Safety??? + Safety can be defined as the state of being certain that adverse effect will not be caused by some agents under defined conditions. + Any method or technique or process which can minimize unwanted events (accidents) in an industrial concern may be referred to as a method, technique or process of industrial safety. Safety Consciousness * Safety consciousness may be defined as awareness of hazards and alertness to danger. * This has a strong influence on the actions of an individual because of his desire to remain alive and uninjured. We need to develop safety consciousness and make safety a value. Safety??? * Industrial safety is the science and art of identifying, evaluating and controlling workplace hazards. It includes measure to prevent human exposures to chemical and physical agents as well as faulty or unsafe work practices. + Safety is not a matter of chance, it is something ‘that the employees and their families have a right to expect from their employers. Safety Consciousness Most injuries can be traced to someone's lack of safety consciousness. Usually, the injured person's lack of making safety a value may be the cause. The frequency of injuries is a good indicator of the safety consciousness of the workers involvedSafety Consciousness + If an employee takes chances, indulges in unsafe practices, uses an improper tool, or leaves an open hole unguarded, the employee is not safety-conscious. + Few if any are completely unaware of their safety at all times or have no safety consciousness, but many persons evident it intermittently. Safety Consciousness + By observing the following eight simple steps, we can establish a_ strong safety consciousness toward our way of life: 1. Know the job and be thoroughly familiar with ‘the work pian 2. Make, revise and utilize job safety analysis for ‘tasks to be done, 3. Perform our own work in such a way that will not create or leave hazards which may cause accidents involving other employees. Safety Consciousness * Safety consciousness must be comprehensive. It must reach every operation, it must be evident at all meetings and most of all, it must be so instilled that all personnel’ in supervisory positions will set good examples in safety to the personnel under them, * Setting a good example is a potent factor in reducing accidents and is proof of the safety consciousness of the supervisor. Safety Consciousness 4, Obtain training in first aid and become thoroughly familiar with knowing how to give attificial respiration. 5. Take an active part in safety meetings. 6. Report all_ hazards, unsafe practices, and accidents. Correct all hazards we observe and are capable of correcting safely. 7. Accept responsibility for using safety protective equipment on the job 8. Teach our own families, co-workers and others about accident prevention.Importance/Necessity of safety Workplace safety is very important for each and every employee in the industry because all the workers desire to work in a safe and protected atmosphere, Health and safety is the key factor for all the industries in order to promote the wellness of both employees and employers. It 's a duty and moral responsibility of the company to look after the employee's protection, Each and every person who leaves his home for his work in the morning should come back to his home in evening in good health, Importance/Necessity of safety ‘Aware about the surroundings: There are many employees who doesn’t bother about their surrounding hazards. But, it is important to observe your co-employees working circumstances. Once you get to know about the particular hazards that occur at your workplace, then it will help you in reducing the risk and allow you to take the precautionary steps. Importance/Necessity of safety Workplace health and safety procedures are important for the well-being of both employees and employers because human loss is immeasurable and intolerable. As, such loss or injuries can employ major loss to the families. All the industries do have safety risks but the management should devote their time to think and strategize the things that what safety Precautions are required in their company to make sure that their workers are safe enough for all the time. Importance/Necessity of safety Reduce workplace stress: “Most of the employees are not fit and healthy because of ‘their busy schedule, which includes long working hours, work-pressure and conflicts occur with co-workers or with the boss of the organization. And, all these can lead tosome illness or depression to the employees. Also, this rot only affects their professional life but also creates ‘the nuisance in their personal les too. So, instead of waiting to get unfit, it is etter that you start take care of your health, by taking regular breaks, sit in an appropriate posture with appropriate diet. twill be better for you to schedule your work accordingly and ‘manage the things to reduce your workplace stres,Importance/Necessity of safety Use tools appropriately: Take appropriate precautions while using machinery or any other tool, instead of taking any shortcuts. Taking shortcuts is one of the biggest reason behind workplace loss. So, it is always recommended to use the correct tools and reduce the opportunity of workplace injury. Importance/Necessity of safety Update your supervisor about the unsafe conditions: It is important that you keep updating your supervisor about the hazards or risks occur at workplace. They should be legally obligated to ensure that their employees are working a safe environment or not. And, in case, if the employees are not working in safe conditions, ‘then it is the responsibility of the supervisor to listen and understand their condition and create safe working environment for employees. Importance/Necessity of safety keep are easily accessible: In case there is an emergency, you will need quick access to the exits. It is also advised to keep clear usage of equipment shutoffs which might stop you from performing at emergency. ise wi fes sis Importance/Necessity of safety Use mechanical assistance: Whenever, you want to carry or lift up some heavy equipment’s then you should use a conveyor belt, crank or forklift. There are lot of risks involved, if you try to lift something which is heavier, it can affect your weighing capability and can lead to some muscle displacement. So, make sure that use the appropriate tools for not harming yourself,Importance/Necessity of safety Stay alert: There are many employees who usually compromise or ignore the alerts of advance warning and due to this, 