Bibliografía 1996 - Bookmatter - WorldCitizenshipAndGovernment

References and N otes
Notes to the Introduction
1. H. G. WeHs, TraveIs 0/ a Republican Radical in Search 0/ Hot Water

(Hannondsworth: Penguin, 1939) p. 101.
2. S. Pargellis (ed.), The Quest/or Political Unity ill World History (Washington,
DC: American Historical Association, 1944) p. vii.
3. Quoted in R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought 0/ Mahatma Gandhi
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973) p. 91.
4. 1. Kiang, Olle World (Notre Dame, IN: One World Publishing, 1984) p. 278
n.40.
5. For adescription of and extracts from these Asian writers, see F. Laursen,
Federalism and World Order: Compendium I (Copenhagen: World Feder-
alist Youth, 1970) pp. 45-50; and B. Walker (ed.), Uniting the Peoples and
Nations (Washington, DC, and Amsterdam: World Federalist Movement and
World Federalist Association, 1993) pp. 81-92.
Notes to Chapter 1: Origins of Cosmopolitan Ideas
1. Aristotle (trans. E. Barker), The Politics 0/ Aristotle (Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1948) 1253a.
2. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
3. Aristotle (trans. J. A. K. Thomson), The Ethics 0/ Aristotle (Hannondsworth:
Penguin, 1955) IX, x, p. 281. See also Politics, 1265a, 1326a, 1326b, 1327a.
4. Aristotle, Politics. 1326b.
5. Ibid., 1283b.
6. C. H. McIlwain, The Growth 0/ Political Thought in the West: From the
Greeks to the End o/the Middle Ages (New York: Macmillan, 1932) p. 98.
It is pertinent to note McIlwain's general interest in world government: he
was a member of lhe Chicago-based team which produced the Preliminary
Drajt 0/ a World Constitution (see Chapter 6 below).
7. H. C. Baldry, The Unity 0/ Mankind in Greek TllOught (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1965). This chapter draws heavily upon this work,
which has been described as 'judicious' (A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, The
Hellenistic Philosophers, vol. 2: Greek and Latin Texts with Notes alld Bib-
liography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) p. 510).
8. Quoted, ibid., pp. 26-7.
9. Sophocles (trans. E. F. Watling), The Theban Plays (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1947) p. 138.
10. Quoted in Baldry, op. cir., p. 44.
11. Plato (trans. W. K. C. Guthrie), Protagoras and Meno (Hannondsworth:
Penguin, 1956), Protagoras, 337c.
12. Ibid., 315.
13. Plato (trans. W. Hamilton), Gorgias (Hannondsworth: Penguin, 1960) 507-
8.
217
218 References and Notes
14. Montaigne (trans. J. M. Cohen), Essays (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958)

p.63.
15. Cicero (trans. J. E. King), Tuseulan Disputations (London: Heinemann, 1960)
XXXVII, 108.
16. Plutarch (trans. P. H. de Lacy and B. Einarson), 'On Exile', in Moralia, vol.
VII (London: Heinemann, 1959) 600.
17. Epictetus (trans. W. A. 0Idfather), The Discourses as Reported by Arrian,
vol. I (London: Heinemann, 1961) chap. IX, p. 63.
18. Diogenes Laertius (trans. R. D. Hicks), Lives of Eminent Philosophers, vol.
11 (London: Heinemann, 1958) p. 103.
19. Quoted in Baldry, op. eit., p. 89.
20. Aristotle (trans. J. A. K. Thomson), op. eit., VIII, i, p. 228.
21. Aristotle (trans. E. Barker), op. eit., 1327b.
22. Quoted in S. M. Stern, Aristotle on the World State (Oxford: Cassirer, 1968)
pp. 7-8.
23. Ibid., passim.
24. Plutarch (trans. F. C. Babbitt), 'On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander', in
Moralia, vol. IV (London: Heinemann, 1957) 327 (3).
25. Arrian (trans. A. de Selincourt), Life ofAlexander the Great (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1958) VII. 19 p. 246.
26. Plutarch, op. eit., 329 (6), 330 (8).
27. Arrian, op. eit., VII. 11, p. 236.
28. W. W. Tarn, 'Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind', in Proeeedings
ofthe BritishAeademy, vol. XIX (1933), reprinted in G. T. Griffith (ed.), Alex-
ander the Great: The Main Problems (Cambridge: Heffer, 1966) p. 268.
29. For Tarn, in addition to the lecture cited, see Alexander the Great, vol. 11
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948) pp. 378-449; for the most
thorough criticism, see E. Badian, 'Alexander the Great and the Unity of Man-
kind', in Historia, vol. 7 (1958), reprinted in Griffith, op. eit., pp. 287-306.
30. Baldry, op. eit., p. 127.
31. Badian, op. eit., pp. 297, 287, 293.
32. P. Green, Alexander of Maeedon (Oxford: University of California Press,
1991) p. 484.
33. Badian, op. eit., p. 294.
34. Green, op. eit., p. 484.
35. Tarn, Alexander the Great, vol. 11, p. 444.
36. Badian, op. eit., p. 291.
37. See, e.g. Green, op. eit., pp. 445-6.
38. Plutarch, op. eit., 329 (6).
39. M.1. Finley, 'Utopianism Ancient and Modem', in K. H. Wolff and B. Moore
(eds), The Critieal Spirit (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1967) p. 16 n. 22.
40. Cicero (trans. H. Rackham), De Fillibus Bonorum et Malorum (London:
Heinemann, 1951) III, xx, 67.
41. E. Brehier, Chrysippe et l'Aneien Stoi'eisme (Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France, 1951) p. 263.
42. Quoted in R. H. Barrow, Plutareh and his Times (London: Chatto & Windus,
1967) p. 144.
43. M. Grant, 'Introduction' to Cicero: Seleeted Wor/es (Harmondsworth: Pen-
guin, 1960) p. 19.
References and Notes 219
44. Cicero, De Finibus IV, iii, 7; see also Paradoxa Stoicorum 11. 18.
45. Cicero (trans. W. Miller), De Offieiis (London: Heinemann, 1956) I, xvi, 50.
46. G. Watson, 'The Natural Law and Stoicism', in A. A. Long (ed.), Problems
in Stoieism (London: Athlone Press, 1971) p. 226.
47. Cicero (trans. C. W. Keyes), De Re Publiea (London: Heinemann, 1959) III,
22.
48. Seneca (trans. J. W. Basore), 'On the Happy Life', Moral Essays vol. 11
(London: Heinemann, 1958) XX. 5; (trans. R. M. Gummere), Epistulae
Morales, vol. I (London: Heinemann, 1961) XVIII. 4; ibid., XLVIII. 3.
49. Seneca (trans. J. W. Basore), 'On Tranquility of Mind', op. eit., IV. 4.
50. Epictetus, op. eit., p. 65.
51. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (trans. C. R. Haines), The Communings with
Himself (London: Heinemann, 1961) VII. 9. See also IX. 1.
52. Ibid., IV. 4.
53. Ibid., 11. 16 (Haines gives 'archetypal'; the alternative rendering 'most ven-
erable' is given by A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations 0/ the Emperor
Mareus Antoninus (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1944).
54. Ibid., III. 11.
55. Ibid., IV. 23, 24. The phrase used by Marcus is 'physei politikon zoon' as
in the Polities (see note 1 above). See also E. Barker, From Alexander to
Constantine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956) p. 320 n. 1.
56. Ibid., X. 1.
57. Ibid., X. 15.
58. Ibid., X. 6. See also 11. 16, IV. 3.
59. Ibid., IV. 29.
60. See ibid., IV. 4, 5 and XII. 36.
61. Cicero, De Re Publiea I. 1-2.
62. Seneca (trans. J. W. Basore), 'On Leisure' , op. eit., 11, 2.
63. See, e.g., Cicero (trans. W. Miller), De Offieiis I, 57; Epictetus, op. eit., 11,
10, 4; Marcus Aurelius, op. eit., bk VI.
64. R. D. Hicks, Stoic and Epieurean (New York: Russell & Russell, 1962)
p. 141.
65. Marcus Aurelius, op. eit., VI, 44.
66. Seneca (trans. J. W. Basore), 'On Leisure' , op. eit., IV, i; cp. 'On Tranquility
of Mind' I, 10.
67. Loe. eit.
68. St Matthew 21, 22.
69. Philo (trans. F. H. Colson), vol. VI: 'Joseph' (London: Heinemann, 1959)
29.
70. Colossians 3. 11.
71. Ephesians 2. 19,
72. SI Augustine (trans. E. M. Sanford and W. C. Greene), The City 0/ God
against the Pagans, vol. V (London: Heinemann, 1965) XVIII 2.
73. Op. eit., p. 276.
74. A. J. Toynbee (abr. by D. C. Somervell), A Study 0/ History, vols I-VI
(London: Oxford University Press, 1946) p. 318; but cp. p. 496.
75. Quoted in T. A. Sinc1air, A History 0/ Greek Politieal Thought (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967) p. 257.
76. Cicero (trans. W. Miller), De Offieiis, I. 149.
77. Livy (trans. A. de Selincourt), The Early History 01 Rome (Hannondsworth:

Penguin, 1960) I. xvi.
78. Virgil (trans. W. F. Jackson Knight). The Aeneid (Hannondsworth: Pen-
guin) I. 277f. See also VI. 79lf. where he writes that Augustus shall 'extend
our dominion beyond the Garamantians and the Indians in a region which
lies outside the path of constellations'.
79. P. A. Aristides, 'Oration to Rome', in E. S. Gruen (ed.), The Image 01 Rome
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969) pp. 142-3.
80. Quoted in A. J. Toynbee, op. cit., vols VII-X (1957) p. 7.
81. Sinclair, op. cit., p. 327.
Notes to Chapter 2: The Christian Renewal of the Roman Empire
I. See D. M. Nicol, 'Byzantium' , in J. H. Bums (ed.), The Cambridge History

01 Medieval Political Thought, c.350-c.1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1988) p. 51.
2. See N. H. Baynes, Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London: Athlone
Press, 1955) p. 48.
3. Quoted in Nicol, op. cit., pp. 54-5.
4. O. Gierke (trans. F. W. Maitland), Political Theories olthe Middle Age (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900) pp. 9-10,19. See also the famous
views of J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire ([1864] London: Macmillan,
1968), esp. pp. 433, 504-5. For a more recent historian's view, see W.
Ullmann, 'Reftections on the Medieval Empire', Transactions 01 the Royal
Historical Society, 5th series, vol. 14 (1964) p. 98.
5. J. Ficker, quoted in G. Barraclough, The Origins 01 Modem Germany (Ox-
ford: Blackwell, 1947) p. 68 n. 2. For a more recent historian's view, see G.
Barraclough, The Mediaeval Empire: Idea and Reality (London: Historical
Association, 1950) p. 25.
6. Texts in R. Folz (trans. S. A. Ogilvie), The Concept 01 Empire in Western
Europe (London: Edward Amold, 1969) pp. 177 and 176.
7. Ullmann, op. cit., p. 95.
8. Folz, op. cit., p. 65.
9. See A. J. Carlyle, A History 01 Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, vol.
III (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1962) p. 171 and n. 4.
10. Quoted in Folz, op. cit., pp. 68 and 92.
11. See Carlyle, op. cit., p. 171 and n. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 172 and n. 2.
13. lbid., p. 173 and n. 1.
14. Quoted in Folz, op. cit., p. 77.
15. Quoted in E. Gilson (trans. D. Moore), Dante the Philosopher (London: Sheed
& Ward, 1948) p. 206.
16. Quoted, ibid., p. 102.
17. Quoted in Bryce, ap. cit., p. 170.
18. See J. Nelson, 'Kingship and Empire' in Bums, op. cit., p. 249.
19. See Folz, op. cit., p. 109.
20. Quoted in R. H. C. Davis, A History olMedieval Europe (London: Longmans,
1957) p. 324. For Chrysippus see Chapter 1 above.
21. Ullmann, op. cit., p. 103.

