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Schechter 2015
Schechter 2015
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to collect and evaluate retrospective safety information about the use
of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% for the treatment of bacterial keratitis.
Methods: This was a retrospective, postmarketing surveillance study conducted at 10 clinical centers in the
United States. The study population included 142 patients treated with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%
for bacterial keratitis in one or both eyes. For perspective, data on 85 patients treated at these centers with
moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% for bacterial keratitis were also included. The analysis was designed to
measure the types and rates of adverse events (AEs) reported during the treatment of bacterial keratitis with
besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%. Other treatment outcomes of interest included the development of
corneal scarring and corneal neovascularization, measured or presumed bacterial eradication, ending visual
acuity, and duration of pain before and after treatment.
Results: There was one reported AE of mild superficial punctate keratitis in a patient using besifloxacin
ophthalmic suspension 0.6%. The difference in AE frequencies between groups was not significant (P > 0.999).
Additional treatment outcomes were similar for both groups. Limitations of this report include the retrospective
nature of the study.
Conclusions: These retrospective data suggest that besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% was well tolerated
when included in the treatment of bacterial keratitis; no serious AEs were reported. A prospective clinical trial
is needed to better isolate the contribution of besifloxacin to the therapeutic outcome and to confirm these
observations.
1
Florida Eye Microsurgical Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida.
2
The New York Eye & Ear Infirmary/New York Medical College, Brar-Parekh Eye Associates, Woodland Park, New Jersey.
3
Center for Excellence in Eye Care, Miami, Florida.
1
2 SCHECHTER, PAREKH, AND TRATTLER
collected from 10 clinical sites in the United States. Three uinolones being studied was 15 days. Roughly one-third of
centers provided besifloxacin cases only (n = 8), while all eyes were treated with a maximum dose frequency of 5 or
other centers provided both besifloxacin and moxifloxacin more times per day. The final dosing frequency for the ma-
cases (n = 134 and n = 85, respectively). jority of patients was four times daily (QID) in both treatment
Baseline patient characteristics, contact lens wear, and groups (Table 2). Many patients in both treatment groups
relevant etiological factors were comparable between treat- were treated with additional topical ophthalmic antibacterials
ment groups (Table 1). The median age was 39.5 (range, 11– at various dosing regimens, and a few were prescribed oral
96) years for the besifloxacin group and 41.0 (range, 16–91) antibiotics. Five patients in each group used topical non-
years for the moxifloxacin group. The majority of patients steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Topical corti-
were women, and more than half of patients in each treatment costeroids were additionally used in 13 besifloxacin-treated
group wore contact lenses. More than 30% of patients in each patients and in 12 moxifloxacin-treated patients.
cohort had no known etiological factors. A slightly higher For the primary endpoint, there was a single ocular AE
proportion of patients treated with moxifloxacin had trauma noted, one case of mild punctate keratitis in a patient treated
or previous corneal surgery (P = 0.001). with besifloxacin along with another antibacterial for a large
The baseline clinical characteristics of the keratitis were corneal ulcer. The case resolved without scarring or neo-
also comparable between treatment groups. The distribution of vascularization. The difference in drug-related AE fre-
corneal lesion size did not differ between treatments quencies between groups was not significant (P > 0.999).
(P = 0.320), with the majority ( > 60%) of patients in both Treatment outcomes, including evidence of corneal
treatment groups having small lesions ( < 10% of the corneal scarring, corneal neovascularization, and investigator’s as-
surface). Other baseline clinical characteristics are shown in sessment of bacterial eradication, were similar for all pa-
Fig. 1 and did not differ between treatment groups (P ‡ 0.268) tients treated with either besifloxacin or moxifloxacin
(Fig. 1). Ulceration of the epithelium and conjunctival hy- (P ‡ 0.208). Corneal scarring was evident in 23.2% of pa-
peremia was reported for the majority of patients in each group tients in the besifloxacin group and 29.4% in the moxi-
(Fig. 1). Corneal lesions were cultured in 25 (11%) of the floxacin group (Fig. 2). Corneal neovascularization was
cases. Of these cultures, 9 failed to grow bacteria, 14 grew noted in less than 2% of patients in either group (Fig. 2).
gram-positive bacteria, most often coagulase negative staph- Investigators reported high rates of bacterial eradication
ylococci (CoNS), and 3 grew P. aeruginosa, including one (95.8% besifloxacin vs. 91.8% moxifloxacin; Fig. 3). Most
polymicrobial culture that also grew CoNS and enterococcus. reports were based on clinical observations, and few were
The frequency and duration of antibacterial use varied but culture confirmed.
