Hazard??? + What is hazard? + An inherent physical, chemical, biological characteristic or any other means that has the potential for causing harm to people, property or the environment. Industrial Hazard??? Industrial Hazard??? * What is industrial hazard? + Industrial hazard may be defined as any conditions produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Industrial Hazard???Industrial Hazard??? Industrial Hazard??? Industrial Hazard??? Industrial Hazard??? Hoalth effects of pollution AAAAAA oe AKAAAA i , “ SSS AAAAAA SoHo ]=Industrial Hazard??? Ca Medines ‘Organi saves and residues, heavy mata (erary aeeael te [sean sors, gmt (OF and_ petri Oi, sheols ogpnic omsounde,heany meta ete Petes ‘gine chorne compound, orpneposshate compounds et rats ‘anc eae eR a Hazard Identification Techniques + Hazard idntifeaton i he proces of dentiyng al hazards in he workplace. lene festion of hatrde la maj component of sfety + Anaard can be considered as a dormant potential or harm whieh Is present none form or anther within te Ingusty. + The Identicason of hazards associated with the day-to-day operations of an organization, of apsocited with changes tothe fperations of an organization; the assessment of the rks costed with those hazates; and the Implementation ‘and management of measures to recuge those risks to en scoprabe Industrial Hazard Types Fire and explosion hazards Electrical hazards Chemical hazards Gas hazards Mechanical hazards Dust hazards Hazard Identification Techniques It should be remembered that any system or operation comprises People Procedures Equipment and [An environment of operationHazard Identification Techniques Hazard Identification Techniques + Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) + Preliminary hazard analysis is used as an early means of hazard identification during the design and development of the process + The method is often used to follow-up on the hazards that have been identified during concept hazard analysis. follows an approach similar to HAZOP, though splits the process into laxger sections, generaly major process items and associated lines and heat exchangers + The technique requires a minimum level of knowledge before itcan be pertormec: Hazard Identification Techniques + Preliminary hazard analysis PHA) + Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) + Hazard operability (HAZOP) study + Technic of operation review (TOR) + Human error analysis (HEA) + Faultteoe analysis (FTA) + Rar Hazard Identification Techniques 1} Notes on dangerous action and sie reactions. 2}, Dataon hazardous materials 3} process fow dagram showing contro! measures and safeguard, ran intial PRD, 4) Equipment speciation sheets 5} Notes on inventor evel 61, Any avalable operating information. 2), Disturbances rsuting in rupture or exceeding mechanical iis 8} Citica defect in eonsttution 9}, Flow through abnormal openings tothe atmosphere. 10} Aversa change na planned product or other reeaceHazard Identification Techniques + The disturbance should be further developed until the immediate causes can be identified e.g, human error, process item defect, design defect, control defect, change of design Intent, or external threats. + The study can then be widened to evaluate the consequence ofthe deviation, and to assign a potential risk ot. Hazard Identification Techniques + sadvantages of PHA + Wil not identify al the causes. Due tothe ial evaluation of ‘the plant enough information might not be availabe to fully Idemityal the causes of the hazards + Wil only identify and examine the major hazards, When the techniaue Is generally applied only minimal information is available and so only major hazards canbe identified Hazard Identification Techniques [Advortagesof PHA Fecitates the bldg of faut ees and event res: The eehique vert rees can be developed Systemaealy ints the acdentscenars: A systemate plan's oped to the process to Identify possible ceviatons leading 10 poten haar Easy to perform: Due tothe systematic plan and the low level of Geta avtble fr is performance lle expertise requires to Sly the tecnigue. idertiied in the eaty concept sages can be easly evaluated, and titer designed ut or 26ctonel seety measures ed Hazard Identification Techniques Fallure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) + FMEA is a bottom up technique. It considers ways in which the basic components of a system can fail to perform their design intent. Ths could either be at equipment level or at Functional level ‘The technique relies on 2 detailed system description and Considers the ways in which each sub-component of the system could fail to meet its design intent and what the consequences would be an the overall system.a @) Hazard Identification Techniques For each sub-component ofa system FMEA considers = Althe potential