-1-

fy;tp mikr;R (Ministry of Education)

‘Nena Pawra’ G.C.E. caHju fUj;juq;F - 2022
‘Nena Pawra’ G..C.E. Advanced Level Seminar Series - 2022
ngsjpftpay; II (Physics II)
gFjp A - mikg;Gf; fl;Liu
Part A - Structure Essay

1. rPuhd FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;gsTila U Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp jputnkhd;wpd; njhlHglHj;jpiaf; fhZk;

ghpNrhjidapy; ePUld;> ePUld; fyf;fhj jputk; rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gij cU(1) fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,q;F xy vd;gJ Muk;gj;jpy; jputq;fspd; nghJ ,ilKf fpil kl;lkhFk;.

(a) (i) ckf;F ePUld; Nkyjpfkhf NtW %d;W jputq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. A B

mit mlHj;jp FiwAk; tifapy; mdpyPd;> ePH> Njq;fha; vz;nza;>
mw;fNfhy; MFk;.
U Fohapy; eP U ld; NkNy jug; g l;L s; s %d;W jputq; f spy;
vj;jputj;ij/jputq;fis gad;gLj;j KbahJ? hl
......................................................................................................... hw
(ii) ckJ tpilf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.. x y
.........................................................................................................
l w
.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
cU(1)

(b) jputk;> ePH vd;gtw;wpd; mlHj;jpfs; KiwNa l w vdpd;  l vDk; tpfpjj;ij hl , hw Mfpatw;wpd;
w
rhHghf vOJf.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................

(c) tiuG Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp  l vDk; tpfpjj;ijj; JzpaNtz;Lk;.
w
,jw;fhd mz;zsthd tiuig tiue;J mr;Rf;fisg; ngaupLf.

(d) ePUld;; jputk; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ nghJ ,ilKfk; xy ,ypUe;J jput cauk; hl = 10 cm
ck; ePH cauk; hw = 8 cm ck; MFk;. gpd;dH 10 cm3 fdtsTila jputk; NkYk; Gak; A ,y;
Cw;wg;gl;lhy; hw ,d; Gjpa ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f. Fohapd; FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;gsT 2 cm2
MFk;.
FL
.........................................................................................................
Kryk;
......................................................................................................... A B
(e) kPz;Lk; jput epuypd; cauk; hl = 10 cm ,w;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;L >
eP U ld; ; jputk; rkepiyapy; ,Uf; F k; N ghJ cU (2) ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW Gak; A ,y; GFj;jg;gl;l xg;gkhd ,Nyrhd
Kryj;j pdhy; (FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;gsT 2 cm2) tpir FL Ig;
gpuNahfpj;J jput> ePH vd;gtw;wpd; Nkw;gug;Gf;fs; xNu kl;lj;jpw;F
nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;wd. (ePupd; mlHj;jp 1000 kg m3 ) hw
10 cm
x y
(i) FL ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f. jputk;
.................................................................................................. x’ y’
................................................................................................... ePH
................................................................................................... cU(2)
 -2-
(ii) kl; lq; fs; xy > x1y1 fSf;f pilapYs;s J}uk; ahJ?
.............................................................................................................................................................
(f) ckf;F tpj;jpahrkhd cauq;fs;;> FWf;Fntl;L tpl;lq;fs; cila A , B , C , D vDk; ehd;F U
Foha;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

40 cm

A B C D

(i) ,f;Foha;fspy; ,g;gupNrhjidf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd U Fohahf ePH vjid njupT

nratPH ?
...................................................................................................................................................
(ii) ckJ njupTf;fhd ,U fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1.................................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................

2. ghlrhiy Ma;T $lj;j py; fyit Kiwapdhy; cNyhff; F z; L fspd; jd;n tg;g f; n fhs;ssit
Jzptjw;fhf khztndhUtdpdhy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gupNrhjid cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfhjpFohapYs;s cNyhff;Fz;LfshdJ ePh; nfhz;l Kfitapy; itf;fg;gl;L 100 o C ,w;F
ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;lJ. ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;l cNyhff;Fz;Lfs; ePhn
; fhz;l fNyhhpkhdpapy; ,l;L; fyf;fg;gl;lJ.

ntg;gkhdp

fyf;fp
nfhjpFoha;

cNyhff;Fz;Lfs;
ePUs;s ghj;jpuk; ePH

fNyhupkhdp

(a) (i) nfhjpFohapYs;s cNyhff;Fz;Lfs; 100 o C I mile;Js;sd vd;gij vt;thW cWjpgg

; Lj;JtPh; ?
........... ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) cNyhff; Fz;Lfis ntg;gkhf;f rhjhuz nfhjpFohiag; ghh;f;fpYk; cNyhff;Foha; rpwe;jJ
vd khztd; xUtd; $Wfpd;whd;. mtdJ $w;Wf;F ePH cld;gbfpd;wPuh? fhuzj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
. ..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................

