8 separation end filter between the supporting soll and the fill, to prevent fine and granular soit from mixing, This documents te property of Groupe BY Aqui ad shal no be dgloed to thd pares of eoraduced without pemiston of te one ro]63° Thi document i the sropary of Gouoe Bt Aautane and sha ot be cacoeed to third parties or reproduced without pemiasion ofthe owner. GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ‘STUDY OF EARTINORKS AND ROADS + for road drainage and for consol dating the supporting soll, as reinforcement of rosds on softs with low bearing capecity (CR <3), in particular to reduce the development of ruts. Geotextiles may be uved for one or more of thelr properties. They are defined by their surface mas, nominal thickness, tensile strength, ear strength, Permeability and pore size. These definitions can be found in publications by the Comité Francal es Géotextiles on the different uses of geotextiles: + generat recommendations, = Uerdacaped areas, ~ storage and parking areas, + temporary and loutraffic roads, > exbankamente, = deatnage, = geomenbranes. ‘The supplier of the product should be asked for an identification sheet, The geotextile should be ‘chosen according to each country's recomendettone. Falling thle, the recomendations of the Comité Francais des Gfotextiles should be consulted. ‘Swelling clays ‘Selling clays are characterised by a high suelling pressure, mich greater than the pressure in the soit from shich the aample fs taken. These clays have a high water-absorption copectty. swelling Potential fs generally measured uith an cedoaeter, Swelling pressure and the suelling coefficient fre determined. In addition, swelling clays have a very active clay fraction, characterised by # high plasticity ‘Index and 2-micron undersize. The activity of a clay 18 determined by the following pareneter: ‘A= Plzpercentage of particles smaller then 2 alcrone. ‘Some common values of A are: montmorillonite 7, iLUite 1, kaolinite 0.4. The higher the value of A, the greater the swelling of the clay. Clay is considered to be svelling clay shen the value of A is above 1 to 2. 1 feu well-known suet ing clays a ween clay of the Parts region, the Gharb tirs in Worecco, ‘the In Aaenas clays in Algeria, the karals in Cameroon and the Jakarta clays (A * 4) in Indonesia,GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ‘STUDY OF EARTHVORS AND ROADS Rev. 0 Dates 890507 Sf 3 2 > Erase In clay sotls, frost causes water to migrate and form ice lentes. ven the ice thaws, the soils becone saturated with uater and lose their bearing capacity. The road must be cloved to heavy ‘raffle, shtch would danage ft, until the water has drained aay. Tha phenomenen can be avoided by building the road on a foundation of draining material which Prevents water from migrating. The thickness of the Layer is calculated by @ laboratory. 6.5 - Hard softs, boulder zones If the presence of hard Layers or spots I not detected in the design phase, treating them during construction may involve major technfeal and financial probleme. Geologists and drilling logs during geophysical investigations or well-digging should therefore be conaulted. In addition, shallow boreholes should be dug with « mechanical shovel, bulldozer, hand user, ete. These details should be appended to the consultation file, and contractors" attention should be ‘draun to the type of mechinery required and the cost of the works to be estimated in their tenders. ft soll and hard soll, and to ask contractors for alternatives, and to define their The simplest method is to separate fiUls Into ‘echnical and financial tenders for eech catesory, with possi eriterton for distinguishing between the two categories. During bid analysis, it {8 advantageous to choose the Contractor whose eriterton allows # maximum of soft soil to be counted. 1t fn thus preferable to define the extra price or prices for excavation fn hard soft shen drawing up the contract rather than the consultation file. If excavated materials are re-used for enbenknents, the job specificatfon should oblige the Contractor to fragnent the materials in euch « way that they can be compacted, if it is planned that ‘the exbankment must not settl 6.6 + Loose softs, mud pockets Loose soils and mud pockets couse weak areas shich generate settling and/or aliding. ‘Such soils should be investigated by deep drflling and studies, and then specially treated, for ‘example by vibratory compaction, settling with explosives, removal and replacement or, best of all, Pretoeding. Possible settlement should be forecast and checked over a perlod of time. Except for preloading, these works should be done by specialist This docimant ithe propery of Groupe Bf Autos and shal not be cloned to td pats oF rprcced without parmision ofthe ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTIMORKS AND ROADS Rev. + 0 Date + @9030T “of 2 2 6.7 ~ eating end towseing around water Level If rising ground water becones a problem, or if excavations are necessary below the ground weter level, 1€ should be Lovered by draing or ditches upetresm for shallou drainage or by wells for deep eainose. 