ways thatthe component could fll = The effect that each ofthese fallures would have on the system behavior ~ The possible causes ofthe various falure modes ~ How the failures might be mitigated within the system Hazard Identification Techniques Describe the system: A detailed description ofthe process is intally required so that it can be broken down into either a functional, herarehieal of relablty block diagram. The assessment team also needs a detailed description of the various actions performed by each section, including a description of their modes of successor failure Establish the base principles and purposes ofthe study: The purpose and seope of the assessment needs to be st along with how the results will be displayed, and whether ‘there will be any interaction between the results and any further studies to be performed, Hazard Identification Techniques + The purpose of FMEA is to Identify potential hazards associated with a process by investigating the failure ‘modes for each process iter. + FMEA has difficulty in identifying hazards that require the failure of more than one process item, due to the complex interaction of the failures. + The following steps are performed during the analysis = Hazard Identification Techniques {3) Carry out the study: Initially all tems should be identified in the various systems or subsystems produced by the graphical breakdown of the process, All the possible fare modes of these items should then be colated. The most lhely failures caused by the failure modes can then be identified, and thelr c|ffectson the process evaluated. (8) Report the results: The report should include the diagram produced in stage 1, 9 detaled record of the analss, a summary, recommendations indicating possible improvements, failures which have significant effect on the process, a5 well 3s ‘those that produce noneHazard Identification Techniques Hazard Identification Techniques ry y Hazard Identification Techniques Hazard Identification TechniquesHazard Identification Techniques i, np te 0 Hazard Identification Techniques ‘Advantages of FMEA + Performs a systematic review of the process. A detailed ‘methodology is avaiable to asess the pint item by item, Disadvantages of FMEA + Can be time consuming and expensive, For complex processes there wil be many items to be investigated each with a complex series of falure modes to be examined Diffcuty identifying hazards due to more than one failure. tt is hard to combine the effect of multiple falure modes of different items to identity combined hazards. Hazard Identification Techniques Hazard Identification Techniques + Difficulty finding all the falure modes. Most items have been investigated to identify thelr various failure modes, newer ‘equipment might be less well documented and some of the fallure modes might have been missed, + Requites 2 large amount of data, The plant needs to be well ‘developed before the technique can be performed, and the various allure rates foreach item also needs to be known,Hazard Identification Techniques + Hazard operability (HAZOP) Study + HAZOP is a systematic and structured approach that uses parameter and devition guidewords. HAZOP relies on avery detailed system description being avaiable for study and usually involves braking down the system into well defined subsystems and functional or process flows between subsystems. + HAZOP can be used at varying times during the life cycle of the process, from process development through to the closure of the plant, including hazard assessment of any ‘moaifieations proposed during the operational fe span, Hazard Identification Techniques + The study is usually conducted by a multicscplinary group of 46 experts led by 2 Chairman with experience in performing safety studies. An officer from the Loss Control Department is normally designated tobe the Secretary. Ideally the Chaieman should be from the Technical Services Department, + Inthe chemical process industry (Ct) the typical composition of the HAZOP Study team would compose af the following Departments production, mechanical engineering, electrical fengineering, instruments engineering, technical services loss contal department and laboratory Hazard Identification Techniques ‘The deta and information requirements can ental provision of — PAI drawings = Flow charts ~ Process description = Operating manuals Hazard Identification Techniques ‘The records praduced by the study group should indicate the following ~The design intent ofthe system ~ Any notable deviations from the intent = Possible causes af the deviation = Possible consequences ofthe deviation iit occurs ~ Aitional action that can be performed to minimize the hatard associated with the dewation, if practicable.Hazard Identification Techniques ‘Advantages of HAZOP Systematic and