Digitized Feedforward Compensation

Method for High Power Density

Three-Phase VIENNA PFC Converter
Ming Zhang1, Bin Li1, Lijun Hang1, Leon M. Tolbert2,Zhengyu Lu1
1
College of Electrical Engineering ,Zhejiang University
Power Electrical Research Institute
Hangzhou,China
2
University of Tennessee Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Knoxville,United States

Abstract-This paper presents one front-end three-phase
AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier, which is based on
three-level bidirectional-switch VIENNA topology. On one hand,
the rectifier, which is designed to operate in
continuous-conduction mode (CCM) at full power, operates at
reduced load, discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) occurs in a
zone which is close to the crossover of the line voltage. On the
other hand, with the reduced input inductance, the DCM mode
occurs even when the rectifiers operate at full power. In this
paper, the digitized feedfoward compensation method is proposed
for the rectifier to reduce the impact of the switch between DCM
and CCM. The theoretical analysis of the proposed method is
deduced, furthermore, the control design strategy is given. The
experimental results are obtained by using a digitally controlled
VIENNA rectifier, which validated the proposed compensation
method.
I. INTRODUCTION
The grid connected voltage source PWM rectifier has the
advantages of low harmonic distortion (THD) of currents.
Besides, it can offer controllable power factor (PF)[1]. The
development of a high power density three-phase AC/DC
converter has been a hot topic in power electronics due to the
increasing requirement in applications like electric vehicles
(EV), aircraft and aerospace, where light weight or a small
volume is usually requested. With the emerging high frequency
device technology[2], the operating frequency of the converter
can be potentially pushed to tens of kHz to hundreds of kHz at
high voltages and high power conditions. The extended
switching frequency range brings opportunities to further
improve the power density of the converter.
The family of non-regenerative three-level rectifier is
characterized by reduced number of active switching devices,
high PF, and low voltage stress, which make it a suitable
topology for medium- and high-power applications with high
power density. The VIENNA rectifier was originally evolved
from these topologies, where together with the latter new ones
forms a family of functionally equivalent circuit topologies
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(50907059).
[3][4]
.
The dedicated application of VIENNA topologies is to
maximize the power density of three-phase power supplies for
telecommunication applications [5]-[8]. Due to the developments
on semiconductors devices, magnetic materials, capacitor and
cooling technologies, the VIENNA rectifiers remain as one of
the preferred candidates when power density is a design
objective [5][6][8]. Nowadays, on one hand, electrical or hybrid
vehicles where both power density and reduced weight are of
most importance have become a potential user for this kind of
rectifiers, on the other hand, the VIENNA rectifiers have also
been recently considered for industrial motor drives[9]-[11]. and
UPS systems. The term “VIENNA type rectifiers” is usually
used to represent the whole non-regenerative three-level boost
rectifier family.
In order to reduce the volume of the converter, the inductance
of the input filter needs to be reduced and the switching
frequency needs to be increased. Due to the high device stresses
and problems with conducted emission, the use of converters
operating in DCM is limited to the low-power range (less than
250W). Therefore, the converters for the higher power range are
commonly designed for CCM. Whereas, DCM will appear close
to the crossover of the line voltage at reduced load [12], causing
the VIENNA rectifier to switch between CCM and DCM in
every half line period (this operation mode will be named as
MCM). Both the erroneous sampling in a digitally controlled
system and the switching between different operation modes in
the converter dynamics cause a major deterioration of the input
current [12][13]. In reference [14], a dedicated controller is applied,
wherein the switching frequency and controller are dependent on
the load of the rectifier for DCM and CCM operation modes.
Due to the flexibility, decreased cost and increased performance
of digital controllers, various digitized control strategies were
widely developed and reported[15]-[18]. By DSP controller, a fixed
switching frequency during the entire power range can be
realized even when fast load changes occur [19], or when low
switching frequencies are undesirable.
This paper proposes one digital control method to solve the
problem of MCM for the VIENNA topology by adopting
duty-ratio feedforward compensation method. Based on the
physical decoupling of three-phase four-wire VIENNA topology,

