MUSCLE TISSUE the flow of lymph and aid the return of blood

in veins to the heart.

Functions of muscular tissue 4. Generating heat. As muscular tissue

1. Producing body movements. Movements
of the whole body such as walking and
running, and localised movements such as
grasping a pencil, keyboarding, or nodding
the head as a result of muscular contractions,
rely on the integrated functioning of skeletal
muscles, bones, and joints.
2. Stabilising body positions. Skeletal
muscle contractions stabilise joints and help
maintain body positions, such as standing or
sitting. Postural muscles contract continuously
when you are awake; for example, sustained
contractions of your neck muscles hold your
head upright when you are listening intently to
your anatomy and physiology lecture.
3. Storing and moving substances within
the body. Storage is accomplished by
sustained contractions of ringlike bands of
smooth muscle called sphincters, which
prevent outflow of the contents of a hollow
organ. Temporary storage of food in the
stomach or urine in the urinary bladder is
possible because smooth muscle sphincters
close off the outlets of these organs. Cardiac
muscle contractions of the heart pump blood
through the blood vessels of the body.
Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
in the walls of blood vessels help adjust blood
vessel diameter and thus regulate the rate of
blood flow. Smooth muscle contractions also
move food and substances such as bile and
enzymes through the gastrointestinal tract,
push gametes (sperm and oocytes) through Slow oxidative fibres
the passageways of the reproductive
systems, and propel urine through the urinary Slow oxidative (SO) fibres appear dark red
system. Skeletal muscle contractions promote because it contain large amounts of myoglobin
and many blood capillaries. Because they have
contracts, it produces heat, a process known
as thermogenesis. Much of the heat
generated by muscle is used to maintain
normal body temperature. Involuntary
contractions of skeletal muscles, known as
shivering, can increase the rate of heat
production.
Hypertrophy - An excessive enlargement or
overgrowth of tissue without cell division.
Hyperplasia - An abnormal increase in the
number of normal cells in a tissue or organ,
increasing its size.
Atrophy - decrease in the size of cells, with a
subsequent decrease in the size of the
affected tissue or organ; wasting away.
Metaplasia - The transformation of one type
of cell into another.
Myofibrils - Threadlike structures extending
longitudinally through a muscle fibre (cell)
consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin)
and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and
tropomyosin).
Sarcomere - Contractile units in a striated
muscle fibre (cell) extending from one Z disc
to the next Z disc.
Spasm - sudden, involuntary contraction of
large groups of muscles.
many large mitochondria, SO fibres generate ATP
mainly by aerobic respiration, which is why they
are called oxidative fibres. These fibres are said
to be ‘slow’ because the ATPase in the myosin
heads hydrolyses ATP relatively slowly and the
contraction cycle proceeds at a slower pace than
in ‘fast’ fibres. As a result, SO fibres have a slow
speed of contraction. Their twitch contractions
last from 100 to 200 msec, and they take longer
to reach peak tension. However, slow fibres are
very resistant to fatigue and are capable of
prolonged, sustained contractions for many
hours. These slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibres
are adapted for maintaining posture and for
aerobic, endurance-type activities such as
running a marathon.
Fast oxidative–glycolytic fibres
Fast oxidative–glycolytic (FOG) fibres are
typically the largest fibres. Like slow oxidative
fibres, they contain large amounts of myoglobin
and many blood capillaries. Thus, they also have
a dark red appearance. FOG fibres can generate
considerable ATP by aerobic respiration, which
gives them a moderately high resistance to
fatigue. Because their intracellular glycogen level
is high, they also generate ATP by anaerobic
glycolysis. FOG fibres are ‘fast’ because the
ATPase in their myosin heads hydrolyses ATP
three to five times faster than the myosin ATPase
in SO fibres, which makes their speed of
contraction faster. Thus, twitches of FOG fibres
reach peak tension more quickly than those of
SO fibres but are briefer in duration — less than
100 msec. FOG fibres contribute to activities such
as walking and sprinting.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SITES OF MUSCULAR INJECTION
Intramuscular injections
The common sites for intramuscular injections
include the gluteus medius muscle of the
buttock (see figure 11.3b), lateral side of the
thigh in the midportion of the vastus lateralis
muscle (see figure 11.3a), and the deltoid
muscle of the shoulder (see figure 11.3b).
Muscles in these areas, especially the gluteal
muscles in the buttock, are fairly thick, and
absorption is promoted by their extensive blood
supply. To avoid injury, intramuscular injections
are given deep within the muscle, away from
major nerves and blood vessels. Intramuscular
injections have a faster speed of delivery than
oral medications but are slower than intravenous
infusions.
An intramuscular (IM) injection penetrates the
skin and subcutaneous layer to enter the muscle
itself. Intramuscular injections are preferred when
prompt absorption is desired, when larger doses
than can be given subcutaneously are indicated,
or when the drug is too irritating to give
subcutaneously.
Prime Mover - The muscle directly responsible
for producing a desired motion. Also called an
agonist
Antagonist - A muscle that has an action
opposite that of the prime mover (agonist) and
yields to the movement of the prime mover.
Synergist - it contracts and stabilizes the
intermediate joints. Muscles that assist the prime
mover by reducing undesired action or
unnecessary movement.
Fixators - Muscles that stabilise the origin of the
prime mover so that the prime mover can act
more efficiently.
Belly - The fleshy portion of the muscle between Minor Smaller Pectoralis
the tendons. minor