comprehensive technique: A detailed plan for performing the technique is avaliable which systematically applies guide words and parameters to all the pipes and verses in the proces. Examines the consequences of the fallure: Thought should be [ven by the assessment team to the consequences of the deviations identified, This aids in. the production of recommendations for methods to minimize or mitigate the hatard Hazard Identification Techniques Disadvantages of HAZOP + Requires experienced practitioners: Experienced team members are required to identify all possible causes and consequences ofthe deviations, as wel as producing realistic recommendations. Focuses on one-event causes of deviation only: Only the hazards associated with single deviations can be studied Hazards that are caused by two or more separate deviations ‘cannot be identified by the technique Hazard Identification Techniques Disadvantages of HAZOP Time consuming and expensive: Most plants containa age number ‘ppliaton of the various eidewords and parameters Roques detailed design drawing to perform the fl stu Te faly perform the study the proces has tobe designed to such level that all he pipes and vessels are detaled with thelr operating ondtions, ond contol instromentation, Adgonal guide words are required for unusual hazards \Worgs, further words uch as radiation forthe nuclear indsty) ‘willneed to be app Hazard Identification Techniques Technic of operation review (TOR) ‘TOR analysis was intial developed by Weaver (1973) as a training tool to assist withthe prevention of incidents. I has subsequently found application as an investigatory technique for the identfcation of root causes associated with Incdents and accidents, The focus of TOR analysis is on system fallures, seeking to identify management. failures rather than blaming employees involved TOR analysis i presented in @ work sheet format. iis 2 group technique requiring participants to progress through the work sheet answering yes or no toa Series of questions.Hazard Identification Techniques 'A condition of TOR analysis Is that the group reaches a consensus on the answers to the questions There are four basi steps inthe TOR analysis process = 1 Gabish the facts, 2) Trace the root eases 3} Eiinte Irsipsieat cuss 2 deny reas cos TOR is an analysis method that allows supervisors and employees to work together to analyze workplace accidents, failures and incidents It seeks to identify systemic causes, not toassign blame, Hazard Identification Techniques ‘This actity is performed among the groups. The groups are formed onthe bass of activity people ae performed. Using a laptop and data projector, groups can participate in ‘the HEA, This helps reveal the topic of human error. By involving the right people {typically those who have practical experience of doing the task). ‘The method helps to evaluate the current approach to managing human factors risks and to identify anything else that can be done to effectively reduce the risks Hazard Identification Techniques Human Error Analysis (HEA) Human Error Analysis (also known 25 Task HAZOP) provides a systematic method of considering the possible errors and ‘other human falures that may occur when performing a task A checklist of error types is used as a prompt to ensure al ‘the most relevant fare types are considered. This s similar {to HAZOP, which Is @ widely used technique for assessing process safety Hazard Identification Techniques es wiske Mistake ema address orherHazard Identification Techniques alison with ater ships ae Fe taman eres or Tanah Hazard Identification Techniques + The logic gates predominantly consist of AND and OR gates (or ‘moaified versions) to indicate ifthe preceding event requires either one ora number of falures to occur. + Once the fault tree has been fully developed ‘requencies/probabities can be designated to each primary event, and by folowing the logic in the diagram the risk assocated withthe top event canbe calculated, + The assessment is usualy completed in six stages = Hazard Identification Techniques + Fault tree analysis (FTA) ‘+ FTAs 2 graphical representation of the combination of fauts| leading to a predefined undesired event. The methodology uses loge gates to show all credible paths from which the Uuncesired event coud occur + The fault tree is develoned from the top down (ve from the Undesired top event to the primary events which intited the failure) and the logic gates indicate the passage of the faut logic up the tree. + The event should be traced back until it cannot be developed Turther, either due to lack of knowledge or because no other ‘causes can be identified. Hazard Identification Techniques {0 Definition of the scope of the analysis It defines the purpose and extent of the assessment, as well a5 the basie assumptions made. {iy