2 number of workplace injuries or fatali Importance/Necessity of safety Wear the right safety equipments: It is essential that you wear the right protection equipment tools during your work. And, the equipments can be in any form like, earplugs, earmuffs, hard hats, gloves, full-face masks, safety gloves and any other equipment which is required to wear while working. These tools will prevent the workers from the incidents that occur at workplace. Importance/Necessity of safety Reduce workplace environment stress: Stress to any employee or to any co-worker, can lead into depression and into concentration problems. And the main reason includes, extended working hours, excess of work, insecurity of job and issues which occur at co- workers or professionals. So, instead of taking stress on your shoulders, ‘you should discuss it with your supervisor and ask him/her to look after your problems which ‘you are facing in the organization Importance/Necessity of safety Sit in a proper posture: If have a sitting job, then it is essential than keep your posture correct, while working on a desk. You need to keep your shoulders in line and straight back to avoid any spine problem. Try to ignore stooping and twisting regularly and if possible, then try to use the comfort designed furniture and the safety equipment’, so that the desired things will be in your reach.Safety and productivity + Productivity is a measure of effectiveness of the use of resources to produce goods and services. Safety and productivity are closely related to each other. To improve productivity in an organization workplace must be safe. + The following points or situations reveal the relation between safety and productivity: Safety and productivity 2. If the workers are mentally ensured that they are working in a safe working environment free from hazards and their life and limbs are safe in all possible aspects then they will possibly work with more zeal and concentration and thus the quality and productivity will increase considerably. 1 Safety and productivity If an organization is free from hazards and accidents then the white collar employees i.e., managerial staff can save their valuable time otherwise lost in the following activities. = Assisting injured workers = Arranging for the production of an injured worker to be continued by some other worker. — Preparing accident report. = Selecting and training a new worker to replace the injured person. — Investigating the cause of accident. Safety and productivity If the working environment is safe then the labour turnover and absenteeism will be reduced and each and every worker will possibly be optimistic and will possibly contribute their best efforts which in turn will help improve productivity. If the working place is safe then there is considerable reduction in accidents and hence reduction in direct. and indirect cost of accidents, Damage to machines, materials, buildings’ is also. reduced in safe work environment, Thus there is an improvement in productivity of the organization,Safety and productivity If the working conditions in an organization are conducive to safety then accidents are a far cry in such situations and each and every worker will possibly be optimistic will possibly contribute their best efforts and try to achieve expertise. Safety policy It may also include details about the following: Employee training, Use of administrative controls, hazard isolation, locking, warnings, signs and symbols marking hazards etc. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Removing hazardous materials or replacing them with less harmful alternatives. Improved lighting and working environment. Prevention of slip, trip and fall incidents. Safety policy An organization's safety policy is a recognized, written statement of its commitment to protect the health and safety of the employees, as well as the surrounding community, The safety policy also details the measures the company takes and will take to protect the life, limb, and health of their employees, often surpassing the requirements set out by the laws or by the standard practices of the industry. Safety policy ‘As per the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Act, all workplaces with five or more employees are required to develop a safety policy and review it annually. The purpose of the policy is to express the employer's commitment to health and safety. It must include a statement regarding the responsibilities of ‘the employer, supervisors and other workers.Necessity of safety policy A policy states clearly what the employer intends to do about commitment and support for health and safety in the workplace. The policy must be specific about who is responsible for which aspects of maintaining health and safety. Components of safety policy A clear commitment to provide a healthy and safe workplace and how this will be integrated into the daily work activities. A statement reflecting the employer's awareness of their responsibility to take all reasonable precautions to prevent illness and injury. This could include addressing the training needs of workers and supplying proper supervision and enforcement of safe work practices. 3. 4 5. Necessity of safety policy A policy commits the entire organization to maintaining a safe workplace. This encourages both human and financial resources to help ensure that safety is an important part of doing business, Components of safety policy The input of senior management to demonstrate commitment from the highest levels of the organization, Senior management should sign the policy. ‘A statement to demonstrate how the commitment to health and safety will be communicated and how it will operate in all levels of the organization, A statement reflecting the requirement for everyone working in the organization to take responsibility for developing and maintaining a healthy, safe workplace,Employee participation One of the keys to successfully promote safety in an organization is to involve employees. No safety strategy can be successful unless the employees willingly participate in it. The employees usually know better than anyone else where hazard exist. Since safety is a matter of direct interest to the employees, naturally it can be expected that they would like to participate. Safety committees In most modern industries, safety committees have become almost a permanent feature of life. These committees Usually consist. of members from the management, the supervisor and the workers, Normally the members are rotated. In large industrial organizations, there