22. See R. W. and A. J. Carlyle, A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in
the West, vol. V (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1950) p. 142 &
n.3.
23. Ibid., p. 142 and n. 1.
24. Ibid., p. 141 and n. l.
25. Ibid., p. 143 and n. 1.
26. Quoted in Barrac1ough, The Mediaeval Empire, p. 21.
27. A. J. Carlyle, op. cit., pp. 179 and 180.
28. Matthew, 28, 18.
29. See R. W. and A. J. Carlyle, op. cit., p. 346 and n. 1.
30. Ibid., p. 398 and p. 399 n. 3.
31. Reprinted in Folz, op. cit., p. 207.
32. See R. W. and A. J. Carlyle, op. cit., p. 405 and n. 3.
33. Quoted in W. U11mann, A History of Political Thought: The Middle Ages
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965) p. 125n.
34. See R. W. and A. J. Carlyle, op. cit., p. 393 n. l.
35. See U11mann, A History of Political Thought, p. 115n.
36. Quoted in Gierke, op. cit., p. 126 n. 54.
37. E. Lewis (trans.), Medieval Political Ideas, vol. 2 (London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1954) pp. 473-4.
38. Ibid., p. 484.
39. See A. P. d'Entreves, Dante as a Political Thinker (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1952) p. 32.
40. De Vulgari Eloquentia, I, vi, 3; the Latin is 'Nos ... , cui mundus est patria'.
41. For the texts see Lewis, op. cit., p. 474 and C. J. Nederman and K. L. Forhan
(eds), Medieval Political Theory -A Reader (London and New York: Rout-
ledge, 1993) p. 169. The details of the argument are different and Englebert
could not have copied Dante as the Convivio was unfinished and had not
been published in 1308.
42. See the Aeneid, I. 277f. and Chapter 1 above. Dante describes Virgil as his
master and author in the Inferno, I. 85.
43. Dante (trans. and ed. D. Nicho11), Monarchy and Three Political Letters
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954) pp. 100, 104, 113.
44. See W. Bowsky, Henry VII in Italy (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska
Press, 1960) pp. 167-8, 181-2.
45. Bryce, op. cit., p. 274.
46. Folz, op. cil., p. 147.
47. P. A. Wickstead, From Vita Nuova to Paradiso, quoted in D. L. Sayers
(trans.), The Comedy of Dante Alighieri: I Hell (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1949) p. 43.
48. D. L. Sayers (trans.), Dante, The Divine Comedy: III Paradise (Har-
mondsworth: Penguin, 1962) canto XXX, 11. 133-8.
49. Nicholl, op. cit., pp. 109, 108, 98, 110.
50. For general studies of De Monarchia and Dante's ideas on Empire, see
especially E. Gilson (trans. D. Moore), Dante the Philosopher (London: Sheed
& Ward, 1948) Pt 11; also W. H. V. Reade, 'Introduction' to E. Moore (ed.),
De Monarchia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916); d'Entreves, op. cit.; D.
Mancusi-Ungaro. Dante and the Empire (New York: Peter Lang, 1987).
51. Monarchy (Nicholl, op. cit.) I, i. The words in square brackets have been
added because Nicholl's translation does not bring out the force of the word
primus.
52. Ibid., I, i. See also III, xvi where he implies that the Emperor's responsibil-
ity is a gradual, ongoing task.
53. Mancusi-Ungaro, op. cit., p. 71. See above Chapter 1.
54. d'Entreves, op. cit., p. 47.
55. Gilson, op. cit., p. 222.
56. Monarchy, I, iii.
57. Ibid.
58. lbid.
59. Ibid., I, xi.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., I, xii.
63. Ibid., I, xiii.
64. Ibid., I, xiv.
65. Ibid., I, xv; cp. n. 4 above.
66. Ibid., I, xvi.
67. Ibid., H, iii.
68. Ibid., II, viii.
69. Ibid., H, v.
70. Ibid., H, vi.
71. Ibid., H, xi and xii.
72. Ibid., III, iii.
73. Ibid., III, iv. The metaphor of light was common in the analogies of the
sun and moon used in the Middle Ages to describe the Papacy and Empire
respectively. Dante equates their luminosity in Monarchy, IH, iv and also in
Purgatory, XVI, 106-8.
74. This viewpoint, expressed in the final paragraph of the whole work, has
given rise to much commentary.
75. Ibid., III, xvi. Mankind's need of a temporal saviour also appears in the
image of the Greyhound in Inferno, I, 100-4 especially.
76. d'Entreves, op. cit., p. 48 n. I.
n. E. Barker (trans.), The Politics of Aristotle (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948)
p. lxvi; see also 1295a and p. 180 n. 1.
78. E.g. Sully, Saint-Pierre, Saint-Simon. See D. Heater, The Idea of European
Unity (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992).
79. Op. cit., I, xi.
80. See nn. 59 and 60 above.
81. See nn. 67 and 68 above.
82. Op. cit., I, iii.
83. Ibid., I, viii.
84. Ibid., I, xiv. Cp. the quotation from Virgil, Chapter 1, n. 78 above.
85. U. Cosmo (trans. D. Moore), A Handbook of Dante Studies (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1950) p. 110.
86. Quoted in A. S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974) p. 118. The Scriptural
passages are Proverbs 18, 19 and Wisdom 6, 4-5.
87. Lewis, op. eit., p. 503.

88. Ibid., p. 504.
89. D. Erasmus (ed. A. Grieve), The Complaint oi Peace (London: Headley Bros,
1917) p. 69.
90. Ibid., p. 76. See also p. 74.
91. E. Cassirer, P. O. Kriseller and J. H. Randall (eds), The Renaissance Philo-
sophy oi Man (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1948) p. 352.
92. E. de la Boetie, De la Servitude Volontaire ou Contr'un (1548), extract in
1. Hersch (ed.), Birthright oi Man (Paris: UNESCO, 1968).
93. J. Lipsius (ed. R. Kirk; trans. J. Stradling), Two Boakes oi Canstaneie (New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1939) p. 3.
94. Ibid., bk I, eh. x.
95. Ibid., bk I, eh. xi.
96. Ibid., bk I, eh. ix.
97. See above, Chapter 2, nn. 14-17.
98. Op. eit., bk I, eh. xi.
99. See J. L. Saunders, Justus Lipsius: The Philosophy oi Renaissance Stoieism
(New York: The Liberal Arts Press, 1955) p. 15 and n. 15.
100. E. Cassirer, The Myth oi the State (London: Oxford University Press, 1946)
p. 167.
101. See Chapter 1 n. 14 above. Note also his comment in 'Of Vanity': 'I con-
sider all men my compatriots, and embrace a Pole as 1 do a Frenchman,
setting this national bond after the universal and common one' (quoted in
T. J. Schlereth, The Cosmopalitan Ideal in Enlightenmellt Thought (Notre
Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977) p. xxii.)
102. F. Bacon, Essays (London: Dent, 1906) pp. 38-9.
103. A. Guevara (trans. T. North, 1582), The Diall oi Princes, bk I. eh. xxviii,
quoted in F. A. Yates, Astraea: The Imperial Theme ill the Sixteellth Cell-
tury (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) p. 52.
104. K. Brandi (trans. C. V. Wedgwood), The Emperor Charles V (London: Cape,
1939) p. 112.
105. See Yates, op. eit., plates 1 and 2.
106. Quoted in Schlereth, op. eit., pp. xxi-xxii.
107. L. Ariosto (trans. B. Reynolds), Orlalldo Furioso (The Frenzy oi Orlalldo),
Part 1 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975) canto XV, 21-6.
108. ,W. J. Bouwsma, Concordia Mundi: The Career and Thought oi Guillaume
Postel (1510-1581) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957) p. 1.
111. Quoted in C. L. Lange, Histoire de l'Illternatiollalisme, t. 1 (Kristiana:
Aschehoug, 1919) p. 378 (author's translation).
112. See M. L. Kuntz, Guillaume Postel (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981)
p. 60 n. 198.
113. See Genesis 10 for the genealogy; Postel took his extrapolations from
Josephus.
114. Quoted in Kuntz, op. eil., p. 170.
115. Lange, ap. eit., p. 386 n. 9.
116. See L. Blanchet, Campallella (Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1920) p. 518.
117. Quoted in Lange, op. eit., p. 390 n. 20 (author's translation).
118. Quoted in J. B. Morrall, The Medievallmprint (Harrnondsworth: Penguin,

1970) p. 84.
119. See W. Schiffer, The Legal Community 0/ Mankind (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1954) p. 20.
120. Ibid., p. 28.
121. M. Wight. International Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester
122. Gilson, op. cit., p. 179.
123. Quoted in F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit 0/ Peace (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1963) pp. 14-15. See also Chapter 7 below.
Notes to Chapter 3: Reactions Against Power Politics
1. Quoted in F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit 0/ Peace (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1963) p. 30. See also p. 31.
2. See Chapter 2, n. 123 above.
3. D. Erasmus, Utilissima Consultatio de BeUo Turcis In/erendo (1530),
quoted in F. M. Stawell, The Growth 0/ International Thought (London:
Thomton Butterworth, 1929) p. 90.
4. See D. Erasmus (trans, & intro. L. K. Born), The Education 0/ a Christiall
Prince (New York: Octagon Books, 1973) p. 128 n. 4.
5. See D. Heater, The Idea 0/ European Unity (Leicester: Leicester University
Press, 1992) Chapters 2, 3 and 4.
6. Erasmus had advocated arbitration; however, pace the possible global per-
spective of his thinking which we have noted in Chapter 2, he seems to have
had only a European arena in rnind for this system. (See The Educatioll 0/
a Christiall Prillce, p. 19.)
7. Leibniz was loud in his condemnation of this scheme because it dispensed
with the traditional Papal-Imperial diarchy.
8. Quoted in C. L. Lange, Histoire de I'Internationalisme t. 1 (Kristiana:
Aschehoug, 1919) p. 484 n. 8 (author's translation).
9. Quoted ibid., p. 487 n. 17 (author's translation). See also p. 488 n. 19.
10. Quoted ibid., p. 483 n. 7 (author's translation).
11. Quoted in A. Heyberger, lean Amos Comenius (Paris: Librairie Ancienne
HOllOre Champion, 1928) p. 189 (author's translation). See also n. 3.
12. Quoted ibid., p. 196 n. 2 (author's translation). See also the tag in the
Preface to Panegersia: 'nilzil de vobis, sine vobis' - nothing that concerns
you without you (quoted ibid., p. 191 n. 3).
13. J. Piaget (intro.), lohn Amos Comenius on Education (New York: Columbia
University Teachers' College Press, 1967) pp. 5 and 29.
14. Ibid., pp. 118, 186 and 194.
15. Comenius wrote an early draft of this scheine for universal social reform
under the tide Via Lucis (The Way of Light) in 1641.
16. Piaget, op. cit., p. 203.
17. Ibid., pp. 205-6.
18. Ibid., p. 208.
19. Ibid., p. 207.
20. Ibid., p. 221.
21. Ibid., pp. 217-18.