Famiarization with the design, funetions, and operations of the process: The process should be deseribed so tha all of the members ofthe assessment team understand it Ali) identification of the top event: An event appropriate to be assessed using the fault tee methodology should be identified, and is usually the onset or exstence ofa dangerous condition, of the inability of the system to provide the desited performance.Hazard Identification Techniques {iv} Construction ofthe fault tree: This consist ofthe breakdown ‘ofthe top event to identify the primary events (0) Analysis of the fault tree: The addition of frequencies and probabilities into the fault tree forthe primary events to quantify the Fak ofthe top event. (ui) Documentation of the results: This should include dacumentary evidence of all of the work performed by the assessment team, the information required for its performance, ‘3s well asthe results produced by the team with any associated ‘conclusions. Hazard Identification Techniques [Ealision with ater ships =}— Wah sea Hazard Identification Techniques Hazard Identification Techniques + Advantages of FTA + It is able to produce quantitative resuts. Probablities or {frequencies can be allocated tothe inating conditions, and using the loge present in the developed tree the probabilty or frequency ofthe event can be calculated. + Shows a logical representation of the sequence of events. A Pictorial representation ofthe failure path is produced which inleates the logical sequence of events leading to realization ofthe hatard. + Can be used to assess 2 wide range of failures. Hardware, software, human, and process failures can all be easly incorporated into the logic of the processHazard Identification Techniques + Disadvantages of FTA Time consuming and expensive for comples systems. Each event has tobe Broken down tos intatingcontions, values for these Coneitions are then required tobe identified andthe logic followed to quant the hazard ‘a experienced assessment team Is requed or erors in the loge can be made. The connection between the initing cndtion ae Fequired to be progeryisetieg or eros can occur m the lle 2rd om that tothe quantieaton ofthe hazard Some top events might be mised Time and effort le required to identity all the top events that are raqured to be studied. & preliminary study might need tobe performed to ful this entra, sth technique cannot easly entity tse events, Industrial Accidents ‘An accident industrial) is a sudden and unexpected occurrence In the industry which interrupts the orderly progress ofthe work According to the Factores Act, 1948: “It's an occurrence In an Industrial establishment causing body injury to a person who ‘makes him unfit to resume his duties inthe next 48 hours. Industrial Accidents + The ever increasing mechanization, —electieation, chemicalization and sophistication have made industrial jobs ‘more and more complex and intricate + This has led to increased dangers to human life in industries through accidents and injuries. in fact, the same underlines, the need for and importance of industrial safety. Let us fist, ungerstand what industrial aceléent actualy means, Nature of Accidents + Accidents may be of diferent types depending upon the Sever, durability and degree ofthe injury. “+ An accident causing death or permanent or prolonged disability tthe injured employee is called major accident. med + cut that does not render the employee disabled I 235 minor acct dent. + When an employee gets injury with external signs of i ti external nur.Nature of Accidents Injury without showing external signs such as a fractured bone i alld an internal one, + When an injury renders an injured employee disabled fora short period, say, day ora week, itis a temporary accident. (On the contrary, making injured employee disabled forever is called permanent accident. Disablity causes by accident may be patil or total, fatal or non-fatal. Nature of Accidents + Minor accidents ©. y Iindudes a those acidens that are Lessharnflinnaureto the worker + Preventing employees from working forthe period less than ‘48 hours from the time of accidents ‘These accidents ae not reported to the higher management. ‘These acidents are easily conte. Nature of Accidents Nature of Accidents Major scents Ie includes the category of acdents which isle complicated ‘hen of minor secon Here, the Injuries caused to the worker prevent him fom working forthe period of |8houts or more. Here, the supenisor is responsible to report 1 the higher management and range another "worker "so" that the prosuetioncouldnot be affectedCauses of Accidents + The industrial safety experts have classified the various causes of accidents into three broad categories: + Unsafe conditions + Unsafe ats + other causes Causes of Accidents + Besides, the