(iii) ,g;ghpNrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd Vida %d;W cUg;gbfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(1) ................................ (2) ................................ (3) ............................................
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(iv) ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;l cNyhff;Fz;Lfis fNyhhpkhdpapYs;s ePhpDs; ,Lk;NghJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sNtz;ba Kw;fhg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.....................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) NkNyAs;s gupNrhjidapy; khztd; vLf;fNtz;ba mstPLfis xOq;FKiwg;gb vOJf.
(1)..............................................................................................................................................
(2)..............................................................................................................................................
(3)..............................................................................................................................................
(4)..............................................................................................................................................
(5)..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) mstPLfSf;Fhpa thrpg;Gf;fs; fPo; cs;s ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mit toikahd

myFfspy; cs;sd.
mstPL thrpg;G
(1) 100  10
(2) 220  10
(3) 30
(4) 40
(5) 720  10

ePhpd; jd;n tg;gf;n fhs;ssT 4200 J kg K ck; fNyhhpkhdpapd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT
420 J kg Kck; MFk;.
cNyhfj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssitf; fzpf;Ff.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
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(c) cNyhff;Fz;Lfis ntg;gkhf;f nfhjpFoha;f;F g; gjpyhf cNyhff;F ohiag; gad;gLj;jp
gupNrhjid nra;jhy; gupNrhjidf;F jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkh? fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(d) cNyhfj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssitj; Jzptjw;fhd fyit Kiw gupNrhjidapy; fNyhupkhdpapy;
ePUf;Fg; gjpyhf Njq;fha; vz;nza; gad;gLj;JtJ mD$ykh my;yJ gpujp$ykh? ckJ
tpilia epahag;gLj;Jf.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
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3. FohapDs; s thAtpd; %yHj; j p zp itj; Jzptj w; f hf xyp Kjy;
khztupdhy; xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gupNrhjid mikg;G
cU(1) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf caukhd ePH njhl;b>
kP w ; w Hr; r l; l k; > ,U KidfSk; jpwe; J s; s Foha; > khwh
kPbwDila xypiaf;fhYk; xyp Kjy; Mfpad
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;ntg;gepiyapYk; FohapYs;s tspapd;
ntg;gepiyiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j fzpaKk; khwtpy;iy vdTk;
FohapDs;s tspapd; ntg;gepiy ePupd; ntg;gepiyf;Fr; rkd;
vdTk; fUJf.
(a) tspapy; xypapd; fjp (v) ,w;fhd Nfhitia tspapd;
jdpntg;gepiy (T) , tspapd; %yHj;jpzpT (M) Mfpait
rhHghf vOJf.
..............................................................................................
(b) ,g;ngsjpfr; rkd;ghl;bYs;s Vida fzpaq;fs; ahnjdf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
cU(1)
(c) miwntg;gepiyia khw;wf;$ba Ma;T$lj;jpy; ,g;gupNrhjid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cU (1)
,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW xypKjiy Fohapd; Nky; Kidf;F mz;ikapy; itj;J> FohapYs;s
thAtpd; mbg;gilr; Ruj;jpw;fhd ghpTepiy ngwg;gl;lJ. ,g;gupT epiyia vt;thW ngWtPH?
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(d) mbg;gilr;Ruj;jpd;NghJ Fohapd; gupT ePsk; l , Kidj;jpUj;jk; e , Kjypd; mjpHT kPbwd; f
Mapd; tspapy; xypapd; fjp v ,w;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(e) ntt;NtW miwntg;gepiyfspy; mbg;gilr; Ruj;j pw;fhd gupT ePsk;(l) ngwg;gl;L tiuG
Kiwapdhy; thAtpd; %yHj;jpzpT Jzpag;gl;lJ. (Kidj;jpUj;jj;ijg; Gwf;fzpf;f)

(i) l ,w;fhd Nfhitia f > M , R , T Mfpad rhHghfg; ngWf.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) l2 vjpH T ,w; F tiuag; g l; l tiugpd; gbj; j pwd; 2.5  10 3 m2 K-1 MFk; .  = 1.4 ,
R = 8.3 J K-1 mol-1 , f = 100 Hz Mapd; tspapd; %yHj;jpzpitf; fzpf;f.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
(f) kpfTk; jpUj;jkhf ,g;gupNrhjidia nra;tjw;fhf A , B vDk; ,U khztHfs; njupT nra;j
ntg;gepiy tPr;Rfs; gpd;tUkhW
khztd; A 15 oC , 20 oC , 25 oC , 30 oC , 35 oC ; khztd; B 20 oC , 30 oC , 40 oC , 50 oC , 60 oC
(i) ePH vk;khztdpd; tPr;ir njupT nra;tPH? ..........................................................................
(ii) ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. ...........................................................................................
(g) tspapd; ntg;gepiy khwhjpUf;f <ug;gjd; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ tspapd; xypapd; fjp mjpfupf;Fkh
my;yJ FiwAkh? fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.........................................................................................................................................................
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4. (a) ikag;G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdpf;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
f lj ; jp r ; R U Sf ;F m z; i k ap y; c U ( 1) ,y ; N S
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW rl;lf;fhe;jnkhd;W
mirf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jpirapy; rl;lf;fhe;jk; cU(1)
mirf; f g; g Lk; N ghJ fy; t Ndhkhdp jpUk; g y;
t yQ ;R o p ah ft h m y;y J , lQ ; R o p ah ft h
,Uf;Fk;? A

........................................................................................ 
(b) l ePsKila flj;jp AB MdJ fhe;jg;ghatlHj;jp B cila 

v
rP u hd Gyj; j py; khwh Ntfk; v cld; ,aq; F fpd;w J.

(cU (2)

(i) flj;jp AB ,y; J}z;lg;gLk; kp.,.tp. ,w;fhd Nfhitia

vOJf.