may be many departmental sub-committees working under the main committee. Employee participation Emphasis on the participation of the employees should be more in the safety programme than in any area of management because employees are the ones who must follow safety rules. Various measures can be adopted to create the interest of employees to participate in safety, some of them have been found to be very effective. These are: Safety Committees Safety Campaigns Safety habits Safety committees The representatives of such committees working in town, state and national safety councils, whose main tasks is to discover potential hazards, and to find out whether ‘there are careless workers, whether workers Use safety devices and precautions. They also collect safety data and call for safety suggestions from workers and educate ‘them in the various aspects of safety in a department of plant.Safety campaigns ‘These are essential in certain industries in which the accident, hazards are more serious. These make the workers ‘safety conscious’. Safety campaigns are the responsibilty of safety committees and safety officers of the company. In such campaigns, the emphasis is on developing all adequate warning system, particularly when there is possibility of a hazard Posters and slogans can be used very effectively in many situations. Safety campaigns For example, in transport industries, posters or signs can be used that, substantially leads to road safety. Posters or signs that warn in advance, tell the precautions one should take, remind one to be cool and careful and reinforce positive safety behaviours are effective. ‘The posters which are designed to create a panic among the workers are not as effective as simple, directly understandable commands. Safety campaigns Pay Es Safety habits Most industrial operations are safe if they are performed in a right way without awkwardness. The inexperienced workers are most likely to be involved in accidents. They make unsafe movements because of their work habits. If employees are not taught the right ways of performing their operations, they may acquire some unsafe habits which would expose them to accidents.Safety habits It is in their sense that right type of training acquires a great importance in accident prevention. If good working habits are ingrained in the workers at the time of their training, they become an inseparable part of their behaviour, and they observe the necessary safety precautions without repeated warnings. It is necessary, therefore, to place enough emphasis on safety training when entrants in ‘the organization are trained in their respective trades. National safety council (India) ctor general: Mr. Lalit Gabhane Purpose: Its aim is to serve the society by creating a preventive culture, scientific mindset and organized approach to SHE issues. Its belief that these issues are a basic humanitarian concern. It also equally believe that their effective addressal is greatly facilitated if their intrinsic relationship with quality and productivity is well demonstrated National safety council (India) National Safety Council is a premier, non-profit, self financing and tripartite apex body at the national level in India. It is an autonomous body, which was set up by the Government of India, Ministry of Labour and Employment on 4 March 1966 to generate, develop and sustain a voluntary movement on Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) at the national level. It was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and subsequently, as a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. National safety council (India) Acti Conducting specialized training courses, conferences, seminars and workshops all over the nation Conducting consultancy studies such as safety audits, hazard evaluation, emergency management planning and risk assessment. Designing and developing HSE promotional materials & publications. 0s:National safety council (India) Activities: Facilitating organizations in celebrating various campaigns e.g. road safety week, safety day, fire service week, world environment day. Organized many national and international conferences e.g. world congress (1993) and APOSHO conference (1995) and implemented many a prestigious project. Role of government in safety (India) Government recognizes that safety and health of workers has positive impact on productivity and economic and social development Prevention is an integral part of economic activities as high safety and health standard at work is as important as good business performance for new as well as existing Industries, Detailed information is provided in the document (Safety Health and Environment at Work Place). Role of government in safety (India) The Constitution of india provide detailed provisions for the rights of the citizens and also lays down the Directive Principles of State Policy which set an aim to which the activities of the state are to be guided. On the basis of these Directive Principles as well as international instruments, Government is committed to regulate all economic activities for management of safety and health risks at workplaces and to provide measures so as to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for every working man and woman in the nation. International safety organizations Occupational safety and health orgar (OSHA): OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to “assure safe and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance”International safety organizations Health and Safety Commission (HSC): HSC was a United Kingdom —non- departmental public body. The HSC was created by the Health and Safety at Work etc. ‘Act 1974 (HSWA). It was formally established on 31 July 1974. General safety rules ‘The primary objective of an industry is to ensure the safety and health of the employees and to protect company property. The basic purpose is to provide safe and healthy working conditions for all company employees. Safety rules should be developed with input from supervisors and employees. Each employees should become familiar with and follow general and departmental safety rules. Supervisors must enforce safe work practices through strict adherence to safety rules. International safety organizations ‘Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS): PS is 2 department of the government of the state of Texas. DPS is responsible for statewide law enforcement and vehicle regulation. The Public Safety Commission oversees DPS. However, under state law, the Governor of Texas may assume personal command of