978-1-4577-1216-6/12/$26.00 ©2012 IEEE 1121

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
the equivalent simplified single phase mathematical model for rectifier, i.e. Ro=3R (wherein R is shown in Fig.2). The physical
the topology is obtained, consequently the digitally SPWM decoupled single-phase topology is shown in Fig.2. It should be
control method can be deduced for the converter. The harmonic noted that Ro hasn’t been connected to the neutral point Vn. As
distortion of the input current can be decreased, and that the PF shown in Fig.2, when the circuit is of steady state, the output
is increased for both DCM and MCM operation by adopting the voltage of C1 and C2 equals with each other, therefore the
proposed controller. When the duty-ratio feedforward is applied neutral point of Ro Vn’ can be regarded as the equi-potential point
in the current loop, the rectifier can works in MCM by adopting of Vn.
the same and smaller parameters in both mode. The effect of the
digital control method is validated by experiment. A 5-kW Dp
Ro/2
prototype based on three-phase four-wire VIENNA topology,
uup
which was designed to operate in MCM mode, was built to
validate the proposed controller. The controller was implemented Vn iL Vn V’n
in a DSP board and the experimental results show the optimized uo
performance of the input current. The THD of the input current S
Dn udown
tested at different power was reported. Both the PF value and
THD over a wide range were improved. Ro/2

Fig.2 Topology of physical decoupled single-phase three-level rectifier

III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF DECOUPLED

SINGLE-PHASE THREE-LEVEL RECTIFIER

Dap Dbp Dcp In order to simplify the analysis, the following assumption
1/2Uo should be made:
VA ia La Sa C1 1) The circuit is of steady state.
VB ib Lb Sb Vn
Vn
VC ic Lc Sc R Uo 2) The grid voltage vin, the output voltage of C1 and C2 uup
CA
CB
Dan Dbn Dcn C2 -1/2Uo and udown are constant during the every switching frequency, i.e.
CC
uup=udown=uo/2.
VN
3) All of the devices and lines are regarded as ideal
components.
Fig. 1.Non-regenerative three-level four-wire bidirectional-switch
A. CCM
VIENNA rectifier By using averaged state model, the state function of the
circuit shown in Fig.2 during every switching period can be
obtained as follows,
II. PHYSICAL DECOUPLING OF THREE-PHASE VIENNA
RECTIFIER
⎧ (1 − dccm ) uo
⎪⎪ vin −
d iL iL > 0
L =⎨ 2
⎪ vin + (
As shown in Fig.1, the non-regenerative three-level dt 1 − d ccm ) uo
bidirectional-switch VIENNA rectifier considered in this paper is iL < 0
⎪⎩ 2
presented. VA,VB, and VC are the three-phase voltage of the grid. Sa,
Sb and Sc are the bidirectional switches, which consist of two Wherein, dccm is the duty-ratio of CCM. <x> is the averaged
MOSFETS which are connected in series. La, Lb and Lc are the value of the variable x during every switching period. When <iL>
input inductors and Uo is the output voltage. As shown in the can track <vin> perfectly, the functions of positive and negative
figure, the neutral point Vn of three-phase line voltage is half period are the same, so the half positive period function is
connected with the output capacitors C1 and C2. analyzed.
It is supposed that the output capacitor is large enough so that By disturbing and linearizing the system, the linearized AC
the output voltage can be regarded as a constant. When the small signal model and the static operating function for CCM can
neutral point is introduced, this converter can be decoupled to be obtained,
three single phase three-level power factor correction (PFC)
converter, i.e. phase A, phase B, phase C can be controlled as
PFC converter respectively [20]. In order to simplify the analysis, diˆL vˆin 1 − Dccm U
= − uˆo + o dˆccm (1)
the parameters of each phase are supposed to be the same. dt L 2L 2L
Considering the load sharing for each phase, the output resistor
of the decoupled single-phase rectifier is triple of the VIENNA 2Vin = (1 − Dccm )U o (2)