B
.......................................................................................... cU(2)
(ii) J}z;lg;gLk; kp.,.tp. ,d; jpiria cU (2) tiuf.
(c) FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;gsT A ck; Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N cKila fk;gpr;RUs; fhe;jg;ghatlHj;jp
B cila rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; khwhf;NfhzNtfk;  cld; RoYk; ,U re;jHg;gq;fis cU(3)
> cU(4) fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cU (3) ,y; RUspy; jskhdJ fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhfTk;> cU(4)
,y; RUspd; jsj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfTs;s NeHNfhl;Lld; fhe;jg;Gyk;  Nfhzj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ.

 

B C B C

A D A D
P Q P Q

cU (3) cU (4)

(i) cU(3) > cU (4) Mfpa epiyfspy; P , Q ,ilapy; J}z;lg;gl;l kp.,.tp. ,w;fhd Nfhitfis
vOJf.
cU(3) : ............................................................................................................
cU(4) : ............................................................................................................
(ii) cU(3) ,Ys;s RUis NeNuhw;w gpwg;ghf;fpahfTk; cU(4) ,Ys;s RUis MlNyhl;l
gpwg;ghf;fpahfTk; khw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,k;khw;wj;ijr; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mikg;Gfis
cU(3) > cU(4) ,y; tiue;J fhl;Lf.
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(iii) RUspd; gug;gsT 100 cm2 ck; Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 300 ck; MFk;. fhe;jg;ghatlHj;jp
0.2 T cs;s Gyj;jpy; mjd; mr;R Fwpj;J 50 Hz kPbwDld; Roy;fpd;wJ. P , Q ,ilapy;
J}z;lg;gLk; kp.,.tp. ,d; ,il tHf;f%y(r.m.s.) ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f. 
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

(d) 600 V MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsT toq;fpapdhy; 2.5 km J}uj;jpYs;s Rikf;F 230 V/ 2 A tYtpy;
CLflj;jNtz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf epiykhw;wp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s fk;gpfspd; jil
103  m-1 MFk;.

fk;gp
2.5 km

600 V 230 V/ 2A

2.5 km
cU(5) fk;gp

(i) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiykhw;wpapd; tif ahJ?

......................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Kjw;RUspYs;s Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; Jizr;RUspYs;s Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;
,ilapyhd tpfpjj;ijf; fhz;f.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(iii) epiykhw;wpapd; jpwd; 60 % Mapd; Kjw;RUspD}L ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhz;f.
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......................................................................................................................................................
***
 -7-
fy;tp mikr;R (Ministry of Education)
‘Nena Pawra’ G.C.E. caHju fUj;juq;F - 2022
‘Nena Pawra’ G..C.E. Advanced Level Seminar Series - 2022
ngsjpftpay; II (Physics II)
gFjp B - fl;Liu (Part B - Essay)

5. flypd; mbapy; mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk; fg;gnyhd;wpd; ghfq;fis

Nrfupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; iltpq; miw (diving chamber)
cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ GwMiu 2 m cila cNyhf
nghs; miuf;Nfhsj;ijAk; mNj GwMiuiaAk; cauk; 2 m
cila cNyhf nghs; cUisnahd; i wAk; cilaJ.
miwapd; fdtsTld; xg;gpLifapy; cNyhfj;jpd; fdtsitg;
Gwf;fzpf;fyhk;. iltpq; miwapd; jpzpT 20000 kg ck;
mjpYs;s %d;W kdpjHfspd; jpzpTfs; 200 kg ck; MFk;.
fly; ePupd; mlHj;jp 1200 kg m-3 (  = 3 )

(a) iltpq; miwia flypy; ,Lk;NghJ flypy; vt;tsT 2m

fdtsT mkpo;e;J kpjf;Fk; vdf;fhz;f. 2m

(b) iltpq; miw flypy; Kw;whf mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk;NghJ mjd;

kPJ njhopw;gLk; NkYijg;igf; fhz;f.

(c) epiyj;j Gs;spnahd;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,ionahd;wpy; iltpq; miwia ,izj;J >

ePupDs; mkpo;tjw;fhf mjpYs;s nghs; cUisapDs; Kw;whf ePH epug;gg;gLk;. mJ Kw;whf
ePupy; mkpo;e;J rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,ioapYs;s ,Oitiaf; fhz;f.

(d) ,io njha;e;J ,Uf;fkhW gpbf;fg;gLk; fzj;jpy; iltpq; miw fPo;Nehf;fp ,aq;f Muk;gpf;Fk;
MHKLfiyf; fhz;f.

(e) ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 100 m Moj;jpy; iltpq; miwapd; mbg;gug;G ,Uf;FkhW epiyahf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,io njha;e;J cs;sJ. miwapd; miuf;Nfhs Nkw;gug;gpy;
mKf;fk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpiriaf; fzpj;J mjd; jpiriaAk; Fwpf;f.

(f) iltpq; miw 100 m Moj;jpUf;F k;

NghJ mg; g Fjpapy; fpilahf eP H
10 m s1
gha;tjhy; miwapd; Nky; gFjpapy; ePH
ghAk; Ntfk; 10 m s1 ck; mbg;gFjpapy;
ePH ghAk; Ntfk; 8 m s1 ck; MFk;.
,t;Ntf tpj;jpahrk; fhuzkhf iltpq;
miwapy; Vw;gLk; epiyf;Fj;J tpiriaf;
fhz;f.
(,e;ePH neUf;fhnjdTk; gpRf;Fikaw;wJ
vdTk; mUtpf; N fhl; L g; g ha; r ; r ypd;
gha;fpd;wJ vdTk; fUJf)

8 m s1

(g) ,e;eHP g;gha;rr

; y; fhuzkhf ,ioahdJ epiyf;Fj;Jld; 60o Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ug;gpd; iltpq; miwapy;
ePu; NkhJtjhy; miwapd; kPJ Vw;gLk; fpil tpiriaf; fhz;f.