the department during a public disaster, riot, insurrection, or formation of a dangerous resistance to enforcement of law, or to perform his constitutional duty to enforce law. General safety rules Most accidents can be prevented if everyone Uses assigned safety equipment and follows the established safety rules, The following are a list of general safety rules to follow while working on the jobsite Although this is not a list on all requirements, following these rules may prevent a worker or his/her coworker from becoming involved in an incident:General safety rules Be sure you know how to perform the job and perform it safely. Be sure you know its hazards and how to protect yourself. If you aren't sure or have questions, ask your supervisor! Report all near misses, incidents, injuries and illnesses immediately. Wear the required personal __protective equipment necessary for the job. Safety glasses are required as minimum eye protection on all jobsites. Always work clear of suspended loads. Never conduct work, unless trained, General safety rules Exercise proper lifting techniques. Operate vehicles in a safe manner and obey site driving rules. Do not perform work under unsafe conditions. Any employee has the right to stop work if they feel itis unsafe. Horseplay of any kind will not be permitted. Only authorized personnel shall repair company furnished tools or equipment. Firearms on the job are prohibited. General safety rules Do not become complacent! Always keep your mind and eyes on the task at hand. ‘Always know the emergency action plan for your jobsite. Know what the warning tones are and where to go. Obey all warning signs and barricades. Inspect all equipment, scaffolds, ladders, lifts, etc. before using. If found to be defective remove fram service. Report any unsafe tools, equipment or hazardous conditions to your supervisor. See that good housekeeping is maintained in your work area, General safety rules ‘Always keep a positive attitude, This will make the day go better and make you a safer worker. Do not use ladders as scaffolds and never climb so high that it is impossible to hold the top step for support. Never use a step ladder as a straight ladder. Don’t put yourself and your supervisor on the spot by not observing safety rules and regulations! If you see someone doing something unsafe or at risk say something to that employee!Personal protective equipment Hazards exist in every workplace in many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, fiying sparks, chemicals, noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations. The prime objective of every industry is to protect its employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury. However, controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect employees. PPE is worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. Personal protective equipment ‘Why PPE is important: Sometimes, even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some hazards might remain. These include injuries to: ‘The lungs, ex. from breathing in contaminated air ‘The head and feet, ex. from falling materials ‘The eyes, ex. from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids The skin, ex. from contact with corrosive materials. ‘The body, ex. from extremes of heat or cold Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing or equipment designed to protect workers from physical hazards when on a worksite. PPE should only be considered as a last line of defence between a hazard and the worker. When engineering, work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use. Personal protective equipment Engidetring Contos of heath hazards nthe workplace1 Personal protective equipment Basic types of PPE: Head protection: Hard hats and headgears should be required for tasks that can cause any force or object falling to the head. When performing head protection safety checks, ensure that there are no dents or deformities on the shell and connections are tightened inside. Always replace a hard hat if it was used for any kind of impact, even if damage is unnoticeable. Personal protective equipment . Foot protection: Knee pads and safety boots should be used for tasks that can cause serious foot and leg injuries from falling or rolling objects, hot substances, electrical hazards and slippery surfaces. Use boots with slip-resistant soles that protect against compression and impact. Personal protective equipment . Face and eye protection: Safety goggles and face shields should be used for tasks that can cause loss of vision and an eye burns, splashes, sprays of toxic liquids ete. When conducting equipment safety checks, ensure that there are no cracks or deformities on the lenses, ensure the strap is in good working order and is firmly sealed to the cheek and forehead. Personal protective equipment |. Hands protection: Safety gloves should be used for tasks that can cause hand and skin burns, absorption of harmful substances, cuts, fractures or amputations. When inspecting hand protection equipment, ensure that they fit perfectly with no spaces and are free from cuts, burns and chemical residue. Always replace them if any sign of contamination was observed.Personal protective equipment . Body protection: Safety vests and suits and should be used for tasks that can cause body injuries from extreme temperatures, flames and sparks, toxic chemicals, insect bites and radiation. Ensure that they are clean and free from cuts and burns. Always get 2 good fit to ensure full body protection. Personal protective equipment . Fall protection: Safety harnesses and lanyards should be strictly used for task that can cause falling from heights and serious injury or death. When inspecting equipment, ensure that the straps are free from tears, deformities and burn marks and buckles are connected securely and tightly. It is very important to dispose them if used after a falling incident. Personal protective equipment . Hearing protection: Ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks than can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing. When ensuring hearing safety, the equipment must fit the ear canal perfectly. Recommended types include _formable earplugs to fit on different sizes of ear canals. Personal protective equipment Respiratory protection: Respirators should be used for task that can cause inhalation of harmful materials to enter the body. When conducting respiratory protection safety, ensure that the equipment is fit- tested and the employee has undergone proper training before wearing one.Housekeeping