22. Not until 1890 was Cruee's true name re-established - by the Belgian Emest
Nys; but he was still ineorreetly referred to as 'Leeroix' for several years
thereafter.
23. Quoted in Lange, op. eit., p. 402 n. 13 (author's translation). Cyneas, or
Kineas, was an orator, pupil of Demosthenes, who advised his king, Pyrrhus,
on the futility of war.
24. Ibid., p. 402.
25. E. Cruee (ed. and trans. T. W. Balch), The New Cyneas of Emerie Cruce
(Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Seott, 1909) p. 302.
26. Ibid., pp. 26 and 30.
27. Ibid., p. 8. This is Balch's translation: 'pursued only half-heartedly' might
render the meaning better ('on ne la pourehasse qu'll demy' - see Lange, op.
eit., p. 406).
28. Ibid., p. 8. The Soviet politician Maxim Litvinov made this famous state-
ment in a speech in 1920.
29. Ibid., p. 92.
30. Ibid., p. 84.
31. lbid., p. 40.
32. Ibid., p. 88.
33. Ibid., p. 96.
34. Ibid., p. 102.
35. Ibid., p. 342.
36. Ibid., p. 104.
37. Ibid., p. 136.
38. Ibid., p. 122.
39. Ibid., p. 130.
40. 1910. See P. Mayer (ed.), The Paeifist COllseiellee (Harmondsworth: Pen-
guin, 1966) pp. 179-90.
41. Balch, op. eit., p. 298.
42. Ibid., p. 120.
43. Ibid., p. 66.
44. Ibid., pp. 84-6. See n. 30 above.
45. See n. 32 above.
46. Balch, op. eit., p. 104.
47. Ibid., p. 114.
48. Quoted in T. 1. Sehlereth, The Cosmopolitall Ideal in the Enlightenment
(Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977) p. 1. This seetion
relies heavily upon this book.
49. T. Paine, The Rights of Man, pt 2, eh. 5 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969)
p. 250. The eosmopolitan ideal was inftuential in British Ameriea as well as
Europe. For example, even George Washington deseribed hirnself as 'a Cit-
izen of the great republie of humanity at large'.
50. Quoted in G. A. Craig, The Germans (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982)
p.30.
51. See Sehlereth, op. cil., p. 191 n. 3 and p. 211 n. 4. The last book of note in
this Enlightenment eosmopolitan phase (apart from the work of Kant whieh
is in many ways sui gelleris) was Christoph Wieland's Das Geheimnis des
Kosmopolitall Orders, published in 1788. His definition of eosmopolitans
includes the statement that, 'They refrain from serving any government that
follows principles contrary to their own maxims' (quoted in D. de Rougemont,
The Idea 01 Europe (New York: Maemillan, 1966) p. 171).
52. J. Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government, ch. H, para. 6.
53. P. Hazard (trans. J. L. May), European Thought in the Eighteenth Century
(London: Hollis & Carter, 1954) p. 445.
54. D. Diderot, Encyclopidie, t. IX (Berne & Lausanne: Soeietes Typographiques,
1782). The aphorism is an abbreviation of a comment by Montesquieu (see
Schlereth, op. cit., p. 191 n. 2).
55. Hence the title of Alfred Cobban's Harvard leetures published as In Search
01 Humanity (London: Cape, 1960).
56. Locke, op. cit., ch. IX, para. 128.
57. T. Paine (ed. 1. Kramnick), Common Sense (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976)
p. 68. See also his comment that 'government even in its best state is but
a necessary evil', p. 65.
58. R. Price, 'Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution',
in D. O. Thomas (ed.), Price: Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1991) pp. 146-7. See also 'A Discourse on the Love of our
Country'.
59. Voltaire (trans. T. Besterman), Philosophical Dictionary (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1971) p. 329.
60. For the text, see G. Symcox (ed.), War, Diplomacy and Imperialism 1618-
1763 (London: Macmillan, 1974) p. 60.
61. Voltaire (trans. M. P. Pollack), The Age 01 Louis XIV (London: Dent, 1926)
p.5.
62. Quoted in A. Linklater, Men and Citizens in International Relations (London:
Maemillan, 1982) pp. 81-2.
63. Quoted in B. Bailyn, The Ideological Origins 01 the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992) p. 187.
65. Quoted in Schlereth, op. cit., p. 106. Note also that Franklin reported it was
a 'Common Observation' in Europe that the American cause was 'the Cause
01 all Mankind' (quoted, ibid.).
66. See especially R. R. Palmer, The Age 01 the Democratic Revolution, 2 vols
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959, 1964).
67. Quoted in J. M. Thompson, The French Revolution (Oxford: Blaekwell, 1947)
p.3l3.
68. Quoted in de Rougemont, op. cit., p. 179.
69. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, The World olthe French Revolution (London: Allen
& Unwin, 1971) p. 97.
70. J. Hersch (ed.), Birthright 01 Man (Paris: UNESCO, 1968) pp. 525-6.
71. Quoted in C. Van Doren, The Great Rehearsal (London: Cresset Press, 1948)
p. 164.
72. Paine, Rights 01 Man, Pt 1, pp. 168-9.
73. Quoted in C. L. Lange and A. Schou, Histoire de 1'1nternatiollalisme, t. H
(Oslo: Aschehoug, 1954) p. 370 (author's translation).
74. Ibid., p. 370 (author's translation).
75. The phrase comes from G. Lefebvre, La Revolution Fram;aise (Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France, 1951) p. 191 (author's translation).
76. T. Carlyle, The French Revolution ([1837] London: Dent, 1906) vol. I,
pp. 273-4.
77. A. Cloots, Bases Constitutionnelles de la Republique du Genre Humain,
(Paris: Convention Nationale, 1793) p. 44 (the translations from this work
are the author's).
78. Ibid., p. 43.
79. Ibid., p. 3.
80. Ibid., p. 4.
81. Ibid., p. 4. Cp. Comte's concept of the Great Being (Chapter 4 below).
82. Ibid., pp. 14-15.
83. Ibid., p. 20.
84. Ibid., p. 17.
85. Ibid., p. 23. See also p. 20.
86. Ibid., p. 37.
87. Ibid., p. 7.
88. Ibid., p. 40.
89. Hinsley, op. eit., p. 86.
90. C. W. Everett, Jeremy Bentham (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966)
p. 195.
91. Ibid., p. 215.
92. On the Common Saying: 'This May be True in Theory, but it does not Apply
in Practice' (H. Reiss (ed.), Kant: Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991) p. 92).
93. H. BuH, The Anarchical Soeiety (London: Macmillan, 1977) p. 26. lan Harris
caHs this passage 'curious' - see 'Order and Justice', International Affairs,
vol. 69, no. 4 (1993) p. 738.
94. Perpetual Peace, Reiss (ed.), op. eit., pp. 98-9n.
95. The Metaphysics 0/ Morals §54, ibid., p. 165.
96. Perpetual Peace, ibid., p. 106.
97. Ibid., p. 106.
98. Ibid., pp. 107-8.
99. Ibid., p. 106.
100. Ibid., p. 130.
101. Ibid., p. 105.
102. Ibid.
103. For this interpretation, see H. Williams, Kant's Political Philosophy (Oxford:
BlackweH, 1983) p. 255.
104. M. Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester
105. See W. Schiffer, The Legal Community 0/ Mankind (New York: Columbia
106. See D. Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and
Edllcation (London: Longman, 1990) pp. 148-56; also Chapter 6 below.
107. See, e.g., O. Klineberg, The Human Dimension in International Relations
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966).
108. Quoted, R. D'O. Butler, The Roots 0/ National Socialism 1783-1933 (London:
Faber & Faber, 1941) p. 34.
109. See F. Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1970) esp. pp. 60-8.
Notes to Chapter 4: The Era of Worries and Ambitions
1. Quoted in W. Schiffer, The Legal Community of Mankind (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1954) p. 332.
2. C. Van Doren, The Great Rehearsal (London: Cresset Press, 1948).
3. R. J. Glossop, World Federation? A Critical Analysis of Federal World
Government (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993).
4. D. O. Thomas (ed.), Price: Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge
5. J. Wilson (ed. R. G. Adams), Selected Political Essays of fames Wilson
(New York: Knopf, 1930) p. 340.
6. R. G. Adams, Politicalldeas ofthe American Revolution, 3rd edn (New York:
Bames & Noble, 1958) p. 165.
7. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 342-3.
8. R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, vol. 1 (London:
Heinemann, 1923) p. 18.
9. R. Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought, vol. 1 (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1968) p. 63.
10. Quoted in F. Parkinson, The Philosophy of International Relations (London:
Sage, 1977) p. 106. It is possible that H. G. WeHs had Comte's Sociocrats
in mind when he described his futuristic elites (see Chapter 5 below).
11. Quoted in A. Schou, Histoire de l'lnternationalisme, t. rn (Oslo: Aschehoug,
1963) p. 103 (author's translation).
12. G. Mazzini, The Duties of Man (London: Dent, 1907) p. 41.
13. Quoted in 1. Droz, Europe between Revolutions, 1815-1848 (London:
Fontana, 1967) p. 165.
14. See Mazzini, op. cit., pp. 49-50.
15. Quoted in E. E. Y. Haies, Mazzini and the Secret Societies (London: Eyre
& Spottiswoode, 1956) p. 139.
16. Quoted in Schou, op. cit., p. 335.
17. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, 'Locksley Hall', written in 1842. In 1951 in an
interview with The New Yorker journalist, John Hersey, President Truman
revealed that he had carried tbese Iines in his wallet for fifty years, and
commented: 'I guess tbat's what I've been really working for ever since I
first put tbat poetry in my pocket.' See E. R. Goodman, The Soviet Design
for a World State (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960) p. 409
n.82.
18. B. F. Trueblood, The Federation ofthe World (Boston, MA and New York:
Houghton Mifftin, 1899) p. 119.
19. lbid., pp. 137-8.
20. Quoted in A. C. F. Bea1es, The History of Peace (London: Bell, 1931)
p. 199.
21. Ibid., p. 278.
22. Quoted in F. Laursen, Federalism and World Order: Compendium I (Cop-
enhagen: World Federalist Youth, 1970) p. 51.
23. See, e.g., 1. A. Hobson, Towards International Government (London: Allen
& Unwin, 1915) p. 163.
24. For the texts of seven British plans, see L. S. Woolf (ed.), The Framework
of a Lasting Peace (London: Allen & Unwin, 1917).
25. L. S. Woolf, International Government (London: Allen & Unwin, 1916) p. 8I.
26. Quoted in E. M. Earle, 'H. G. Wells, British Patriot in Search of a World
State', World Polities, vol. II (January 1950) p. 200.
27. Lord (David) Davies, The Problem 0/ the Twentieth Century, 2nd edn (Lon-
don: Benn, 1934) p. 136.
28. J. A. Hobson, A League 0/ Nations (London: The Union of Democratic
Control, October 1915) p. 16. See also, e.g., F. N. Keen, A Better League
0/ Nations (London: Allen & Unwin, 1934) pp. 48-9.
29. Woolf, The Framework 0/ a Lasting Peaee, p. 55.
30. See Hobson, Towards International Government, pp. 109, 114, 116, 119.
31. See, e.g. Keen, op. eit., pp. 65-6, 122.
32. Woolf, The Framework 0/ a Lasting Peaee, p. 52.
33. Quoted in Beales, op. eit., p. 293.
35. For abrief description of its creation, see D. S. Bim, The League 0/ Nations
Union, 1918-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) pp. 117-18.
36. Davies, op. eit., p. 44l.
37. Quoted in H. G. Nicholas, The United Nations as a Politieal Institution, 5th
edn (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) pp. 2-3.
38. Quoted in I. L. Claude, Swords into Plowshares (New York: Random House,
1964) p. 350.
39. H. 1. Laski, A Grammar 0/ Polities, 4th edn (London: Allen & Unwin, 1937)
pp. 226-9. The quotation is from p. 228.
40. See D. Mitrany, A Working Peaee System (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books,
1966). The outline of his thought is conveniently available in three papers
reprinted in D. Mitrany, The Funetional Theory 0/ Polities (London: Martin
Robertson, 1975) pp. 85-132.
41. Mitrany, The Funetional Theory 0/ Polities, pp. 123-4.
42. Mitrany, A Working Peaee System, p. 27.
43. Mitrany, The Funetional Theory 0/ Polities, p. 265.
44. Mitrany, A Working Peaee System, p. 83.
45. See especially the reference to Lord Boyd Orr in Chapter 6 be10w.
46. J. A. Joyce (ed.), World Organisation - Federal or Funetional? (London:
Watts, 1945) pp. 10-11.
47. Published by the Christchurch house of Whitcombe & Tombs. The book
lacks a publication date, but the British Library catalogue gives 1944 and
this is confirrned by interna! evidence. The author explains in his Foreword
that 'The principles and essential details of the plan were conceived and
recorded before the [Atlantic] Charter was published' - i.e. September 1941.
48. Hancock, Plan tor Action, p. 52.
49. J. M. Holzman, Paeifist Imperialism: A Plea/or Peaee and Power (London:
Williams & Norgate, 1930) p. 91. See also O. Newfang, World Federation
(New York: Bames & Noble, 1939) pp. 76-7.
50. Hobson, Towards International Government, p. 157.
51. Ibid., p. 161.
52. See Antieipations (1902); Mankind in the Making (1903); The New Amer-
iea: The New World (1935).
53. H. G. Wells, The Open Conspiracy and Other Writings (London: L. & v.
Woolf, 1933) p. 50.
54. Quoted in R. Mayne and J. Pinder, Federal Union: The Pioneers (Basing-
stoke: Macmillan, 1990) p. 14.
55. G. Catlin, One Anglo-Ameriean Nation (London: Andrew Dakers, 1941);
Anglo-Ameriean Union as a Nucleus of World Federation (1942), reprinted
in P. Ransome (ed.), Studies in Federal Planning ([1943] London: Lothian
Foundation Press, 1990). See also The Atlantie Commonwealth (Harmonds-
worth: Penguin, 1969).
56. G. Catlin, 'Anglo-American Union as a Nucleus of World Federation', in
Ransome, op. eit., p. 310.
57. Ibid., p. 309.
58. W. B. Curry, The Casefor Federal Union (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1939)
pp. 140-1.
59. C. K. Streit, Union Now (London: Cape, 1939) art. H. 3, p. 327.
60. Ibid., p. 326.
61. Ibid., p. 157.
62. See ibid., pp. 18-19.
63. Ibid., p. 19.
64. This is evident from his Appendix showing the relationship between the two
documents - see R. C. Minor, A Republie of Nations: A Study of the Organiza-
tion of a Federal League of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press,
1918) pp. 257-95.
65. Ibid., p. 9.
66. Ibid., p. 36.
67. Ibid., Constitution, Art. I. 2.
68. Ibid., Constitution, Art. V. 3.1. Also p. 207.
69. Ibid., Constitution, Art. X. 2.
70. B. Russell (with D. RusselI), The Prospeets of Industrial Civilisatioll (London:
Allen & Unwin, 1923) p. 16.
71. Ibid., p. 84.
72. Quoted in E. Wynner, World Federal Govemment ill Maximum Terms (Afton,
NY: Fedonat Press, 1954) p. 75.
73. O. Newfang, World Govemmellt (New York: Bames & Noble, 1942) p. vii.
74. See ibid., p. 25.
75. See proposed constitution, O. Newfang, The Road to World Peaee (New
York: Putnam's, 1924) pp. 338-47.
76. Ibid., p. 296.
77. See Newfang, World Govemmellt, pp. 87-8.
78. G. Schwarzenberger, Power Polities (London: Cape, 1941) esp. pp. 401-4.
79. K. Zilliacus, 'World Govemment and World Peace', in P. Ransome (ed.),
op. eit., pp. 337-63.
80. P. Ransome, in J. A. Joyce (ed.), op. eit., passim.
81. W. Beveridge, The Priee of Peaee (London: Pilot Press, 1945) esp. pp. 62-
89.
82. L. M. Lloyd and R. Schwimmer, Chaos, War or a New World Order
(Chicago, IL: Campaign for World Govemment, 1942); G. Lloyd and E.
Wynner, Searehlight Oll Peaee Plalls, Choose Your Road to World Govem-
mellt (New York: Dutton, 1944).
83. E. Culbertson, Summary ofthe World Federatioll Plall (London: Faber, 1944)
p.36.
84. lbid., p. 41.