psychological reasons such as working overtime, ‘monotony, fatigue, treeness, frustration and anxiety are also Some other causes that cause accidents, + Safety experts identify that there are some high danger zones in an industry. These are, for example, hand if trucks, wheel barrows, gears and pulleys, sows and hand rails, ehisels and Screw crvers, electri drop lights, et, where about one-third of industral acidents occu Causes of Accidents Unsafe conditions (work related) Unsafe working conltions are the biggest cause of acci-dents, These are associated with detective plants, tools, equipment’, machines, materials etc. Such causes are known as ‘technicl causes. They arise when there are Improper guarded equipment’, defective equipments, faulty layout and location of plant, inadequate lighting arrangements and ventilation, unsafe storage, inadequate safety devices ete Causes of Accidents + Unsafe acts Industrial accidents occur due to certain acts on the part of workers. These acts may be the result of lack of knowledge oF Skil on the part of the worker, certain bodily defects and ‘wrong attitude. Examples ofthese acts are + Operating without authority Fallure to use safe attire or personal protective equipment’ Careless throwing of material atthe work place. ‘Working t unsafe speed, ie, too fat or too low. Using unsafe equipment, or using equloment’s unsafely,Causes of Accidents Removing safety devices Taking unsafe position under suspended loads Distracting, teasing, abusing, quarreling, day-dreaming,, horseplay. ‘One's own accident prone personalty and behavior Industrial Accidents Classification ‘Accidents due to fire and explosions Accidents due to electrical controls Accidents due to chemicals Accidents due to gases ‘Accidents due to mechanical equipment ‘Accidents due to dust etc, Causes of Accidents + Other causes + These causes arise out of unsafe situational and climatic Conditions and variations. These may include excessive noise, very high temperature, humid conditions, bad working Conditions, unneahy enviranment, slippery floors, excessive Glare, dust and fume, arrogant behavior of domineering supervisors, et Accidents due to Fire and ExplosionsAccidents due to Fire and Explosions Causes Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring Combustibies near equipment that generates heat, lame, or sparks. + Flammable iquids and aerosols Electrical wiring in poor oneltion Batteries + Smoking inthe factory premises by workers. Accidents due to Fire and Explosions Preventive measures Don't wear nylon cloths at work place. Each and every section of the industry should have fire extinguisher Make sure that all employees are familiar with fire extinguisher. + Maintaining proper fire exis Accidents due to Fire and Explosions Preventive measures Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building ‘and proper exit signage (eg, exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure) Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility + Smoking is prohibited in industrial premises. Accidents due to Fire and Explosions How fire occurs Fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture. ‘The elements are heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). These elements comes together and form a model called fire triangle, and hence fire is formed.THE FIRE TRIgNGLE Accidents due to Fire and Explosions * Safety measures 1 Types of fire extinguisher + Water fire extinguisher + Foam fire extinguisher Accidents due to Fire and Explosions Fire classes, Class A fires involve organic solids such as paper and wood. Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids, including petrol, grease, and oil Class C fires involve flammable gases. Class D fires involve combustible metals. Class E Fires involving electrical apparatus Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil Accidents due to Fire and Explosions Dry chemical powder CO: fire extinguisherAccidents due to Fire and Explosions + Wet chemical fire extinguisher + Metal fire extinguisher Accidents due to Fire and Explosions 2. Fire tenders + Types of fire tenders + Water fire tender Accidents due to Fire and Explosions Use of fire extinguisher er toyo4 4 WeroveMcaL 1 eva 4 Accidents due to Fire and Explosions + Carbon dioxide fire tender + Dry chemical fire tenderAccidents due to Electrical Controls Accidents due to Electrical Controls + Preventions + Use extension cords only for temporary purposes, + Do not use any equipment or cords that have splices. * Do not use three-to-two prong adapters. + Donot overload outlets + Because of the chemicals, check the connection and power cords are not degrading. + Indication of danger sign at every high voltage terminal + Proper maintenance of wiring and equipment. + Never use the power cord to move or carry