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Multiplication and Power Laws For Logarithms: Log (8) Log (2) 3 Log (2) + Log (2) 2 + 1 3
Multiplication and Power Laws For Logarithms: Log (8) Log (2) 3 Log (2) + Log (2) 2 + 1 3
Questions
1. Simplify each pair of expressions to show that they are equal.
The first one has been done for you.
3
= log2 (2 ) = 2 + 1
= 3 = 3
Therefore log 2
(4 × 2) = log2 (4) + log2 (2)
c) log6 (6
25
×6
28
) and log6 (6
25
) + log6 (6
28
)
d) 8
logt (t ×t )
9
and 8
logt (t ) + logt (t )
9
e) logk (k
m
×k )
n
and logk (k
m
) + logk (k )
n
Multiplication law
The multiplication law can be used to expand or condense logarithms:
For example,
Expanding: log (21) = log 4 4
(7) + log4 (3) , since 21 = 7 × 3
Condensing: log (5) + log 9 9
(2) = log9 (10) , since 5 × 2 = 10
log7 (5y)
log3 (10)
logy (26)
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
a) Samara tried to condense the following expression b) Percy tried to expand the following logarithm into
into one logarithm: two parts:
log3 (9) + log9 (9)= log3 (9 × 9) × log3 (27)= log3 (3) × log3 (9) ×
c) Emmanuel tried to condense the following d) Annelise tried to condense the following
expression into one logarithm: expression into one logarithm:
log2 (4) + log2 (4)= log2×2 (4 × 4) × log2 (8) + log2 (8)= log2 (8 + 8) ×
4. Simplify the following expressions using the multiplication law for logarithms. The simplest form may still
contain a logarithm.
a) log 6
(3) + log6 (12) b) log 49
(7) + log49 (7)
c) log 11
(22) d) log x
2
7
(x) + logx2 (x )
5. Expand then simplify each of the following logarithms. Do this by rewriting the power as repeated
multiplication and using the multiplication law for logarithms.
The first one has been done for you.
a) log 7
2
(b )= log7 (b × b)
= 2 log7 (b)
b) log 7
3
(b )
c) log 7
4
(b )
a) log 2
2
(a )
b) log 2
3
(a )
c) log 2
4
(a )
19
log2 (a
19
d)
) = log2 (a × a × . . . × a)
n
n
e)
log2 (a ) = log2 (a × a × . . . × a)
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
Power law
The power law can be used to expand or condense logarithms:
n
logk (a ) = n logk (a)
For example,
Expanding: log (8) = 3 log (2), since 8 =2
7 7
3
log15 (8)
12 logp (x)
26
log7 (11 )
log13 (9)
n log7 (23)
3 log16 (3)
a) Sabina tried to expand the following logarithm into b) Jorge tried to condense the following expression
two parts: into a single logarithm:
3 3
log2 (4 )= (log2 (4)) × 5 log9 (y)= log9 (5y) ×
9. Use the multiplication and power laws to simplify each of the following expressions.
a) log 11
(8) − log11 (4) − log11 (2) b) log 12
(3) + 2 log12 (2)
48
log8 (29 )
c) log 2
(36) − 2 log2 (3) d) 2
log8 (29 )
e) 6 log 100
(10) + 3 log1,000 (10) f) log a
q
p
(a ) + logaq (a
q−p
)
9 20
log7 (x ) × log19 (x )
g) 4 3
h) 7 log 35
5
(7 ) + 5 log35 (5 )
7
log7 (x ) × log19 (x )
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
Answers
1. Simplify each pair of expressions to show that they are equal.
The first one has been done for you.
3
= log2 (2 ) = 2 + 1
= 3 = 3
Therefore log 2
(4 × 2) = log2 (4) + log2 (2)
= 2 = 2
Therefore log 5
(5 × 5) = log5 (5) + log5 (5)
c) log6 (6
25
×6
28
)= log6 (6
53
) and log6 (6
25
) + log6 (6
28
)= 25 + 28
= 53 = 53
Therefore log 6
(6
25
×6
28
) = log6 (6
25
) + log6 (6
28
)
d) 8
logt (t
9
×t )= logt (t
17
) and 8 9
logt (t ) + logt (t )= 8 + 9
= 17 = 17
Therefore log t
(t
8 9 8
×t ) = logt (t ) + logt (t )
9
e) logk (k
m n
×k )= logk (k
m+n
) and logk (k
m n
) + logk (k )= m + n
= m + n
Therefore log k
(k
m n
×k ) = logk (k
m
) + logk (k )
n
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
a) Samara tried to condense the following expression b) Percy tried to expand the following logarithm into
into one logarithm: two parts:
log3 (9) + log9 (9)= log3 (9 × 9) × log3 (27)= log3 (3) × log3 (9) ×
c) Emmanuel tried to condense the following d) Annelise tried to condense the following
expression into one logarithm: expression into one logarithm:
log2 (4) + log2 (4)= log2×2 (4 × 4) × log2 (8) + log2 (8)= log2 (8 + 8) ×
= log2 (64)
4. Simplify the following expressions using the multiplication law for logarithms. The simplest form may still
contain a logarithm.