did not differ between treatment groups (P ‡ 0.268). The VA findings before and after treatment demonstrated
median duration of treatment with each of the fluoroq- similar improvements in both groups with 68.3% of besi-
floxacin-treated patients and 64.7% of moxifloxacin-treated
patients having 20/30 or better VA at the end of treatment
Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics, Contact (Fig. 4) and no difference between treatments in the distri-
Lens Wear, and Relevant Etiological Factors bution of VA (P = 0.311). The mean duration of reported
Besifloxacin Moxifloxacin pain was similar between groups (15.4 days besifloxacin vs.
(n = 142) (n = 85) 12.9 days moxifloxacin, P = 0.661).
suspension 0.6% was used as prophylactic medication found floxacin, found that the prophylactic use of besifloxacin
no adverse drug reactions in 534 besifloxacin eyes treated an ophthalmic suspension 0.6% was not associated with any
average of 8.6 days, administered 3 (50.2%) or 4 (38.6%) significant safety concerns. Mean duration of besifloxacin
times daily.34 In cases where besifloxacin was used in- treatment was 12.0 days in the retrospective study and 14.7
traoperatively (31.8%), besifloxacin was instilled either days in the prospective study, and most patients (58.8% and
before flap creation and/or after flap replacement. Similarly, 70.5%) were administered besifloxacin thrice daily.
2 chart reviews of routine cataract surgery cases—a retro- There were also no AEs reported with the use of besi-
spective review35 and a prospective review (Majmudar PA floxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in a prospective, ran-
and Comstock TL, data presented at the 2013 meeting of the domized, parallel-group, investigator-masked study of 58
American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery)— patients undergoing routine cataract surgery.36 In that study,
including a combined total of 826 eyes treated with besi- patients received besifloxacin or moxifloxacin QID starting
3 days before surgery and continuing for 7 days postopera-
Table 2. Frequency and Duration tively. Changes in central corneal thickness, endothelial cell
of Antibacterial Use count, and corneal staining, evaluated on postoperative days
7 and 28, were negligible with no difference between treat-
Besifloxacin Moxifloxacin ments. Finally, a prospective, contralateral eye, double-masked
(n = 142) (n = 85)
Initial frequency of antibacterial use, n (%)
1 time daily 1 (0.7) 1 (1.2)
2 times daily 5 (3.5) 5 (5.9)
3 times daily 9 (6.3) 8 (9.4)
4 times daily 60 (42.3) 24 (28.2)
5–8 times daily 21 (14.8) 15 (17.6)
> 8 times daily 12 (8.5) 11 (12.9)
Data missing 34 (23.9) 21 (24.7)
Duration of antibacterial use, days
Mean (SD) 23.6 (27.5) 28.2 (49.6)
Median (range) 15 (3–200) 15 (2–380)
Final frequency of antibacterial use, n (%)
1 time daily 1 (0.7) 1 (1.2)
2 times daily 5 (3.5) 5 (5.9)
3 times daily 10 (7.0) 9 (10.6)
4 times daily 61 (43.0) 25 (29.4)
5–8 times daily 21 (14.8) 15 (17.6)
> 8 times daily 10 (7.0) 9 (10.6) FIG. 2. Rates of corneal scarring and corneal neovascu-
larization.
BESIFLOXACIN IN KERATITIS 5
0.5%, and combined fortified tobramycin 1.3%/cefazolin systematically as would happen in a prospective study;
5% in bacterial keratitis patients with ulcer size between 2 however, all events that were notable enough to be recorded
and 8 mm, cure rates were 90% in the fortified antibiotics in the patient chart were captured, and this process was the
group versus 95% in both the gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin same for both besifloxacin and moxifloxacin. Thus, it is
group (P = 0.83).39 A recent clinical trial evaluating moxi- likely that most AEs of clinical relevance would have been
floxacin 0.5% with a combination of fortified tobramycin reported. Data on the efficacy of besifloxacin and moxi-
1.3%/cefazolin 5% combination therapy in the treatment of floxacin when used in the treatment of keratitis were simi-
microbiologically proved cases of bacterial corneal ulcers larly restricted to chart documentation and were not a
found these treatments to be equivalent: Complete resolu- primary focus of the analysis.