85. lbid.
86. lbid., p. 37. üne of the several weaknesses in the plan is the assumption that
forces would be loyal to the initiating state because of the bond of nation-
ality, when the 'states' are, in fact, to be federations (e.g. Malaysia would be
composed (using 1944 names) of French Indochina, Thailand, Philippines,
Dutch East Indies, Bismarck Archipelago, Northern Borneo).
87. M. J. Adler, How to Think about War and Peaee (New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1944); B. Walker (ed.), Uniting the Peoples and Nations (Washing-
ton, DC and Amsterdam: World Federalist Movement and World Federalist
Association, 1993) p. 138.
88. Quoted in Laursen, op. eit., p. 82.
90. F. Laurent, Etudes sur l'histoire de I'humanite, Introduction (1861), see
Schiffer, op. eit., eh. 8.
91. Quoted in Schiffer, op. eit., pp. 159-60.
92. Quoted ibid., p. 161.
93. Quoted in Streit, op. eit., p. 57.
94. Quoted in G. J. Mangone, The ldea and Praetiee oJ World Government
(New York: Columbia University Press. 1951) p. 26 n. 10.
95. Quoted, H. Kohn, Politicalldeologies ofthe Twelltieth Century, 3rd edn (New
York: Harper & Row, 1966) p. 25.
Notes to Chapter 5: Ideology and Science
1. F. Engels, Prineiples oJ Communism, quoted in E. R. Goodman, The Soviet

Design Jor a World State (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960)
p. 2. This work forms the basis of the survey of Communist theory in the
following pages.
2. See Goodman, op. eit., p. 8.
4. M. Gorbachev, Perestroika (London: Collins, 1987) p. 137.
5. Quoted in Goodman, op. eit., p. 28. The concept was central to Trotsky's
doctrine of the Permanent Revolution, which he elaborated in a book of that
title, published in 1930, when he was, in Stalin' s terms, the arch-heretic. He
wrote in the tenth of his fourteen propositions that, 'the socialist revolution
becomes a permanent revolution in a newer and broader sense of the word; it
attains completion only in the final victory of the new society on our entire
planet' (text in C. Wright Mills, The Marxists (Hannondsworth: Penguin,
1963) p. 275).
6. Quoted in Goodman, op. eil., p. 32.
10. See, e.g., J. Steele, The Limits oJ Soviet Power (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1985) p. 28.
11. Quoted in K. E. McKenzie, Comintern and World Revolution 1928-1943
(London and New York: Columbia University Press, 1964) p. 264.
232 Rejerences and Notes
12. Quoted in Goodrnan, op. cit., p. 289.

13. Quoted ibid., pp. 296-7.
14. Quotationsfrom Chairman Mao Tse-tung (Peking: Foreign Languages Press,
1966) p. 177.
15. Quoted in Goodman, op. cit., p. 31.
17. Quoted ibid., p. 2l3.
18. Quoted in R. N. Carew Hunt, A Guide to Communist Jargon (London: Bles,
1957), p. 37.
19. Quoted in Goodman, op. cit., pp. 426-7.
21. Comintem Programme, quoted in McKenzie, op. cit., p. 272.
22. Quoted in Goodman, op. cit., p. 433.
23. Lenin, quoted ibid., p. 445.
24. A. Hitler (trans. R. Manheim), Mein Kampf (London: Hutchinson, 1974)
p.349.
25. lbid., p. 629.
26. Hit1er symbolised the parallel with Charlemagne when he accepted a replica
of the Frankish Emperor's sword at Nuremberg in 1935.
27. Hit1er, op. cit., pp. 360-1.
28. See G. Stoakes, Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion (Leamington Spa:
Berg, 1986) p. 165.
29. For a thorough presentation of the historiographical debate on this prob-
lem, see M. Michaelis, 'World power status or world dominion?', The His-
torical Journal, vol. XV (1972) pp. 331-60; also M. Hauner, 'Did Hitler
want a world dominion?', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 13 (1978)
pp. 15-32.
30. See Michaelis, op. cit., pp. 350 and 353 n. 95.
32. A. Hux1ey, Brave New World ([1932] Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955) p. 15.
33. Less famous, but of similar vintage, is Ayn Rand's Anthem (1938). It may
be noted that most utopias have been set in geographically limited commu-
nities. Before H. G. WeHs the only noted global utopia was Lord Erskine's
Armanta.
34. For a summary of this criticism, see W. W. Wagar, H. G. Wells and the
World State (New Haven, CT: Ya1e University Press, 1961) pp. 244-69. This
book is a generally invaluab1e discussion of the who1e topic.
35. In Mind at the End of its Tether (1945).
36. A. Salter, Personality in Politics (London: Faber, 1947) pp. 122 and 137.
37. H. G. WeHs, A Modem Utopia (London: Nelson, n.d.) p. 7.
38. H. G. Wells, The Common Sense of War and Peace (Harmondsworth: Pen-
guin, 1940) p. 27.
39. H. G. WeHs, The Outline ofHistory (London: Newnes, 1920) vol. 2 p. 594.
40. Quoted in Wagar, op. cit., p. 73.
41. H. G. Wells, Anticipations, 8th edn (London: Chapman & Hall, 1902) p. 245.
42. Quoted in E. M. Earle, 'H. G. WeHs, British Patriot in Search of a World
State', World Politics, vol. II (1950) p. 191.
43. Quoted in Wagar, op. cit., p. 121.
44. WeHs, Anticipations, p. 278.
45. H. G. WeHs, The Shape ofThings to Come ([1933] London: Corgi Books,
1967) p. 265.
46. N. and J. MaeKenzie, The Time Traveller: The Life of H. G. Wells (London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973) p. 355.
47. Wagar, op. cir., pp. 43 and 44.
48. H. G. WeHs, The Open Conspiracy and Otller Writings (London: L. and V.
Woolf, 1933) p. 15.
49. lbid., p. 16.
50. Ibid., p. 22.
51. Expounded by WeHs in God the Invisible King (1917).
52. WeHs, The Open COllspiracy and Other Writings, pp. 28-9.
53. Ibid., pp. 30-1.
54. Ibid., p. 31.
55. Ibid., p. 50.
56. Ibid., p. 61.
57. Ibid., p. 69.
58. Ibid., p. 72.
59. Ibid., p. 78.
60. Ibid., p. 93.
61. For summaries of the proeess, see WeHs, The Shape of Things to Come,
pp. 320-1 and 351-2.
62. WeHs, A Modem Utopia, eh. 9.
63. Ibid., p. 269.
64. Ibid., p. 268.
65. Ibid., p. 298.
66. H. G. WeHs, Men Like Gods (London: CasseH, 1923) p. 57.
67. WeHs, The Shape of Things to Come, p. 425.
68. Quoted in Wagar, op. eil., p. 168.
69. G. Orwell, 'WeHs, Hitler and the World State' (1941), reprinted in S. OrweH
and I. Angus (eds), The Collected Essays, Joumalism and Letters of George
Onvell, vol. II (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970) p. 170.
70. WeHs, The Shape of Things to Come, pp. 346-7.
71. See, e.g., Earle, op. cit., p. 207; Salter, op. cit., p. 129.
72. See espeeiaHy Earle, ap. eit., p. 181 n. :I and 192.
73. Quoted in Wagar, op. eit., p. 205.
74. B. Criek, In Defellce of Po litics , 2nd edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982)
p.98.
75. Quoted ibid.
76. Quoted in G. J. Mangone, The Idea alld Practice of World Govemmellt
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1951).
77. C. J. Friedrieh and Z. K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Auto-
cracy, 2nd edn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965) p. 22.
78. Quoted in R. N. Carew Hunt, The Theory and Practice of Commullism
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963) p. 64.
79. See D. MeLeHan, Karl Marx: His Life alld Thought (London: MaemiHan,
1973) pp. 423-4.
80. A. BuHoek, Hitler, A Study ill TyrallllY (Hannondsworth: Penguin, 1962)
p.398.
81. See Wagar, op. eit., eh. 2.
82. Wagar, op. cit., p. 79.