6.8 ~ Soil retaining structures For all sofl-retaining structures (masonry, concrete, sheet piling, armoured soil, anchorages, etc) such as retaining walle, abutments and quay walls, overturning and slip should be calculated for the heaviest loads, and if necessary seepage should be checked. Thia moatly concerns cases uhere for reasons of permeability, the level does not vary in the same way on both afdes of the structure, 6.9 ~ wiscott Studies must teke Into account as many hypotheses as possible, obtained fram systematic inquiries sbout similar structures. For example, in a maritime tropical region, the watertightness of an enbenkment ney be seriously ‘affected by crabs digging holes through which water infiltrates. The method of building the enbanknent also influences techniques. for example, thixotropic send should not be compacted hydraulically, nor should the foundation of # tank {f the concrete ring has ‘already been built, unless there are weepholes at the bottom of the ringualt 7 + qWoIce oF FILL coxTROL, ‘he procedure for fill control should be chosen during the study, because {t Involves the rote of the Laboratory during the study, the consultation file and contractors® replies. ma ith 3 It i not necessary to control fills which ean be built in as work progresses, of variable hefsht and uith the possibility of settionent. 7.2 + Inaitu density aeasurenent The enbenkments are built in layers, the thickness of sich fe determined by tests. Neasuring density in situ fe a random test wethed shich can be used only on fine soil. The laboratory must make the messurenants on the site, before the next layer fe added. ‘hi docement ithe ropa of Crowne EM Aeutnne and shal not bo dacosed to third partie or mpradced without parmsson ofthe ownergiroure, DOCUMENTS eff aquitaine -TUDY OF EARTHORKS AND ROADS heres 9 ake sot GENERAL TECHNICAL 3° Tie documant ste propery of Groupe BY Aen and shal not be caclosed to thd paras or reproduced without persion of te owner Plate bearing tests can be performed on granular sof For fine softs, the test can be performed after construction with @yramic penetrometer. In the Latter two cases, there Is no guarantee that the values obtained are permanent or that eettlement wil net occur tater. ‘RTR_O/3 method Borroned materials are classified by a laboratory before they are used. After the specifications of the contractor's roller have been obtained, the thickness of the Layer Ie determined and the ratio A between the quantity used (a) and the area (A) covered at the eane time by the compactor. With this method, which is sultable for Large earthworks projects, the services of the Laboratory, ‘are syatemtically required during studies to determine grain size grading, plasticity and moteture content, in addition to the services of the Inspector to check the quantities used (topography) and the speed of the rollers (tachographs or statistical spot checks). This makes it easier to enter details of construction in a date bank and allous search and comparison. For earth-noving studies, the folloving bulking figures can be taken: Fo = bulked volune:volume fn borrow pit Fe = compacted volume:volune in borrow pit wm | fe Send ard sand: gravel tx oe Topsoft ale Ordinary, slightly clayey soft 125 | 09 Utera-fine sand as fous Ripped rocky sott 15 Clade of tay and mart vas [out very compact cay ws | 13 Rocky material (extracted with explosives) we foeGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTHNORKS AND ROADS groupe elf aquitaine “Aggregate: sand and gravel = coarse from 2 to 25 mn, fine fram 0.05 to 2 mm. = Clay: soft with grain size finer than 0.002 mn. “Attritfont production of fines by mutual friction between aggregate particles sich blunts the edes. Measured by the Deval test. Pebbles : rounded stones retained by 25 mm round-hole screen and passing through 100 mm screen CAFHOR).. “can (Calffornte Bearing Ratio) test: a penetration test on s semple of soll with # given mofsture content compacted at @ given pressure. 