(h) 120 m Moj;jpYs;s flypd; mbapy; iltpq; miwia epWj;jp itj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ miwapd;
fPo;gug;gpw;Fk; flypd; mbg;gug;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ePH ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjpYs;s kdpjHfspdhy;
4000 kg jpzpTs;s cile;j fg;gypd; ghfq;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;dH iltpq; miwia
kl;Lkl;lhf NkNy caHj;Jtjw;F mjpYs;s ePupd; vf;fdtsit mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf;fhz;f.
 -8-
6. mz;ikapYs;s rpwpa nghUnshd;iw ngupjhf mtjhdpg;gjw;F vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b my;yJ
$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;b gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

(a) (i) nghUs; J}uj;jpy;; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ rpwpaJNghy; njd;gLk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.

(ii) nghUnshd; i w fz; Z f; F mz; i kapypUe; J k; J}uj; j pypUe; J k; mtjhdpf; F k; N ghJ

fjpHg;glq;fis tiuf.

(iii) EZf;Ff;fhl;bnahd;wpd; ,ay;ghd nrg;gQ;nra;if vd;w hy; ahJ? ,t;thW nrg;gQ;

nra;iff;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.

(iv) EZf;Ff;fhl;bnahd;wpd; Nfhzg; ngupjhf;fj;ij tiuaWf;f.

(b) (i) $l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bnahd;wpy; Ftpaj;J}uk; 5 cm cila FtpTtpy;iy ghHitj;Jz;lhfTk;

Ftpaj; J }uk; 2 cm cila FtpTtpy; i y nghUspahfTk; gad; g j; j g; g Lfpd; w J.
nghUspapypUe;J 3 cm J}uj;jpYs;s nghUis mtjhdpj;jNghJ mg;nghUspd; ,Wjp
tpk;gk; ghHitj;Jz;bypUe;J 25 cm J}uj;jpy; cUthfpaJ. ,t;TUthFtijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd
fjpHg;glj;ij tiuf.

(ii) ,f;$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; Nfhzg; ngupjhf;fj;ijAk; ,U tpy;iyfSf;fpilapyhd

Ntwhf;fj;ijAk; fhz;f.

(c) (i) ,e;EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; jiyfPohd tpk;gj;ijNa mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; epkpHe;j

cUg; n gUj; j ,Wjp tpk; g j; i j mtjhdpg; g jw; F ghHitj; J z; i l mfw; w p> 3 cm
Ftpaj;J }uKila FopTtpy;iy gad;gLj;j g;gLfpd;wJ. ,Wjp epkpHe;j tpk;gk; FopT
tpy;iyapypUe;J 25 cm J}uj;jpy; cUthFkhapd; ,jw;fhd fjpH tupg;glj;ij tiuf.

(ii) FtpT tpy;iyf;Fk; FopT tpy;iyf;Fkpilg;gl;l J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.

(iii) khztndhUtd; tpdh (b)(i) ,Ys;s tpy;iyfSld; ,d;DnkhU FtpTtpy;iyiag;

gad;g Lj;j p cUg;n gUj;j epkpHe;j tpk; gj;ijg; ngwyhk; vdf; $Wfpd;w hd;. Mdhy;
,k;KiwapYk; ghHf;f tpdh (c)(i) ,Ys;s KiwNa rpwe;jJ vd NtnwhU khztd;
$Wfpd; w hd; . ,k;k hztHfspd; $w;W f; fspy; ePH vjid Vw;W f; n fhs; t PH ? fhuzj; i j
epahag;gLj;Jf.

7. (a) (i) Nkw;gug;gpOitapd; gupkhzj;ij vOJf.

(ii) RahjPd Nkw;gug;Gr; rf;jp vd;gjhy; ahJ tpsq;Ffpd;wPH?

(iii) ABCD vd;gJ fpilahd fk;gpj; jlnkhd;whFk;. FL vd;gJ B F A

fk;gpj;jlj;jpy; ,af;ff;$ba Nfhnyhd;whFk;. jlk; FLCB
,y; Nkw; g ug; g pOit T cila rtHf; f hug; g lyk;
cUthf; f g; g l; L s; s J. Nfhy; XY MdJ cUtpy; l
fhl; l g; g l; L s; s thW  x J}uj; j pw; F mirg; g jw; F
nra;ag;glNtz;ba Ntiyf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
(cuha;T tpiriag; Gwf;fzpf;f) C L x D

(iv) rpwpa jpzpTila tpisahl;Lg;glF ePupy; mirahJ

kpjg;gij cU fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;dhy; cUtpy; fl;G+uj;Jz;L
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW fl;G+uj;Jz;nlhd;iw ,izj;jhy;
glF Kd;Ndhf;fp js;sg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;it
Nkw;gug;gpOit mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Ff.
 -9-