83. H. G. Wells, Experiment in Autobiography, vol. 11 (London: Gollancz and
Cresset Press, 1934) pp. 652-3.
84. Ibid., p. 651.
85. Wagar draws an interesting parallel between A Modem Utopia and Men Like
Gods on the one hand and the Communist forecast on the other: 'the rela-
tionship between [these two] Utopias was almost identical with the relation-
ship between the dictatorship of the proletariat and the final withering away
of the state in Marxist Utopography'. Op. cit., p. 210.
86. I. Raknem, H. G. Wells and his Critics (Trondheim: Universitetforlaget,
1962) p. 266.
Notes to Chapter 6: Last Decades of the Second Millennium
1. For the post-war history of organisations, see R. P. Haegler, Histoire et Ideo-

logie du Mondialisme (Zurich: Europa Verlag, 1972) and F. Laursen, Federal-
ism and World Order: Compendium 11 (Copenhagen: World Federalist Youth,
1972).
2. The following provide short bibliographies, eaeh of a different kind.
J. Roberts, ABrief Annotated List ofWorks on World Federalism (London:
One World Trust, 1995). B. Walker (ed.), Uniting the Peoples and Nations
(Washington, DC and Amsterdam: World Federalist Association and World
Federalist Movement, 1993). The definitive bibliography is J. P. Baratta,
Strengthening the United Nations: A Bibliography on UN Reform and World
Federalism (New York: Greenwood, 1987).
3. For a useful and interesting brief summary, see D. Yergin, Shattered Peace
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980) pp. 237-40.
4. Quoted in J. P. Baratta, 'The Barueh Plan as a Preeedent for Disarmament
and World Federal Govemment', in Walker, op. cit., p. 164.
5. Quoted in B. Russell, Has Man a Future? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961)
pp. 72-3.
6. D. Masters and K. Way (eds), One World or None (New York: McGraw-
HilI, 1946).
7. O. Nathan and H. Norden (eds), Einsfei/l on Peace (New York: Shocken
Books, 1968) p. 376.
8. Ibid., p. 441.
9. Ibid., pp. 347-51 and 431-40.
10. Ibid., p. 349.
11. Ibid., p. 438.
12. See A. Ryan, Bertrand Russell.· A Political Life (London: Allen Lane the
Penguin Press, 1988) esp. p. 79; B. Russell (with D. Russell), Prospects of
Industrial Civilisatioll (London: Allen & Unwin, 1924); B. Russell, Which
Way to Peace? (London: Allen & Unwin, 1936).
13. Russell, Has Man a Future?, p. 73. See also Towards World Govemment
(London: The New Commonwealth, n.d., but 1948).
14. Russell, Has Man a Future? p. 71. See also New Hopes for aChanging
World (London: Allen & Unwin, 1951) eh. xi.
Referencesand Notes 235
15. Haegler, op. eit., p. 161. The full texts (in English translation and Freneh)
are reprodueed on pp. 161-3.
16. Quoted in Nathan and Norden, op. eit., p. 421.
17. The eoneept of 'eeopolities' was first expounded in a major study by Harold
and Margaret Sprout in their book Toward a Polities of Planet Earth (New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971).
18. See, e.g., the alarming scenario in The Eeologist: Blueprint for Survival
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp. 23-5.
19. J. MaeNeill, P. Winsemius and T. Yakushiji, Beyond Interdependenee (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 4.
20. Sprout and Sprout, op. eit., p. 485.
21. Quoted in R. J. Glossop, World Federation? (Jefferson, NC: MeFarland,
1993) p. 81.
22. In F. Barnaby (ed.), The Gaia Peaee Atlas (London: Pan, 1988) p. 214.
23. See notab1y the reports issued over the signatures of many distinguished
partieipating world figures. The first is entitled Common Responsibility in
the 1990s, produeed by The Stockholm Initiative on Global Seeurity and
Governanee (published by the Swedish Prime Minister's Office, 1991). The
seeond is entitled Towards the Global Neighbourhood, by the Commission
on Global Governanee (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). See also
Chapter 7 below.
24. P. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (London: Fontana, 1959)
p. 334. This was written in 1938, but published posthumous1y.
25. John XXIII (trans. H. Waterhouse), Paeem in Terris (London: Catholie Truth
Society, 1980) para. 137. See also be1ow, nn. 84-90.
26. A. 1. Toynbee, Civilisation on Trial (London: Oxford University Press, 1946)
p. 91.
27. A. 1. Toynbee, A Study of History: Abridgement of Volumes VIJ-X by D. C.
Somervell (London: Oxford University Press, 1957) p. 328. Toynbee was
partieularly impressed by the politieal implieations of nuclear weapons: see
A Study of History, vol. XII (1961) pp. 308, 526-7, 619. There is no spaee
in the present book to deal with the large amount of work that has been
undertaken on the eultural bases for a world government. On this topie, see
W. W. Wagar, The City of Man (Boston, MA: Houghton Miffiin, 1963).
28. C. W. Jenks, The World Beyond the Charter (London: Allen & Unwin, 1969)
p. 165; and eh. 4 passim.
29. See, e.g., A. de Rusett, Strengthening the Framework of Peaee (London:
Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950) pp. 15-25.
30. See F. O. Wilcox and C. M. Marey, Proposals for Changes in the United
Nations (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1955) pp. 58-60.
31. U Thant, 'The Myth of National Sovereignty', World Federalist, Oetober
1962, in Walker, op. eit., p. 248.
32. For an analysis of sehemes during the first deeade of the UN's Iife, see
Wileox and Marey, op. eit. More reeently, the Stockholm Initiative group
have made a number of proposals, including the eall for an independent
International Commission on Global Governanee, which they have envis-
aged would inerease the authority of the UN (see n. 23 above and also for
later work by the group, Chapter 7 below). For exeerpts from some other
proposals, see Walker, op. eit., Seetion III.
33. G. Clark and L. B. Sohn, World Peaee Through World Law (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1958). A third, enlarged edition was published
in 1966.
34. R. Woito, Five Approaehes to World Law (1984), in Walker op. eit., p. 300.
35. Glossop, op. eit., p. 70.
36. R. A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: Free Press, 1975) p. 347.
37. R. A. Falk, This Endangered Planet (1970), in Walker, op. eit., p. 301.
38. Clark and Sohn, op. eit., p. xi.
39. Ibid., pp. xi-xii.
40. Ibid., p. 452.
41. Ibid., p. 401.
42. See ibid., p. 6.
43. Ibid., p. 407.
44. lbid., pp. 300 and 301.
45. Early plans for the reform of the UN also addressed this problem. See
Wilcox and Marcy, op. eit., pp. 164-6.
46. See Clark and Sohn, op. eit., pp. 120 and 304.
47. Ibid., p. 210.
48. For a much more modest proposal for upgrading the UN's peacekeeping
and peace-making role, see B. Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New
York: United Nations, 1992).
49. See Clark and Sohn, op. eit., pp. xvii and 28.
50. See Wilcox and Marcy, op. eit., p. 362.
51. D. Heinrich, The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (Amster-
dam: World Federalist Movement, 1992) Summary.
52. Ibid., p. 26.
53. The classic work on functionalism after Mitrany is E. B. Haas, Beyond the
Nation State (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964). Of the same
vintage is J. P. Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics (Princepton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1966).
54. Quoted in Laursen, op. eit., p. 26.
55. de Rusett, op. eit., p. 56.
56. Ibid., p. 55.
57. Quoted in Sewell, op. eit., p. 27.
58. For example, neither Glossop, op. eit., nor J. A. Yunker, World Union on
the Horizon (Lanham, NY: University Press of America, 1993) makes ref-
erence to functionalism.
59. This is the title of Chapter 9 of J. Pinder and R. Pryce, Europe After De
Gaulle (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969).
60. Ibid., p. 159.
61. Ibid., p. 160.
62. Quoted in Wagar, op. eit., p. 234. See also L. Perillier, La Patrie Planetaire
(Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1976) esp. pp. 234-5.
63. Quoted in Wagar, op. eit., p. 233.
64. See n. 1 above.
65. Text in Haegler, op. eit., p. 161.
66. D. Heinrich, The Future Begins Now: World Federalism in the 1990s
(Amsterdam: World Federalist Movement, 1994) p. 18.
67. See L. Perillier et J.-J. L. Tur, Le Mondialisme (Paris: Presses Universitaires

de France, 1977).
68. Haegler, op. cit., p. 161.
69. Each of the following ten titles (listed in chronological order) tackles the
topic in its own individual way, E. Reves, The Anatomy oJ Peace ([1945]
Harrnondsworth: Penguin, 1947); C. Meyer, Peace or Anarchy (Boston, MA:
LittIe, Brown, 1948); Crusade Jor World Govemment (Privately Printed,
1948); V. Nash, The World Must be Govemed (New York: Harper, 1949);
de Rusett, op. cit.; G. 1. Mangone, The Idea and Practice oJWorld Govem-
ment (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951); G. McAllister (ed.),
World Govemment: The Report oJ the First London Parliamentary Con-
Jerence (London: Parliamentary Group for World Government, 1952); F. L.
Schuman, The Commonwealth oJ Man (London: Haie, 1954); E. Wynner,
World Federal Govemment in Maximum Terms (Afton, NY: Fedonet Press,
1954); E. M. Borgese (ed.), A Constitution Jor the World (Santa Barbara,
CA: Center for the Study oi Democratic Institutions, 1965 - containing the
text originally published in 1948). For other titles oi the same vintage, see
the bibliography in Mangone, op. cit.
70. Reves, op. cit., p. 144.
71. Ibid., p. 250.
72. Ibid., p. 224.
73. Borgese, op. cit., p. 26.
74. Ibid., p. 27.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., Art. 5, p. 31.
77. Ibid., Art. 27, p. 43.
78. Ibid., Art. 45, p. 51.
79. Ibid., p. 16.
80. Mangone, op. cit., p. 167. One should also note the report oi the Silkin
Commission, which appeared in 1959, after the post-war enthusiasm had
waned. It is more conventional in structure than the constitution oi Chicago
provenance (see Haegler, op. cit., p. 173).
81. See Wynner, op. cit., pp. 73-4.
82. Crusade Jor World Govemment, p. 11.
83. Quoted in McAllister, op. cit., p. 8. Pope Pius also supported WMWFG.
84. John XXIII, op. cit. See also Paul VI's Populorum Progressio (1967) and
his address to the UN General Assembly, 4 October 1965.
85. John XXIII, op. cit., para. 7.
86. Ibid., para. 132.
87. Ibid., para. l36.
88. Ibid., para. l37.
89. See ibid., paras 140 and 141.
90. Ibid., para. 171.
91. H. WheeIer, Democracy in a Revolutionary Era (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1971) p. 300. Dr Wheeler was a member oithe Santa Barbara Center, which
produced the edition of the Preliminary DraftJor a World Constitution aIready
referred 10 above.
92. For an example of their work particularly relevant to our own purposes, see
Falk, A Study of Future Worlds. For a summary of this book's thesis, see
R. A. Falk, 'Toward a New World Order: Modest Methods and Drastic
Visions'. in S. H. Mendlovitz (ed.), On the Creation of a Just World Order
(New York: Free Press, 1975).
93. Falk, 'Toward a New World Order' pp. 213-14. WOMP/USA refers to the
American (and most active) branch of the project.
94. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds, p. 227.
95. Ibid., p. 245.
96. Falk, 'Toward a New World Order', p. 217.
97. B. Ward and R. Dubos, Only One World (Harrnondsworth: Penguin, 1972)
p.298.
98. See, e.g., Paeem in Terris (1963); Wagar, op. cit. (1963); P. de Hevesy, The
Unifieation of the World (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966).
99. Quoted in P6rillier, op. eil., p. 59. The Brazilian, A. Fonseca Pimentei, how-
ever, affords rather less prominence to ecological arguments in his Demo-
eratie World Government and the United Nations, 2nd edn (Brasilia: Escopo
Editora, 1980).
100. See Glossop, op. cit., p. 8.
101. Quoted in A. Roberts, 'A newage in international relations?', International
Affairs, vol. 67 (1991) p. 520.
102. J. Kiang, One World (Notre Dame, IN: One World Publishing, 1993).
103. E. E. Harris, One World or None (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press,
1993).
104. Yunker, op. eit., Preface.
105. Glossop, op. cit., p. ix.
106. Ibid., p. 215.
107. Ibid., p. 95.
109. Glossop, op. cit., p. 217.
110. Yunker bravely tries to salvage this central feature of his thesis by asserting
the intrinsie value of market socialism (see Yunker, op. eit., p. xv).
111. Yunker,op. cit., p. 247.
112. Ibid., p. 249.
113. Ibid., p. 257.
114. Ibid., p. 69.
115. Ibid., p. 271.
116. Quoted in Wynner, op. eit., p. 76.
117. Quoted in de Rusett, op. cit., p. 82.
118. Mundialist Summa, vol. 1: A World of Reason (Paris: Club Humaniste, 1977)
p. 18.
119. G. Davis, My Country is the World (London: Macdonald, 1961) p. 19.
120. Mundialist Summa, vol. 1, p. 30.
121. Ibid., p. 29.
122. Haegler, op. cit., p. 176.
123. See P6rillier et Tur, op. eit., p. 95.
124. See Mundialist Summa, vol. 2: A World of Hope (Paris: Club Humaniste,
1980) pp. 131-5.
125. James Avery Joyce, quoted in J. Roberts, Why Human Rights Need World
Law (London: Association of World Federalists, 1993) p. 5.
126. Human Rights: The lntemational Bill oJ Human Rights (New York: Uni ted
Nations, 1988) p. vii.
127. Artic1e 1; ibid., p. 40.
128. Quoted in I. Brownlie, Prineiples oJ Publie lntemational Law, 4th edn
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) p. 562.
129. lbid., p. 564.
130. Clark and Sohn, op. eit., p. 15.
131. Quoted in D. Heater, Peaee Through Edueation: The Contribution oJ the
Couneil Jor Edueation in World Citizenship (Lewes, Sussex: Falmer Press,
1984) p. 47. See, generally, pp. 46-50.
132. B. Ferencz (with K. Keyes), Planethood: The Key to Your Survival alld
Prosperity (Coos Bay, OR: Vision Books, 1988).
133. lbid., p. 1.
134. lbid., p. 138.
135. lbid., p. 149.
136. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
137. Citizens' Charter (leaflet) (London: UNA, n.d.).
138. See, e.g., T. Taylor, 'Utopianism', in S. Smith (ed.), lntemational Rela-
tions: British and Ameriean Perspeetives (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985).
139. See H. Suganami, The Domestie Analogy and World Order Problems
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) pp. 98-100 and 133.
140. lbid., p. 133. Compare, however, the comment of the American political scien-
tist, John Logue, whose view of Morgenthau is that he 'said or implied that
the idea of world federation was idealistic, simplistic, utopian, and imprac ..
tica!' (Walker, op. eit., p. xv).
141. From Frederick Schuman's lntematiollal Polities, 1st edn (1933), via Georg
Schwarzenberger's Power Polities, 1st edn (1941), to Hans Morgenthau's Pol-
ities among Natiolls, 5th edn (1973).
142. E. S. Lent, 'The Development of United World Federalist Thought and Pol-
icy', llltemational Orgallisation, vol. 9 (1955) pp. 487-8.
143. lbid., p. 495.
144. Staunch advocates of the maximum school could be quite adamant about
their position. See, e.g., Wynner, op. eit., Part II, sect. 1: 'The Fallacy of the
Minimum Plan'.
145. Schiffer, op. eit., 'Some Conclusions' .
146. T. Roszak, Person/Planet (London: Gollancz, 1975) p. xxx. See also pp. 54-
5 and 319.
147. For the current state of work in this field, see the final sec ti on of Chapter
7 below.
Notes to Chapter 7: Final Considerations
1. The New Shorter OxJord English Dietionary (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1993) definition B2. For example, it is in this sense that Paul Bourget
refers to nineteenth-century Rome in his novel Cosmopolis, published in 1892.
2. See, e.g., D. Archibugi and D. Held (eds), Cosmopolitan Demoeraey (Cam-
bridge: Polity Press, 1995); C. Brown, llltemational Relations Theory (Hemel
Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992); D. Held, 'Democracy: From City-