Tendon - White fibrous cord of dense regular Vastus Huge Vastus

lateralis
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
SHAPE: Relative shape of the muscle
Origin - The attachment of a muscle tendon to a
Name Meaning Example
stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion.
​Deltoid Triangular Deltoid
Insertion - The attachment of a muscle tendon to
a movable bone or the end opposite the origin. ​Trapezius Trapezoid Trapezius

​Serratus Saw-toothed Serratus

Naming of Muscle anterior

​Rhomboid Diamond-sha Rhomboid

DIRECTION: Orientation of muscle fascicles ped major
relative to the body’s midline
​Orbicularis Circular Orbicularis
Name Meaning Example oculi

​Rectus Parallel to Rectus Pectinate Comblike ​Pectineus

midline Abdominis
​Piriformis Pear-shaped Piriformis
Transverse Perpendicular Transversus
to midline Abdominis ​Platys Flat Platysma

Oblique Diagonal to External Quadratus ​Square, Quadratus

midline Oblique four-sided femoris

​Maximus ​ Largest Gluteus ​Gracilis Slender Gracilis

maximus
ACTION: Principal action of the muscle
​Minimus Smallest Gluteus
minimus Name Meaning Example

Longus Long Adductor ​Flexor Decreases Flexor carpi

longus joint angle radialis

​Brevis Short Adductor ​Extensor Increases joint Extensor carpi

brevis angle ulnaris

Latissimus ​Widest Latissimus Abductor Moves bone Abductor

dorsi away from pollicis longus
midline
​Longissimus Longest Longissimus
capitis ​Adductor Moves bone Adductor
closer to longus
​Magnus Large Adductor midline
magnus
​Levator Raises or Levator
Major ​Larger Pectoralis elevates body scapulae
major part
 ​Depressor Lowers or Depressor shapes lips during
depresses labii inferioris speech.
body part
Zygomaticus major Draws an angle of
Supinator ​Turns palm Supinator (zī-gō-MA-ti-kus; mouth superiorly and
anteriorly zygomatic = cheek laterally, as in smiling.
bone; major = greater)
​Pronator Turns palm Pronator teres
posteriorly Zygomaticus minor Raises (elevates) upper
(minor = lesser) lip, exposing maxillary
Sphincter Decreases ​External anal (upper) teeth.
size of an sphincter
opening Levator labii Raises upper lip.
superioris
Tensor ​Makes body Tensor fasciae (le-VĀ-tor LĀ-bē-ī
part rigid latae soo-per′-ē-OR-is;
levator = raises or
​Rotator Rotates bone Rotatore elevates; labii = lip;
around superioris = upper)
longitudinal
axis Depressor labii Depresses (lowers)
inferioris lower lip.
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: Number of tendons (de-PRE-sor
of origin LĀ-bē-ī; depressor
= depresses or
​Biceps ​ Two origins Biceps brachii lowers; inferioris
= lower)
Triceps Three origins ​ riceps
T
brachii Depressor anguli oris Draws angle of mouth
(ANG-ū-lī; angul = laterally and inferiorly,
Quadriceps Four origins Quadriceps angle or corner; as in opening mouth.
femoris oris = mouth)

LOCATION: Structure near which a muscle is Levator anguli oris Draws angle of mouth
found laterally and superiorly.

Example: Temporalis, muscle near temporal Buccinator Presses cheeks against

bone. (BUK-si-nā′-tor; teeth and lips, as in
bucc- = cheek) whistling, blowing, and
ORIGIN AND INSERTION: Sites where sucking; draws corner
muscle originates and inserts of mouth laterally; and
assists in mastication
Example: Sternocleidomastoid, originating on (chewing) by keeping
sternum and clavicle and inserting on mastoid food between the teeth
process of temporal bone. (and not between teeth
and cheeks).
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Risorius Draws angle of mouth
(ri-ZOR-ē-us; risor = laterally, as in
MOUTH MUSCLE ACTION laughter) grimacing.

Orbicularis oris Closes and protrudes Mentalis Elevates and protrudes

(or-bi′-kū-LAR-is OR-is; lips, as in kissing; (men-TĀ-lis; lower lip and pulls skin
orb- = circular; oris = of compresses lips mental = chin) of chin up, as in
the mouth) against teeth; and pouting.
 NECK MUSCLES ACTIONS

Platysma Draws outer part of

(pla-TIZ-ma; platys lower lip inferiorly and
= flat, broad) posteriorly as in
pouting; depresses
mandible.

ORBIT AND ACTIONS

EYEBROW MUSCLES

Orbicularis oculi Closes eye.

(OK-ū-lī = eye)

Corrugator supercilii Draws eyebrow

(KOR-u-gā′-tor inferiorly and wrinkles
soo-per-SIL-ē-ī; skin of forehead
corrugat = wrinkle; vertically as in frowning.
supercilii = eyebrow)