(b) jpwe;j pUf;F k; ePH f;Fohia %bdhy; Fohapd; cl;R tupYs;s ePH
fPo;N ehf;fp mire;J jpwe;j Kidapy; xd;W NrHfpd; wJ. ,e;ePH
miuf;Nfhsj;ij cUthf;fpaJk; (cU 1 Ig; ghHf;f) FohapypUe;J
ePq;fp khwh MiuAila Nfhs ePHj;Jspahf GtpaPHg;gpd;fo
P ; tpOfpd;wJ
vdf;fUJf. Fohapd; Kidapd; tpl;lk; 1 cm MFk;. miuf;N fhs
(ePupd; mlHj;jp 1000 kg m-3 = 3) ePHj;Jsp
40cm
(i) Fohapd; Kidapy; cUthfpapUf; F k; eP u pd; caH jpzpitf;
fhz;f.
(ii) ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpOitiaf; fhz;f.
jiu
4
(iii) GtpaPHg;gpd; fPo; tpOk; Nfhs ePHj;Jspapd; Miuiaf; fhz;f. ( 23  2.5 ) cU(1)

(iv) tspapy; fPo;Nehf;fp tpOk; ePHj;Jsp jiuapy; gl;L cile;J rHtrkdhd Nfhstbthd 100
ePHj;Jspfis cUthf;fp rkdhd ,af;fr;rf;jpAld; nry;fpd;wd. jiuapy; NkhJtjhy; Vw;gLk;
2
rf;jp ,og;ig Gwf;fzpf;f. ( 10 3  5 )

(1) cile;j ePHj;;Jspnahd;wpd; Miuiaf; fhz;f.

(2) cile;j rpwpa ePHj;;Jspfspd; ,af;fr;rf;jpfspd; $l;Lj;njhif MdJ Muk;g ngupa
ePHj;Jspapd; ,af;fr;rf;jpf;Fr; rkdhf ,Uf;Fkh? ckJ tpilia tpsf;Ff.

(c) ePHf;Fohia nkJthf jpwf;Fk;NghJ ePH epuy; fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;tij

cU (2) fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ePH epuy; fPo;Nehf;fp tpOk;NghJ Muk;gj;jpy; ePupd;
Nkw;g ug; G NeuhfTk; gpd; d H Fw;w iyahfTk; ,Uf;F k; . cUthFk;
Fw;wiyapd; Miu RZ MdJ gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;bdhy; jug;gLfpd;wJ.
RZ ,d; ngWkhdk; Fwpj;jnthU ngWkhdj;jpYk; ghHf;f mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ
ePH epuy; cile;J ePHj;Jspfs; cUthfj;njhlq;Fk;.

R Z = R0 + AK cos(k z)
R0 = ePHj;Jspapd; Miu z
RZ
AK = cUthFk; Fw;wiyapd; tPr;rk;
k = miy vz; (1 cm J}uj;jpy; Vw;gLk; KbfspdJk; >
jhopfspdJk; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if)
z = ePHf;Fohapd; KidapypUe;J ePH epuypd; ePsk;

ePH epuy; ePHj;Jspahf cila Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ AK= R0 /2 ck; RZ = 1.25 R0

ck; MFk;. 10 cm J}uj;jpy; 100 KbfSk;; jhopfSk; cs;sd. cU (2)

(i) ,e;epiyapy; ePH epuypd; miy vz;zpf;ifiaf;(k) fhz;f.

(ii) ePH epuypypUe;J ePHj;Jspahf cila Muk;gpf;Fk; J}uj;ij Fohapd; KidapypUe;J fhz;f.

8. (a) (i) epA+w;wdpd; <Hg;G tpjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(ii) <Hg;Gg;Gyj;jpYs;s xU Gs;spapy; <Hg;G mOj;jj;jpw;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(iii) M jpzpTila Nfhnshd;wpd; mjd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r J}uj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; (Nfhsj;jpd;
Nkw;gug;gpw;F Nky;) <Hg;G mOj;jk; V ,w;fhd Nfhitia M ,G, r rhHghf vOJf. G mfpy
<Hg;;G khwpyp MFk;.
(iv) Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J <Hg;G mOj;jk; (V) MdJ J}uj;Jld; (r) khWtijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd
tiuig tiuf.
(v) <Hg;G mOj;jk; vg;NghJk; kiw ngWkhdkhFk;. Vd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(b) nghUnshd;W Gtpia Nehf;fp tpOk;NghJ mjd; mOj;jr;rf;jp tpuakhFk;. ,t;tpuakhFk;

rf;jpf;F ahJ epfOk; vd gpd;tUk; xt;nthU re;jHg;gq;fspYk; tpsf;Ff.

(i) nghUs; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F Nky; RahjPdkhf tpOk;NghJ

(ii) nghUs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; rPuhd Ntfj;Jld; gazpf;Fk;NghJ
 - 10 -
(c) 1kg jpzpTila nghUs; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 32 MJ ,af;fr;rf;jpAld; epiyf;Fj;jhf
Nky;Nehf;fp vwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) nghUs; vwpag;gLk; Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f.

(ii) Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; nghUnshd;wpd;; jg;gy; Ntfj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia G , M , R rhHghfg;
ngWf. ,q;F M , R vd;gJ KiwNa Gtpapd; jpzpTk; MiuAk; MFk;.
(iii) Gtpapd; jpzpTk; MiuAk; KiwNa 6 1024 kg ck; 6400 km MFk;. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
nghUnshd;wpd;; jg;gy; Ntfj;ijf; fzpj;J gpd;dH 1kg jpzpTila nghUs; <Hg;Gg;Gyj;jpypUe;J
ntspNawhJ vdf;fhl;Lf. G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg-2
(iv) nghUnshd;W Gtp <Hg;Gg;Gyj;jpy; kl;Lkl;lhf ,Ug;gjw;F mjw;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba
caH ,af;fr;rf;jpiaf; fhz;f.
(v) re;jpudpd; jpzpT 7.5 1022 kg ck; Gtp> re;jpud; ikaq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; 4.0  105 km
ck; MFk;. ,j;J}uj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapypUe;J 400 kg jpzpTila xU nghUis Kbtpyp
J}uj;jpw;F vwptjw;Fj; Njitahd ,opT Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f. (ckJ fzpg;gpy; Gtpapd;
jpzpTld; xg;gpLifapy; re;jpudpd; jpzpitg; Gwf;fzpf;f)
(vi) nghUspd; jpzpit ,U klq;fhf;fpdhy; ,t;Ntfk; ahJ?