States to a Cosmopolitan OrderT, in D. Held (ed.), Prospects for Democracy:
North, South, East, West (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993); H. Suganami, The
Domestic Analogy and World Order Problems (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1989); M. Wight (ed. G. Wight and B. Porter), Intemational
Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester University Press, 1991).
3. See, e.g., C. R. Beitz, Political Theory and Intematiollal Relations (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), especially his distinction between a
cosmopolitan morality and a cosmopolitan political programme.
4. Wight, op. eit., p. 45.
5. H. Küng, Global Responsibility: In Search of a New World Ethic (London:
SCM Press, 1991) p. 34.
6. Ibid., p. 30.
7. Quoted, J. A. Hobson, Towards Intemational Govemmellt (London: Allen
& Unwin, 1915) p. 191.
8. See, e.g., R. J. Glossop, World Federation? A Critical Analysis of Federal
World Govemment (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993) pp. 97-128, pp. 234-
5 n. 1.
9. Saint Augustine (trans. W. C. Greene), The City ofGod against the Pagans,
vol. VI (London: Heinemann, 1969) XIX. vii.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. See O. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1958) p. 128, para. 61.
13. A. Gewith (trans.), Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of Peace, vol. II (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1956) I. xvii. 10, pp. 84-5.
14. Ibid., Ir. xxviii. 15, p. 384.
15. Ibid., I. xvii. 10, p. 85.
16. Chapter 2 n. 123 above.
17. Text in E. Lewis (trans.) Medieval Politicalldeas, vol. 2 (London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul, 1954) pp. 471-2.
18. A. D. Menut (ed.), Maistre Nicole Oresme: Le Livre de Politiques d'Aristote
(Philadelphia, PA: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new
series, vol. 60, pt 6, 1970) VII. 10. 249d (translations from Oresme are the
author's).
19. Ibid., 250a.
20. Ibid., 250b.
2!. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 250c.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 250d.
25. Quoted, A. Linklater, Men and Citizens in Intemational Relations (London:
Macmillan, 1982) p. 66.
26. K. N. Walz, 'Kant, Liberalism, and War', Americall Political Seience Review,
vol. LVI (1962) p. 337. For Kant's general hesitations about a world state,
see also Chapter 3 above.
27. The Metaphysics of Morals in H. Reiss (ed.), Kant: Political Writings (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) §§52 & 53, p. 165.
28. Walz, op. eit., p. 337.
29. Perpetual Peace in Reiss, op. cit., pp. 113 and 114.
30. Chapter 3 n. 92 above.
31. Perpetual Peace in Reiss, op. cit., pp. 113 and 114.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., p. 113.
34. The Metaphysics 0/ Morals in Reiss, op. cit., §61, p. 171.
35. Quoted in A. Schou, Histoire de l'Internationalisme, t. III (Oslo: Aschehoug,
1963) p. 371 (author's translation).
36. F. Meinecke (trans. R. B. Kimber), Cosmopolitanism and the National State
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970) p. 21.
37. Ibid., pp. viii-ix.
38. For an examp1e of Meinecke's nationalist cast of mind, see the Epilogue to
the Third Edition (1915), ibid., p. 375.
39. 1. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1945)
p. 149. A few years after the publication of this book, the American political
scientist Gerard J. Mangone wrote a fine general appraisal of the whole topic,
entitled The Idea and Practice 0/ World Government (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1951). He discusses a number of objections. However, on
the matter of world bureaucracy, he emphasises not so much its impractic-
ability as the offensive totalitarian potential of such a necessary 'gigantic,
sprawling bureaucracy' (p. 225; see also p. 30). This kind of argument has
been fairly common. It should also be noted that, after the detonation of the
atomic bombs, Burnham came to accept the advisability of a Wor1d Empire
under US leadership. See The Struggle /or the World (London: Cape, 1947).
40. R. Niebuhr, 'The Illusion of World Govemment', reprinted in Christian
Realism and Political Problems (London: Faber, 1954) p. 26.
41. Ibid., pp. 30-1.
42. Ibid., p. 25.
43. J. L. C1aude, Swords into Plowshares, 3rd edn (London: University of
London Press, 1965) pp. 394 and 401.
44. Ibid., p. 391.
45. Ibid., p. 374. See also pp. 379-80.
46. Quoted ibid .. 375.
47. Ibid., p. 379.
48. Ibid., p. 383.
49. Ibid., p. 385.
50. Ibid., p. 389.
51. R. Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics 0/ Modern Society (Har-
mondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp. 210-11.
52. Ibid., p. 233.
53. Ibid., p. 238.
54. H. BuH, The Anarchical Society: A Study 0/ Order in World Politics (London:
Macmillan, 1977) p. 262.
55. Ibid., p. 264.
56. lbid., pp. 285-95.
57. Ibid., p. 295.
58. Quoted in D. Heater, Peace Through Education: The Contribution 0/ the
Council/or Education in World Citizenship (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1984)
p.56.
59. For this four-fold classification of objections, see F. L. Schuman, The