apparatus. Accidents due to Electrical Controls + Causes + The improper use of machinery or apparatus + The improper use of electrical outlets, + The improper use of electrical equipment, such as, cables and power cords + The improper maintenance of apparatus, outlets, and electrical equipment + An overloaded circuit, + The improper joints of two wires. Accidents due to Electrical Controls Effects of shock ‘cue po "Aare Perec re iiarperes ‘Sich shoot eo pau aeutng 50 aperes Pai sac Tt" ange 0-150 arpa Exam pan respeater ares 00-40 tiarweres ere riston 1000+ Miiarperes Carte arest severe tare aneAccidents due to Electrical Controls + Safety measures * Electric gadgets should be repaired only by a qualified person. * Disconnect electrical gadgets when not in use. *+ Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands. * Electric wires or cords, if faulty, should never be used until repaired. *+ Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits. Accidents due to Chemicals HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Accidents due to Electrical Controls + lace rubber mats in front of electrical switch boards. + Make sure that all employees are familiar with the location and use of firefighting apparatus. + Use sand or blanket to control fire caused due to electrical accidents Accidents due to Chemicals + causes + Irvitants are materials that can cause inflammation of the body surface with which they come in contact. Common irritants substances such as: nitrogen dioxide, ozone ete. * Chemical asphyxiates render the body incapable of maintaining an adequate oxygen supply, Examples carbon monoxide ete.Accidents due to Chemicals + Depressant effect upon the central nervous system, particularly the brain. Examples chloroforms, alcohols ete + Hepatotoxic agents can cause damage to the liver. Examples carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride ete. + Nephrotoxic agents can damage the kidneys Examples uranium compound Accidents due to Chemicals + Ensure chemical container are clearly labeled or color coded, and that they are used only for chemicals. * Receive raw ingredients from reputable suppliers that effectively control chemical hazards. + Ensure restricted ingredients and additives are correctly measured. — Example Hexachlorophene. Because of its toxic effect i penetrate human skin, So it used only when an alternative preservative has not been shown to be 2s effective Accidents due to Chemicals Preventions Train employees to follow safe handling and application procedures for maintenance or pesticides chemicals Do not use excessive grease or lubricants on equipment. Regularly re-evaluate all procedures to ensure they effectively remove chemicals Store chemicals in designated areas away from food, ingredients and packaging, Accidents due to Chemicals Safety measures Respirator must be used in all the gas storage places (specifically chemical gas) Body should be fully covered whenever people are interacting with hazardous chemicals. When skin burn happens due to chemicals use alkaline solution always instead of water.Accidents due to Gases Accidents due to Gases + Toxic + Risk of Poisoning e.g. Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorine Accidents due to Gases * Three major types of gas hazards + Flammable Risk of fire and / or explosion e.g. Methane, Butane, Propane Accidents due to Gases ‘Asphyxiate CAUTION Aephyxiant gas + Risk of suffocation e.g. Oxygen deficiency. Oxygen ‘can be consumed or displaced by another gas.Accidents due to Gases * Gas safety at work + All gas appliances, pipe work and safety devices must bbe maintained in’a safe condition and be inspected by a competent person. + When a gas appliance is installed, it must be located in a position that is easily accessible for use, inspection and maintenance. + Employers, the self-employed, or anyone responsible for business premises, must not allow a gas appliance to be used it may be dangerous. Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + Many of these costs are cifficult to evaluate, especially from an economic perspective + However, usually the work accidents are analyze focusing on root cause analysis without giving particular importance to the economic perspective, + The International Labor Organization (ILO) demonstrates that countries with a lower number of accidents achieve a higher level of competitiveness. IL0's study shows thatthe costs of accidents global amount to around 4% ofthe global GD? Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation “+ Accidents at work are heavy burden in social and economic ‘terms, and action to improve health and safety standares at ‘work offers great potential gains not only to employers, but also to individuals and society a5 whole + From 2 worker perspective, an accident leading to an Injury generates pain and suffering, negative consequences to his/her family, @ possibie reduction in physical capacity, and loss of salary. + For companies, aceident costs ae associated with injures and work-related ilthealth and can have negative effects such as production losses and increased insurance premiums Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation ‘+ Always remember: + Must follow the rules and regulations “+ Must follow the safety instructions + Hela others + Save self fistthen others + Beattentve. + There is/are some ignorance/earelessness due to which accident happen + Accident affects bath the employee and employerAccidents Costs & Compensation Allocation ‘+ There are various costs assocated withthe accidents “+ Internal and external costs + Direct and indirect costs: + Tangible and intangible costs Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation a Se fee erento er oeeet ere epee reece peceeces ee eee Sea ‘seaport ok ‘pete cee Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation [catesores itera emma Imamstens! The cat a8 by the oiton Th zaafieton can rece traf by eters (aon ounce eee ret It Ses wakes, oman At eveie stars by the enaicote etm ts coutwhth compan when he prton {he rm het poy he erate cs i by tee fmniserewhert atau ote ger compared eta ‘iyo te fm at bby erm to Drecnact How te ca ca be aac tote The dateten ie cane ft ley eters af te Inpora®beruse eat Inde eost peducton one Descceen ret tcp tog ete) Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + There are three tools forthe analysis of several accident costs. These are = inurance bas, = act based, = lor eps basse + Insurance-based approach: + Ingurance:based approaches analyze costs from an insurance perspective and focus an which costs are refunded and those that are not. + Insurance costing models are based on worker compensation insurance information that shoulé be available ina company’s accounting system,Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + These methods can have the advantage of data availabilty but require an in-depth knowledge of insurance issues which is not an easy topicto address. + As such, these studies do not provide a practical method for companies and often involve cost categories that do not give a complete representation of the costs occurred, + Their aim is rather to give an insight ofthe costs of accidents at work and work elated ilthealth by calculating the ratio between the different cost categories. Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + Labor capacity based approach: * The labor capacity based approach assesses the consequences of absenteeism rather the economic ‘quantification of work accidents. + Several methadologies make up this type of analysis. They range from calculating the costs of absenteeism and lost production, to calculating the costs per uninterrupted working hour + Of the three classes of methods, the labor capacity-based approach has been the least developed in the lerature because it mainly focuses on productivity level analysis and nat en an investigation of work accidents. Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + tivity based approach: + etivty-based approach is aimed at developing tools that can be doped by management decision making. [consequences] that te event in question has generated and then fvaluatng the costs of ese acts. + Compared to an insurance based-approach, It provides 2 more taller made analysis, hus enhancing the vst and transparency Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + Labor capacity based approach + The labor capacity based approach assesses the consequences of absenteeism rather the economic Auantification of work accidents. + Several methodologies make up this type of analysis. They range from calculating the costs of absertesism and lost production, to calculating the costs per uninterrupted working hour, + Of the three classes of methods, the labor capacity-based approach has been the least developed in the literature because it mainy focuses on productivity level analysis and not onan investigation of work accidents.Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation + -Activitybased approach are considered the most suited for Identifying all the consequences and the associated costs of accidents and thus for decision making Accidents Investigation & Analysis Accidents Costs & Compensation Allocation Accidents Investigation & Analysis + Investigation can be performed according to the category of ‘accidents and therefore the procedure for investigation is vary {ram situation te situation ‘There ate three types of procedure for investigating the ‘accidents Procedure for investigating Minor Accidents ~ Procedure fo investigating Reportable Accidents ~ Procedure for investigating Fatal Accidents