9. gFjp (A) ,w;F my;yJ gFjp (B) ,w;F tpil vOJf.

(A) kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaj;jpypUe;J kpd; rf;jpia J}ug;gpuNjrq;fSf;F CLflj;jg;gLtJ caH

Nthy;w;wstpy; MFk;. kpd; epiyaj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd; rf;jp gb$l;b epiykhw;wpapdhy;
caH Nthy;w;wstpw;Fk; ,opT kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. J}ug;gpuNjrq;fspYs;s
gbFiw epiykhw; w papdhy; Nthy; w ; w sitf; Fiwj; J tP L fSf;F k; njhopw; rhiyfSf; F k;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

(a) kpd; r f; j piaj; J}ug; g puNjrq; f Sf; F caH Nthy; w ; w stpYk; ,opT kpd; N dhj; j pYk;
CLflj;jg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.

(b) n t g ; g e p i y 20 o C , y ; j i l j ; j p w d ; 2  10 8  m c k ;
FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;gsT 2 cm2 ck; cila fhtyplg;gl;Ls;s
Ie;J fk;gpfs; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW rkhe;jkhf ,izj;J
x U N r H k h d f ;f k ;g p a h f ; f g; g l;L 40 km J } u j ; j p w ; F k p d;
CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjD}L ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5 A MFk;.

(i) NrHkhdf;fk;gpapd; jiliaf; fhz;f.

(ii) NrHkhdf;fk;gpf;Ff; FWf;Nfahd mOj;jNtWghl;ilf; fhz;f.
(iii) kpd; CLflj;jg;gLk;NghJ tpuakhFk; tYitf; fhz;f.
(iv) xU kzpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F kpd; CLflj;jg;gLk;NghJ mNj kpd; mOj;jNtWghl;by; khwhJ
Ngzg;gl;L mjD}L ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.4 A MfTk; fk;gpapd; ntg;gepiy 40 oC MfTk;
,Ug;gpd; fk;gpapd; jil ntg;gepiyf; Fzfj;ijf; fhz;f.

(c) (i) MlNyhl;l Nthy;w;wsit 12 V NeNuhl;l Nthy;w;wsthf khw;wg;gl;L kpd;Nkhl;lnuhd;iw

njhopw;glr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. RUSf;Fr; Nrjq;fis Vw;gLj;jhky; mjD}L ghAk; caH
kpd;Ndhl;lk; 2 A MFk;. RUspd; jil  MFk;. kpd;Nkhl;lupd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;F Muk;gj;jpy;
RUSld; njhluhd jilnahd;W ,izf;fNtzLk;. ,j;jiliaf; fhz;f.

(ii) kpd;Nkhl;lH caH tYtpy; njhopw;gLifapy; mjpy; cUthFk; gpd; kpd;,af;ftpiria

fzpf;f. gpd;dH mjd; jpwidf;; fhz;f.(,e;epiyapy; njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s jil
mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;f)

(d) kpd;Nkhl;lH njhopw;gLifapy; RUs; mjd; mr;R Fwpj;J epkplj;jpw;F 600 Kiw Roy;fpd;wJ.
RUspd; gug;gsT 40 cm2 ck; Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 100 ck; Mapd; RUs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Gyj;jpd; fhe;jg;ghatlHj;jpiaf; fhz;f.
 - 11 -
(e) rpy ehLfspy; kpd;rf;jp gpur;rpid fhuzkhf ehnshd;Wf;F gy kzpj;jpahyq;fs; kpd; Jz;bg;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kpd; Jz;bg;G Neuq;fspy; tPLfSf;F kpd;idg; ngWtjw;fhf tY khw;wp
(Power Inverter) gad;gLj; jg;gLfpd;w J. mjd; gUkl;lhd Rw;W tupg;glk; fhl;lg;gl;L s;sJ.
gw;wupapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; NeNuhl;lk; tY khw;wpapdhy; MlNyhl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;L gb$l;b
khw; w papdhy; Nthy; w ; w sT mjpfupf; f g; g Lk; . gfy; fhyq; f spy; #upa fyk; %yk; gw; w up
kpd;Ndw;wg;gLtJld; ,uT fhyq;fspy; ,t;Ntw;wg;gl;l gw;wupahdJ tY khw;wpiaj; njhopg;glr;
nra;Ak; tY toq;fpahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

A.C
#upa fyk; ,yj;jpudpay; tY khw;wp 230 V/A.C.
Rw;W

gb$l;b epiykhw;wp

gw;wup
D.C.
12 V /90 Ah
tPnlhd;wpy; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW kpd; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F 1000 W
cila tY khw;wp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

kpd; rhjdk; vz;zpf;if tY /W

kpd; Fkpo; (LED) 4 5
kpd; tprpup 1 40

(i) tY khw;wpapdhy; ,k;kpd; rhjdq;fis vt;tsT Neuj;jpw;F njhopw;glr; nra;ayhk;

vdf;fhz;f.
(ii) tY 750 W cila FspHrhjdg; ngl;bia ,k;kpd; rhjdq;fSld; njhopw;glr;nra;tjw;F
vLf;Fk; Neuj;ijf; fhz;f.
(iii) tY khw;wpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nthy;w;wsT 230 V Mapd; 10  Rikj;jilapd; tYitf;
fzpf;f.