1122

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 X represents the static point of valuable x, is the Therefore, the transfer function of inductor current to
disturbance near its static operating point, therefore the transfer duty-ratio can be obtained as well,
function of inductor current to duty-ratio can be deduced, Uo
iL ( s )U iL ( s ) L
= o (3) = (9)
d ccm ( s) 2 Ls d dcm ( s ) U o − 2Vin
s+
B.DCM Vin DdcmT
If a normal averaged-state strategy is adopted, it can be
obtained that d iL dt ≡ 0 . In the system, <iL> cannot be the C. Comparison between CCM model and DCM model
state variable, there is only one state variable and the reduced
order averaged model can be obtained. The system performance Considering equation (3), (9) and the static operating point,
of low frequency and DC can be deduced, the high frequency the output power of single phase is supposed to be 1667W (the
performance cannot be accurately obtained. Therefore, the other parameters of the circuit are given in the experiment part.),
full-order averaged model should be used to analyze. the Bode diagrams of inductor current to duty-ratio for CCM and
It is assumed that d1 and d2 are respective the duty-ratio when DCM are presented in Fig. 4. It can be noted that the gain of
the current iL is increasing and decreasing. During the CCM is much larger than the gain of DCM during low frequency
positive half line period, the inductor current of every switching sector, whereas, during high frequency sector, the gain of CCM
period can be illustrated as Fig.3. Therefore, the averaged is almost the same as that of DCM. In addition, the gain of DCM
inductor current can be obtained, is increased when the input voltage Vin is increased, therefore,
1 1 vin when the rectifier operates in DCM, the gain of the circuit is
iL = imax ( d1 + d 2 ) = d1T ( d1 + d 2 ) time-variable during the whole line period. As shown in Fig.4,
2 2 L (4) during the switching between DCM and CCM, the gain changes
Thus, the following equation between d1 and d2 can be suddenly.
obtained,
2 L iL
d2 = − d1 (5)
d1T vin

iL

t
Fig.3 Inductor current in DCM for positive half line period

Considering the voltage applied in the inductor, the averaged

state equation of every switching period can be obtained,
Fig. 4 Bode diagram (amplitude to frequency response) of
⎧L iL u u inductor-current-to-duty-ratio transfer function in CCM (solid line) and
⎪ (2− o ) + o ddcm iL > 0
DCM (dot line)
d iL ⎪ddcmT vin 2
L =⎨ (6)
dt ⎪L i uo uo
L
⎪ (2+ ) − ddcm iL < 0 IV. FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION AND ITS DESIGN
⎩ddcmT vin 2
Wherein, ddcm is the duty-ratio of DCM, T is switc-hing ANALYSIS
period. The positive half line period is illustrated, which is the
same as in CCM. By disturbing and linearizing the system, A. Conventional PFC controller
the AC small signal model and static operating point can be
obtained, When the circuit operates in whole CCM or whole DCM, the
diˆL U o − 2Vin ˆ IU sinusoidal characteristic and the phase of input current can be
2I L U
+ iL = 2 L o vˆin − uˆo + o dˆdcm (7) controlled and the current can well track the input voltage by
dt Vin DdcmT Vin DdcmT U o DdcmT L adjusting the controller parameters. However, when the converter
2
4 LI LVin − 2 LI LU o + DdcmVinU oT = 0 (8) works in MCM, the quality of the input current cannot be assured
by applying this current controller because the gain of DCM is

1123

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
much smaller than that of CCM during low frequency sector, not to calculate the whole desired duty-ratio.
which is illustrated in Section III. During the switching between
DCM and CCM, the gain changes suddenly. The controller gain C. Duty-ratio feedforward for MCM
of DCM should be larger than that of CCM so that the same open
loop gain can be assured in two modes. The conventional It is supposed that the input voltage is vin = 2Vin , rms sin ω g t ,
controller can only adapt to one of two modes. When the wherein Vin,rms is the root mean square value of the input voltage.
controller dedicated to CCM works in DCM, the current track In order to simplify the analysis, the following assumption
deteriorates because the controller gain is smaller than that is should be made,
requested. When the controller dedicated to DCM works in CCM, 4) In static state, the output voltages of C1 and C2 equals with
the resonance of input current occurs, furthermore, the instability each other, namely, uup=udown=uhalf=uo/2.
is introduced because the gain is too large. In this paper, a digital 5) The sign of the transient value of iL is unchangeable for
duty-ratio feedforward strategy is proposed for VIENNA rectifier. each switching period, which is the same as that of <iL>.
In comparison to the variable frequency controller, this method is 6) <vs> and vin always have the same sign.
more flexible to be implemented. The performance of the input When the rectifier operates in CCM, the voltage applied on S
current for MCM can be improved greatly, the THDi can be can be obtained,
reduced.
⎧ (1 − d ccm ) uhalf vin > 0
vs =⎨
⎩− (1 − d ccm ) uhalf vin < 0
ccm
B. Theoretical analysis of duty-ratio feedforward (10)
It is supposed <vs>ccm=vin, the duty-ratio of positive and
As shown in Fig.2, the single-phase rectifier is non-linear, the negative half line period can be obtained and combined as
averaged-state model for the switching period is obtained as follows,
shown in Fig.5 (a). <vs> is the averaged value of switching vin
d ff ,ccm = 1 − (11)
period for the switch S. Each variable shown in Fig.5 is the uhalf
sinusoidal function of line period, which can be represented in The value of <vs>dcm can be similarly obtained,
Fig.5 (b) by using vectors. The averaged inductor current vector
of <iL> lags behind the averaged line voltage vector of <vin>,
⎧ d u + (1 − d1 − d 2 )vin vin > 0
the angle is supposed to be θ .The vector of jωg L ⋅ iL leads 90 vs = ⎨ 2 half
⎩− d 2 uhalf + (1 − d1 − d 2 )vin vin < 0
dcm
degree before <iL>, which are vertical with each other, wherein (12)
ωg is the line angle frequency. Once the PF is unit, <iL> can
track <vin> by using the current controller, they are in phase, It is supposed that <vs>dcm=vin. Considering (5) and perfect
i.e. θ = 0 , as shown in Fig.5(c). The vectors of <vs>,<vin> and track of <iL> to vin, namely <iL> =vinge，the following equation
jωg L ⋅ iL construct one right-triangle. When the output power can be obtained,
is constant, vin and jω g L ⋅ iL are constant, therefore, <vs> 2 Lg e
d2 = − d1
can be adjusted to construct the right-triangle of these three d1T (13)
vectors, then <iL> and <vin> can be assured to be in phase.
Thus, the duty-ratio of feedforward for DCM can be obtained,
L

2 Lg e (uhalf − vin )
d ff ,dcm = = 2 Lge fd ff ,ccm (14)
uhalf T

(a) (b) (c) Being T=1/f, f is the switching frequency.

Fig. 5 Average model and vector of single-phase topology
It should be noted that in Fig.5 the term of jω g L ⋅ iL is
enlarged. In fact, the following relation jωg L ⋅ iL << vin
can be satisfied, the phase difference between <vs> and <vin> is
very small, their amplitudes are almost the same. According to
the assumption in Section III, the term of <vin> can be replaced
by the transient value of vin during every switching period. Thus,
vin can be used to replace the term of <vs> for each switching
period. The purpose of duty-ratio feedforward is to calculate the
duty-ratio which can satisfy the equation of <vs>ff= vin. Then, the
conventional current controller is to compensate the error
between the desired <vs>and feedforward duty-ratio <vs>ff, but
From (11) and (12), the following conclusion can be made:
dff,ccm is related to the transient value of vin, whereas dff,dcm is
related to not only vin but also the output of voltage loop ge. Once
<iL> can accurately track < vin >, the input power of each phase
is P=Vin,rms2ge, therefore, dff,dcm is related to the system power.
When the hardware parameters, the output voltage and the
switching frequency are respective the same, the curves of dff,ccm
and dff,dcm versus vin under different power level can be
obtained, as shown in Fig.6, wherein the solid line is for dff,ccm
and the dotted line is for dff,dcm. In the figure, the solid line
crosses the dotted line because the rectifier works in MCM for
these power levels. The crossing point is when the rectifier work
in critical continuous conduction mode (CCCM). The