Commonwealth 0/ Man (London: Haie, 1954).
60. Matthew 4.8.
61. F. Dostoyevsky (trans. D. Magarshack), The Brothers Karamazov, bk 5
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958) p. 302.
62. I. Berlin, Historieal Inevitability (London: Oxford University Press, 1954).
63. E. S. Lent, 'The Development of United World Federalist Thought and
Policy', International Organisation, vol. 9 (1955) pp. 486-501, esp. p. 500.
64. The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood
65. Ibid., p. 335. See also pp. 2-7.
66. See, e.g., ibid., pp. 225-302; also, D. Archibugi, 'From the United Nations
to Cosmopolitan Democracy', in Archibugi and Held, op. eit.
67. Tbe Commission on Global Governance, op. eit., pp. 32 and 254-5.
68. The British social scientist, Professor David Held, has taken a particular
interest in this topic. See n. 2 above. His Demoeraey and the Global Order:
From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governanee is due for publication
after the comp1etion of the present book.
69. Held, 'From City-State to Cosmopolitan Order?', pp. 26-7.
70. Archibugi, ap. eit., p. 156.
71. Ibid., p. 134.
72. For a useful tabulation of the objectives of cosmopolitan democracy, see
Held, 'From City-State to a Cosmopolitan Order?', pp. 46-7.
73. For an outline of this development, see, D. Oliver and D. Heater, Foundations
0/ Citizenship (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994), eh. 7. There
is the interesting parallel of dual citizenship in the Roman Empire - of Rome
and of the citizen's native city.
74. 1. P. Gardner, 'What Lawyers mean by Citizenship', in Commission on Cit-
izenship, Eneouraging Citizenship (London; HMSO, 1990) pp. 63-78.
75. See, e.g., E. Boulding, Building aGlobai Civic Culture (New York: Teachers'
College Press, 1988).
76. R. Falk, 'The Making of Global Citizenship', in B. van Steenbergen (ed.),
The Condition 0/ Citizenship (London: Sage, 1994) pp. 131-2.
77. See B. van Steenbergen, 'Towards aGlobai Ecological Citizen', ibid.,
pp. 148-9. See also pp. 150-1, where Steenbergen distinguishes between
the 'world citizen', freed from national constraints, and the 'earth citizen',
ecologically conscious.
78. F. Steward, 'Citizens of Planet Earth', in G. Andrews (ed.), Citizenship
(London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1991) p. 73.
79. See, e.g., Falk, op. eit., pp. 139-40.
80. M. Donelan, 'A Community of Mankind', in J. Mayall (ed.), The Com-
munity of States (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982) p. 143.
81. Ibid., p. 157.
82. The Commission on Global Governance, op. eit., p. 55.
83. See K. Booth, 'Human wrongs and international relations', International
Affairs, vol. 71 (1995), esp. pp. 109--12.
84. Ibid., p. 126.
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Index
Adams, R. G., 90-1 Bluntschli, J., 92-3
Adler, M. J., 112, 113 Boetie, Etienne de 1a, 49-50
Aeneid (Virgil), 25-6, 43, 54 Bo1shevism, see Comrnunism
Agobard of Lyon, 58 Boncompagni, 33
Alexander the Great, xi, 2, 3, 8-13, 14, Booth, K., 215
15, 16, 24, 25, 118, 124, 183, 202, Borgese, E., 161
203, 205, 206 Borgese, G. A., 159, 177, 178
American Declaration of Independence, 75, Boyd Orr, 1., 155, 173
76 Brandi, K., 52-3
AnarchicaL Society, The (BuH), 194, 198-9 Brave New World (Hux1ey), 127
Anatomy of Peace, The (Reves), 158-·9 Brezhnev, L., 120
Anticipations (WeHs), 128, 129, 130, 137 Bryce, J., 39
Antigone, 5 Brzezinski, Z., 136
Aquinas, St Thomas, 36, 41. 57 Bukharin, N. 1., 122-3
arbitration, 42, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 89, 92, BuH, H., 82-3, 194, 198-9, 200
93, 165, 224 n.6 BuHock, A., 136
Archibugi, D., 212 Bumham, J., 194, 241 n.39
Archpoet, the, 32 Bush, G., 166
Arendt, H., 135 Byzantine Empire, xi, 27-8, 30, 32
arguments against a world state, xiii, 1-2,
59, 60, 82, 84, 89, 150, 187-201 CampaneHa, T., 54, 55-7, 205, 206
Ariosto, L., 53-4 Car1yle, A. 1., 34
Aristides, 26 Case for Federal Union, The (Curry), 106
Aristotle, 1-4, 6, 7-9, 13, 20, 41, 44, 45, Cassirer, E., 51
58, 134, 190, 205 Catlin, G., 105-6, 156
Aron, R., 194, 197 Charlemagne, Emperor, see Emperors,
Arrian, 10, 11. 18 Gerrnan
Augustine, St, 24, 58, 189, 191, 199, 200 Chinese Comrnunist Party, 120-1
Augustus, Emperor, 43, 48, 58, 60, 220 Chinese cosmopo1itan thought, ix-x
n.78 Christ, 27, 29, 35, 37.44, 56, 64, 163,
Averroes 41 191, 201
Christianity, ix, xi, 23-4, Ch. 2, 61, 62,
Bacon, F., 51, 71 64, 74, 85, 86, 87, 88, 185, 187, 203,
Bacon, R., 31 204,209
Badian, E., 11, 12 Chrysippus, 14-15, 16, 24, 32
Baha'i faith, x Cicero, 7, 14, 15, 16-17,21-2,24,40,48,
Baldry, H. c., 4-5, 11 51, 73, 188, 202, 203, 207
barbarians, I, 4, 8, 12, 16, 29, 132, 202 City of God, Christian, 23, 58
Barker, E., 2 City of God (De Civitate Dei) (St
Bartholdt, R., 94 Augustine), 24, 189
Baruch, B., 140-1 civitas maxima, 86
Bases Constitutionnelles de La Republique Clark, G., 149-52, 175, 177, 178,206,
du Genre Hlimain (Cloots), 79-81, 88 211
Beales, A. C. F., 95 Claude, I. L., 194, 195-7, 200
Bentham, 1., xii, 81-2, 85,94,207 Cloots, A., xii, 76, 78-81, 86, 87-8, 115,
Bible, the, 23, 24, 35, 47, 55, 57, 64, 191 180, 183, 203, 205, 207, 209
biology, 5, 8, 56, 72, 115, 124-6, 129, Comenius, J. A., xi, 51, 61-5, 71, 85,
132, 135, 136-7, 145-6, 166, 184, 86-7, 88, 191, 204, 205, 207
202,203 Comintem, 119, 120, 121, 122, 136
253
254 Index
commerce, 66, 69, 74, 80, 93, 110, 132, democracy and world government, 81,
167, 205 87--8, 103, 104, 105, 106-7, 108,
Commission on Global Governance, 111, 116, 134, 137, 152-4, 159,
209-11, 215, 235 n.32 160-2, 166, 167, 168, 171-3, 180,
Common Sense (Paine), 73 184, 196,201, 207-8, 209, 210-15
Communism, xii, 96, 103, 115, 118, De Monarchia (Dante), xi, 26, 37, 40-7,
119-24, 135-8, 139-40, 159, 166, 48, 52, 56, 59, 60, 128, 187
167, 177, 179, 183, 185, 186, 194, De Monarchia Hispanica Discursus
200, 203, 204, 205 (Campanella), 55-7
Bo1shevism, 88, 119 d'Entreves, A. P., 41
Leninism, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 135, De Officiis (Cicero), 17
177,206 De OrW et Auctoritate Romani Imperii
MarxismlMarx/Enge1s, xii, 81, 88, 118, (Aeneas Sylvius), 47-8
119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 136, 203, De Potestate Regia et Papali (John of
206, 209 Paris), 190
Sta1inism, 116, 119, 123-4, 126, 135, De Republica (Cicero), 17
177 Des Raisons de la Monarchie (Poste!), 55
see also Comintern and Chinese Dialogues (Ockham), 47
Communist Party Dickinson, J., 76
Complaint of Peace (Erasmus), 49 Dictionnaire Philosophique (Voltaire), 74
Comte, A" 91, 131 Diderot, D., 70, 72
Concert of Europe, 96, 113 Diogenes, 7, 18
Constantine, Emperor, 27 Divine Comedy (Dante), 39, 40
Convivio, !I (Banquet) (Dante), 38, 40 Donelan, M., 215
Corbett, p, E., 196 Dostoyevsky, F., 201
Cosmopolitanism and the National State Dubois, P., 59, 60, 61, 87, 190, 191
(Meinecke), 193-4 Duties of Man (Mazzini), 92
Council for Education in World
Citizenship, 175, 199 economic justice, 110, 111, 118-19,
Crick, B., 135 122-3, 131-2, 144, 160, 168-9,
Cruce, E., xii, 54, 61, 65-70, 79, 86, 87, 198-9
88, 178, 183, 184, 187,205, 206 education, 61-4, 68, 87, 128-9, 130, 132,
Crusade for World Government, 161-2, 133, 134, 137, 175, 199, 207
171 Einstein, A., 112, 141-2, 145, 205
Culbertson, E., 112-13, 206 Emperors, German/Holy Roman, xi, Ch. 2,
Curry, W. B., 106 60, 70, 85, 115, 124
Cynics, 4, 7, 14, 15, 25, 145, 180, 183 Albert I, 35
Charlemagne, 28, 30, 47, 52, 53, 58,
Damian, St Peter, 31 124
Dante Alighieri, xi, 26, 37-48, 52, 56, 59, Charles V, xi, 47, 52-4, 58, 60, 191,
60, 81, 85, 87, 99, 128, 178, 183, 203
187,202,204,205,206,207,208 Conrad II, 31
Darwin, C., 136 Frederick I (Barbarossal, 31-2, 33, 118
Davies, David, 97, 99, 206 Frederick H, 33
Davis, G., 171-3 Henry III, 31
Dec1aration of the Rights of Man and Henry VI, 32
Citizen (1789), 75 Henry VII, 34-5, 38-9, 47, 60, 203
Dec1aration of the Rights of Man and Otto I, 30
Citizen (1793), 77 Otto III, 30
De Constantia (Lipsius), 50-I Encyclopidie (Diderot), 72
Defensor Pacis (Marsilius), 189-90 Engels, F., see Communism
De Finibus (Cicero), 16 Engelbert, Abbot of Admont, 36-7, 38
De Immortalitate Animae (Pomponazzi), Enlightenment, x, 70-8, 86, 181, 184,
49 186, 202, 207, 214
Index 255
environment/ecology, 68, 143-5, 157, Hancock, J. R., 102-3

165-6, 167, 175, 176, 178, 180, 185, Has Man a Future? (RusselI), 142
186, 198-9, 205, 209, 212, 214-15 Hazard, P., 72
Epic!etus, 7, 18-19, 24, 48 Hege!, G. W. F., 193
Erasmus, D" 49, 60, 85, 188, 191, 203 Held, D., 211-12, 242 n.68
European Community/Union, 88, 213 Henry of Cremona, 35
Eusebius, 27, 57, 204 Herac1itus, 5
Hesiod, 5
Falk, R, A" 149-50, 164-5, 177,213-14 Hicks, R. D., 22
Fate 0/ Homo Sapiens, The (WeHs), 129 hierocratic theory, 31, 33, 35-6, 163
federalism (incl. regional), 43, 89-91, 96, Hinsley, F. H., 82
101-2,104,105,108,111,115,121, Hipparchia, 7
122, 155-6, 167, 187, 196-7,200 history/historians, ix, xii, 118, 126, 132,
American federalism, xii, 77, 80, 89, 135, 146
90-1,93,104,106,108, 115, Hitler, A., 124-6, 136, 177, 202, 203,
116-17,195,200 206
world, see world federalism Hiller Speaks (Rauchning), 126
Federalist, The, 116-17 Hobbes, T., 195, 198
Federal Union, 103, 105-7, 156 Hobson, J. A., 98, 104-5
Ferencz, B" 175-6 Holy Roman Empire, 28, 33
Finley, M., 14 see also Emperors, German
Folz, R., 30, 39 Holzman, J., 104
Franklin, B., 51, 73, 75, 77, 78, 226 n.65 Homer, 5
French Revolution, 76, 78-9, 87, 88, 187, homolloia (concord), 3, 12, 14, 25
207 Hostiensis (Bi shop of Ostia), 31, 33
Friedrich, c., 136 How to Achieve World Peace (Lloyd and
Front Humain des Citoyens du Monde, Schwimmer), 110-11
171 human rights
functionalism, xii, xiii, 88, 96, 100-3, pre-1945, 75-7, 79, 80, 81, 107,204
107-8,111,115,130,131,133,137, post-1945, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167,
154-5, 164, 177, 178, 183,200, 205 173-5, 180, 204, 213
Huxley, A., 127
Gaia hypothesis, 180
Gardner, J. P., 213 Indian cosmopolitan thought, x
Gattinara, M., 47, 52, 60 International Bill of Rights, 174, 184, 204,
General Consultation concerning the 213
Improvemenl 0/ Human Affairs international law, 64, 74-5, 83, 84, 85-6,
(Comeniusl, 61, 63 89, 91, 94, 173, 177, 184, 204, 210
geography, 5, 13,53,71, 190, 191, 199-200 Inter-Parliamentary Conference/Union,
Gilbert, F., 193-4 93-4
Giles of Rome, 35, 36 ius gentium, 21, 25, 83
Gilson, E., 41
Giscard d'Estaing, V., 166 James of Viterbo, 35
Glossop, R. J., 90, 166-7 James, W., 68
Goldsmith, 0., 71 Jay, J., 116-17
Goodman, E. R., 119 Jefferson, T., 76
Gorbachev, M., 119 John of Paris, 189, 190-1
Gorgias (Plato), 6 Justinian' s Digest, 32, 33
Green, P., II
Grotius, H., 85-6, 188, 191 Kant, 1., xii, 79, 81, 82-5, 86, 88, 181-2,
Guevara, A., 52 183, 192-3, 199,200, 206, 207, 208,
209
Hakluyt, R., 53 Khrushchev, N., 119, J.20, 121
Hamilton, A., 76 Küng, H., 185
256 Index
Ladd, W., 82, 94 Monarchy, see De Monarchia

Lange, C. L., 65 Montaigne, 6, 51, 71
1anguage, universal, 62-3, 64, 121, 189 Montreux Congress/Declaration, 155, 157,
Laski, H., 101 158
Laurent, F., 114, 188, 193 Morgenthau, H., 177, 239 n.140
Law 01 Nations, The (Vattel), 75 mundialism, In
League of Nations, xii, xiii, 87, 88, 94, Murray, G., 175
96-100,101,107-8, Ill, ll5, ll7,
128, 147, 151, 177, 178, 179, 183, nationalism, 77, 88, 91,104,113,118,
206,207 119, 129, 132, 140, 144, 167-8, 171,
Leibniz, G. W., 60, 65, 71, 85, 183 193-4, 197
Le Livre de Politiques d'Aristote natural rights, n, 74, 75-7, 79
(Oresme), 191 natural/universal law
Le Monarchie delle Nations (Campanella), Graeeo-Roman, xi, 4, 5, 6, 14, 16, 17,
56 19-21. 23, 25, 26, 184, 188, 202,
Lenin, V. 1., see Communism 203, 207
Lent, E. S., 178-9,206 medieval, xi, 32, 37, 58, 207
Lie, T., 106 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, n,
Lipsius, J., 50-I, 203 75, 78, 85, 86, 191, 207
Livy,25 twentieth century, 160, 204, 208
Lloyd, L. M., llO-ll, ll2, 171 Nazism, xii, 88, 103, 115, 118, 124-6,
Locke, J., n, 73, 75, 76, 184, 203, 204 134, 135-8, 177, 185, 186, 194, 203,
logos, 5, 8, 215 204,205
Lorimer, J., 92-3 Neostoicism, xi, 48-53, 57, 71, 182, 202
New Cyneas, The (Cruce). 65-70, 87
McIlwain, C. H., 4, 217 n.6 Newfa~g, 0., 111, 113, 206
MacKenzie, N. and J., 130 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 2
McLuhan, M., 146 Niebuhr, R., 194-5
Macmillan, H., 141 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 108, 127
Managerial Revolution, The (Burnham), Northrop, F. S. C., 156
194 Novalis, 88
Mangone, G. J., 161, 241 n.39 nuclear weapons, 121, 138, 140-3, 145,
Manui1sky, D., 120 152, 154, 158, 159, 165, 173, 175,
Mao Tse-tung, 121 177, 186, 197, 205, 235 n.27
Marcus Aurelius, 15, 16, 19-21, 22, 24,
48, 52, 53, 57, 73, 182, 186, 188, Ockharn, William of. 47
202, 204, 208 Odofredus, 33
Marsilius of Padua, 57, 189-90, 191 oikoumene, 13, 34
Marx, K. (Marxism), see Communism On Ecclesiastical Power (Giles of Rome),
'maximalism' v. 'minimalism', 157, 35,36
179-80,209,211, 239, n.l44 On the Origin, Purpose and End 01 the
Mazzini, G., 91, 92 Roman Empire (Engelbert), 36-7
Meditations. see Mareus Aurelius Open Conspiracy, The (WeHs), 105, 128,
Meineeke, F., 193-4 130-3
Mein Kampl (Hitler), 124-5 Oresme, N., 189, 190--1
Men Like Gods (WeHs), 128 Orlando Furioso (Aristo), 53-4
Metaphysics 01 Morals, The (Kant), 192, Orwell, G., 108, 127. 134
193 OUo, Bishop of Freising, 32
Miehelet, 1., 117 Ol/tline 01 History (Wells), 128
Minor, R., 108-10
Mirabeau, Comte de, 76 Pacem in Terris (John XXIII), 146, 162-3
Mitrany, D., xii, 101-2, 108, 155 Paine, T., 71, 73, 75, 77, 116
Modern Utopia, A (WeHs), 128, 133 Panaetius, 15, 24, 25, 202
Monarchia Messiae (Campanella), 56, 57 Panegersia (Comenius), 61-2
Index 257
Panorthosia (Comenius), 63-4 Problem 01 fhe Twentieth Century, The

