TOPIC 1: PHOTOGRAPHY: CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.Search other definitions of the following terms and write it in the appropriate table below.

Terminology Definition Source/s

Photography Is the art, application and practice of
creating durable images by recording WIKIPEDIA
light, either electronically by means of an
image sensor, or chemically by mean of a
light sensitive material such as
photographic film.
Photography also derived from the Greek
word “Phos” or “Photos” which means
“light” and “Grapho” means“Writing” or
“Graphia” meaning “to Draw”.

Photograph A picture made using a camera, in which SOURCE DICTIONARY &

an image is focused onto film or other CRIMINOLOGY BOARD EXAM
light-sensitive material and then made REVIEWER WEB PAGE
visible and permanent by chemical
treatment, or stored digitally. Moreover,
It is the mechanical and chemical result of
Photography.
To differentiate Picture and photograph: a
picture is a generic term refers to all kinds
of formed image while a photograph is an
image that can only be a product of
photography. To add to, photograph is an
image created by light falling on a light
sensitive surface.
Police It is the application of the principles of FACEBOOK: CRIMINOLOGY
Photography photography is relation to the police work PAGE
and in the administration of justice.
Forensic Sometimes referred to as police CRIMINOLOGY BOARD EXAM
Photography photography, forensic imaging or crime REVIEWER WEB PAGE &
scene photography. Moreover, it is the art GOOGLE
of producing an accurate reproduction of a
crime scene or an accident using
photography for the benefit of a court or
to aid in investigation.
In addition, it is derived from the Latin

JEREMY Y. DUYOR BSCRIMINOLOGY 2

 word “Forum” which means “a market
place” where people gathered for
publicdiscussion. - When used in
conjunction with other science connotes a
relationship to the administration of
justice. It is sometimes used
interchangeably with the word legal.
Picture A design or representation made by MERRIAM WEBESTER & WEB
various means such as painting, drawing, PAGE OF
or photography. Similarly, picture means COMPUTERHOPE.COM
anything that is taken by a camera, or
photocopier. Picture is a drawing,
painting, or artwork.

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 2.Think of words or ideas that relate to the word Photography. Write the words or ideas in the
appropriate space below. Then connect these ideas to come up with your own description.

ART

LIGHT PRESERVE/DOCUMENT

For me photography is an art of

capturing images by means of
CAPTURE light and also a medium we use
to preserve or document
moments and memories in our
lifetime.

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 Lesson 2: History: Notable Individuals
Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.Discover and describe the photographic process invented by the following notable individuals
in the history of Photography.

Notable Individual Process

Photography. In 1871 Richard Leach Maddox,
an English physician, suggested suspending
silver bromide in a gelatin emulsion, an idea
that led, in 1878, to the introduction of factory-
produced dry plates coated with gelatin
containing silver salts. This event marked the
beginning of the modern era of photography.

The daguerreotype process made it possible to

capture the image seen inside a camera obscura
and preserve it as an object. It was the first
practical photographic process and ushered in a
new age of pictorial possibility. The process
was invented in 1837 by Louis Jacques Mandé
Daguerre (1787–1851).
Niépce developed heliography, a technique he
used to create the world's oldest surviving
product of a photographic process: a print made
from a photoengraved printing plate in 1825. In
1826 or 1827, he used a primitive camera to
produce the oldest surviving photograph of a
real-world scene.
The calotype He is best known for his
development of the calotype, an early
photographic process that was an improvement
over the daguerreotype of the French inventor
Louis Daguerre.

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 Wet-collodion process, also called collodion
process, early photographic technique invented
by Englishman Frederick Scott Archer in 1851.
The process involved adding a soluble iodide to
a solution of collodion (cellulose nitrate) and
coating a glass plate with the mixture.

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2.Search for the photographs of the following events as part of the history in photography.

Event Photograph Source/s

The Last Day of 2009, it SLIDESERVE POWERPOINT
Snowed in NY - taken with a
3G iPhone using Hipstamatic
app iPhone John S lens +
BlacKeys B+W film styles,

A typical portable camera WIKIPEDIA

obscura at the beginning of
the 19th century

A view of Agen with WIKIPEDIA

St.Caprais cathedral, France
in 1877 by Louis Ducos du
Hauron, Heliochrome
(bichromate process)
16.5x22.6 cm.

Camera phone photo, London GOOGLE WIKIPEDIA

Underground, 07/07/05

World Press Photo of the Year GOOGLE AT RESEARC

2009 GATE WEB PAGE
by Pietro Masturzo, Italy
From the rooftops of Tehran,
June

3.What do you see from the photograph?