1124

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
feedforward duty-ratio for this point can be obtained as
dff,cccm=2Lfge. Thus, when L and f are constant, dff,cccm is
M
proportional to ge. It should be pointed that dff,cccm is larger than
2Vin , rms
1− (which is the minimum of dff,ccm), and is smaller
uhalf Min(,)
than 1(which is the maximum of dff,ccm). During static state,
considering P=Vin,rms2ge, when the system works in MCM, the
power range of the system should satisfy the following relation:
(uhalf − 2Vin ,rms )Vin2, rms Fig.7 Current control loop of MCM with duty-ratio-feedforward
Pmin<P<Pmax, being Pmin = and
2 Lfuhalf
side of X1 and right side of X2, the system works in DCM, thus
Vin2, rms dff=dff,dcm(the smaller value). It can be concluded that he desired
Pmax = .
2 Lf feedforward duty-ratio curve is the lower one between the solid
and dotted line, namely the smaller value of dff,ccm and dff,dcm is
chosen to be dff whenever the system operates in CCM, DCM or
MCM. Fig.7 gives the current control loop with duty-ratio
feedforward, which can be implemented in DSP controller.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A prototype of 5kW is built to verify the validation of

feedforward controller in VIENNA rectifier, which is shown in
Fig.1. The input rated phase voltage of the converter is 220Vrms
and the rated output 720V. As shown in Fig.1, the bidirectional
switches consist of two CoolMOS, the static input inductance is
120uH, the switching frequency is 65kHz. The converter works
in MCM with full load and DCM interval accounts for the half
line period. The controller is implemented by DSP board.

Fig. 6 Feedforward-duty-ratio in CCM (red solid line) and DCM (blue

dotted line)

1
When P ≥ Pmax ( g e ≥ ), the relation of dff,dcm>dff,ccm can
2 Lf
be satisfied during the whole line period, the system works in
CCM, which points to the curve of 4000W in Fig.6. Thus the
feedforward loop output of dff should be dff,ccm, namely the
smaller value.

uhalf − 2Vin ,rms

When P ≤ Pmin ( g e ≤ ), the relation of
2 Lfuhalf Fig. 8 Input voltage and current operating in different power levels

dff,dcm<dff,ccm can be satisfied during the whole line period, the
system works in DCM, which points to the curve of 200W in
Fig.6. Thus the feedforward loop output of dff should be dff,dcm,
namely the smaller value.
As shown in Fig. 6, according to the characteristic of the
rectifier, the system operating mode switches from CCM to
MCM, finally to DCM when the power level decreases. DCM
firstly appears near the crossover point of line input voltage,
extending further to both sides when the input current decreases,
finally to the whole line period. As shown in Fig.6, the curve of
dff,dcm for “1667W” is illustrated here. It crosses the curve of
dff,ccm at the points of X1 and X2. The system works in CCM
between X1 and X2, thus dff=dff,ccm(the smaller value). On the left
with(right) and without(left) feedforward
As shown in Fig.8, the input voltage and current waveforms
are illustrated for one of the three phases respectively at different
load with and without feedforward loop. It can be concluded that
the current can track the input voltage much better due to the
separated control of the CCM feedforward and DCM
feedforward during the whole line period. When the system
works at full load, the tested PF value is 0.995 and THDi is 4.8%
at rated input and output voltage.
VI. CONCLUSION