1t is expressed by ® ratio from a US reference matertal. Penetration conditions vary: soaked CBR test (generally four days! soaking). Generally used for the thickness of the road course. «mediate COR test (performed immediately after compacting). Used to measure the senaitivity of @ materfal to water or to determine quantities for trestnent. + Cobbles + rounded stones retained by 100 m round-hole screen CAFWOR). ~Geotextile: fabric used in civil engineering, made from textile fibres in various forme depending on furetion. They may be woven, non-woven, knitted, mesh, thread, net or composite containing at least one geotextile elenent. -Particle size distribution (size grading): sofl classification using a standard set of sieves. The type of sieve used for grading must always be specified. =ravel: fragments between 5 and 20 mm. + Index of plasticity (plasticity Index): IP = LL = U Laterite: reddish soft found in tropical regions, characterized by the presence of free aluniniun and ‘ron oxide. A distinction Is made between clays or silte, sande, mortars and rocks which harden to varying extent in air. = Atterberg ites Liguld Lite LL o WL, plastic Unit LP of WP: «Liquid Limit: the Lovest moisture content, expressed as a percentage weight in relation to dry etter, at which a sample of sofl starts to becone plastic; Ths document te rope of Groupe BH Aautan ad shal net be cacosed to rd pares or reproduced without emission of te owner.GENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS Rev. + 0 pate: 89007 [STUDY OF EARTINORKS ARO ROADS Paget 7 of 3 20 -plastic Limit: the lovest moisture content, expreseed a6 4 percentage welght in relation to dry natter, at which a sample of soil can be rolled into # thread 3am in dimeter between a sheet of ‘leas and the palm of the hand; = shrinkage Limit: the mofsture content, expressed as a percentage weight in relation to dry matter, at ich the volume of soft no Longer decresses when the mofsture content decreases, and starts to fnerease en the mofature content Increases. = Rubbl ‘crushed stones retained by 100 mm round-hole ecreen. Los Angetes tests test in which aggregates are fraguented by the impact of steel balls falling in a ele. = Proctor test s © standard compaction test with tuo energies ~ normal Proctor and modified Proctor energy. Lia compacted with an increasing moisture content and the corresponding deneity reaches # maxima ‘hich fa the Proctor optimus. The characteristic values are optimum Proctor denaity (gum opt.) and ‘optinun mofsture content (w opt.)- “RYR (Reconmandations pour les Travaux Rout fers): see bibl tography fn Appendix 2. Sard: granular material with particle sizes between 0.05 and 5 sm. -Woisture content: if P and Ps are respectively the wet and dry weights of an exactly known volume V of soil, ite motature content U = (P - Ps)/Ps x 100. ~Wiogerheads : blocks bigger than 80 mn. Traffic: traffic classes are defined by thresholds expressed as the average dally heavy-duty vehicle traffic. Neavy-duty vehicles have a useful load of at Least 5 tonnes. TRAFFIC cLAss TRAFFIC THRESHOLD % 25 10 50 OVS per day B 50 to 150 Nove per day r 150 to 300 wove per dey n 300 to 750 40Ve per dey “Tufs + Calcareous deposit with CBR>40, non plastic but sensitive to water Thi docemant tthe prope of Groupe Et Aula and shal not bw cacloeed to td pares oF rcroded without parmiason of th ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS STUDY OF EARTIOORKS AND ROADS Pere: 18 of + 20 eorex 2 PRIEE p1oLtocRApHY These rules are based on the recomendations in the following publications. ce me + seu = FRENCH ~ Volume 1+ Preoaring projects end carrving out earthworks: this volume deals mainly with preparing projects ond contracts. “Volume 2: The use of sofl for enbenkeents end Isoroved subgrade: this volume contains @ soft classification table. ~Volume 3: Compectina enbarkments and imroved subarade: this volume contains @ List of the most widely- Used campectors and a table for deteraining the thickness of the Layer and the Intensity of compact ion ‘cording to the characteristics of the compactor and of the soil. “Volum 4: Lenting enbenkments and inoroved subarede: this volune describes continuous testing procedures fend defines its field of application compared with traditional methods. [t summarises the mein rules and “General rules for acceptance and ute of geotextiles. = Recommendations for use: Im green areas, sport and recreation grounde, + In atorage and parking aress, Im temporary and lov-traffie roads and iaproved subgrades. = Geotextiles In enbarknents = Geotextiles in drainege. + Geomenbranes (etarting 1988). 5 “WML DE CONCEPTION DES CHAUSSEES MEWES A FALBLE TRAFIC - SETRA/LCOC 4 “MEMENTO DES SPECIFICATIONS FRANCAISES - CMMUSSEES - seTRAyLOPC 5 ~GUIDE PRATLOUE DE DINENSIONNEMENT DES CHAUSSEES POUR LES PAYS TROPICAIX - CEBTP - MINisTeY OF cooPeRATioW Thi document ithe propery of roves Et Aqutahe and shal ot be coe to tid parties or reproduced without permission ofthe own.7 -WAMWEL OU LABORATOIRE ROUTIER - R. PELTIER ‘Thin dciment athe ropety of owe Bi Agate and shal not be dacove to thi partis or reproduced without permission ofthe ownerGENERAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS