Title: The Challenges of Crafting a Natural Product Research Paper and the Solution

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The main objective was that the experimental activity with the theoretical foundation will provide to
the students of organic chemistry the ability to link concepts and develop skills in the laboratory.
Selectivity ratio analysis predicted (?)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) to be a major contributor to
inhibition of UGTs ( Fig. 8 ). This prediction was confirmed with follow up in vitro studies using
commercially available catechins and the clinically relevant intestinal UGT substrate raloxifene. 170.
A typical analysis includes a series of 2-fold or 10-fold dilutions of the extract, with the highest
concentration in the range of 1.0 mg mL ?1 (expressed as dry weight of extract per volume of
dilution solvent). Errors also result from attempting to quantify analytes present at too low of a
concentration, i.e. below the limit of quantification for the analytical method. While there is general
agreement that rigorous scientific studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of botanical
natural products used by consumers, researchers conducting such studies face a unique set of
challenges. This quantity far exceeded the yield of the Ujtusnad samples. These products are free
from any type of radical that can be harmful to your skin. As evidence of this lack of clear
distinction, the points in the PCA plot in Fig. 3B representing supplement and tea samples overlap,
suggesting (incorrectly) that the chemical makeup of the different samples is indistinguishable.
Examination of UV spectra at multiple retention times across a single chromatographic peak can also
aid in detecting coeluting compounds. The resulting residue is dried under nitrogen and subjected to
several stages of normal phase flash chromatography. Celebrities have their own range of beauty
products. We thank the following individuals for insightful comments and helpful discussions: Dr D.
A major advantage of these reference materials is that they have often been characterized already,
and information is available about known genetic markers and the presence and identity of known
metabolites. Students: F elix Katele Zongwe (PhD), Sephora Mianda Mutombo (MSc). This essay
covers the recent trend of extracting the essential oils from plants using various methods Download
Free PDF View PDF Acta Agraria Debreceniensis Essential oil extraction from herbs and their use in
the food industry Csaba Andras Essential oil extraction of wild caraway and thyme was performed
using a classical (HD) and microwave hydro-distillation (MWHD) and a laboratory supercritical
fluid extraction (SFE) with a carbon dioxide as solvent. Among other concerns, there were reports of
cross-contamination of the samples, and the investigation focused on botanical extracts, not whole
plant material, such that intact DNA may not have been present even if the correct botanical natural
products were used. 52 This controversy may have been avoided with the use of complementary
analytical approaches suitable for characterizing extracts (such as described in 6.3 and 6.4). However,
it is often infeasible to conduct such in vivo studies with the speed and scale necessary to facilitate
bioassay-guided fractionation; thus, fractionation and isolation efforts are typically guided by in vitro
evaluation. You'll see how helpful they are and how inexpensive they are compared to other options,
Especially for Natural Product Research. When a commercial product is used and a voucher
specimen is not accessible, compare the chemical profile of the botanical to be used in the study to
that of a vouchered reference material. Furthermore, some contaminants are detectable only with
specialized analytical methods. For example, extracted botanical supplements cannot readily be
identified using DNA barcoding techniques. After signing up, you would need to import your
existing references from Word or Bib file to SciSpace. In our studies we evaluated a minimum of 30
different products. Extraction solvent choice should be carefully considered and justified based both
on experimental data and practical considerations. Even more importantly, a botanical natural product
prepared by a contract laboratory may not reflect commercial products being consumed by the
general public. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral
properties of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques.Over
all, the results suggest that alteration in wavenumber of IR peaks in treated samples might be
occurred due to biofield induced alteration in force constant and dipole moment of some bonds.
Introduction 2. Terminology relevant to botanical natural products 3. Software packages such as
RamClust 156 and IntelliXtract 157 can help assign identities of clusters and fragments and group
associated ions. Because methanol enabled rapid and reproducible extraction of samples, the
extraction process did not confound comparisons of the chemical composition of the products
themselves. Small molecules are more stable than DNA, and they typically survive the processing
involved with preparing botanical natural products.
Dr Paine leads the Center of Excellence for Natural Product-Drug Interaction Research, a
multidisciplinary effort involving clinical pharmacologists, natural products and analytical chemists,
and health informaticists to provide leadership in the study of these complex interactions. However,
water, ethanol and glycerin extracts are difficult to manipulate in a laboratory setting. Terms used
elsewhere include: supplements, herbal medicines, herbal drugs, herbs, botanical preparations,
nutraceuticals, phytomedicines, and botanical medicines. While you might first think of books,
journal articles, and news websites as go-to sources for academic work, YouTube also provides a
wealth of quality information. Instead, recognize that they reflect the responsiveness of the analyte
to the detector, i.e. its ionization efficiency (for MS) or its molar absorptivity (UV). Validation is a
process by which a given method is optimized for parameters related to accuracy, precision, limits of
detection and quantitation, linear range and robustness. 90 Other elements of method evaluation in
the context of botanical natural product research include measurements of extraction efficiency and
checking for potential matrix interference. The impact factor is one of the many elements that
determine the quality of a journal. We describe selection and authentication of botanical material and
identification of key biologically active compounds, and compare state-of-the-art methodologies
such as untargeted metabolomics with more traditional targeted methods of characterization. Profile
of drug resistance in Salmonella species in Eastern Cape, South Africa Martins A Adefisoye
Objective: The treatment of serious Salmonella infections which requires the use of cephalosporins
and fluoroquinolones is being compromised by the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
(ESBLs). For example, we elected to conduct a clinical study with green tea as a beverage (hot tea)
rather than a supplement based on popular use. 16 Similarly, a goldenseal capsule containing dried
botanical material was selected because this formulation is most commonly used as a botanical
dietary supplement. And an in-text citation book citation in Natural Product Research looks like this.
For example, extracted botanical supplements cannot readily be identified using DNA barcoding
techniques. At present, many studies are conducted with botanical natural products that lack one or
more of these characteristics. For example, GC-MS is appropriate for the analysis of certain
pesticides and residual solvents, but does not respond to many non-volatile contaminants, and a
specialized system such as an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) is needed to
detect heavy metal contaminants. Of growing concern is the increase in strains exhibiting ESBLs. It
is also advisable to compare metabolite profiles of standardized products to those of unstandardized
counterparts to determine if components contributing to biological activity might have been lost
during the standardization process (see Section 9.1). Ubiquitous compounds are usually not
classified as natural products. While characterizing various green tea products prior to clinical
evaluation, we addressed this concern by comparing hot water extraction (an obvious choice for tea)
to methanol extraction. Alternately, researchers may opt to obtain raw material and prepare a natural
product themselves or to employ a contract laboratory for formulation. 21 Finally, several suppliers
provide high quality reference materials of botanicals for research purposes. The present study was
aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of salicylic acid and
sparfloxacin using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques.Over all, the results suggest that
alteration in wavenumber of IR peaks in treated samples might be occurred due to biofield induced
alteration in force constant and dipole moment of some bonds. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of salicylic acid and sparfloxacin
using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques.Over all, the results suggest that alteration in
wavenumber of IR peaks in treated samples might be occurred due to biofield induced alteration in
force constant and dipole moment of some bonds. Tests were performed based on Clinical
Laboratory Standards Institute standards for broth microdilution methods and interpretation using
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as the control strain. We have 16years of experience in offering
cosmetics products like makeup, skincare, perfumes, brushes and cosmetic accessories at a
competitive price. Buy Now. Such validation can be performed using reference standards from NIST
(if available) for which marker compound concentrations have been reported. Whenever possible,
more than one technique should be applied to confirm the identity of a botanical sample. In this
review, we discuss the various antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes in food animals and the food
supply, factors that contributed to their emergence, their antibiotic resistance mechanisms, the public
health implications of their spread through the food supply, and the potential antibiotic alternatives
for controlling them. Standardized extracts may be chemically simpler than non-standardized
counterparts, because the process of enhancing the concentration of constituents may involve
extraction procedures that reduce extract complexity. Some are made of raw plant material
encapsulated in some coating ( i.e. gelatin), some have a liquid extract directly encapsulated, whereas
others are prepared by spray drying an extract on some solid support, such as cellulose. Nonetheless,
as a result of extensive experience, and much trial and error, we have identified a few common
themes, pitfalls, and questions that almost always arise. Because of these differences, we recommend
that multiple representative formulations and, if applicable, multiple plant parts, of a given natural
product be subjected to chemical evaluation.
Results: A greater proportion of isolates were obtained from invasive cultures. Where possible,
purchase all of this material from a single lot to ensure consistency within and between studies. It's
very easy. If you need help, our support team is always ready to assist you. Targeted metabolomics,
using only “marker compounds” found in green teas, produced less distinct separations ( Fig. 3B ).
28. Essential oil is now widely used as natural insecticidal, cosmeceuticals and aroma therapeutic
agents. These chromatographic separations are most commonly carried out using gas
chromatography (GC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), or a modern advancement on HPLC, termed ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography (UHPLC) prior to analysis by spectrometric approaches. This essay covers the
recent trend of extracting the essential oils from plants using various methods Download Free PDF
View PDF Acta Agraria Debreceniensis Essential oil extraction from herbs and their use in the food
industry Csaba Andras Essential oil extraction of wild caraway and thyme was performed using a
classical (HD) and microwave hydro-distillation (MWHD) and a laboratory supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE) with a carbon dioxide as solvent. Here’s how to do it in Natural Product Research
An example song citation in Natural Product Research. This includes identifying potential new
pharmaceutical, food ingredients and cosmeceutical ingredients biodiversity and Indigenous
Knowledge based on the use of medicinal plants. Adapted with permission from Tian et al. (2018).
170. The goal is to select a sample set that is representative of the variability in products used by the
target population. The essential oils for are primarily used in the perfumery industry and have a very
high commercial value due to its therapeutic properties. Applying these same extraction procedures
when preparing samples for chemical analysis may seem prudent. This is the Citationsy guide to
Natural Product Research citations, reference lists, in-text citations, and bibliographies. Including a
positive control can help address this problem. Multivariate statistical techniques ( e.g., PCA and
partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA)) have become routine analytical methods used
to analyze these data 101 and serve as the backbone of metabolomic statistical analyses. Our impact
factor is mainly calculated based on the number of articles that undergo a double blind peer review
process by competent Editorial Board so as to ensure excellence, essence of the work and number of
citations received for the same published articles. Based on these results, methanol extraction was
selected for metabolomics analysis of green tea products. This residue is fractionated with a normal-
phase flash chromatography system, after which the fractions are further separated via a reverse-
phase HPLC separation to yield purified compounds. 77,185. In the heat map, darker shades (values
closer to 1.00) represent stronger correlation between samples, while lighter shades (values
approaching ?1.00) represent decreased correlation between samples. Results: The essential oils of
the plant are composed of heat-sensitive chemical compounds, the use of steam distillation and
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques would inevitably inflict thermal degradation to the
natural fragrance. The result was a sample set that captured variability among the products most
widely consumed and could be realistically handled within constraints of processing and analysis
time. The formulation used can alter the chemical composition of the product. Kellogg obtained his
PhD in natural product chemistry and ethnobotanical nutraceuticals from North Carolina State
University. Herein, we seek to provide guidance for effective selection of botanical natural products
prior to in vitro, non-clinical in vivo, or clinical evaluation. The process known as “chemometrics”
refers to the statistical approaches used to analyze metabolomics datasets. It is often desirable to
quantify more than one constituent, and the ideal dilution to achieve a concentration within the
linear range of the calibration curve will vary from constituent to constituent. For example, when you
write your paper and hit autoformat, our system will automatically update your article as per the The
Natural Products Journal citation style. One consideration is whether the most popular product(s)
used by consumers are standardized. Such knowledge can be used to adjust dosage and conduct
quality control.
The complete, comprehensive guide shows you how easy citing any source can be. Automate
citations and referencing in Natural Product Research with Citationsy. Twelve plants selected based
on ethnobotanical survey information as remedy in the treatment of stomach related ailments were
screened using broth microdilution methods against strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia,
Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. Few of these factors include review board,
rejection rates, frequency of inclusion in indexes, and Eigenfactor. Because methanol enabled rapid
and reproducible extraction of samples, the extraction process did not confound comparisons of the
chemical composition of the products themselves. Dr Cech is a member of the Center of Excellence
for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, and Co-Director of the Medicinal Chemistry
Collaborative ( ). Students: Babalwa Tembeni (PhD) and Phindiwe Felicia Chawuke (PhD). The
project includes isolation of active ingredients, their validation for potential health benefits and
micro-encapsulation in cyclodextrins towards improving their physicochemical properties. We
discuss the relative merits of potential analytical approaches, including state-of-the-art metabolomics
techniques, and recommend specific, effective and practical guidelines ( Fig. 1 ). The
recommendations we provide are informed by the coauthors' experience for several decades
researching botanical natural products, culminating in our role as investigators participating in the
Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research (NaPDI Center). A different
constituent profile may be obtained by extracting in alcohol versus hot water and by using different
plant material (for example, roots versus leaves) as starting material. The formulation used can alter
the chemical composition of the product. Because botanical extracts contain endophytic and
epiphytic bacteria (and other microbes), it is virtually impossible to avoid contamination with LPS in
extracts prepared from botanicals. Typical methods of extracting botanical natural products for
human consumption include the use of aqueous ethanol or aqueous glycerin (to prepared tinctures),
or hot water (to prepare a tea). Herbaria have existed for centuries, 23 and these vouchers serve as
historical records of plant specimens, and modern uses of these go beyond taxonomy, including areas
like conservation biology. 24 Thus, a pressed and dried sample of the voucher is deposited in a
regional or national herbarium, where it is catalogued and stored for future reference. What types of
preparations (capsule, tincture, tea, compress, topical versus internal) are employed. His research is
centered around the development and application of metabolomic approaches to complex mixture
analyses, with a focus on endosymbiotic microorganisms to drive discovery of novel bioactive
compounds. Mary F. Paine Dr Mary F. Paine is an Associate Professor in the Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State
University. In addition, re-isolation of known active compounds has plagued traditional bioassay-
guided fractionation experiments. This quantity far exceeded the yield of the Ujtusnad samples. This
issue can be particularly pronounced with mass spectrometry as an analytical method. Obtaining
botanical natural product study material 5.1 Voucher specimens 5.2 Contracting an independent
laboratory to prepare study material 5.3 Purchasing study material from a commercial supplier 5.4
Optimal number of samples to analyze 5.5 Purchasing authenticated botanical reference materials 5.6
Collecting cultivated or wild plant material Box 2 Summary of recommendations: obtaining study
material 6. For example, when you write your paper and hit autoformat, our system will
automatically update your article as per the Natural Product Research citation style. It does not mean
that the analyte was absent from the sample. Students: F elix Katele Zongwe (PhD), Sephora Mianda
Mutombo (MSc). DNA barcoding is not feasible for processed botanical products where the DNA is
either not present or potentially highly degraded, or where there are two or more species present
(either mixtures of active botanicals or the use of botanical “filler” such as rice). 50 Unfortunately,
DNA barcoding is occasionally used to characterize processed botanical natural products without
recognition of these limitations. For example, for studies our group conducted with green tea, both
spray-dried and raw plant material supplements and tea formulations in the 34 products were
included in the initial evaluation. However, the methods and results of the study were suspect. For
most botanicals sold commercially as dietary supplements, there is a broad literature base that
describes known metabolites and quantities in which they are likely to be present. Among the
Salmonellas, typhoid fever or enteric fever is considered as the most prominent food-borne disease
caused by Salmonella. Selection of contaminants can be guided by consultation with the literature or
based upon knowledge regarding the environment in which the sample was grown and the
processing it was subjected to post-harvest. Because of these differences, we recommend that
multiple representative formulations and, if applicable, multiple plant parts, of a given natural
product be subjected to chemical evaluation.