1125

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 This paper proposes one digital control method to solve the
problem of MCM for the VIENNA topology by adopting
duty-ratio feedforward compensation method. Based on the
physical decoupling of three-phase four-wire VIENNA topology,
the equivalent simplified single phase mathematical model for
the topology is obtained, consequently the digitally SPWM
control method can be deduced for the converter. The harmonic
distortion of the input current can be reduced, and that the PF is
increased for both DCM and MCM operation by adopting the
proposed controller. The effect of the digital control method is
verified by experiment. A 5-kW prototype based on three-phase
four-wire VIENNA topology, which was designed to operate in
MCM mode, was built to validate the proposed controller. The
controller was implemented in a DSP board and the experimental
results show the optimized performance of the input current. The
THD of the input current tested at different power was reported.
Both the PF value and THD over a wide power range were
improved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (50907059): Research of the Real-time
Character of Network-controlled Power Electronics System.
REFERENCES
[1]. H.-L. Cheng, Y.-C. Hsieh, C.-S. Lin, "A Novel Single-Stage
High-Power-Factor AC/DC Converter Featuring High Circuit Efficiency,"
IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp.524 - 532,
February 2011.
[2]. H. Zhang, L. M. Tolbert, "Efficiency Impact of Silicon Carbide Power
Electronics for Modern Wind Turbine Full Scale Frequency Converter,"
IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp.21 - 28, January
2011.
[3]. J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, and F. Zach, “Design and experimental investigation
of a three-phase high power density high efficiency unity power factor
PWM (VIENNA) rectifier employing a novel integrated power
semiconductor module,” in Conf. IEEE APEC’96, vol. 2, pp. 514-523, Mar.
1996.
[4]. J. W. Kolar, and F. C. Zach, A Novel Three-Phase Utility Interface
Minimizing Line Current Harmonics of High-Power Telecommunications
Rectifier Modules, IEEE TRANS. ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,
VOL. 44, NO. 4, AUGUST 1997,pp456-467.
[5]. J. Minibock, and J. Kolar, “Comparative theoretical and experimental
evaluation of bridge-leg topologies of a three-phase three-level unity
power factor rectifier,” in Conf. IEEE PESC’01, vol. 4 pp. 1641-1646,
June 2001.
[6]. G. Gong, M. Heldwein, U. Drofenik, J. Minibock, K. Mino, and J.Kolar,
Comparative evaluation of three-phase high-power-factor acdc converter
concepts for application in future more electric aircraft,” IEEE Trans. on
Ind. Elec., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 727-737,June 2005.
[7]. C. Qiao, and K. Smedley, “Three-phase unity power factor star connected
switch (Vienna) rectifier with unified constant frequency integration
control,” IEEE Trans. on Pow. Elec., vol.18, no.4, pp. 952-957, July 2003.
1126
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PIAUI. Downloaded on March 21,2024 at 14:14:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[8]. J.Minibock, and J. Kolar, “Novel concept for mains voltage proportional
input current shaping of a Vienna rectifier eliminating controller
multipliers,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Elec., vol.52, no. 1, pp. 162-170, Feb.
2005.
[9]. P. A. Cassani, S. S.Williamson, "Design, Testing, and Validation of a
Simplified Control Scheme for a Novel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Battery Cell Equalizer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no.
12, pp.3956 - 3962, December 2010.
[10]. R.-J. Wai, J.-D. Lee, K.-L. Chuang, "Real-Time PID Control Strategy for
Maglev Transportation System via Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp.629 - 646, February
2011.
[11]. F. H. Khan, L. M. Tolbert, W. E. Webb, "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Power
Management Solutions Based on Isolated and Nonisolated Configurations
of Multilevel Modular Capacitor-Clamped Conver," IEEE Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 3079-3095, August 2009.
[12]. Gussemé K D，Van de Sype D M，Van den Bossche A P M， Melkebeek
J A ． Digitally controlled boost power-factor-correction converters
operating in both continuous and discontinuous conduction mode[J]. IEEE
Trans on Industrial Electronics,2005, 52 (1).88-97.
[13]. K. De Gussem´e, D.M. Van de Sype, and J.A.A. Melkebeek, “Design
issues for digital control of boost power factor correction converters,” Proc.
of the IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electr., ISIE, 2002, pp. 731–736.
[14]. Tripathi, R. K. Das. S. P., and Dubey G. K., “Mixed-mode operation of
boost switch-mode rectifier for wide range of load variations,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 999–1009, Nov. 2002.
[15]. R.Turner, S. Walton, R. Duke, "Robust High-Performance Inverter Control
Using Discrete Direct-Design Pole Placement," IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp.348 - 357, January 2011.
[16]. Mummadi, V. Mohan, B. K., "Robust Digital Voltage-Mode Controller for
Fifth-Order Boost Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.
58, no. 1, pp.263 - 277, January 2011.
[17]. J.-P. Su, T.-E. Lee, K.-W. Yu, "A Combined Hard and Soft
Variable-Structure Control Scheme for a Class of Nonlinear System,"
IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 3305-3313, Sept
2009.
[18]. A. Bouafia, F. Krim, J.-P. Gaubert, "Fuzzy-Logic-Based Switching State
Selection for Direct Power Control of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier," IEEE
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1984-1992, June 2009.
[19]. David M. Van de Sype, Koen De Gussemé, Alex P. M. Van den Bossche,
Jan A. Melkebeek. Duty-ratio feedforward for digitally controlled boost
PFC converters[J] ． IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, 2005,
52(1):108-115.
[20]. He L G, Chen X B. A neutral point potential balance control strategy based
on vector controlled VIENNA rectifier[C]. IEEE International Power
Electronics Congress CIEP, Acapulco, 2000.