Panpaedia (Comenius), 63 (Davies), 99
Papacy, xi, 27-48, 56, 58, 67, 70, 190, Progress and Disillllsion (Aron) , 194,
203 197-8
Parliamentary Group for World Prospects ollndustrial Civilisation, The
Government, 162 (RusselI), 110, 142
patriotism, 50, 74, 101, 132, 167, 179, Protagoras, 6
182, 185, 199 Proudhon, J.-P., 89
pax Romana, 11,26 Pryce, R, 156
peace organisations, 93-5 Ptolemy of Lucca, 35
Penn, W., 61, 65 public opinion, 82, 94, 98, 110, 155,
Perillier, L., 165 161-2, 164, 167, 169-73, 176,207
peripatetic philosophers, 13 Pufendorf, S., 191-2, 199
Pe/petual Peace (Kant), 83-4, 192
Person/Planet (Roszak), 180 Raknem, I., 137
Philip IV (!he Fair), 34, 36, 59, 190 Ransome, P., 102, 111
Phi1ip of Macedon, 3 Rauchning, H., 125-6
Phi10 of Alexandria, 23 Reinsch, P. S., 100-1
philosoph es, see Enlightenment Relox (Guevara), 52
Piaget, J., 63 Renaissance, x, 48-54, 186, 202
Pinder, J., 156 Republic (Plato), 4, 127
Plan lor an Universal and Pe/petl/al Republie (Zeno), 13, 14
Peace, A (Bentham), 81-2 Republic 01 Nations, A (Minor), 108-10
Plan 01 Action (Hancock), 102-3 Reves, E., 158-9, 196, 203
Planethood (Ferencz), 175--6 Righfs 01 Man (Paine), 75, 77
P1ato, 4, 6, 127, 133 Road fo World Peaee, The (Newfang), 111
Pliny, 16 Robespierre, M., 77
Plutarch, 7, 48, 51 Roman Empire, x-xi, 11, 15-16,21,22,
on Alexander the Great, 9, 10, 11, 12, 25-6, 27, 29, 32, 43-4, 46, 184, 186,
14 191, 197
on Zeno, 13, 14, 15 medieva1 references, 26, Ch. 2, 183,
polis, xi, 1-4, 6, 7-8, 12, 14, 20, 24, 25, 186, 188-9, 204
40,45,62, 181, 190 Roszak, T., 180
Politeia (Chrysippus), 14 Rougemont, D, de, 156
Politeia (Zeno), see Republic Ruines, Les (Volney), 78
PoiWes (Aristotle), 2, 4, 8, 190 RusselI, B., 110, 142, 145, 173,205
Pollock, F., 186
Pomponazzi, P., 49 St Luke, 43
Popes St Pau1, 23--4, 202
Boniface VIII, 34-6, 38, 40 Saint-Pierre, Abbe, 61, 65, 83
C1ement V, 34 Saint-Simon, C.-H., 60
Gregory IX, 33, 58 Salter, A, 128
Innocent III, 31 Sarrazac, R, 171, 172
Innocent IV, 31, 36 Schiffer, W., 58, 114, 179
lohn XXII, 48 Schiller, 1. C. F., 71
John XXIII, 146, 162-3, 202, 204 Schwarzenberger, G., 111, 177
Leo I, 29 Schwimmer, R, 110-11, 112, 171
Leo X, 36 science/teclmology, xii, 93, 115, 116,
Pius XII, 162 126-38, 146, 187
Posidonius, 15, 16, 18, 24, 25, 202 Second Treatise on Civil Government
Postei, G., 54-5, 206 (Locke), 72, 73
Preliminary Dralt 01 a World Constitlllion Seneca, 18,22-3,24,48,51,73, 189, 208
(Borgese), 159-61, 178, 206 Shape 01 Things 10 Come, The (Wells),
Price, R, 74, 90 128, 130, 133, 134
258 Index
Short Philosophical Dictionary (Soviet), Toynbee, A. .T., 24, 105, 146-7

122 Trotsky, L., 119,231 n.5
Silvius, Aeneas, 47-8 Trueblood, B. F., 93-4, 208
Sinelair, T. A., 24 Truman, H. S., 228 n.l7
Socrates, 6-7, 18, 50, 51 Two Books of the Elements of Universal
Sohn, L. B., 149-52, 175, 177, 178, 206, Jurisprudence (Pufendorf), 192
211
Sophists, 6 Ullmann, W., 30, 32
Sophoeles, 5-6 Union Now, 88, 156
sovereignty Union Now (Streit), 106, 107
popular, 77, 79, 81, 184,212 unity, medieval principle of, 27, 29, 36,
state, 187: pre-twentieth century, 74, 81, 43,58
88, 206; twentieth century, xii, 95, UN Conference on the Environment and
96, 97, 98, 100, 108, 114, 129, Development, 144-5
131, 148, 149, 151, 152, 158, 165, United Nations
179, 183, 194, 200, 211, 212, 215 character of, 100, 115, 140, 147, 166,
Soviet Constitution (1924), 119-20 171, 179, 183, 187, 195, 206
Soviet Design for a World State, The projects for reformfdevelopment, xiii,
(Goodman), 119 88, 100, 142, 148-54, 157, 161,
Sprout, H. & M., 144 164, 167, 173, 175, 180, 207, 210,
Stalin, J. V., see Communism 211, 212
Stenge1, K. von, 193 Specialised Agencies, xiii, 154, 155,
Stern, S., 9 176,177,178
Steward, F., 214-15 work of (ineI. conferences), 140-1,
Stockholm Initiative on Global Security 144-5, 165, 178
and Governance, 167, 235 n.23 United Nations Association, 176
StoicsfStoicism, ix, x, xi, 3, 4, 11, 13-25, United World Federalists, 157, 178-9, 206
2~ 3~ 71, 73, 75, 145, 182, 187, utopiasfdystopias, 46, 55, 127-35, 177,
188-9, 200, 204, 208 187, 232 n.33
New Stoa (Middle and Late), 11, 15,
24,25 Vattel, E. de, 75, 86
Old Stoa, 13-15, 24, 25, 180 Virgil, 25-6, 38, 43, 58, 183, 185, 186,
see also Neostoicism 191,204
Streit, c., 106, 107, 116, 155, 156, 186, virtus, 21-2, 188
205,211 Volney, c., 76, 78, 79, 207
Strong, M., 144-5 Voltaire, 73, 74, 75, 208
subsidiarity, 163
Suganami, H., 177 Wagar, W., 130, 136,234 n.85
Sully, Duc de, 61, 65, 77, 85, 91 Walker, T., 89
Summary of the World Federation Plan Walz, K. N., 192
(Culbertson), 112-13 Washington, G., 225 n.49
Suttner, Baroness von, 94 Watson, G., 17
Swords into Plowshares (Claude), 194, Wells, H. G., ix, xii, 88, 96, 97, 105, 106,
195-7 115, 127-38, 140, 146, 177, 183, 186,
203, 205, 207, 209, 228 n.10
Taming of Nations, The (Northrop), 156 Wheeler, H., 163, 237 n.91
Tarn, W., 10-12, 13 Wieland, C. 225-6 n.51
technocracy, xii, 91, 130-4, 137, 138, Wight, M., 85-6, 182
183, 186 Wilson, J., 90-1
Teilhard de Chardin, P., 146 Wilson, T. Woodrow, 91, 115, 140
Tennyson, Alfred, 93 Wipo,31
Thant, U, 149 Wolff, c., 86
Theophrastus, 13, 15, 16, 202 women activists, 95, 110, 112
Thirty Years' War, 57, 66, 71, 74 Woolf, L., 97, 98, 99
Index 259
Working Peace System, A (Mitrany), 101 World Federation (Newfang), 111

wor1d army/police, 94, 95, 98-9, 109, 111, World Government (Newfang), 111
112-13, 142, 149-50, 151-2, 158, world law, twentieth-century demand for,
161. 169, 206 110,143,149,150,151,158,173-4,
World Citizens' Registry, 171-2, 208 184, 195, 196, 207
world congress/constituent assemb1y, plans World Movement for World Federal
for, 110-11, 171-2 Government/World Federalist
world court, 89, 90-1, 94,111,151,160 Movement, 142-3, 155, 156-8
world crimina1 justice, 174-5, 184, 204, World Order Models Project, 164-5
208 World Peace Through World Law (Clark
world federalism and Sohn), 149-52, 175, 178
general princip1es/development, xiii, World State and the Problem oj Peace
89-90, 101, 114, 115-17, 122, 137 (Stengei), 193
origins, 77, 85, 90, 93, 95 World Union on the Horizon (Yunker),
plans (1914-45), 103-13, 115-17 166, 167-9
plans (since 1945), 140, 142-3, 154-69,
182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 194, Yunker, J, A., 166, 167-9
195-7,204,205,207,208,211
World Federation? (Glossop), 90, 166-7 Zeno, 11, 13-15, 16, 22, 24, 207

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References and N otes

Notes to the Introduction

1. H. G. WeHs, TraveIs 0/ a Republican Radical in Search 0/ Hot Water

Notes to Chapter 1: Origins of Cosmopolitan Ideas

1. Aristotle (trans. E. Barker), The Politics 0/ Aristotle (Oxford: Clarendon Press,

14. Montaigne (trans. J. M. Cohen), Essays (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958)

77. Livy (trans. A. de Selincourt), The Early History 01 Rome (Hannondsworth:

Notes to Chapter 2: The Christian Renewal of the Roman Empire

I. See D. M. Nicol, 'Byzantium' , in J. H. Bums (ed.), The Cambridge History

21. Ullmann, op. cit., p. 103.

87. Lewis, op. eit., p. 503.

118. Quoted in J. B. Morrall, The Medievallmprint (Harrnondsworth: Penguin,

Notes to Chapter 3: Reactions Against Power Politics

1. Quoted in F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit 0/ Peace (Cambridge:

21. Ibid., pp. 217-18.

Notes to Chapter 4: The Era of Worries and Ambitions

1. Quoted in W. Schiffer, The Legal Community of Mankind (New York:

84. lbid., p. 41.

Notes to Chapter 5: Ideology and Science

1. F. Engels, Prineiples oJ Communism, quoted in E. R. Goodman, The Soviet

12. Quoted in Goodrnan, op. cit., p. 289.

82. Wagar, op. cit., p. 79.

Notes to Chapter 6: Last Decades of the Second Millennium

1. For the post-war history of organisations, see R. P. Haegler, Histoire et Ideo-

67. See L. Perillier et J.-J. L. Tur, Le Mondialisme (Paris: Presses Universitaires

Notes to Chapter 7: Final Considerations

1. The New Shorter OxJord English Dietionary (Oxford: Oxford University

Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992); D. Held, 'Democracy: From City-

59. For this four-fold classification of objections, see F. L. Schuman, The

Cicero (trans. J. E. King), Tuseulan Disputations (London: Heinemann, 1960).

Erasmus, D. (trans. and intro. L. K. Born), The Education of a Christian Prince

Laursen, F., Federalism and World Order: Compendium Il (Copenhagen: World

Menut, A. D. (ed.), Maistre Nicole Oresme: Le Livre de Politiques d'Aristote

environment/ecology, 68, 143-5, 157, Hancock, J. R., 102-3

Ladd, W., 82, 94 Monarchy, see De Monarchia

Panorthosia (Comenius), 63-4 Problem 01 fhe Twentieth Century, The

Short Philosophical Dictionary (Soviet), Toynbee, A. .T., 24, 105, 146-7

Working Peace System, A (Mitrany), 101 World Federation (Newfang), 111

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