The term housekeeping has been borrowed from the maintenance of domestic properties in the home/house and is now liberally applied to the maintenance of both cleanliness and order in all kinds of business establishments, e.g,, industries etc. Cleanliness is a condition wherein buildings, work and rest areas, machinery, equipment and tools are kept free from dirt, dust filth, stain ete. Housekeeping Ahousekeeping supervisor is a person employed ‘to manage the household and the domestic staff, Housekeeping generally includes disposing of rubbish and litter, cleaning of dirty/oily/greasy floors, dusting and vacuuming etc. It may also involve same outdoor works such as cleaning and maintaining of gutters, washing windows, removing rubbish form outside and nearby area and sweeping doormats etc. Housekeeping Housekeeping refers to the management of duties and routine tasks involved in the running of an industry, such as general care, cleanliness, orderliness and maintenance of property etc. These tasks may be performed by any of the industry members, or by other persons hired to perform these tasks Housekeeping Housecleaning is performed to make the industry look and smell better and be safer and easier to workout. Without housecleaning lime scale can build up on taps, mold grows in wet areas, smudges on glass surfaces, dust forms on surfaces, bacterial action make the garbage disposal and toilet smell and cobwebs accumulate, Tools used in housekeeping include vacuums, brooms, mops and sponges, together with cleaning products such as detergents, disinfectants and bleach.Housekeeping Objectives of industrial housekeeping: : Prevent sis, trips and falls Eliminate fre hazard Control dust Avoid tracking materials Prevent fling objects Clear clutter Store material properly . Use and inspect PPE and tools Determine frequency Create written rules Waste disposal ink ong term og Housekeeping It also requires paying attention to important : details such as the layout of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of ‘ storage facilities and maintenance. Good . housekeeping is also a basic part of good maintenance and fire prevention. : Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation; it is not a one-time or hit-and-miss : cleanup | done — occasionally. Proper housekeeping is not costly and is very . effective in reducing accidents. Housekeeping Necessity of industrial housekeeping: Effective housekeeping can help control or eliminate workplace hazards. Poor housekeeping practices frequently contribute to incidents. Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas neat and orderly, maintaining workshops/plants and floors free of slip and trip hazards, and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards from work areas. Housekeeping ‘Advantages of good industrial housekeeping: Reduced handling to ease the flow of materials Fewer tripping and slipping incidents in clutter- free and spill-free work areas Decreased fire hazards Lower worker exposures to hazardous products (e.g. dusts, vapours) Better control of tools and materials, including inventory and supplies More efficient equipment maintenance cleanup andHousekeeping Better hygienic conditions leading to improved health More effective use of space Reduced property damage by improving preventive maintenance Less janitorial work Improved morale Improved productivity (tools and materials will be easy to find) Proper waste disposal Housekeeping Sample checklist for industrial housekeeping: Housekeeping Sample checklist for industrial housekeep! ea an aa Tae Safety tag system Safety tags are used to prevent accidents in hazardous or potentially hazardous situations ‘that are out of the ordinary, unexpected, or not readily apparent. ‘Tags shall be used until the identified hazard is eliminated or the hazardous operation is completed. ‘Tags give their safety alert with a signal word and a major message. Just as with safety signs, the signal word is the one that leaps out and gets your attention,Safety tag system + It can be DANGER, CAUTION, BIOLOGICAL HAZARD, BIOHAZARD or the biohazard symbol. + According to OSHA, we use a tag that says WARNING for a situation whose hazard level is somewhere between DANGER and CAUTION, + Avariety of tags are used in various industrial purposes. Some of these are: Safety tag system + Some examples of color codes for tagging systems: Lor | ear AEC eee ser teton en mace Weta of Re Yelow Caton Teepe fling and sing tad, “Rte "tee Fle ara at Gabe. Sty cane and owas fo ames vane Pest fen at Safety tag system + Danger tags indicate immediate hazards that could result in death or serious injury. + Caution tags are for minor hazard situations with lesser threats of injury. + Warning tags can be used for hazard levels between Danger and Caution. Safety tag system SES cen ia rey ager orPuleon Aadaton Xray ha, oe, ganna, ator aSafety tag system Sometimes, the tag may also contain the “major message” about safety on it, like: "DO NOT TOUCH’, "DO NOT CROSS THE LINE”, “DO NOT OPEN", “DO NOT OPERATE”, “OUT OF SERVICE”, “HIGH VOLTAGE” etc. Sometimes some supplementary information may also written on tag along with the “major message’ lke: "CHECKED ON_”, “SERVICE DUE ON_’ *CONTACT__ BEFORE OPERATING’, “TESTED BY__", “DO NOT DISTURBE” etc, Safety tag system Sometimes a tag may use a picture instead of, or in addition to, words. The pictures are usually easy to understand. For instance, if the tag contains a message about wearing hard hats or ear protection, there might be a picture of a head wearing a hard hat or ear “ @ © @ = Era Safety tag system 3 3 Cy [CYLINDER| CYLINDER cauTioN] EMPTY — USE J INUSE Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science and art devoted to the expectation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community”.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to control potential health hazards. + Industrial hygienists are trained to forecast, recognize, evaluate, and recommend controls for environmental and physical hazards that can affect the health and well-being of workers. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Recognizing and controlling hazards: 1. Engineering controls: + These minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazard. Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals and sub: non-toxic chemicals, enclosing processes or confining work operations, and the installation of general and local ventilation systems. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Industrial hygienists analyze, identify, and measure workplace hazards or stresses that can cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort in workers through chemical, physical, ergonomic, or biological exposures. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 2. Work practice control + It mainly includes the alteration in the manner in which a task is performed. Some fundamental and easily implemented work practice controls include: (a) Changing existing work practices to follow proper procedures that minimize exposures While operating production and control equipment. (b)Inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics (c)implementing good -—shousekeeping procedures. (d) Providing good supervision. (e)Mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Examples of job hazards: * Potential hazards can include air contaminants, and chemical, biological, physical and ergonomic hazards. 1. Air Contaminants + These are commonly classified as either particulate or gas and vapor contaminants. ‘The most common particulate contaminants include dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols, and fibers. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 3, Administrative controls: + It include controlling employees’ exposure by scheduling production and tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure to heat which is potential during summer when there are greatest chances of fire and uncomfortable to human body. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Dusts are solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding, colliding, exploding, and heating organic or inorganic materials such as rock, ore, metal, coal, wood, and grain. + Fumes are formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air. In most cases, the solid particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + Mists are generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid or by a liquid being dispersed by splashing or atomizing. + Aerosols are also a form of a mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid particles. + Fibers are solid particles whose length is several times greater than their diameter, such as asbestos Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 2. Chemical hazards: + Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes, and vapors exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing), absorption (through direct contact, with the skin}, or ingestion (eating or drinking). + Some are toxic through inhalation and some of them irritate the skin on contact; some can be toxic by absorption through the skin or through ingestion, and some are corrosive to living tissue. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Gases are formless fluids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in which they are confined. They are atomic, diatomic, or molecular in nature as opposed to droplets or particles which are made up of millions of atoms or molecules. Through evaporation, liquids change into vapors and mix with the surrounding atmosphere. Vapors are the volatile form of substances that are normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. Vapors are gases in that true vapors are atomic or molecular in nature. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics ‘The degree of worker risk from exposure to any given substance depends on the nature and potency of the toxic effects and the magnitude and duration of exposure.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 3. Biological hazards: + These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms that can cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body either, directly or through breaks in the skin. + Occupations that deal with plants or animals or ‘their products or with food and food processing may expose workers to biological hazards. Laboratory and medical personnel also can be exposed to biological hazards. Any occupations that result in contact with bodily fluids pose a risk to workers from biological hazards. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 4. Physical hazards: + Physical hazards include excessive levels of ionizing and non-ionizing _ electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and ‘temperature, + In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time, distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence, the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the radiation danger, Industrial hygiene and ergonomics + In occupations where there is potential exposure to biological hazards, workers should practice proper personal hygiene, particularly hand washing. + Hospitals should provide proper ventilation, proper personal protective equipment such as gloves and respirators, adequate infectious waste disposal systems, and appropriate controls including isolation in instances of Particularly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics * Distance is also a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. + Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the source. For example, at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radiation is 1/100 of the intensity at 1 foot from the source.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation, ‘The greater the protective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the lower the radiation exposure. In some instances, however, limiting exposure to or Increasing distance from certain forms of non-ionizing, radiation, such as lasers, is not effective. For example, an exposure to laser radiation that is faster than the blinking of an eye can be hazardous and would require workers to be miles from the laser source before being adequately protected. Shielding workers from this source can be an effective control method. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Itis also possible to reduce noise exposure by increasing the distance between the source and the receiver, by isolating workers in acoustical booths, limiting workers’ exposure time to noise, and by providing hearing protection, Another physical hazard, radiant heat exposure in factories such as steel mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective clothing. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics * Noise is an another significant physical hazard. It can be controlled by various measures. + Noise can be reduced by installing equipment and systems that have been engineered, designed, and built to operate quietly, by enclosing or shielding noisy equipment, by making certain that equipment is in good repair and properly maintained with all worn or unbalanced parts replaced, by mounting noisy equipment ‘on special mounts to reduce vibration, and by installing silencers, mufflers, or baffles. Industrial hygiene and ergonomics 5. Ergonomic hazards: + The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates 2 various range of tasks including such as lifting, holding, pushing, walking, sitting and reaching. + Many ergonomic problems result from technological changes such a increased assembly line speeds, adding specialized tasks, and increased repetition, some problems arise from poorly designed job tasks.Industrial hygiene and ergonomics ‘Any of those conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eye strain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting problems. Improperly designed tools or work areas also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over, prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of the tendon sheath of the hands and arms, 2 condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome, Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Evaluating working conditions from an ergonomics standpoint involves looking at the total physiological and psychological demands of the job on the worker. Overall, industrial hygienists point out that the benefits of a well-designed, ergonomic work environment can include increased efficiency, fewer accidents, lower operating costs, and more effective use of personnel Industrial hygiene and ergonomics Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a job or jobsite and by better designed tools or equipment that _meet workers! needs in terms of physical environment and job tasks. Through thorough worksite analysis, employers can set up procedures to correct or control ergonomic hazares by using the appropriate engineering controls (lke, designing or redesigning work stations, lighting, tools, and equipment), teaching correct work practices (like, proper lifting methods), employing proper administrative controls (lke, shifting workers Among several diferent tasks, reducing production demand, and increasing rest breaks) and if necessary, providing and mandating personal protective equipment, Safety management systems: structure and implementation There are so many aspects to creating and maintaining a safe working environment that sometimes it’s easy to get lost in it all. To truly succeed in creating a safe place of work, the key is to develop and implement an effective safety management system. A safety management system combines all the different elements in a workplace that need attention to ensure you provide a safe working environment for everyone who enters it.Safety management systems: structure and implementation Safety management systems make health and safety an integral part of a business's core operations. By designing, developing and implementing an effective safety management system, one will have methods for managing reporting, responsibilities, planning and resourcing to create a safer workplace. Safety management systems: structure and implementation It is not enough to simply adopt a satisfactory safety management system. One must also actively implement that system in his/her workplace. To do this, one must ensure that: Workers comply with procedures and instructions Workers are appropriately trained Workers are subject to ongoing supervision Safety management systems: structure and implementation Safety management systems have six elements: Asafety plan Policies, procedures and processes Training and induction Monitoring Supervision Reporting Safety management systems: structure and implementation |. Safety plan: A safety plan is a strategic action plan that forms part of the business plan. It analyses the current and prospective risk for a company and charts how the risks will be eradicated and controlled over a calendar period. This plan will ensure that there is a governance structure within the company that ensures every worker clearly understands their safety obligations (and how to comply) and is accountable to carry out those obligations.Safety management systems: structure and implementation . Policies, procedures and processes: Policies, procedures and processes include all safety paper infrastructures within the company. This paperwork will describe all safety behaviour, expectations, _record- keeping, incident reporting, and incident notification documentation, Safety management systems: structure and implementation | Monitoring The monitoring of the workplace depends on circumstances and need. Always consider the level of risk. The higher the risk, the more frequent and detailed the monitoring needs to be. Other times when monitoring will be necessary include: ‘To ensure that all risk has been covered by a new risk assessment that has been carried out due to a change inprocess, e.g. the installation of new workstations When an investigation takes place following an incident 5. Supervision: 5. Trai Safety management systems: structure and implementation ing and induction: Depending on the nature of the workplace (whether it is low-risk or high-risk), everyone who enters the workplace should receive training on: -The rules of the company -The rules of the site -The rules of the location they are visiting ‘The training content will depend on the level of risk the person is exposed to. Safety management systems: structure and implementation The only way to ensure the workers are carrying out their safety obligations is to have adequate supervision. The level of supervision required in the workplace will increase if the level of safety control put in place to reduce a risk is low, ie. the less effective the control measure used, the higher the level of supervision necessary.Safety management systems: structure and implementation . Reporting: ‘The governance structure of a company needs safety reporting at all levels, not just at board level. ‘The workers need to know what safety looks like = what's going right and what's going wrong, This can only occur when they receive safety feedback from the company, like how many hazards were identified, the risk levels associated with those hazards and what control measures were implemented. Safety management systems: structure and implementation Set up an implementation team who can focus on the project and keep it moving. Make sure roles, time lines and 5 are clearly outlined and Get the employees involved by offering communication, training and incentives. Review your management system on an ongoing basis so that you can continuously improve. Safety