tion of keratitis and healing of ulcers was reported for 81.8% Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% appeared to be
of moxifloxacin-treated patients versus 81.4% of patients in a safe option for inclusion in the treatment of bacterial
the combination group at 3 months.38 In each of these keratitis in this retrospective case study. Only one AE was
studies, fluoroquinolone treatment was safe and well toler- reported despite the more frequent dosing and longer-term
ated, with no serious AEs attributable to therapy. administration than what is recommended for the approved
Treatment of keratitis sometimes entails concomitant use indication of bacterial conjunctivitis. These retrospective
of NSAIDs and/or corticosteroids. Adjunctive NSAIDs have data also suggest good efficacy, although additional pro-
been shown effective in relieving ocular pain and inflam- spective clinical data isolating the contribution of besi-
mation in patients with corneal ulcers with no sign of delayed floxacin are needed to confirm these observations.
healing.40 In our study, ophthalmic NSAIDs were utilized in a
small number of eyes (4%). The Steroids for Corneal Ulcers Acknowledgments
Trial (SCUT) evaluated the use of topical prednisolone so-
dium phosphate 1.0% as adjunctive therapy in patients with The authors wish to acknowledge the writing assistance of
bacterial keratitis receiving moxifloxacin 0.5%.41 Although Carol Tozzi, PhD, of Churchill Communications (Maple-
no overall difference in VA was noted at 3 months when wood, NJ). This assistance was funded by Bausch + Lomb.
topical corticosteroids were included, a significant benefit
was shown in the subgroup of patients with the worst VA Study Investigators
(counting fingers or worse) and central ulcer location at
baseline (P £ 0.04). There were no significant safety findings G. Richard Cohen, MD (Boca Raton, FL); Ajeet Dhingra,
from steroid use reported, and no delay in healing. In our MD (Decatur, GA); Kathryn Masselam Hatch, MD (Wal-
study, adjunctive steroids were used in 11% of eyes. tham, MA); David Kim, MD (Green Bay, WI); Charles
The efficacy findings reported in this study were en- Kirby, MD (Chattanooga, TN); Steven A. Nielsen, MD
couraging. Both besifloxacin and moxifloxacin were asso- (Quincy, MA); Jai Parekh, MD (West Paterson, NJ); Barry
ciated with high rates of physician-assessed bacterial Schechter, MD (Boynton Beach, FL); Zachary Segal, MD
eradication; however, since few clinicians confirmed their (Miami, FL); and William Trattler, MD (Miami, FL).
diagnosis and/or bacterial eradication through culture, and
several patients in both treatment groups received additional Author Disclosure Statement
treatments, further studies employing both pre- and post-
treatment cultures isolating the therapeutic contribution of Dr. Barry Schechter declares a grant and provision of
besifloxacin are warranted. assistance with statistics with Bausch + Lomb. He also re-
There has been an increase in MRSA as a causative path- ceives honorarium for consultancy from Bausch + Lomb,
ogen in bacterial keratitis, particularly after keratorefractive Omeros, Gerson Lehrman. Dr. Schechter lectures for pay-
surgery.42 In this study, an efficacy assessment based on ment for Allergan and Bausch + Lomb. Dr. Jai Parekh has
causative bacterial pathogen(s) was neither possible due to the consulted for Alcon, Allergan, and Bausch + Lomb over the
limited corneal cultures collected (only in 11% of the cases) past 2 years. Dr. William Trattler is a consultant for
nor was the study designed to do so. Nevertheless, as indi- Bausch + Lomb and Allergan. There are no other relation-
cated earlier, the effectiveness of besifloxacin against MRSA ships, conditions, or circumstances that present a potential
has been demonstrated in an experimental rabbit model of conflict of interest for the authors mentioned here.
keratitis induced by MRSA,26 suggesting that besifloxacin
could be effective clinically against keratitis induced by that References
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8 SCHECHTER, PAREKH, AND TRATTLER
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39. Shah, V.M., Tandon, R., Satpathy, G., et al. Randomized Received: April 14, 2014
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otics in the treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. Cornea.
29:751–757, 2010. Address correspondence to:
40. Schechter, B.A., and Trattler, W. Efficacy and safety of Dr. Barry A. Schechter
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Ther. 27:756–761, 2010. 1717 Woolbright Road
41. Srinivasan, M., Mascarenhas, J., Rajaraman R, et al. Corti- Boynton Beach, FL 33426
costeroids for bacterial keratitis: the Steroids for Corneal
Ulcers Trial (SCUT). Arch. Ophthalmol. 130:143–150, 2012. E-mail: baschechter@gmail.com