(B) (a) ,Uthapapd;(diode) rpwg;gpay;G tiuig tiuf. RS IS IL

(b) NrdH ,Uthapapd;(zener diode) njhopw;ghl; il

tpsf;Ff. Vin RL
(c) cU(1) ,y; fhl; l g; g l; L s; s Rw; w py; NrdH
Nthy;w;wsT 12 V MFk;. RS , RL Mfpa jilfs;
K i w N a 120  , 200  M F k ; . t o q ; f p
Nthy;w;wsT(Vin ) 25 V MFk;. S
cU (1)

(i) RS , RL , NrdH ,UthapD}lhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.

(ii) NrdH ,Uthapapd; tYitf; fhz;f.
(iii) NrdH ,Uthapapd; cr;r tYitf; fhz;f.
(iv) Rw;wpd; rupahd njhopw;ghl;bw;fhg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,U thapapw;F ,Uf;fNtz;ba ,opT
tY kjpg;gPl;ilf;(power rating) fhz;f.

(d) nga;g;Gf;F Nthy;w;wsT 0 V I my;yJ 5 V I toq;Ftjhy; KiwNa Jz;bg;G> epuk;gy;

gpuNjrq;fshf NfhlYwr;nra;af;$ba jpuhd;rpw;wH cU(2) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpuhd;rpw;wupd;
khw;wj;jpw;fhd rpwg;gpay;G tiuG cU(3) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpuhd;rpw;wupd; Xl;leak; 100
MFk;.
 - 12 -
VCC = +5V

RC

IC IC/mA

IB RB

Vo
Vi

0 200 IB/A
cU(2) cU(3)

(i) caH IC kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhz;f.

(ii) jil RB ,Uf;fNtz;ba caH ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
(iii) jil RC ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
(iv) fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizia gpujpnra;J 0 V , 5 V nga;gG
; f;F xj;j gag;ig vOJf.

; (A)
nga;gG gag;G (F)
0V
5V

(v) ,g;gag;igj; jUk; jHf;ff;fjit Fwpg;gpl;L cz;ik ml;ltiia vOJf.

(e) (i) re;jp GytpisT jpuhd;rpw;wh; xd;wpd; VDS vjph; ID rpwg;gpay;G tisapd; Fwpj;j gukhzk;
xd;wpd; %d;W khwhg; ngWkjpfSf;F tiuG tiuf.
tiugpy; Jz;bg;G gpuNjrj;ijAk; epuk;gy; gpuNjrj;ijAk; %thapg;gpuNjrj;ijAk; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;L f.
(ii) %thapg;gpuNjrj;jpy; VDS vjph; ID tiugpy; VDS ,d; rpwpa ngWkjpfSf;F Vd; Vfghpkhz
Ntwhf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ?
(iii) VGS= 0 MFk;NghJ VDS cld; ID ,d; khw;wj;ij tiue;J fhl;Lf. mj;Jld; tiugpy; fps;sy;
Gs;spiaAk; fps;sy; mOj;jk; (VP) Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
(iv) cU (4) MdJ JFET tphpayhf;fpr; Rw;iwAk;> cU (5) MdJ mjd; VDS vjph; ID tiuigAk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
+ 15 V
ID/mA
R1 RD
=1 M 16 VGS= 0 V
D
G
S
R2 RS 4 VGS= -2 V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VDS/V
cU 4 cU 5

(1) VGS = 0 V Mf ,Uf;f cgfuzk; fps;sy; epiyapy; nraw;gLk; NghJ VDS ,d;
,opTg;ngWkjpiaf; fzpf;f.
(2) VGS = 2 V MfTk; VDS = 5 V MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ tbfhy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzpf;f.
(3) VG = 5 V, VGS = 2 V, ID = 4 mA, VD = 8 V Mf ,Uf;Fk;N ghJ R2, RD, RS vd;gtw;wpd;
ngWkhdq;fisf; fzpf;f.
 - 13 -

10. gFjp (A) ,w;F my;yJ gFjp (B) ,w;F tpil vOJf.

(A) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW Kryj;jpdhy; %lg;gl;l A vDk;

c U i s n a h d ; w p D s ; r p w p J e P U s; s g h j ; j p u n k h d ; W
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kryj;ij mirg;gjhy; cUisapYs;s
tspapd; fdtsit khw;wyhk;.
Kryk;
(a) (i) ntg;gepiyia khwhJ itj;J cUisapYs;s tspapd;
fdtsT mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;NghJ> ghj;jpuj;jpYs;s ePH
Kw;whf Mtpahfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;dUk; fdtsT
mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fdtsTld; (v) MtpaKf;fj;jpd;
ntg;gkhdp
(p) khwiyf;; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiuig tiuf. A
tsp
(ii) fdtsit khwhJ itj;J cUisapYs;s tspapd;
n t g ; g e p i y m j p f h p f ; f g ; g L k ; N g h J Fwpg; g pl; l
ntg; gepiyapy; ePH Kw;whf Mtpahfpd;w J. mjd;
gpd; dUk; ,jd; ntg; gepiy mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;w J. ePH
ntg;gepiyAld; (oC) MtpaKf;fk; (P) khWtijf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiuig tiuf.