management systems: structure and implementation Here are six tips on how to implement a safety ‘management system in a company: |. Secure the commitment of senior management. Setting up one of these systems takes between 12 and 24 months, and it could be another 18 months before you start to see results. Senior management commitment is necessary to keep the project going, . Audit your existing safety procedures and practices against those that will be required Under the standard so you know what to focus on first Safety training & audit ‘The purpose of a workplace safety audit is to discover circumstances, situations, equipment cor materials that may harm a person or the society. The objective is not saving money, it is ‘the avoidance of human injury. The audits are generally performed by a specialized team. Every organization have their audit department. However, a specialized team, formed by the government or the governing society, also visits every organization regularly. On this basis, there are two type of audits; internal and external.Safety training & audit Safety audits are intended to assure that effective program elements are in place for identifying, eliminating, or controlling hazards that could adversely impact a company’s physical and human assets, This type of audit will help reduce injury and illness rates, lower workers compensation and other business costs, empower employees by involving them in activities affecting their own safety and health, increase job satisfaction, and ‘make the company more competitive. Safety training & audit During these surveys, assessments are made for compliance to applicable regulations and the detection of unsafe hazards. Work site audits also provide an evaluation of compliance to OSHA standards relating to ergonomics, respirator use, hearing conservation, blood-borne pathogens and use of, personal protective equipment. ‘The safety audits should not be performed once in a year, but throughout the year after certain interval of time to identify the unsafe practices and to minimize the hazards, Safety training & audit Generally, an audit team should be comprised of at least three to five people representing a variety of departments. To ensure neutrality and objectivity, it is suggested that team members should not audit their own department. ‘Audits may also be conducted by qualified consultants. Audit Team members should review all existing safety program. Safety audits are conducted for the purpose of health, safety and hazard identification. Safety training & audit Objective of safety audits: ‘The objectives of a safety audit should be to maintain a safe place of work through hazard recognition and removal, to verify employees are following the most effective safety procedures, to make certain the facility, equipment, and operations meet the required local, state, and national, health, and safety requirements and best’ industry business practices to produce a safe place of work. In addition, safety audits assure that necessary administrative records supporting the required health, safety, and medical activities are maintained.Safety training & audit Formal safety audits Should be conducted on a regularly scheduled basis. Demonstrate the company has made a commitment to safety and is monitoring and enforcing. its established Safety Policy and procedures. Should be an official part of the company’s health and safety program. Should Involve employees, supervisors, middle and Upper level operating management, and health and safety professionals. Establish a schedule of safety audits for each workplace and work process, Safety training & audit Additional conditions to consider are past records of equipment failures, accidents, near accidents and Injuries and whether regular audits are required due to requirements external to the company. ‘The greater the potential severity or consequences of an unwanted occurrence, the more frequently audits should be made. In addition to a job safety analysis form, a detailed checklist should be used that reflects regulations as well as best business practices and consensus standards applicable to health and safety requirements specific to the company’s operations and exposures. Safety training & audit The best time to conduct a safety audit is during a time when operations and work practices can be observed as they are normally conducted and when there will be the least number of distractions to the normal work procedures. Sometimes, audits are conducted depends on the potential for property damage, personal injury or catastrophic events and how quickly conditions that could present a hazard can develop. Safety training & audit Examples of checist tems might include: ‘walkigand working suaces Hourebepingsracices, Frearoecton an ie safetySafety training & audit Recording Hazards: Give the location and description of each hazard identified. Give sufficient detail so that the hazard can be located by those responsible for carrying out the specified corrective action. Identify machines and operations by their correct names. Describe the locations by name or number and give details about the hazards identified, Safety training & audit Generally safety trainings are performed before and after the au The earlier trainings are performed to make the employee familiar to organization, plant, processes, equipments, machines etc. and ‘sometimes to make a employee specialist of the process, equipment or machine. However, the later ones are performed to eliminate or reduces the accidents, risks and hazards about that process, equipment or machine. Safety training & audit The audit report should: list corrective actions in the order of priority. Specify exactly what needs to be done to correct the hazardous situation. Clearly identify who is responsible for taking the corrective action. Safety training & audit Workplace safety training is a process that aims to provide your workforce with knowledge and skills to perform their work in a way that is safe for them and their co-workers. In addition, an effective workplace safety plan includes instructions and guidelines to identify hazards, report them and deal with incidents.yawn Safety training & audit Safety training objectives: The main objectives of an industrial safety training are: Recognize and understand the importance of workplace hazards, Identify common workplace hazards. Understand how to reduce risk. . Know how to react in an emergency. Know their safety-related rights and responsibilities at work, . Know whom to talk and report about problems at work.