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 TREE

HOUSE

WALL

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 TOPIC 2: LIGHT: CONCEPTS AND ITS BEHAVIOR
Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.Study and analyze the diagram shown below and answer the process questions.

a. Do you agree that the higher the wavelength, the lower the frequency? Explain

= I agree because the frequency of waves is inversely proportional to its wavelength, meaning that

the waves with a high frequency have a short wavelength. While waves with low frequency have
a longer wavelength

b. What color has the highest wavelength?

=Red

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c. What radiation has the lowest frequency?

= Radio Waves

d. Visible light composed of

= Visible light is made up of photons of different wavelength ranging about 400 to 700 nanometers.

e. Convert the following:

6 microns = 6000 nm
23 cm =230 mm
5 nm =5e.9 m
16 m =1600 cm
3 mm =3000 microns

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2.Given the radiations on the right, provide its uses in law enforcement on the left. Write your
answers in the space provided next to each item.

A primary use of X-ray technology for law enforcement

personnel is the screening of objects (baggage, purses,
and so on) prior to their entry into a controlled
environment such as airport boarding areas and schools.
At these locations, law enforcement is oftentimes
responsible for safeguarding life and property.

Police officers use infrared cameras when in pursuit of criminal

suspects that are in moving vehicles, under dark or foggy
conditions. A vehicle's engine and tires heat up due to friction
with the pavement, producing an infrared glow, which can be
easily detected and monitored by the officers.

Ultraviolet (UV) light allows investigators and forensic

researchers to examine clues and recover evidence that could
not have been previously detected. UV light provides more
detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than
standard lighting techniques..

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 Lesson 2: Sources of Light
Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1,Compare and Contrast Natural and Artificial Light Sources. Write your answers in bullet form
in the appropriate box.

Light Source Similarities Differences

Natural Light Both Natural lights and
Artificial lights are source of
illumination. Natural Light is
produced by the sun, artificial
light sources can include
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent
tubes and light emitting diodes.
Artificial Light
Natural light, which
produces heat and color, comes
from the radiation given off by
the sun while Artificial light
sources comes from a filament
that uses electricity or halogen
gas to glow, or an electronic
device that emits light. Some
artificial lights use gas and
electricity to produce light and
heat.

2.Take photographs of your surroundings with the available lighting conditions. Copy and paste
the photographs in the space provided. Then, write what you observe.

Lighting Condition Photograph Observation/s

Bright Sunlight Sharper, clearer colors and has a
distinct shadow. You can see the
subject clearly.

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Hazy Sunlight Transparent shadow and does
not have vibrant colors. The
subject appears to be blurry.

Dull Sunlight No shadow at all. You can not

see clearly the subject.

Electronic Flash It helps to brither the photo that

you are going to capture
especially in dark of the scene
or view.

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3.Lighting is critical in photography. Given the direction from which the light comes on the top,
provide the effects on the bottom. Write your answers in the space provided.

Side Lighting

Back Lighting Directs a light

source from Front Lighting
one side of a
subject

A technique that is used,

usually in portrait
photography, where the A type of lighting that
main light source is places the main light
placed directly behind source directly in
the subject facing the front of the subject.
camera

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 Lesson 3: Colors of Light
1.Learning Exercises/Outcomes

Based on the figure below, write all possible additive and subtractive color results .

Color Addition
Mixing of Colors Result
Red+Blue+Green White
Red+Blue Magenta
Red+Green Yellow
Blue+Green Cyan
Magenta+Yellow Red
Yellow+ Cyan Green
Magenta+Cyan Blue
Color Subtraction
White-Red Cyan
White-Blue Green

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 White-Green Magenta
White-Cyan Green
White-Yellow Blue
White-Magenta Purple
Cyan-Green Greenish blue
Yellow-Green Chartreuse
Yellow-Red Magenta

2.Perform the following:

a. Mix red, blue and green paint on the space provided for this exercise. What is the color
result?

Paint
Mixed Color Result Observation/s
Dark gray When you mix the paint red
and blue it will become purple.
And after mixing purple and
green it will become dark gray.
Another procedure I did
mixing them all together will
also result to dark gray color.

b. Mix red, blue and green crayon on the space provided for this exercise. What is the color
result?

Crayon
Mixed Color Result Observation/s
Black or dark brown When I mix the colors on a
bond paper it appears dark
black and brown.

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c. When all the colors or wavelengths of visible light are present, they combine to give white
light. Does the rule the same with paints?

No because the product when you mix red, blue and green in paints it will not become white.

It will become dark gray, black or dark brown, because the colors in paints contains pigment

While in light it doesn’t.

3.What are the approximate nanometers of the following sources of rainbow? Write your
answers in the appropriate table below.

Color Nanometer
Red 620 to 750nm
Orange 600nm
Yellow 580nm
Green 550nm
Blue 500nm
Violet 400nm

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 Lesson 4: Behaviors of Light

Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.A photograph is presented as clue in identifying the possible behaviors and mediums of light.

Photograph Behavior Medium

Diffraction Transparent object

Absorption Opaque object

Reflection Translucent object

Transmission Transparent object

Refraction Transparent object

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2.What does the law of Refraction state?

=According The law of refraction, it states that the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal, to the
interface of any two given mediums; all lie in the same plane. The ratio

3.Place a pencil on top of a glass with water then observe. After that, try to soaked the pencil
inside the clear drinking glass with water. Then observe the pencil when the light strikes the
glass. Take photograph of it then paste it in the appropriate space below.

Photograph Observation/s
The light travels from water to air, as u look at
the portion of the pencil that was submerged in
water. This light is their refracted as a result the
pencil image appears to be broken.

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 TOPIC 3: CAMERA: NOMENCLATURE AND TYPES
Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.Label the parts of the camera pointed by the arrows or the numbered arrows.

a.Pentax

Rewind button

Focusing ring
Shutter speed dial
Distance scale
Film speed
Depth of field
Battery Cover Shutter release
Aperture
Tripod socket Exposure
Flash shoe
Film Advance Lever
Rewind knob

View finder

b.Canon, Nikon, Olympus

]

1.Eye cup 6.Wifi lamp 11.DISP button

2.Viewfinder 7.Access Lamp 12.Erase Button
3.LCD monitor 8.Multi Controller 13.Auto focus Button
4.Menu 9.ISO 14.Live view shooting
5.Play button 10.Quick control button 15Dioptric Adjustment

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1.Body 6.Aperture 11.
2.Lens 7.Focusing Ring 12.Zoom control
3,Shutter release button 8.LCD display 13.
4.Mode dial 9.Flash 14.
5.View finder 10.Control button 15.Flash mount

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2.Discover the names and functions of the following parts of the camera

Parts Name Function

Focus ring Allow the photographer to
focus the image.On
automatic cameras,this ring
is moved by a small motor
within the lens whenever
you press the shutter releas.
ISO Speed Controls the sensitive of the
film or the sensor that
absorbs the light.

ISO A lower ISO value means

less sensitivity to light,
while a higher ISO means
more sensitivity.
Flash Emits light momentarily.
You can use the flash's light
to compensate for the lack
of brightness when shooting
in dimly lit situations like
indoors or night scenes.
Shutter speed One is to control exposure.
The other is to control the
way motion is portrayed in a
photo. When shooting a
moving subject, a slow
shutter speed setting results
in a blurry subject,
emphasizing its motion.
Power Switch It Provides an electrical
connection from a voltage
source or ground to a load.

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 Aperture value One is to control exposure.
The other is to adjust the
depth of field and the image
sharpness. A large aperture
reduces the depth of field,
adding softness to the
background.

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 Lens release button Press this button to unlock
the lens mount and detach
the lens by rotating it.

Shutter Release button so that it opens to capture a

picture, and then closes,
allowing an exposure time
as determined by the shutter
speed setting (which may be
automatic).

Dioptric Adjustment allows you to customize the

viewfinder so that you can
see a clear, focused image
inside the viewfinder
without using eyeglasses or
contact lenses to correct
your vision.

3.Search for the definition of the following parts of SLR Camera.

Parts Definition Source/Sources

Lens It is the image forming device of GOOGLE

the lens that actually has a
greater effect on the quality of
the image to be formed.

Shutter Designed to control the time SOURCE DICTIONARY

during which the light reaches
the film.

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Aperture The ratio between the diameter GOOGLE AT
of the whole lens in relation to TECHWALLA.COM
the focal length of the lens. It is
the light gathering power of the
lens. Otherwise known as lens
opening or relative aperture and
it is expressed in F-number.

Diaphragm The aperture hole and is a GOOGLE

camera component within a lens
comprised of overlapping metal
blades that open and close to
change the size of the opening.

Film Advance Lever Designed to transfer the exposed GOOGLE AT

film to the other side or to the PHOTOGRAPHYAXIS
take up spool and the unexposed
film will be the opposite side of
the lens for another expo.

Shutter Speed Dial Is that part of the camera which GOOGLE

regulates the time exposure of
the film thus,affecting the
amount of light reaching the
sensitized material.It is usually
expressed in a fraction.

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Film Take up Spool An empty spool that picks up the GOOGLE
film in a camera after the film
has been exposed to light.

Viewfinder It is considered as the smallest

and the simplest type of camera.

Film Rewind Crack In an automatic rewind camera GOOGLE

the film will simply rewind itself
back into the cartridge when the
last exposure is taken. Cameras
that load film automatically
usually rewind it automatically.

Infinity Setting Infinity focus is a camera setting GOOGLE

that allows a lens to focus on a
distance far enough away that
incoming rays of light are
functionally parallel and reach
the camera sensor as points.

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 Lesson 2: Major Types of Camera
Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.Distinguish the following major types of camera.

A.Single Lens Reflex and Twin Lens Reflex

Camera Description Photograph Source/s

Single Lens Reflex Is a camera that GOOGLE
typically uses mirror and
prism system that
permits the
photographer to view
through lens and see
exactly what will be
captured.

Twin Lens Reflex a type of camera with WIKIPEDIA

two objective lenses of
the same focal length.
One of the lenses is the
photographic objective
or taking lens, while the
other is used for the
viewfinder system,
which is usually viewed
from above waist level.

b. Viewfinder and View

Camera Description Photograph Source/s

ViewFinder The photographer looks GOOGLE
through to compose,
and, in many cases, to
focus the picture. Most
viewfinders are
separate, and suffer
parallax, while the
single-lens reflex
camera lets the
viewfinder use the main
optical system.

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 View The phrase "point of GOOGLE
view" in photography
simp

v. Box and Pinhole

Camera Description Photograph Source/s

Box Folding Cartons GOOGLE
• Rigid Boxes. ...
• Corrugated Boxes. ...
• 8 Responses.

Pinhole It is a camera w/out GOOGLE

lens, but with a tiny
aperture effectively a
light proof box with
small hole in oneside
light from a scene
passes through the
aperture and projects on
inverted image on the
opposite side of the box.

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2.For me, the best camera is

= The best camera for me is the single lens reflex camera for the reason that it provides viewing

Image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it seen through the lens. Moreover,

there is no parallax error, and exact focus can be confirmed by the eye. Meaning it

Provides precision to photographers.

3.Draw the following types of camera.

a.Polaroid

b.Instamatic

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3. Camera Lucida
Lesson 3: Control of Camera

Learning Exercises/Outcomes

1.What are the principles behind the following controls?

Shutter Speed The duration that the shutter allows light onto the image sensor is
called the shutter speed, and is measured in fractions of a second. So
a shutter speed of 1/2 of a second will allow more light to touch the
image sensor and will produce a brighter picture than a shutter speed
of 1/200 of a second.
Diaphragm A diaphragm in photography is one of the three basic principles in
art photography and the other two principles are ISO and Shutter
Speed By changing the shutter speed, the image will change much
brighter.
ISO ISO determines how sensitive your camera's sensor (or the film if
you're shooting film) is to the light. A low ISO for example of 100
means that your camera's sensor is less sensitive to the light.A higher
ISO for example of 1600 means that the sensor is more sensitive.
Depth of Field For many cameras, depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the
nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in
an image. The depth of field can be calculated based on focal length,
distance to subject, the acceptable circle of confusion size, and
aperture.

2.When to use slow and fast shutter speeds

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 Slow Shutter Speeds Fast Shutter Speeds

When you are shooting a none moving subject. It is use when you want to capture a moving
object, because it allows you to freeze the action
and avoid a blurry photo.

3.How does the aperture affect the depth of field?

= The smaller the aperture, the deeper the depth of field

4.Cut and paste photographs when the camera is out of focus.

Types of Focusing Photograph

Split Type

Coincidence Type

Ground Glass Type

5.Figure out the following exposure guides and principles.

a. Apply the different principles in exposures controls.

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 F- numbers Aperture Size Required Shutter Speed Depth of Field

Higher The higher the number fast The higher the f -

of F-numbers the number
smaller the physical The smaller the opening
opening of the aperture. in the lens, the greater
the depth of field the
sharper the background.
Lower The lower the f-number slow The lower the f -number
the bigger the physical the larger the opening of
opening of the aperture. the lens, the less depth
of field and the blurry
the background.

B. What is the advisable F-number for the following conditions of light?

Film Speed Shutter Speed Bright Sunlight Hazy Sunlight Dull Sunlight
ISO 100/21 1/125 1/125 1/125 1/125

ISO 200/24 1/250 1/250 1/250 1/250

1/125 1/125 1/125 1/125

ISO 400/27 1/500 1/500 1/150 1/150

1/125 1/125 1/125 1/125

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c. What are the equivalent ISO ratings of the following?

ASA DIN ISO

12 12 degrees 12/12

25 15 degrees 25/15

50 18 degrees 50/18

100 21 degrees 100/21

200 24 degrees 200/23

400 27 degrees 400/27

800 30 degrees 800/30

1600 33 degrees 1600/33

Reflection:

Put a check mark to the clip art that best describe your emotion for this module. After which,
cite your reasons.

Reasons:

I had a blast answering this module for the reason that it has a lot
of information that I didn’t know about camera. Namely: how
camera works, how light conditions affects the image and the
importance of knowing the depth of field and what the F number to
use to capture vibrant and sharper images.

JEREMY Y. DUYOR BSCRIMINOLOGY 2

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