(b)cUisapYs;s ePUs;s ghj;jpuk; mfw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. cUisapYs;s tspapd; fdtsT 0.2 m3 ck;

ntg;gepiy 27 0C ,y; njhlHG <ug;gjd; 60 % ck; Mapd; cUisapYs;s MtpaKf;fj;ijf;
fhz;f.
(27 0C ,y; epuk;gyhtp mKf;fk; 25 mm Hg)

(c) cUisapYs;s tspapd; jdp <ug;gjidf; fhz;f.

(ePhpd; %yf;$w;Wj;jpzpT 18 g mol1 > ,urj;jpd; mlHj;jp 13600 kg m3 > R = 8 J K1 mol1 MFk;)

(d) cUisapDs; gdpgLepiy cUthFtjw;F fdtsit vt;tsthy; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;?

(e) epuk;gyhtpapd; mlHj;jp gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ntg;gepiy (0C) 14 16 18 20 22

epuk;gyhtpapd; 12.00 13.50 15.30 17.10 19.20

ml Hj ;j p(g m-3)

cUisapDs; tspapd; gdpgLepiyiaAk; > gdpgL epiyapy; epuk;gyhtp mKf;fj;ijAk; fhz;f.

(f) fdtsT 0.2 m3 cila NtnwhU B vDk; cUisapYs;s tspapd; ntg;gepiy 7 0C ck; njhlHG
<ug;gjd; 80 % ck; MFk;. ,t;tpU cUisfspYKs;s tspia Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f fdtsTila
rpwpa Fohapdhy; njhlHGgLj;jpdhy; ePuhtp vf;FohapypUe;J vf;Foha;fF
; mirAk;?
(7 0C ,y; epuk;gyhtpaKf;fk; 7.5 mmHg)

(g) ,U cUisfspYKs;s tsp rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ njhFjpapYs;s njhlHG <ug;gjidf;

fhz;f. (rkepiyapy; njhFjpapd; ntg;gepiy 22 0C MFk;)
 - 14 -
(B) xsp kpd; tpisit gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhd xOq;fikg;G cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xspahdJ xspAzH
cNyhfj;jfl;by; gLk;NghJ ,yj;jpud;fs; fhyg;gLfpd;wd.
gLk; xsp ntw;wplk;
xspkpd;
cNyhfj;jfL
fNjhl;L

khWk; Nthy;w;wsT toq;fp

(a) XU Fwpj;j miyePsj;jpw;F(Fwpj;j cNyhfj;jpy;) fhyg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; caH ,af;fr;rf;jpia

Jzptjw;F ,t;tikg;ig vt;thW gad;gLj;JtPH?
(Nthy;w;wsit njhlHr;rpahf khw;wyhk; vd;f)

(b) cNyhfj;jl;by; gLk; xspapd; miyePsk; 5.14  107 m MFk;. mt;TNyhfj;jpd; Ntiyr;rhHG
2.14 eV MFk;. ,yj;jpud;fis fhyy; nra;tjw;F Njitahd ,opT mOj;jNtWghl;ilf; fhz;f.

(c) (i) NkYs;s xOq;fikg;igg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpj;j xU gupNrhjid KbTf;Fupa epWj;Jk; mOj;jk;(VS)
vjpH kPbwd; (f) khwiyf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiuig tiue;J mjid A vdg; ngaupLf.

(ii) mNj tiugpy; Ntiyr;rhHG $ba cNyhfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd; mjw;fhd tiuig

tiue;J mij B vdg; ngaupLf.

(d) gpshq;fpd; khwpypia Jzptjw;F NkNyAs;s xOq;fikg;ig vt;thW gad;gLj;JtPH? (gLk;

xspapd; kPbwid khw;wyhk;)

(e) GwNkw;gug;gpw;F nts;sp%yhk; G+rg;gl;l nra;kjpapd; kPJ #upa fjpH gLtjhy; xsp kpd; tpisT
Vw;gLtJld; Nkw;gug;G kpd;Ndw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) ,yj;jpud;fis fhyy; nra;af;$ba #upa fjpupd; caH miyePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

nts;spapd; Ntiyr;rhHG 3.83 eV MFk;.

(ii) nra;kjpapd; GwNkw;gug;G gpshw;wpdj;jpdhy; Kyhk; G+rg;gl;bUg;gpd; ,yj;jpud;fspd; fhyy;

tPjk; Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(gpshw;wpdj;jpd; NtiyrhHG 5.32 eV)

(f) X - fjpH cw;gj;jpahdJ xspkpd; tpistpd; epfHkhw;W vdf;fUjyhk;. X - fjpH Fohapy; MHKLFk;
mOj;jk; 3.0 104 V MdJ X - fjpH Foha;f;F FWf;Nf gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) ,yj;jpud;fs; ,yf;if NkhJk;NghJ mjd; ,af;fr;rf;jpiaAk; fjpiaAk; fhz;f.

(ii) NkhJk; fzj;jpy; ,yj;jpud;fspd; ,af;fr;rf;jpf;F xj;j B GNuhf;yp miyePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
(iii)cUthFk; X - fjpupd; caH kPbwidf; fhz;f. (h = 6.63 1034 J s)

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