a) log 6
(3) + log6 (12)= log6 (3 × 12) b) log 49
(7) + log49 (7)= log49 (7 × 7)
2
= log6 (6 ) = 1
= 2
c) log11
(22)= log11 (11 × 2) d) log x
2
7
(x) + logx2 (x )= logx2 (x ×x )
7
= 1 + log11 (2) 2 4
= logx2 ((x ) )
= 4
5. Expand then simplify each of the following logarithms. Do this by rewriting the power as repeated
multiplication and using the multiplication law for logarithms.
The first one has been done for you.
a) log 7
2
(b )= log7 (b × b)
= 2 log7 (b)
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
b) log 7
3
(b )= log7 (b × b × b)
= 3 log7 (b)
c) log 7
4
(b )= log7 (b × b × b × b)
= 4 log7 (b)
a) 2
log2 (a )= log2 (a × a)
= 2 log2 (a)
b) 3
log2 (a )= log2 (a × a × a)
= 3 log2 (a)
c) 4
log2 (a )= log2 (a × a × a × a)
= 4 log2 (a)
d)
19
19
log (a ) = log2 (a × a × . . . × a)
2
19
= 19 log2 (a)
e)
n
n
log2 (a ) = log2 (a × a × . . . × a)
n
=log2 (a) + log2 (a)+. . . + log2 (a)
= n log2 (a)
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
12
logp (x ) 12 logp (x)
26
log7 (11 ) 26 log7 (11)
n
log7 (23 ) n log7 (23)
a) Sabina tried to expand the following logarithm into b) Jorge tried to condense the following expression
two parts: into a single logarithm:
3 3
log2 (4 )= (log2 (4)) × 5 log9 (y)= log9 (5y) ×
A correct way to expand the logarithm would The correct way to condense the expression
be: would be:
3 5
log2 (4 ) = 3 log2 (4) 5 log9 (y) = log9 (y )
9. Use the multiplication and power laws to simplify each of the following expressions.
a) Note: Your working out may look different, but your b) Note: Your working out may look
answer must be the same. different, but your answer must be the
3 2 same.
log11 (8) − log11 (4) − log11 (2)= log11 (2 ) − log11 (2 ) − log11 (2)
2
log12 (3) + 2 log12 (2)= log12 (3) + log12 (2 )
= 3 log11 (2) − 2 log11 (2) − log11 (2)
= log12 (3 × 4)
= log12 (12)
= 1
c) Note: Your working out may look different, but d) Note: Your working out may look different, but
your answer must be the same. your answer must be the same.
48
log2 (36) − 2 log2 (3)= log2 (4 × 9) − 2 log2 (3) log8 (29 ) 48 log8 (29)
=
2
= log2 (4) + log2 (9) − 2 log2 (3) log8 (29 ) 2 log8 (29)
2 2
= log2 (2 ) + log2 (9) − log2 (3 ) 48
=
= 2 + log2 (9) − log2 (9) 2
= 24
= 2
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Multiplication and Power Laws for Logarithms
e) Note: Your working out may look different, but your f) Note: Your working out may look
answer must be the same. different, but your answer must be
6 3 the same.
6 log100 (10) + 3 log1,000 (10)= log100 (10 ) + log1,000 (10 )
p q−p p q−p
logaq (a ) + logaq (a )= logaq (a ×a )
= log100 (1, 000, 000) + log1,000 (1, 000)
p+q−p
= logaq (a )
3
= log100 (100 ) + 1
q
= logaq (a )
= 3 + 1
= 1
= 4
g) Note: Your working out may look different, h) Note: Your working out may look different, but
but your answer must be the same. your answer must be the same.
9 20 5 7
log7 (x ) × log19 (x ) 9 log7 (x) × 20 log19 (x) 7 log35 (7 ) + 5 log35 (5 )= 7 × 5 log35 (7) + 5 × 7 log35 (5)
=
4 3
log7 (x ) × log19 (x ) 4 log7 (x) × 3 log19 (x) = 35 log35 (7) + 35 log35 (5)
= 3 × 5
= 35 log35 (35)
= 15
= 35 × 1
= 35
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